494:
1393:
1473:
821:
1441:
1505:
1409:
1425:
1377:
72:
1361:
1489:
862:, which translates to "shell that sounds long" or the "singing shell". They are believed to be able vocalize and sing at night. Experts have attributed this association to the chirping of crickets at night when the snails are active. Native Hawaiians used the shells of the snails to create kahuli shell lei and their status as coveted souvenirs in the 19th-century may have contributed to the decline of the species. The summer palace of King
835:
33:
1457:
791:
1831:
807:
1843:
1617:
1762:
Holland, B.S. & M.G. Hadfield. 2007. Molecular systematics of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail
Achatinella mustelina (Mighels 1845): Synonymization of subspecies and estimation of gene flow between chiral morphs. Pacific Science, 61(1):
493:
663:
Although these tree snails are occasionally found on introduced plants, it is unknown whether or not the fungus which grows on these plants can provide long-term support for healthy breeding populations of these snails.
1772:
Holland, B.S. & M.G. Hadfield. 2004. Origin and diversification of the endemic
Hawaiian tree snails (Achatinellinae: Achatinellidae) based on molecular evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32(2):
1782:
Holland, B.S. & M.G. Hadfield. 2002. Islands within an island: phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered
Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella mustelina. Molecular Ecology 11: 365-375.
721:
Because growth rate and fertility are very low, these snails are especially vulnerable to loss of individuals through human collection, through predation, or because of other disturbances.
535:
Swainson, 1828: The dextral or sinistral shell is imperforate or minutely perforate, oblong, ovate or globose-conic; smooth or longitudinally corrugated, with only weak traces of spiral
1805:
1392:
517:
species shells are diverse in patterns, colors, and shapes, but all average about 0.75 in (1.9 cm) in length. Most have smooth glossy, and oblong or ovate
1991:
713:(having both male and female reproductive organs) and can live for many years. These are live bearing snails (give birth to live snails instead of laying eggs).
2017:
539:. Shell color is in spiral bands or streaks in the direction of the growth lines. The lip is simple or thickened within and sometimes slightly expanding. The
609:
are not flattened. The outer lip is thin or only slightly thickened within the apex but not expanded. These are the most generally distributed of the
1965:
2004:
437:
384:
820:
444:, though only 13 species survive. Some species have less than 50 remaining individuals, and others have +300; many species fall in between.
1528:
1472:
2168:
2173:
1553:
Holland B. S., Montgomery S. L. & Costello V. (2010). "A reptilian smoking gun: first record of invasive
Jackson’s chameleon (
1440:
2125:
2043:
1660:
1671:
1504:
1656:
1408:
2009:
1586:
Chiaverano L. M. & Holland B. S. (2014). "Impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered
Hawaiian tree snail
1424:
1376:
1559:
641:
637:
1688:
395:. They were once abundant and were mentioned extensively in Hawaiian folklore and songs, and their shells were used in
2163:
1916:
1360:
1718:
71:
1488:
2022:
2158:
1592:
870:("the singing of the land shells") because of the many snails which once inhabited the area during his lifetime.
834:
1853:
1399:
1051:
917:
2061:
2178:
1101:
939:
673:
644:
and shrublands above 1,300 ft (400 m). Most individuals spend their entire life on just one tree.
1456:
2188:
2183:
1869:
1816:
1511:
1447:
1367:
1261:
1132:
1121:
1111:
1080:
1035:
1025:
826:
760:
576:
481:
41:
1004:
1796:
1495:
1415:
1315:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1059:
960:
896:
790:
619:
549:
540:
469:
164:
1921:
1743:
521:
which show a variety of colors, including yellow, orange, red, brown, green, gray, black, and rainbow.
2153:
2130:
2048:
1952:
1748:
1326:
1218:
1143:
841:
780:
498:
2103:
1431:
1383:
1337:
1228:
1164:
1070:
1045:
982:
971:
592:
536:
1479:
1271:
1250:
1239:
1197:
1175:
993:
950:
928:
907:
756:), and loss of habitat due to the spread of non-native vegetation into higher elevation forests.
571:
453:
392:
188:
66:
806:
1858:
1667:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, 64 pp. + 64 pp. of appendices + 5 figures.
558:
2112:
2030:
1996:
1929:
1207:
1186:
746:
724:
The most serious threats to the survival of Oʻahu tree snails are predation by the introduced
613:
species and show a prolific area of intergrading color patterns. Type species of the subgenus
433:
370:
1907:
1835:
1600:
1567:
1463:
1090:
797:
771:, because the chameleons directly prey on them and other snails species. Other predators of
730:
601:
582:
502:
497:
O'ahu tree snail shells collected ca. 1933 at an elevation of 1500 feet on
Waialae Ridge in
486:
473:
2035:
1675:
563:
518:
414:
123:
1847:
1810:
863:
855:
740:
567:
338:
133:
32:
605:
Pfeiffer, 1854: The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic or oblong-conic and smooth. The
2147:
1668:
1525:
752:
710:
403:
2117:
1934:
396:
388:
173:
2088:
472:. The main cause of decline has been attributed to over collection. In addition,
2097:
1978:
1901:
1632:
Not
Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions.
867:
418:
1892:
1830:
1571:
694:
686:
678:
606:
490:
have been involved in the extinctions and declines of the native tree snails.
477:
331:
113:
1696:
812:
776:
725:
682:
653:
407:
355:
352:
335:
83:
1842:
767:
that were introduced to Hawaii in the early 1970s are a serious threat to
2082:
1886:
636:
These snails live in trees. Currently they are only found in mountainous
441:
349:
324:
103:
528:. Subgenera are distinguished according to shells characteristics only.
2056:
1970:
1944:
1618:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Achatinella Swainson, 1828"
698:
465:
358:
1983:
1604:
657:
452:
All 13 species are listed under United States federal legislation as
411:
93:
1863:
492:
327:
56:
50:
1957:
690:
570:. The outer lip is thickened by a strong callous rib within the
457:
380:
1867:
735:
562:
Pfeiffer, 1854: Shell shape is oblong-conic or ovate. The
543:
bears a strong callous fold. Type species of the genus
265:(invalid; placed on the Official Index by Opinion 2017)
524:
There are three recognized subgenera within the genus
1695:. Vol. 14, no. 2. Honolulu. Archived from
2072:
1876:
1806:
Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History of New York
660:which grows on the surface of native plant leaves.
1582:
1580:
1854:Genus profile at U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1799:(1874) "On the lingual dentition and anatomy of
1524:This article incorporates public domain text (a
882:, of which 10 are currently known to be extant:
274:unavailable name (an infra-generic name within
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
566:is obtuse, rounded or convexly-conic near the
306:(unavailable name - a genus-level name within
8:
1864:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
31:
20:
1859:Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands
1557:) predation on native Hawaiian species".
379:species are all endemic to the island of
1663:for the O’ahu Tree Snails of the Genus
1535:
1356:
786:
858:folklore, the kāhuli are known as the
1634:Conservation Biology 23(5): 1214–1221
7:
2062:E116D019-8796-4A9C-9C6A-8AF439C6EF46
1630:Régnier, Benoît and Bouchet (2009).
1529:work of the United States Government
671:feed on fungus growing on leaves of
417:, whereas most gastropod shells are
287:(invalid: unjustified emendation...)
878:There are 41 species in the genus
182:9 extant species remained in 2014
14:
484:, and the highly predatory snail
278:proposed as a nominitive pleural)
1841:
1829:
1687:Crowl, Janice (April–May 2011).
1661:Endangered Species Recovery Plan
1503:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1391:
1375:
1359:
833:
819:
805:
789:
586:). Type species of the subgenus
70:
1657:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
685:with water and on cultures of
421:, with a right handed spiral.
207:Achatinella (Achatinellastrum)
1:
1560:Biodiversity and Conservation
1723:National Wildlife Federation
1593:Endangered Species Research
717:Predation and other threats
2205:
2169:Endangered fauna of Hawaii
429:There were 41 species of
230:· alternate representation
212:· alternate representation
203:· alternate representation
1572:10.1007/s10531-009-9773-5
1331:Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914
1309:Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914
1116:Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914
681:, which can be spread in
361:with some species called
248:junior subjective synonym
198:Achatinella (Achatinella)
194:
187:
179:
172:
67:Scientific classification
65:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2174:Biota of Hawaii (island)
1590:: a threat assessment".
1400:Achatinella concavospira
918:Achatinella concavospira
759:An additional threat is
697:is used as a source for
402:Many of the species are
310:as a nominitive pleural)
1102:Achatinella pulcherrima
940:Achatinella leucorraphe
674:Metrosideros polymorpha
269:Cochlogena (Helicteres)
225:Achatinella (Bulimella)
1803:and other Pulmonata".
1512:Achatinella sowerbyana
1448:Achatinella fuscobasis
1368:Achatinella bulimoides
1262:Achatinella lehuiensis
1133:Achatinella taeniolata
1122:Achatinella sowerbyana
1112:Achatinella pupukanioe
1081:Achatinella fuscobasis
1036:Achatinella bulimoides
1026:Achatinella abbreviata
656:, and feed by grazing
652:These tree snails are
577:Achatinella abbreviata
506:
42:Achatinella bulimoides
1588:Achatinella mustelina
1496:Achatinella mustelina
1416:Achatinella decipiens
1316:Achatinella stewartii
1305:Achatinella spaldingi
1294:Achatinella phaeozona
1283:Achatinella papyracea
1060:Achatinella decipiens
961:Achatinella mustelina
897:Achatinella apexfulva
620:Achatinella stewartii
550:Achatinella apexfulva
496:
470:critically endangered
468:and the remainder as
399:and other ornaments.
1850:at Wikimedia Commons
1749:Government of Hawaii
1719:"Kāhuli Tree Snails"
1327:Achatinella thaanumi
1219:Achatinella dimorpha
1144:Achatinella viridans
842:Platydemus manokwari
781:Platydemus manokwari
765:Trioceros jacksonii)
689:grown on laboratory
677:. They also feed on
499:Waialae Country Club
482:Jackson's chameleons
387:, and all remaining
260:Bulimus (Helicteres)
246:E. von Martens, 1860
219:E. von Martens, 1860
16:Genus of tree snails
1689:"Kahuli Homecoming"
1555:Chamaeleo jacksonii
1432:Achatinella fulgens
1384:Achatinella byronii
1338:Achatinella vulpina
1229:Achatinella fulgens
1165:Achatinella bellula
1085:(E. A. Smith, 1873)
1071:Achatinella elegans
1046:Achatinella byronii
1005:Achatinella vittata
983:Achatinella turgida
972:Achatinella swiftii
827:Jackson's chameleon
761:Jackson's chameleon
593:Achatinella byronii
448:Conservation status
2164:Molluscs of Hawaii
1674:2011-10-17 at the
1531:) from reference.
1480:Achatinella livida
1272:Achatinella livida
1251:Achatinella juncea
1240:Achatinella juddii
1198:Achatinella caesia
1176:Achatinella buddii
994:Achatinella valida
951:Achatinella lorata
929:Achatinella decora
908:Achatinella cestus
507:
460:lists a number of
308:Helix (Cochlogena)
276:Helix (Cochlogena)
216:Achatinella (Apex)
2141:
2140:
2031:Open Tree of Life
1870:Taxon identifiers
1846:Media related to
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1267:
1266:E. A. Smith, 1873
1256:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1213:
1208:Achatinella curta
1203:
1192:
1187:Achatinella casta
1181:
1170:
1169:E. A. Smith, 1873
1149:
1138:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1065:
1055:
1041:
1031:
1010:
999:
988:
977:
966:
956:
945:
934:
923:
913:
902:
850:Hawaiian folklore
775:include the land
747:Rattus norvegicus
709:Adult snails are
510:Shell description
371:Hawaiian language
363:Oʻahu tree snails
316:
315:
305:
295:
286:
273:
272:A. Férussac, 1821
264:
256:
255:L. Pfeiffer, 1854
247:
238:
237:L. Pfeiffer, 1854
229:
228:L. Pfeiffer, 1854
220:
211:
210:L. Pfeiffer, 1854
202:
168:
149:
60:
2196:
2159:Gastropod genera
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1865:
1845:
1834:Data related to
1833:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1699:on March 9, 2017
1684:
1678:
1654:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1605:10.3354/esr00589
1584:
1575:
1566:(5): 1437–1441.
1551:
1507:
1491:
1475:
1464:Achatinella lila
1459:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1363:
1342:(Férussac, 1824)
1341:
1330:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1286:
1275:
1265:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1222:
1211:
1201:
1190:
1179:
1168:
1156:Achatinellastrum
1147:
1136:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1094:
1091:Achatinella lila
1084:
1074:
1063:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1008:
997:
986:
975:
964:
954:
943:
933:(Férussac, 1821)
932:
921:
911:
900:
856:Ancient Hawaiian
837:
823:
809:
798:Euglandina rosea
793:
731:Euglandina rosea
693:. In captivity,
615:Achatinellastrum
607:embryonic whorls
602:Achatinellastrum
583:Achatinella lila
503:Honolulu, Hawaii
487:Euglandina rosea
474:invasive species
304:. Férussac, 1821
303:
293:
284:
271:
262:
254:
245:
236:
234:Achatinellastrum
227:
221:(junior synonym)
218:
209:
200:
163:
147:
75:
74:
54:
35:
21:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1872:
1826:
1795:Bland T. &
1792:
1790:Further reading
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:Wayback Machine
1655:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1585:
1578:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1159:
1020:
891:
876:
852:
845:
838:
829:
824:
815:
810:
801:
794:
719:
707:
650:
634:
629:
623:(Green, 1827).
512:
450:
427:
406:or left-handed
239:superseded rank
162:
146:
124:Stylommatophora
69:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Biota of Kauai
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2109:
2104:Achatinellinae
2094:
2078:
2076:
2074:Achatinellinae
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1898:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1838:at Wikispecies
1825:
1824:External links
1822:
1821:
1820:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1735:
1710:
1679:
1636:
1623:
1609:
1576:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1353:Extant species
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1300:
1289:
1278:
1276:Swainson, 1828
1268:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1225:
1214:
1204:
1193:
1182:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1137:Pfeiffer, 1846
1128:
1126:Pfeiffer, 1855
1118:
1108:
1106:Swainson, 1828
1097:
1087:
1077:
1066:
1056:
1042:
1040:Swainson, 1828
1032:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1000:
998:Pfeiffer, 1855
989:
978:
967:
957:
955:Férussac, 1824
946:
944:(Gulick, 1873)
935:
924:
922:Pfeiffer, 1859
914:
903:
890:
884:
875:
872:
864:Kamehameha III
851:
848:
847:
846:
839:
832:
830:
825:
818:
816:
811:
804:
802:
795:
788:
741:Rattus exulans
718:
715:
711:hermaphroditic
706:
703:
649:
646:
633:
630:
628:
625:
511:
508:
449:
446:
426:
423:
343:Achatinellinae
339:Achatinellidae
314:
313:
312:
311:
297:
288:
279:
266:
257:
249:
240:
231:
222:
213:
204:
201:Swainson, 1828
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
176:
170:
169:
155:
151:
150:
144:Achatinellinae
141:
137:
136:
134:Achatinellidae
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
62:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2201:
2190:
2189:Biota of Oahu
2187:
2185:
2184:Biota of Maui
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
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425:Distribution
401:
391:species are
376:
375:
366:
362:
348:Species are
347:
342:
330:of colorful
319:
318:
317:
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294:Gulick, 1873
291:Helicterella
290:
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275:
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251:
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197:
181:
180:41 species,
158:
157:
148:Gulick, 1873
143:
40:
24:
18:
2154:Achatinella
2098:Wikispecies
1979:iNaturalist
1908:Achatinella
1902:Wikispecies
1878:Achatinella
1848:Achatinella
1836:Achatinella
1801:Achatinella
1665:Achatinella
1599:: 115-123,
1030:Reeve, 1850
1009:Reeve, 1850
888:Achatinella
880:Achatinella
868:Kaniakapupu
866:was called
773:Achatinella
769:Achatinella
726:carnivorous
669:Achatinella
611:Achatinella
574:(except in
545:Achatinella
533:Achatinella
526:Achatinella
515:Achatinella
478:Norway rats
464:species as
462:Achatinella
431:Achatinella
377:Achatinella
332:land snails
320:Achatinella
296:nomen nudum
285:Pease, 1862
159:Achatinella
140:Subfamily:
25:Achatinella
2148:Categories
1520:References
705:Life cycle
695:cuttlebone
687:sooty mold
679:cornstarch
454:endangered
440:island of
393:endangered
341:subfamily
300:Helicteres
114:Gastropoda
53:Appendix I
2089:Q95488428
1693:Hana Hou!
1659:. (1992)
1154:Subgenus
1017:Bulimella
1015:Subgenus
886:Subgenus
813:Black rat
777:planarian
654:nocturnal
599:Subgenus
596:Newcomb.
588:Bulimella
559:Bulimella
556:Subgenus
553:(Dixon).
541:columella
537:sculpture
410:in their
408:chirality
404:sinistral
356:gastropod
353:pulmonate
336:monotypic
252:Bulimella
174:Diversity
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
2083:Wikidata
1893:Q4904129
1887:Wikidata
1773:588-600.
1728:March 7,
1703:March 7,
1672:Archived
683:terraria
572:aperture
476:such as
438:Hawaiian
359:mollusks
350:arboreal
325:tropical
282:Helicter
189:Synonyms
165:Swainson
130:Family:
104:Mollusca
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
2057:ZooBank
1997:1331784
1971:3246437
1958:2565701
1348:Gallery
1054:, 1828)
874:Species
699:calcium
648:Feeding
632:Habitat
627:Ecology
466:extinct
436:to the
434:endemic
419:dextral
369:in the
334:in the
154:Genus:
120:Order:
110:Class:
55: (
2131:994733
2049:995578
2023:115911
2010:198380
1942:ECOS:
1763:53-66.
728:snail
658:fungus
531:Genus
519:shells
456:. The
412:spiral
389:extant
385:Hawaii
367:kāhuli
167:, 1828
2126:WoRMS
2118:7NXCS
2044:WoRMS
2036:26573
1992:IRMNG
1984:86209
1935:7NMQT
1819:-351.
734:, by
564:spire
442:Oʻahu
328:genus
323:is a
57:CITES
51:CITES
2018:NCBI
2005:ITIS
1966:GBIF
1922:6014
1917:BOLD
1730:2017
1705:2017
1052:Wood
736:rats
691:agar
580:and
568:apex
458:IUCN
381:Oahu
243:Apex
2113:CoL
1953:EoL
1945:304
1930:CoL
1817:331
1669:PDF
1601:doi
1568:doi
640:to
638:dry
617:is
590:is
547:is
397:lei
383:in
365:or
2150::
2128::
2115::
2100::
2085::
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2007::
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1335:†
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991:†
980:†
969:†
948:†
937:†
926:†
905:†
894:†
784:.
763:(
738:(
505:.
302:A
59:)
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