178:
centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath. Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of
Acadians began the exodus from Nova Scotia. In fact some Acadians had begun to leave prior to hearing Cornwallis response. Among the first to depart was a group of about 100 from the Chebucto region. They went to Baie des Espagnoles on Île Royal (Sydney, Cape Breton). Groups from both Beaubassin and Annapolis Royal also requested Governor-General La Jonquiere at Quebec to support them in leaving for the St. Lawrence River.
246:, the British raided Chignecto destroying the dykes and ruining hundreds of acres of crops. Acadians began to defect from the Exodus and made application to return to the British colony. As a result of the conditions of the Acadian refugees, in 1753–1754, Le Loutre temporarily stopped pressing Acadians at Minas to evacuate to his new settlements. Instead, he encouraged them to grow more grain, which they did in record quantities sufficient to support the large French, Acadian, and Mi'kmaq population otherwise occupied in the service of France.
84:. The overall upheaval of the early 1750s in Nova Scotia was unprecedented. Present-day Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before in the region. The greatest immigration of the Acadians between 1749 and 1755 took place in 1750. Primarily due to natural disasters and British raids, the Exodus proved to be unsustainable when Acadians tried to develop communities in the French territories.
338:
Acadians were told that if they refused to migrate "... their homes would be plundered and their wives and children carried off and even massacred before their very eyes." The French governor of Île St. Jean, having received hundreds of
Acadians from 1749 to 1752, noted the Cobequid Acadians "leave their homes with great regret and they began to move their luggage only when the savages compelled them." Similarly, on 30 April 1750, Cornwallis wrote to the
182:
vacated their lands, along with a very large part of
Pisiquid, several hundred, went to Île Saint-Jean. By 1752, the number of Acadians on Île Saint-Jean was 2,223, double the amount in two years. On one occasion en route to Île Saint-Jean, a British naval patrol intercepted Acadians in a vessel and an Acadian passenger declared "they chose rather to quit their lands and estates than possess them upon the terms propos'd by the English governor."
231:
asked the
Acadians to affirm their allegiance to the French king, which they did. Some men, perhaps most joined the militia companies. By early 1751, over 250 Acadians had joined the French militia. These Acadians and Mi'kmaq fought in the attempts to prevent Fort Lawrence from being built (1750) and eventually served in the defence of Fort Beausejour (1755).
169:. Acadia would revive with an instant population while the British would be deprived of hard-working and productive farmers. The French policy promised Acadians the means and support to relocate to French territories. On some occasions, in conjunction with the French policy, Le Loutre and the Mi'kmaq had to force some reluctant Acadians to join the exodus.
149:. This route is also the pathway many Acadians took to leave the Bay of Fundy to go to Baie Verte and onward to Île St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) or Île Royale (Cape Breton Island). To protect this vital gateway, at the beginning of 1749, La Galissoniere strategically constructed three forts within 18 months along the route: one at Baie Vert (
221:
for Point Prime, Île Saint-Jean in the spring of 1750.) The
British eventually forbade all assemblies of the Acadians, and they were ordered to supply the British commanders with provisions and offer their labor on demand, at prices set by regulation. Not surprisingly, many Acadians refused to supply
96:
in 1710, Acadia was dominated by
Acadians and Mi'kmaq. For over forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians both threatened to leave Acadia and were threatened with expulsion at various times. (The first deportation of
337:
Some
Acadians were forced to leave mainland Nova Scotia by the French Crown and their aboriginal allies. Acadians refusing to leave mainland Nova Scotia were threatened with violence. In January 1750, aboriginal forces forbid Cobequid Acadians "... to pass the River Chebenacadi upon pain of Death."
237:
The conditions of the refugees who fled to
Chignecto and to Île Saint-Jean were very difficult. While the condition of those who went to Île Royale prior to the Expulsion of 1758 is not well documented. Those that made it to Île Saint-Jean also suffered from numerous natural disasters. There were a
230:
The
Acadian migration to Chignecto helped to protect the corridor between Quebec and Louisbourg. During the winter of 1749–1750, Louis La Corne was dispatched from Quebec and arrived at the settlements near the Isthmus of Chignecto, along the rivers Petitcodiac, Chipoudie, and Memramcook. La Corne
140:
Along with the desire of many
Acadians to leave peninsular Nova Scotia in protest, withdrawing the Acadians to French-held territory was also the official French policy after 1748. The French were invested in having Acadians migrate to the Chignecto region, in part, to protect the only land route
212:
The Crown tried to prevent the Acadian exodus. Cornwallis ordered, for example, Captain John Handfield and two companies of troops to Fort Vieux Logis in Grand-Pré with instructions to patrol the roads to prevent Acadians from leaving. Patrols also happened throughout the Cobequid. (On one such
181:
By the end of 1749 several hundred Acadians had made their way to Baie Verte, where they went over to Île Saint-Jean. The French made considerable efforts to transport refugees to Île Saint-Jean and by early October six or seven hundred had arrived there. Most of the 1,000 Acadians at Cobequid
177:
With demands for an unconditional oath, the British fortification of Nova Scotia, and the support of French policy, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by 1000 Acadians from all the major
272:. (Despite the hardships they faced, most Acadian refugees had some validation of their choice to leave the British colony of Nova Scotia once the deportation began.) Of course, with the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the Acadians who left for the French colonies were deported as well.
254:). Unfortunately, the following year storm tides broke through the main cross-dike of the large-scale reclamation project, destroying nearly everything the Acadians had accomplished in several months of intense work. Again some Acadians tried to defect to the British.
108:
The Acadian Exodus began in 1749 primarily because the Acadians were resisting the British firmly taking control of peninsular Nova Scotia through establishing Halifax and, within eighteen months, building fortifications in the major Acadian communities: present-day
241:
The 1,500 who went to Chignecto suffered from overcrowding. They survived on rations waiting for the dykes to be built. Acadians from Minas were a constant support in providing provisions and labour on the dykes. In retaliation for the Acadian and Mi'kmaq
22:
192:
Under the direction of Le Loutre, Mi'kmaq and Acadians supported the Exodus by raiding the new British fortifications in the Acadian centres and the new Protestant settlements. During this period, Mi'kmaq and Acadians
249:
Le Loutre immediately sought help from Quebec and then France to support re-building dykes in the area. He returned with success in 1753 and work began on the grand dyking project on riviere Au Lac (present day
137:. Cobequid remained without a fort.) The British also established forts at the various Protestant communities they were establishing in Nova Scotia: Halifax, Bedford, Lawrencetown, Lunenburg, and Dartmouth.
238:
series of plagues that struck the island. In 1749, swarms of black field mice destroyed that year's crop. A plague of locusts followed the year. And the year after that a blistering drought.
189:. The Acadian village of Beaubassin was burned to prevent Lawrence from establishing a fort in the major Acadian village. More than 2,000 moved to Chignecto and the Shepody Basin area.
201:, numerous attacks on peninsular Halifax, and engaged in various conflicts at Fort Lawrence (Chignecto). There was also a rebellion against the British by the Foreign Protestants in
362:, pp. 275, 280, states that Lawrence had concluded that there was French involvement, which seems likely given the number of Foreign Protestants who joined the Exodus.
209:). To guard against attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were immediately erected in Halifax, Dartmouth, Lawrencetown, Bedford, and Lunenburg.
161:). When La Jonquiere reached Quebec, he instructed Le Loutre and the Mi'kmaq to support the migration of Acadians to Chignecto, which would protect the corridor between
261:. (Le Loutre was captured and imprisoned by the British until the end of the war.) After the fall of Beausejour, the British began expulsion of the Acadians with the
268:
The Acadian Exodus spared most of the Acadians who joined it – particularly those who lived in Île Saint-Jean and Île Royal – from the British
77:
1037:
342:
stating, "The inhabitants of ... Cobequid are retiring from the Province, being threatened with a general massacre by La Corne and Loutre". (See
234:
In October 1752, Governor Hobson did not send Protestant settlers to live among the Acadians for fear that more of them would join the exodus.
952:
931:
894:
873:
850:
829:
808:
581:
968:
784:
Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia: Pub. Under a Resolution of the House of Assembly Passed March 15, 1865
48:
deciding to relocate to French controlled territories. The three primary destinations were: the west side of the Mesagoueche River in the
1032:
1047:
416:
306:
301:
146:
285:
963:
269:
262:
134:
80:, who encouraged the Acadian migration. A prominent Acadian who transported Acadians to Ile St. Jean and Ile Royal was
421:
280:
Historian Stephen Patterson compared the Acadian Exodus to the retreating Russians who burnt their own lands before
98:
93:
61:
411:
281:
206:
118:
114:
37:
1042:
799:
A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland
243:
198:
999:
202:
81:
194:
1005:
778:
258:
251:
186:
142:
126:
110:
69:
57:
49:
26:
288:'s destruction of everything in his path as his army marched unchallenged across Georgia during the
222:
the British, and by the summer of 1750 Acadians by the hundreds were in flight from the province.
792:
289:
65:
1015:
948:
927:
890:
869:
846:
825:
804:
782:
577:
218:
102:
942:
919:
884:
861:
840:
819:
571:
158:
122:
904:
154:
150:
53:
908:
339:
1026:
1009:
944:
Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749-53
797:
130:
97:
the Acadians happened when they were expelled from present day Cape Breton after the
185:
Acadians migrated from the east to the west side of the Missaguash river during the
133:). (Of course, a British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of
214:
162:
45:
217:'s priest Jacques Girard was arrested. This action precipitated Doiron leaving
977:
166:
21:
866:
Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: nouvelles perspectives historiques
41:
573:
Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior
328:, p. 132, states the exodus involved one-third of the Acadians.
1011:
Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York
842:
From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755
73:
20:
76:". Le Loutre acted in conjunction with Governor of New France,
16:
Flight and Relocation of Acadians during Father Le Loutre's War
709:
707:
595:
593:
141:
between Louisbourg and Quebec. The land route went through
658:
656:
553:
551:
549:
457:
455:
472:
470:
381:
379:
821:
The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760
1014:. Vol. 10. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. p.
36:(also known as the Acadian migration) happened during
862:"French Attitudes Toward the Acadians, ca. 1680-1756"
157:) and another at the mouth of the Saint John River (
52:(near the modern New Brunswick-Nova Scotia border),
101:.) Acadians left peninsular Nova Scotia to protest
796:
40:(1749–1755) and involved almost half of the total
926:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 125–155.
920:"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"
205:, which was likely supported by Le Loutre. (See
924:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History
420:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.).
105:' demand that they take an unconditional oath.
941:Salusbury, John (2011). Ronald Rompkey (ed.).
257:Acadians, Mi'kmaq, and the French lost in the
8:
576:. University of Toronto Press. p. 179.
922:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.).
868:. Université de Moncton. pp. 131–166.
623:
412:"Barrin de La Galissonière, Roland-Michel"
343:
964:"Noel Doiron and the East Hants Acadians"
761:
713:
599:
528:
512:
500:
461:
446:
434:
347:
325:
284:, and compared the British expulsions to
749:
737:
725:
698:
686:
662:
647:
635:
611:
557:
540:
516:
488:
476:
385:
359:
375:
318:
78:Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière
72:, whom the British gave the code name "
68:). The leader of the Exodus was Father
674:
397:
7:
969:Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society
145:, along the Bay of Fundy and up the
947:. Mcgill-Queen's University Press.
913:. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes.
910:A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie
845:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
270:deportation of the Acadians in 1755
864:. In Ronnie Gilles LeBlanc (ed.).
14:
962:Scott, Shawn; Scott, Tod (2008).
414:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
824:. University of Oklahoma Press.
417:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
307:Military history of the Acadians
1038:Military history of Nova Scotia
302:Military history of Nova Scotia
918:Patterson, Stephen E. (1994).
1:
1000:London Magazine, 1750, p. 371
803:. W.W Norton & Company.
410:Taillemite, Étienne (1974).
263:Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)
135:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia
422:University of Toronto Press
1064:
1033:Military history of Acadia
839:Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005).
787:. Halifax: Charles Annand.
252:Aulac River, New Brunswick
187:Battle of Chignecto (1750)
99:Siege of Louisbourg (1745)
860:Johnston, A.J.B. (2005).
195:attacked Fort Vieux Logis
1048:Conflicts in Nova Scotia
624:Scott & Scott (2008)
570:Wicken, William (2002).
344:Scott & Scott (2008)
244:Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
883:Landry, Peter (2007).
818:Grenier, John (2008).
207:Father Le Loutre's War
203:Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
82:Joseph-Nicolas Gautier
38:Father Le Loutre's War
29:
1006:Brodhead, John Romeyn
886:The Lion and the Lily
779:Akins, Thomas Beamish
276:Historical comparison
197:, they made numerous
153:), one at Chignecto (
24:
728:, pp. 275, 290.
259:Battle of Beausejour
199:attacks on Dartmouth
92:Despite the British
70:Jean-Louis Le Loutre
58:Prince Edward Island
27:Jean-Louis Le Loutre
793:Faragher, John Mack
346:, p. 59; Also
282:Napoleon's invasion
290:American Civil War
94:conquest of Acadia
88:Historical context
66:Cape Breton Island
30:
954:978-0-7735-9089-2
933:978-1-4875-1676-5
896:978-1-4251-5450-9
875:978-1-897214-02-2
852:978-0-7735-2699-0
831:978-0-8061-3876-3
810:978-0-393-05135-3
583:978-0-8020-7665-6
219:Noel, Nova Scotia
103:Edward Cornwallis
1055:
1019:
989:
987:
985:
976:. Archived from
958:
937:
914:
905:Murdoch, Beamish
900:
879:
856:
835:
814:
802:
788:
765:
762:Patterson (1994)
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
714:Patterson (1994)
711:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
600:Patterson (1994)
597:
588:
587:
567:
561:
555:
544:
538:
532:
529:Griffiths (2005)
526:
520:
513:Griffiths (2005)
510:
504:
501:Patterson (1994)
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
465:
462:Griffiths (2005)
459:
450:
447:Griffiths (2005)
444:
438:
435:Griffiths (2005)
432:
426:
425:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
363:
357:
351:
348:Griffiths (2005)
335:
329:
326:Patterson (1994)
323:
159:Fort Menagoueche
147:Saint John River
123:Fort Vieux Logis
50:Chignecto region
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1043:Acadian history
1023:
1022:
1004:
996:
994:Primary sources
983:
981:
961:
955:
940:
934:
917:
903:
897:
882:
876:
859:
853:
838:
832:
817:
811:
791:
777:
774:
769:
768:
760:
756:
750:Faragher (2005)
748:
744:
738:Faragher (2005)
736:
732:
726:Faragher (2005)
724:
720:
712:
705:
699:Faragher (2005)
697:
693:
687:Faragher (2005)
685:
681:
673:
669:
663:Faragher (2005)
661:
654:
648:Johnston (2005)
646:
642:
636:Faragher (2005)
634:
630:
622:
618:
612:Faragher (2005)
610:
606:
598:
591:
584:
569:
568:
564:
558:Faragher (2005)
556:
547:
541:Faragher (2005)
539:
535:
527:
523:
517:Faragher (2005)
515:, p. 384;
511:
507:
499:
495:
489:Faragher (2005)
487:
483:
477:Faragher (2005)
475:
468:
460:
453:
445:
441:
433:
429:
409:
408:
404:
396:
392:
386:Johnston (2005)
384:
377:
372:
367:
366:
360:Faragher (2005)
358:
354:
350:, p. 393).
336:
332:
324:
320:
315:
298:
286:General Sherman
278:
228:
175:
155:Fort Beausejour
151:Fort Gaspareaux
90:
54:Isle Saint-Jean
17:
12:
11:
5:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1002:
995:
992:
991:
990:
980:on 2 July 2011
959:
953:
938:
932:
915:
901:
895:
880:
874:
857:
851:
836:
830:
815:
809:
789:
781:, ed. (1869).
773:
770:
767:
766:
764:, p. 147.
754:
752:, p. 291.
742:
740:, p. 277.
730:
718:
716:, p. 146.
703:
701:, p. 270.
691:
689:, p. 269.
679:
677:, p. 678.
667:
665:, p. 271.
652:
650:, p. 150.
640:
638:, p. 265.
628:
616:
604:
602:, p. 140.
589:
582:
562:
560:, p. 262.
545:
543:, p. 261.
533:
531:, p. 388.
521:
505:
503:, p. 131.
493:
491:, p. 257.
481:
479:, p. 268.
466:
464:, p. 393.
451:
449:, p. 401.
439:
437:, p. 389.
427:
402:
400:, p. 230.
390:
388:, p. 152.
374:
373:
371:
368:
365:
364:
352:
340:Lords of Trade
330:
317:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
304:
297:
294:
277:
274:
227:
224:
174:
171:
89:
86:
44:population of
34:Acadian Exodus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1060:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
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1001:
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993:
979:
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965:
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950:
946:
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935:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
898:
892:
888:
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881:
877:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
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843:
837:
833:
827:
823:
822:
816:
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806:
801:
800:
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785:
780:
776:
775:
771:
763:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
710:
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695:
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688:
683:
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676:
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629:
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579:
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574:
566:
563:
559:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
530:
525:
522:
519:, p. 254
518:
514:
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502:
497:
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132:
131:Fort Lawrence
128:
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100:
95:
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83:
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75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
1010:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
973:
967:
943:
923:
909:
889:. Trafford.
885:
865:
841:
820:
798:
783:
772:Bibliography
757:
745:
733:
721:
694:
682:
675:Akins (1869)
670:
643:
631:
619:
607:
572:
565:
536:
524:
508:
496:
484:
442:
430:
415:
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398:Akins (1869)
393:
355:
333:
321:
279:
267:
256:
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236:
233:
229:
211:
191:
184:
180:
176:
139:
107:
91:
33:
31:
18:
226:Consequence
215:Noel Doiron
163:Quebec City
115:Fort Edward
46:Nova Scotia
1027:Categories
370:References
173:The Exodus
167:Louisbourg
62:Île-Royale
143:Chignecto
127:Chignecto
119:Grand-Pré
1008:(1858).
907:(1866).
795:(2005).
296:See also
213:patrol,
111:Windsor
42:Acadian
25:Father
951:
930:
893:
872:
849:
828:
807:
580:
125:) and
60:) and
984:2 May
313:Notes
74:Moses
64:(now
56:(now
986:2011
949:ISBN
928:ISBN
891:ISBN
870:ISBN
847:ISBN
826:ISBN
805:ISBN
578:ISBN
165:and
32:The
1016:299
117:);
1029::
974:11
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