58:
66:
64:
63:
60:
59:
65:
62:
113:
Native-speaking linguists divide vowels in
Acehnese into several categories: oral monophthongs, oral diphthongs (which are further divided into the ones ending with /ə/ and with /i/), nasal monophthongs, and nasal diphthongs.
61:
1444:
1297:
2095:
1706:
1389:
1711:
1674:
771:
757:
1437:
2234:
1546:
710:
1932:
1919:
1473:
870:
696:
193:
49:
31:
2130:
1498:
223:
2090:
2055:
1696:
1488:
1430:
230:
1371:
Lawler, John M. (1977). "A Agrees with B in
Achenese: A Problem for Relational Grammar". In Cole, P.; Sacock, J. (eds.).
1686:
1639:
1483:
703:
207:
719:
237:
163:
2229:
2068:
1614:
1569:
1503:
1478:
764:
619:
612:
255:
170:
1312:
1787:
1716:
1574:
1559:
735:
626:
1324:
822:(also called "funny nasals") before oral vowels and consonants. They are distinct from the nasal-stop sequences
2100:
1792:
1726:
1691:
848:
177:
1944:
1837:
1807:
1772:
1564:
1508:
1493:
661:
654:
633:
2198:
1985:
1802:
1701:
831:
827:
823:
815:
668:
45:
41:
27:
1819:
1812:
1721:
1634:
1629:
789:
530:
523:
1404:
2188:
2050:
1960:
1939:
1849:
1586:
675:
537:
2178:
2085:
2063:
2020:
2005:
1970:
1914:
1859:
1854:
1733:
1619:
1596:
1541:
90:
2075:
1884:
1829:
1824:
1779:
1738:
1457:
819:
811:/f/, /z/, and /ʃ/ are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by /ph/, /d/, and /ch/ respectively
590:
581:
572:
563:
555:
544:
490:
1975:
1422:
2203:
2168:
2153:
2137:
2125:
2110:
2080:
2040:
2010:
1990:
1980:
1924:
1904:
1894:
1879:
1864:
1759:
1754:
1681:
1651:
1646:
1624:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1581:
505:
495:
200:
74:
2183:
2115:
2105:
2045:
2035:
2030:
2015:
2000:
1995:
1909:
1899:
1767:
1661:
1554:
1536:
1526:
1376:
1357:
1349:
485:
186:
477:
The table below shows the
Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.
2193:
2173:
2158:
2120:
2025:
1965:
1889:
1874:
1869:
1842:
1669:
1656:
881:
781:
512:
500:
424:
216:
82:
78:
2208:
2163:
981:
keuh /kɯh/ ‘so (e.g. nyan keuh), pronominal affix for second person (e.g. droe-keuh)’
2223:
876:
377:
140:
640:
394:
156:
844:
749:
461:
452:
443:
437:
431:
415:
408:
401:
370:
246:
133:
102:
94:
1380:
384:
147:
1453:
685:
98:
1353:
1279:
Long & Maddieson (1993) "Consonantal evidence against
Quantal Theory",
860:
37:
1362:
865:
601:
1375:. Syntax and Semantics 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 219–248.
1333:
308:
Oral diphthong vowels ending with /i/ are shown in the table below.
266:
Oral diphthong vowels ending with /ə/ are shown in the table below.
808:
Syllable-final k always represents /ʔ/ save in certain recent loans
360:
Nasal monophthong vowels in
Acehnese are shown in the table below.
122:
Oral monophthong vowels in
Acehnese are shown in the table below.
86:
56:
1426:
834:'all'. The orthography does not distinguish these sounds.
1332:(PhD thesis). The University of Michigan. Archived from
847:
of
Achenese features 31 letters: the 26 letters of the
1388:
Pillai, Stefanie; Yusuf, Yunisrina
Qismullah (2012).
36:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2146:
1953:
1747:
1519:
1390:"An Instrumental Analysis of Acehnese Oral Vowels"
50:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
105:monophthong vowels, and five nasal diphthongs.
1348:(PhD thesis). Australian National University.
1438:
8:
1227:
1211:
1195:
1179:
1163:
1147:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1445:
1431:
1423:
1326:A Contextual Grammar of Acehnese Sentences
1361:
853:
479:
362:
310:
268:
124:
1092:
323:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1183:
1167:
1151:
1135:
1119:
1103:
7:
965:bèk neupajôh boh gantang teucrôh lôn
40:. For the distinction between ,
1298:"The Agreement System in Acehnese"
14:
963:/bɛʔ/ ‘prohibitive "don't" (e.g.
788:
770:
763:
756:
734:
718:
709:
702:
695:
674:
667:
660:
653:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
589:
580:
571:
562:
543:
536:
529:
522:
460:
442:
430:
414:
407:
400:
254:
236:
229:
222:
206:
199:
192:
176:
169:
162:
1281:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
32:International Phonetic Alphabet
1403:(6): 1029–1050. Archived from
1:
77:, the language spoken by the
70:A trio of Acehnese speakers.
1675:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
967:'don't you eat my fries')'
2251:
1323:Asyik, Abdul Gani (1987).
1296:Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982).
1001:/dit/ 'few, small amount'
413:
406:
399:
325:
290:
287:
284:
175:
168:
161:
1464:
1381:10.1163/9789004368866_010
937:/bate/ ‘cup, betel tray’
780:
748:
684:
600:
511:
482:
466:
457:
349:
260:
251:
2235:Austronesian phonologies
1397:Language and Linguistics
1228:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1212:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1196:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1180:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1164:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1148:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1132:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1116:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1100:Pillai & Yusuf (2012
1707:Regional North American
28:phonetic transcriptions
2131:Dialects and varieties
1702:Received Pronunciation
1547:American Sign Language
1354:10.25911/5d6fa25bcc31c
1311:: 1–33. Archived from
89:inventory compared to
71:
25:This article contains
1373:Grammatical Relations
1346:A grammar of Acehnese
851:, è, é, ë, ô, and ö.
69:
1344:Durie, Mark (1984).
1318:on 20 February 2012.
1075:/su/ ‘sound, voice’
1061:/pʌt/ ‘pluck, pick’
849:basic Latin alphabet
97:vowels, twelve oral
2056:Proto-Indo-European
1712:White South African
856:
824:/mb/,/nd/,/ɲɟ/,/ŋɡ/
820:post-stopped nasals
364:
312:
270:
126:
1410:on 11 October 2017
854:
363:
311:
269:
125:
72:
18:Language phonology
2230:Acehnese language
2217:
2216:
1717:Standard Canadian
1458:world's languages
1305:Mon–Khmer Studies
1085:
1084:
923:/lət/ ‘pull out’
903:/baʔ/ ‘at, tree’
802:
801:
470:
469:
455:
427:
397:
387:
380:
373:
353:
352:
306:
305:
264:
263:
249:
219:
189:
159:
150:
143:
136:
67:
2242:
2069:Kerkrade dialect
1692:General American
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1384:
1367:
1365:
1340:
1339:on 24 July 2011.
1338:
1331:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1107:
1097:
995:/di/ 'in, from'
943:/bateʔ/ ‘batik’
857:
833:
829:
825:
818:are realized as
817:
792:
774:
767:
760:
738:
729:
722:
713:
706:
699:
692:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
593:
584:
575:
566:
558:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
480:
464:
451:
446:
434:
423:
418:
411:
404:
393:
385:
378:
371:
365:
313:
271:
258:
245:
240:
233:
226:
215:
210:
203:
196:
185:
180:
173:
166:
155:
146:
139:
132:
127:
93:, with ten oral
68:
47:
43:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2142:
2096:Scottish Gaelic
1949:
1803:Standard Modern
1743:
1555:Modern Standard
1515:
1460:
1451:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1392:
1387:
1370:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230::1033), citing
1226:
1222:
1214::1031), citing
1210:
1206:
1198::1031), citing
1194:
1190:
1182::1031), citing
1178:
1174:
1166::1031), citing
1162:
1158:
1150::1032), citing
1146:
1142:
1134::1032), citing
1130:
1126:
1118::1031), citing
1114:
1110:
1102::1030), citing
1098:
1094:
1090:
978:keu /kɯ/ ‘for’
882:Closed syllable
868:
841:
816:/m/,/n/,/ɲ/,/ŋ/
727:
690:
648:
606:
554:
517:
475:
358:
120:
111:
85:, has a large
83:Aceh, Indonesia
79:Acehnese people
57:
55:
54:
53:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Serbo-Croatian
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1385:
1368:
1341:
1320:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1220:
1204:
1188:
1172:
1156:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:/cut/ ‘small’
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:/roh/ ‘enter’
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:/jɔʔ/ ‘shake’
1016:
1015:/jɔ/ ‘afraid’
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
990:
987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
969:
968:
958:
957:/bɛə/ ‘smell’
952:
949:
945:
944:
938:
932:
929:
925:
924:
918:
912:
909:
905:
904:
898:
892:
889:
885:
884:
879:
874:
863:
840:
837:
836:
835:
812:
809:
800:
799:
797:
795:
793:
786:
784:
778:
777:
775:
768:
761:
754:
752:
746:
745:
743:
741:
739:
732:
730:
724:
723:
716:
714:
707:
700:
693:
688:
682:
681:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
645:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
604:
598:
597:
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
551:
550:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
515:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
474:
471:
468:
467:
465:
458:
456:
448:
447:
440:
435:
428:
420:
419:
412:
405:
398:
390:
389:
382:
375:
368:
357:
354:
351:
350:
348:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
317:
304:
303:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
275:
262:
261:
259:
252:
250:
242:
241:
234:
227:
220:
212:
211:
204:
197:
190:
182:
181:
174:
167:
160:
152:
151:
144:
137:
130:
119:
116:
110:
107:
48:⟩, see
24:
23:
22:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1945:Luxembourgish
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:Maastrichtian
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Orthographies
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
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1093:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:/ro/ ‘spill’
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
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927:
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899:
897:/ba/ ‘carry’
896:
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877:Open syllable
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76:
51:
39:
35:
33:
29:
21:
16:
2199:West Frisian
1986:Massachusett
1531:
1499:Prepositions
1468:
1412:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1400:
1396:
1372:
1345:
1334:the original
1325:
1313:the original
1308:
1304:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1223:
1207:
1191:
1175:
1159:
1143:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1078:
1072:
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1052:
1038:
1032:
1018:
1012:
998:
992:
964:
960:
954:
940:
934:
920:
917:/lə/ ‘many’
914:
900:
894:
842:
803:
556:post-stopped
476:
359:
356:Nasal vowels
307:
265:
121:
112:
73:
44:and ⟨
26:
20:
15:
1929:Limburgish
1820:Greenlandic
1697:New Zealand
1630:Northern Wu
1489:Determiners
1469:Phonologies
1454:Phonologies
1363:1885/138059
1283:83, p. 144.
1268:Asyik (1982
1256:Durie (1984
1244:Asyik (1982
1232:Asyik (1987
1216:Asyik (1987
1200:Asyik (1987
1184:Asyik (1987
1168:Asyik (1987
1152:Asyik (1987
1136:Asyik (1987
1120:Asyik (1987
1104:Asyik (1987
1055:/pʌ/ ‘fly’
845:orthography
839:Orthography
814:The nasals
750:Approximant
118:Oral vowels
95:monophthong
2224:Categories
2189:Vietnamese
2060:Ripuarian
2051:Portuguese
1961:Macedonian
1940:Lithuanian
1850:Hindustani
1687:Australian
1640:Historical
1587:Belarusian
1484:Adjectives
1414:31 October
1290:References
830:'port' vs
826:, e.g. in
473:Consonants
99:diphthongs
91:Indonesian
2179:Ukrainian
2086:Sardinian
2064:Colognian
2021:Old Saxon
2006:Norwegian
1971:Maldivian
1915:Latgalian
1860:Icelandic
1855:Hungarian
1734:Esperanto
1620:Cantonese
1597:Bulgarian
1570:Levantine
1542:Afrikaans
691:voiceless
686:Fricative
607:voiceless
187:Close-mid
2076:Romanian
1885:Japanese
1843:Biblical
1830:Hawaiian
1825:Gujarati
1788:Standard
1780:Galician
1768:Parisian
1739:Estonian
1670:Standard
1615:Mandarin
1611:Chinese
1575:Tunisian
1560:Egyptian
1532:Acehnese
1504:Pronouns
1479:Grammars
861:Grapheme
832:/mandum/
491:Alveolar
425:Open-mid
316:Central
277:Central
217:Open-mid
101:, seven
75:Acehnese
42:/ /
38:Help:IPA
2204:Yiddish
2169:Turkish
2154:Tagalog
2138:Swedish
2126:Spanish
2111:Slovene
2081:Russian
2041:Persian
2011:Occitan
1991:Medumba
1981:Marathi
1925:Latvian
1905:Kurdish
1895:Konkani
1880:Italian
1865:Ingrian
1834:Hebrew
1808:Ancient
1793:Bernese
1784:German
1764:French
1760:Finnish
1755:Faroese
1682:English
1652:Cornish
1647:Chukchi
1625:Hokkien
1607:Catalan
1602:Burmese
1592:Bengali
1582:Avestan
1551:Arabic
1456:of the
1218::17–18)
1202::17–18)
1170::17–18)
1122::17–18)
866:Phoneme
855:Vowels
828:/banᵈa/
804:Notes:
602:Plosive
506:Glottal
496:Palatal
379:Central
141:Central
30:in the
2184:Uyghur
2116:Somali
2106:Slovak
2046:Polish
2036:Pashto
2031:Ottawa
2016:Ojibwe
2001:Nepali
1996:Navajo
1910:Kyrgyz
1900:Korean
1838:Modern
1799:Greek
1773:Quebec
1727:Middle
1666:Dutch
1662:Danish
1565:Hejazi
1537:Adyghe
1527:Abkhaz
728:voiced
649:voiced
486:Labial
274:Front
109:Vowels
46:
2194:Welsh
2174:Ubykh
2159:Tamil
2121:Sotho
2091:Scots
2026:Oromo
1976:Māori
1966:Malay
1920:Latin
1890:Kiowa
1875:Irish
1870:Inuit
1813:Koine
1657:Czech
1509:Verbs
1494:Nouns
1408:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1330:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1088:Notes
941:baték
782:Trill
518:plain
513:Nasal
501:Velar
395:Close
372:Front
347:/ai/
342:/ɔi/
339:/ʌi/
334:/oi/
331:/əi/
326:/ui/
319:Back
302:/ɔə/
299:/ʌə/
296:/ɛə/
291:/uə/
288:/ɯə/
285:/iə/
280:Back
157:Close
134:Front
103:nasal
87:vowel
34:(IPA)
2209:Zuni
2164:Taos
1416:2014
1258::24)
1234::17)
1186::17)
1154::17)
1138::17)
1106::17)
1069:/u/
1049:/ʌ/
1029:/o/
1009:/ɔ/
989:/i/
975:/ɯ/
951:/ɛ/
935:baté
931:/e/
911:/ə/
891:/a/
843:The
453:Open
386:Back
247:Open
148:Back
2147:T–Z
1954:M–S
1748:F–L
1722:Old
1635:Old
1520:A–E
1377:doi
1358:hdl
1350:doi
1270::2)
1246::3)
1079:cut
1059:pöt
1039:rôh
1019:yok
999:dit
972:eu
961:bèk
955:bèe
921:let
901:bak
871:IPA
81:of
2226::
1401:13
1399:.
1395:.
1356:.
1309:11
1307:.
1303:.
1073:su
1066:u
1053:pö
1046:ö
1033:rô
1026:ô
1013:yo
1006:o
993:di
986:i
948:è
928:é
915:le
908:e
895:ba
888:a
873:)
594:)
591:ŋᶢ
585:)
582:ɲᶡ
576:)
573:nᵈ
567:)
564:mᵇ
444:ɔ̃
438:ʌ̃
432:ɛ̃
409:ɯ̃
1446:e
1439:t
1432:v
1418:.
1383:.
1379::
1366:.
1360::
1352::
869:(
790:r
772:w
765:j
758:l
736:z
720:h
711:ʃ
704:s
697:f
676:ɡ
669:ɟ
662:d
655:b
641:ʔ
634:k
627:c
620:t
613:p
588:(
579:(
570:(
561:(
545:ŋ
538:ɲ
531:n
524:m
462:ã
416:ũ
402:ĩ
256:a
238:ɔ
231:ʌ
224:ɛ
208:o
201:ə
194:e
178:u
171:ɯ
164:i
52:.
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