1367:
2079:
2155:
1926:
2040:
2025:
2020:
2123:
2118:
2113:
905:
1959:
1921:
2108:
1991:
172:
826:
2030:
2289:
2268:
1016:
1936:
1631:
1302:
2050:
4559:
1931:
120:
1459:
2045:
856:. The effects of torsion are primarily physiological. The organism develops by asymmetrical growth, with the majority of growth occurring on the left side. This leads to the loss of right-side anatomy that in most bilaterians is a duplicate of the left side anatomy. The essential feature of this asymmetry is that the anus generally lies to one side of the median plane. The
2303:
2035:
1610:
711:
3526:
880:
orifice, which lies on the same side of the body as the anus. Furthermore, the anus becomes redirected to the same space as the head. This is speculated to have some evolutionary function, as prior to torsion, when retracting into the shell, first the posterior end would get pulled in, and then the
669:
species. However, estimates of the total number of gastropod species vary widely, depending on cited sources. The number of gastropod species can be ascertained from estimates of the number of described species of
Mollusca with accepted names: about 85,000 (minimum 50,000, maximum 120,000). But an
2471:
Many gastropod species face threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Some species are endangered or have become extinct due to these factors. Conservation efforts often focus on protecting their habitats, especially in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
2650:
Strong, Ellen E.; Schrödl, Michael; Parkhaev, Pavel; Nützel, Alexander; Kano, Yasunori; Kaim, Andrzej; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Bouchet, Philippe (December 31, 2017). "Revised
Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families".
2798:
1288:
as a waste product. The nephridium also plays an important role in maintaining water balance in freshwater and terrestrial species. Additional organs of excretion, at least in some species, include pericardial glands in the body cavity, and digestive glands opening into the
3482:
3917:
2214:
The present backbone classification of gastropods relies on the results of phylogenomic analyses. Consensus has not been reached yet considering the relationships at the very base of the gastropod tree of life, but otherwise the major groups are known with confidence.
2620:
Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter
Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2020).
2327:. The classifications used in taxonomy attempt to represent the precise interrelatedness of the various taxa. However, the taxonomy of the Gastropoda is constantly being revised and so the versions shown in various texts can differ in major ways.
2379:
remain challenging. Consistent ranks within the taxonomy at the level of subclass, superorder, order, and suborder have already been abandoned as unworkable. Ongoing revisions of the higher taxonomic levels are expected in the near future.
551:
big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it. Slugs are gastropods that have no shell or a very small, internal shell; semislugs are gastropods that have a shell that they can partially retreat into but not entirely.
2791:
2522:"Second mémoire sur l'organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des Mollusques et de leur division en ordres, lu à la Société d'histoire naturelle de Paris, le 11 Prairial, an III"
951:
Some gastropods have adult shells which are bottom heavy due to the presence of a thick, often broad, convex ventral callus deposit on the inner lip and adapical to the aperture which may be important for gravitational stability.
1738:
period many of the shapes seen in living gastropods can be matched in the fossil record, but despite these similarities in appearance the majority of these older forms are not directly related to living forms. It was during the
948:, which in many species acts as a trapdoor to close the shell. This is usually made of a horn-like material, but in some molluscs it is calcareous. In the land slugs, the shell is reduced or absent, and the body is streamlined.
1804:
era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the
2386:, which appears to exist at especially high frequency in gastropods, may account for the observed differences between the older phylogenies, which were based on morphological data, and more recent gene-sequencing studies.
2769:
Appeltans W., Bouchet P., Boxshall G.A., Fauchald K., Gordon D.P., Hoeksema B.W., Poore G.C.B., van Soest R.W.M., Stöhr S., Walter T.C., Costello M.J. (eds) (2011). World
Register of Marine Species. Accessed at
774:
is available to build a really solid shell, such as on some acidic soils on land, various species of slugs occur, and also some snails with thin, translucent shells, mostly or entirely composed of the protein
2737:
2370:
New insights based on DNA sequencing of gastropods have produced some revolutionary new taxonomic insights. In the case of the
Gastropoda, the taxonomy is now gradually being rewritten to embody strictly
1519:
are herbivores and some are carnivores. The carnivorous habit is due to specialisation. Many gastropods have distinct dietary preferences and regularly occur in close association with their food species.
677:
gastropods. Many deep-sea species remain to be discovered, as only 0.0001% of the deep-sea floor has been studied biologically. The total number of living species of freshwater snails is about 4,000.
2463:
has not been tested, or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. The classification of families into subfamilies is often not well resolved.
1499:
is reduced or absent. Land-dwelling species can chew up leaves, bark, fruit and decomposing animals while marine species can scrape algae off the rocks on the seafloor. Certain species such as the
892:
with eyes, and a ventral foot. The foremost division of the foot is called the propodium. Its function is to push away sediment as the snail crawls. The larval shell of a gastropod is called a
3066:
670:
estimate of the total number of
Mollusca, including undescribed species, is about 240,000 species. The estimate of 85,000 mollusks includes 24,000 described species of terrestrial gastropods.
1775:
era, gastropods are slightly more common as fossils; their shells are often well preserved. Their fossils occur in ancient beds deposited in both freshwater and marine environments. The "
2204:
1366:
2421:
2792:"Census of Marine Life (2012). SYNDEEP: Towards a first global synthesis of biodiversity, biogeography and ecosystem function in the deep sea. Unpublished data (datasetID: 59)"
1604:
845:
is situated more or less above the head. This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. Torsion is present in all gastropods, but the
2448:
1179:
and over the gill. They use the siphon primarily to "taste" the water to detect prey from a distance. Gastropods with siphons tend to be either predators or scavengers.
3720:
3467:
2198:
4431:
459:
The class
Gastropoda is a diverse and highly successful class of mollusks within the phylum Mollusca. It contains a vast total of named species, second only to the
3912:
Philippe
Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017.
2841:
Strong, Ellen E.; Gargominy, Olivier; Ponder, Winston F.; Bouchet, Philippe (January 2008). "Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater".
2734:
1812:
Certain trail-like markings preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks are thought to have been made by gastropods crawling over the soft mud and sand. Although these
673:
Different estimates for aquatic gastropods (based on different sources) give about 30,000 species of marine gastropods, and about 5,000 species of freshwater and
4457:
3946:
text from the following source: Cunha, R. L.; Grande, C.; Zardoya, R. (2009). "Neogastropod phylogenetic relationships based on entire mitochondrial genomes".
2367:
studies slowly become clearer. Nevertheless, a few of the older terms such as "opisthobranch" and "prosobranch" are still sometimes used in a descriptive way.
4594:
3059:
3673:
Uribe, Juan E; González, Vanessa L; Irisarri, Iker; Kano, Yasunori; Herbert, David G; Strong, Ellen E; Harasewych, M G (2022-10-12). Oaks, Jamie (ed.).
547:
Although the name "snail" can be, and often is, applied to all the members of this class, commonly this word means only those species with an external
4405:
4444:
2521:
940:), typically coiled or spiraled, at least in the larval stage. This coiled shell usually opens on the right-hand side (as viewed with the shell
2716:
McArthur, A.G.; M.G. Harasewych (2003). "Molecular systematics of the major lineages of the
Gastropoda.". In C. Lydeard; D.R. Lindberg (eds.).
3844:
Poppe G.T. & Tagaro S.P. 2006. The new classification of
Gastropods according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. Visaya, février 2006: 10 pp.
1224:
In one large group of sea slugs, the gills are arranged as a rosette of feathery plumes on their backs, which gives rise to their other name,
4599:
4035:
3249:
3120:
3095:
2884:
Régnier, C.; Fontaine, B. T.; Bouchet, P. (October 2009). "Not Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions".
2757:
2749:
2498:
3848:
3820:
3185:
1666:), though their only gastropod character is a coiled shell, so they could lie in the stem lineage, if they are gastropods at all. Earliest
767:
zones to the tropics. They have become adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth, having colonized nearly every available medium.
2824:
3408:
Budd, G. E., and S. Jensen. 2000: A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Biological Reviews 75:253–295.
1591:
of the tRNAs D and N). Within Heterobranchia, gene order seems relatively conserved, and gene rearrangements are mostly related with
4139:
4085:
4006:
3992:
3978:
3227:
2560:
1375:
1332:
1315:
2567:
2455:
for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass), while using the traditional
3483:"First record of the Paleozoic land snail family Anthracopupidae in the Lower Jurassic of China and the origin of Stylommatophora"
3433:"Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa"
3296:
1925:
4529:
2630:
1241:
1188:
2078:
2945:
3865:
3443:
876:
of the heart are single or at least are more developed on one side of the body than the other. Furthermore, there is only one
1271:
1131:
702:
are home to the highest diversity, while the continental shelf and abyssal depths have a low diversity of marine gastropods.
2154:
4449:
3143:
2694:
2428:. The Bouchet & Rocroi classification system is based partly on the older systems of classification, and partly on new
2122:
2039:
756:(the land snails and slugs). Some live in fresh water, but most named species of gastropods live in a marine environment.
4549:
2447:
In 2017, Bouchet, Rocroi, and other collaborators published a significantly updated version of the 2005 taxonomy. In the
2024:
2019:
1044:
1040:
2363:
of the Gastropoda is still under revision, and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned, as the results of
4327:
4304:
1503:
maintain horizontal rows of slender marginal teeth. In some species that have evolved into endoparasites, such as the
520:. Representatives live in gardens, woodland, deserts, and on mountains; in small ditches, great rivers, and lakes; in
3086:
Kay, A.; Wells, F. E.; Poder, W. F. (1998). "Class Gastropoda". In Beesley, P. L.; Ross, G. J. B.; Wells, A. (eds.).
2587:
2489:
Aktipis, S.W.; Giribet, G.; Lindberg, D.R.; W.F., Ponder (2008). "Gastropoda". In Ponder, W.; Lindberg, D.R. (eds.).
4113:
Grove, S.J. (2018). A Guide to the Seashells and other Marine Molluscs of Tasmania: Molluscs of Tasmania with images
613:
171:
4384:
2117:
157:
2112:
493:
and sometimes spelled "Gasteropoda") are a major part of the phylum Mollusca, and are the most highly diversified
4462:
4397:
1588:
1107:
784:
3382:
Yochelson, Ellis L.; Nuelle, Laurence M. (1985). "Strepsodiscus (Gastropoda) in the Late Cambrian of Missouri".
1837:
period in Europe, the shell of which is planispirally coiled and can be mistaken for the shell of a cephalopod.
4584:
4052:
749:
Gastropods are found in a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, from deep ocean trenches to deserts.
1734:
Most of the gastropods of the Palaeozoic era belong to primitive groups, a few of which still survive. By the
1650:
The first gastropods were exclusively marine, with the earliest representatives of the group appearing in the
1122:
ganglia, pleural ganglia, parietal ganglia and the visceral ganglia. There are sometimes also buccal ganglia.
2961:
Rex, Michael A. (1973-09-14). "Deep-Sea Species Diversity: Decreased Gastropod Diversity at Abyssal Depths".
1232:
backs with no visible gill mechanism, such that respiration may likely take place directly through the skin.
829:
The anatomy of a common air-breathing land snail: much of this anatomy does not apply to gastropods in other
1840:
Gastropods are one of the groups that record the changes in fauna caused by the advance and retreat of the
4244:
2273:
1472:
The diet of gastropods differs according to the group considered. Marine gastropods include some that are
1111:
1068:
In terrestrial gastropods (land snails and slugs), the olfactory organs, located on the tips of the four
4493:
4132:
3461:
1584:
1449:
is internal or external according to the species. External fertilization is common in marine gastropods.
1416:
1004:
945:
794:
have adapted to desert conditions. Other snails have adapted to an existence in ditches, near deepwater
904:
575:
that are coiled in the adult stage—though in some, the coiling may not be very visible, for example in
4511:
4047:
3914:
3240:
Götting, Klaus-Jürgen (1994). "Schnecken". In Becker, U.; Ganter, S.; Just, C.; Sauermost, R. (eds.).
2551:
Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005.
2436:
morphological characters of the taxa. The recent advances are more based on molecular characters from
625:
4472:
4353:
4332:
4291:
3494:
3336:
3033:
2970:
2893:
2774:
2533:
2383:
2186:
1386:
1381:
1324:
1320:
2831:. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 05, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
4579:
3022:"Deepest known gastropod fauna: Species composition and distribution in the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench"
2402:
1958:
1920:
1829:
1144:
of a gastropod is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The simplest gastropods are the
865:
857:
841:, where the visceral mass of the animal rotates 180° to one side during development, such that the
838:
790:
685:
31:
4534:
4091:
3845:
3267:"Tales of two snails: sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa"
2622:
1748:
4589:
4075:
3518:
3391:
3021:
3002:
2917:
2866:
2668:
2413:
2376:
2360:
1556:
1508:
1247:
1192:
910:
813:
Gastropods can be accidentally transferred from one habitat to another by other animals, e.g. by
795:
753:
732:
655:
362:
287:
166:
3813:
3743:"How many single-copy orthologous genes from whole genomes reveal deep gastropod relationships?"
2107:
2375:
groups (only one lineage of gastropods in each group). Integrating new findings into a working
1990:
1500:
881:
anterior. Now, the front can be retracted more easily, perhaps suggesting a defensive purpose.
4563:
4498:
4480:
4340:
4031:
4002:
3988:
3974:
3963:
3915:
Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families
3888:
3782:
3764:
3712:
3704:
3652:
3634:
3592:
3574:
3510:
3364:
3288:
3245:
3223:
3116:
3091:
2994:
2986:
2909:
2821:
2753:
2745:
2556:
2555:. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany.
2494:
2456:
2390:
2249:
2150:
2147:
1954:
1951:
1816:
are of debatable origin, some of them do resemble the trails made by living gastropods today.
1564:
873:
771:
695:
564:
537:
468:
259:
3971:
Compendium of Landshells. A color guide to more than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells.
4521:
4485:
4227:
4125:
4067:
3985:
Compendium of Seashells. A full-color guide to more than 4,200 of the world's marine shells.
3959:
3955:
3880:
3772:
3754:
3694:
3686:
3674:
3642:
3626:
3582:
3564:
3502:
3354:
3344:
3278:
3177:
3041:
2978:
2901:
2858:
2850:
2660:
2409:
1705:
period the gastropods were a varied group present in a range of aquatic habitats. Commonly,
1639:
1464:
1402:
1168:
1164:
1099:. In land snails and slugs, vision is not the most important sense, because they are mainly
715:
699:
580:
509:, behavior, feeding, and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one
441:
380:
316:
133:
4436:
4282:
1118:
connected by nerve cells. It includes paired ganglia: the cerebral ganglia, pedal ganglia,
4058:
Webster, S.; Fiorito, G. (2001). "Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates".
3921:
3852:
3070:
2949:
2828:
2741:
2571:
2334:
2230:
2178:
2029:
2015:
1580:
1062:
1000:
961:
933:
927:
919:
915:
852:
Torsion occurs in two stages. The first, mechanistic stage is muscular, and the second is
846:
639:
548:
494:
239:
151:
3498:
3340:
3037:
2974:
2897:
2564:
1701:
As such, it's not until the Ordovician that the first crown-group members arise. By the
853:
635:'foot'), a reference to the fact that the animal's "foot" is positioned below its guts.
4392:
4379:
4221:
4178:
4102:
3777:
3742:
3647:
3614:
3587:
3548:
3359:
3324:
3266:
2517:
2316:
2254:
2235:
2103:
1776:
1572:
1568:
1201:, but many freshwater species, and the majority of terrestrial species, have a pallial
1172:
941:
885:
825:
799:
674:
602:
264:
244:
234:
218:
139:
30:"Gastropod" redirects here. For the podcast about the science and history of food, see
3884:
2288:
2267:
1935:
1015:
432:
from saltwater, freshwater, and from the land. There are many thousands of species of
4573:
4215:
4168:
4013:
Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters
3522:
2905:
2778:
2398:
2346:
2258:
2225:
1834:
1784:
1761:
1735:
1662:
1446:
1355:
1343:
1307:
1176:
1083:
The majority of gastropods have simple visual organs, eye spots either at the tip or
1073:
973:
691:
The number of prehistoric (fossil) species of gastropods is at least 15,000 species.
483:
249:
77:
4079:
3006:
2942:
2870:
2672:
2049:
1630:
1301:
1175:
to accommodate this structure. A siphon enables the animal to draw water into their
719:: a European pulmonate land snail, which has been introduced to many other countries
4345:
4296:
4163:
3896:
3866:"Testing the utility of partial COI sequences for phylogenetic (full text on line)"
3432:
2921:
2372:
2324:
2306:
Microphoto (35x) of Gastropoda sp. from Holocene sediments of Amuq Plain SSE Turkey
2242:
2074:
1916:
1913:
1813:
1757:
1723:
contains fifteen identified species. Fossil gastropods were less common during the
1656:
1619:
1100:
1027:
have eye spots, but the main sensory organs of the snail are sensory receptors for
659:
533:
513:
or group to another, so stating many generalities for all gastropods is difficult.
366:
273:
254:
4558:
4309:
2982:
2937:
Nájera J. M. (1996). "Moluscos del suelo como plagas agrícolas y cuarentenarias".
1930:
3181:
3137:
3045:
2595:
2444:
research. This has made the taxonomical ranks and their hierarchy controversial.
4418:
4276:
3926:
3020:
Fukumori, Hiroaki; Takano, Tsuyoshi; Hasegawa, Kazunori; Kano, Yasunori (2019).
2686:
2417:
2340:
2294:
2182:
2034:
1845:
1672:
1535:
1436:
1423:
1351:
1214:
965:
803:
119:
52:
4267:
3325:"Neogastropod phylogenetic relationships based on entire mitochondrial genomes"
1458:
4198:
4188:
4097:
3569:
2854:
2044:
1986:
1983:
1824:
1765:
1764:
period in Europe, but relatives of the modern land snails are rare before the
1724:
1710:
1702:
1614:
1592:
1544:
1529:
1524:
1432:
1277:
1255:
1225:
1218:
1206:
1119:
1077:
1032:
992:
977:
893:
869:
861:
776:
736:
529:
480:
449:
128:
97:
62:
3768:
3708:
3690:
3638:
3578:
3514:
3165:
2990:
2744:. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Accessed 12 January 2010.
599:
In the scientific literature, gastropods were described as "gasteropodes" by
4366:
3943:
3349:
2460:
2429:
2394:
2352:
2320:
1857:
1841:
1793:
1788:
1787:" of the early Cretaceous period, which both occur in southern England, are
1719:
1690:
1678:
1651:
1623:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1473:
1398:
1394:
1347:
1336:
1328:
1285:
1259:
1251:
1210:
1084:
1058:
1054:
1028:
969:
764:
740:
724:
541:
521:
464:
433:
183:
145:
102:
3892:
3786:
3716:
3656:
3630:
3596:
3368:
3292:
2998:
2913:
2330:
In the older classification of the gastropods, there were four subclasses:
2302:
4071:
1512:, many of the standard gastropod features are strongly reduced or absent.
684:
species of gastropods (extinct since 1500) number 444, 18 species are now
4261:
4193:
3283:
2664:
2433:
2278:
1860:
showing the phylogenic relationships of Gastropoda with example species:
1820:
1801:
1780:
1772:
1740:
1714:
1695:
1684:
1667:
1560:
1516:
1492:
1477:
1069:
1020:
981:
937:
889:
728:
666:
572:
437:
370:
203:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
17:
4319:
3759:
3699:
3506:
2526:
Magazin Encyclopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts
1193:
Respiratory system § Anatomy of respiratory system in invertebrates
4149:
4107:
3814:"Unitas malacologica, Newsletter number 21 december 2004 - a .pdf file"
3553:
provides platform for understanding molluscan disease-related pathways"
3395:
3166:"The balanced life: evolution of ventral shell weighting in gastropods"
2432:
research. In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on
1806:
1728:
1635:
1609:
1427:
1290:
1281:
1157:
1149:
1115:
877:
688:(but still exist in captivity), and 69 species are "possibly extinct".
681:
643:
576:
556:
525:
517:
506:
502:
472:
107:
82:
4117:
2862:
710:
4423:
4173:
4112:
2425:
2282:
1713:
era are too poorly preserved for accurate identification. Still, the
1706:
1643:
1540:
1496:
1390:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1088:
996:
985:
760:
630:
618:
588:
584:
498:
476:
463:
in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes back to the
460:
445:
193:
4238:
1746:
One of the earliest known terrestrial (land-dwelling) gastropods is
4410:
4371:
3547:
Kenny, Nathan J.; Truchado-García, Marta; Grande, Cristina (2016).
1072:, are the most important sensory organ. The chemosensory organs of
4506:
2452:
2287:
2266:
1629:
1608:
1457:
1365:
1300:
1087:
of the tentacles. However, "eyes" in gastropods range from simple
1050:
1014:
903:
830:
824:
709:
568:
560:
510:
425:
3064:(Linnaeus, 1758) in flight - a note on avian dispersal of snails.
2735:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World, 2nd edition
1743:
era that the ancestors of many of the living gastropods evolved.
555:
The marine shelled species of gastropods include species such as
1576:
1229:
1202:
1198:
842:
814:
807:
802:
10,000 meters (6 miles) below the surface, the pounding surf of
744:
658:
levels, gastropods are second only to insects in terms of their
453:
429:
4242:
4121:
3973:
240 S., American Malacologists. Melbourne, Fl, Burlington, Ma.
3549:"Deep, multi-stage transcriptome of the schistosomiasis vector
2771:
2441:
2437:
2364:
1096:
1092:
4358:
516:
The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of
3481:
Jochum, Adrienne; Yu, Tingting; Neubauer, Thomas A. (2020).
2424:, which is a step closer to the evolutionary history of the
1559:
organization when compared to other animals. Main events of
2939:
X Congreso Nacional Agronómico / II Congreso de Suelos 1996
837:
Snails are distinguished by an anatomical process known as
413:
407:
337:
1618:
sp., an early gastropod from the Middle Ordovician of the
1571:, whereas fewer changes occurred between the ancestors of
1408:
The main aspects of the life cycle of gastropods include:
1401:, the throwing of which have been identified as a form of
752:
Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are
401:
343:
1688:
are no longer considered gastropods, and the tiny coiled
386:
383:
325:
322:
3613:
Cunha, Tauana Junqueira; Giribet, Gonzalo (2019-03-13).
3111:
Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (2003). "Phylum Mollusca".
2205:
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
1791:
containing the tightly packed remains of the pond snail
1331:. Again, in some land snails, an unusual feature of the
759:
Gastropods have a worldwide distribution, from the near
3619:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3615:"A congruent topology for deep gastropod relationships"
1555:
Gastropods exhibit an important degree of variation in
988:, and seaweeds on which many of the species are found.
1205:. The respiratory protein in almost all gastropods is
1091:
that only distinguish light and dark, to more complex
299:
Apogastropoda - alternate representation of Gastropoda
4547:
2459:
for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. Whenever
1422:
The larvae or larval stadium: some gastropods may be
591:
stage, and is a simple conical structure after that.
389:
349:
328:
3088:
Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia
2718:
Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks
2553:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
2493:. University of California Press. pp. 201–238.
1605:
List of marine gastropod genera in the fossil record
410:
404:
398:
395:
346:
340:
334:
331:
4251:
4207:
4156:
2319:, biological taxonomy has attempted to reflect the
1439:(each of these are present in some gastropods only)
1327:behavior in some gastropods, including some of the
964:are very brightly colored. This serves either as a
392:
319:
3864:Elpidio A. Remigio & Paul D.N. Hebert (2003).
2720:. Washington: Smithsonian Books. pp. 140–160.
1276:The primary organs of excretion in gastropods are
646:, such as clams, which have two valves or shells.
540:, and numerous other ecological niches, including
3997:Parkinson, B., Hemmen, J. & Groh, K. (1987):
1819:Gastropod fossils may sometimes be confused with
1163:Many marine gastropods are burrowers, and have a
3675:"A Phylogenomic Backbone for Gastropod Molluscs"
2199:Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005
3801:Suprageneric classification of class Gastropoda
1523:Some predatory carnivorous gastropods include:
1495:, and also a few ciliary feeders, in which the
1397:families of land snails creating and utilizing
3323:Cunha, R. L.; Grande, C.; Zardoya, R. (2009).
2729:
2727:
2594:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Archived from
1106:The nervous system of gastropods includes the
665:Gastropods have the greatest numbers of named
501:, with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug
4133:
3987:413 S., Odyssey Publishing. El Cajon, Calif.
3741:Chen, Zeyuan; Schrödl, Michael (2022-04-18).
3318:
3316:
3314:
3115:. Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 701–769.
2512:
2510:
1638:on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane of the
849:are secondarily untorted to various degrees.
571:, and numerous other sea snails that produce
8:
4011:Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D. R. (1997):
3466:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3244:. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
1197:Almost all marine gastropods breathe with a
600:
3803:. The Natural History Museum, London, 2001.
944:pointing upward). Numerous species have an
302:Psilogastropoda - represented as Gastropoda
296:Angiogastropoda - represented as Gastropoda
4239:
4140:
4126:
4118:
4001:279 S., Verlag Christa Hemmen. Wiesbaden.
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
2337:(gills to the right and behind the heart).
918:, which is typical (but not universal) of
471:of gastropods are known, of which 245 are
118:
38:
4017:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3983:Abbott, R. T. & Dance, S. P. (1998):
3776:
3758:
3698:
3646:
3586:
3568:
3358:
3348:
3282:
3170:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2547:
2545:
2543:
2189:are not included in the above cladogram.
1342:In many marine gastropods other than the
1114:. The central nervous system consists of
932:Most shelled gastropods have a one piece
884:Gastropods typically have a well-defined
127:Various gastropods from different types:
2301:
4554:
4030:480 S., Verlag ConchBooks. Hackenheim.
2615:
2613:
2581:
2579:
2491:Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca
2481:
1709:gastropods from the rocks of the early
3459:
3299:from the original on September 1, 2019
3090:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 565–604.
2222:Adenogonogastropoda (Angiogastropoda)
1634:Fossil gastropod and attached mytilid
1354:); most land gastropods, however, are
638:The earlier name "univalve" means one
4094:, mostly fossils, a few modern shells
3873:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3668:
3666:
3608:
3606:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3216:Sensory Organs and the Nervous System
1698:time is probably not even a mollusk.
1412:Egg laying and the eggs of gastropods
7:
4512:F1260A76-FF83-FFDC-FF43-F8DCFA02FC48
4473:61ced7ea-ca51-4c6f-afcf-b8f8596eecb0
4398:4203c426-cf9e-4a31-a42b-8926d2f85267
3139:Manual of the New Zealand mollusca /
3058:RUSIECKI S. & RUSIECKA A. 2013.
1445:Courtship and mating in gastropods:
733:Terrestrial animal § Gastropods
583:of species, such as all the various
536:depths of the oceans, including the
4053:2004 Linnean taxonomy of gastropods
3271:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3222:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001,
3220:The biology of terrestrial molluscs
2697:from the original on 6 October 2018
2397:origins of the Gastropoda based on
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1335:is the presence and utilization of
999:. These contain an outpocketing of
4098:A video of a crawling Garden Snail
4028:Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods.
3431:Be'Norr, K., and J. FnÍon (1999).
3265:Koene, Joris M. (August 1, 2006).
1370:Egg strings of an Aplysia species.
1228:. Some nudibranchs have smooth or
991:Lateral outgrowths on the body of
587:, the shell is coiled only in the
25:
4595:Extant Cambrian first appearances
3999:Tropical Landshells of the World.
3826:from the original on 15 June 2011
1376:Reproductive system of gastropods
1333:reproductive system of gastropods
1316:Reproductive system of gastropods
1152:, herbivores that use their hard
1011:Sensory organs and nervous system
4557:
2906:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01245.x
2631:World Register of Marine Species
2153:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2077:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
1989:
1957:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1599:Geological history and evolution
1242:Circulatory system of gastropods
1189:Respiratory system of gastropods
1171:edge. Sometimes the shell has a
810:, and many other diverse areas.
489:Gastropoda (previously known as
479:record, while 476 are currently
379:
315:
170:
4048:Gastropod reproductive behavior
3723:from the original on 2023-08-23
3529:from the original on 2023-08-23
3449:from the original on 2017-12-13
3188:from the original on 2023-08-23
3146:from the original on 2017-09-26
2804:from the original on 2019-06-30
3230:. 1-146, cited pages: 179–211.
2355:(with a lung instead of gills)
2349:(gills in front of the heart).
1272:Excretory system of gastropods
1132:Digestive system of gastropods
1065:. Gastropods have no hearing.
280:
1:
3885:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00140-4
3307:– via academic.oup.com.
2983:10.1126/science.181.4104.1051
2422:Bouchet & Rocroi taxonomy
2416:made sweeping changes in the
1389:is a part of the behavior of
1076:marine gastropods are called
980:them on the brightly colored
770:In habitats where not enough
4600:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
3142:. J. Mackay, govt. printer.
3046:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102176
2451:, the authors used unranked
2405:analyses of complete genes.
2271:A group of fossil shells of
1468:floating and eating a carrot
1346:, there are separate sexes (
1262:as the respiratory pigment.
1221:as the respiratory protein.
1045:Nervous system of gastropods
1041:Sensory organs of gastropods
631:
619:
486:or without a fossil record.
2691:Online Etymology Dictionary
2389:In 2004, Brian Simison and
2292:Five views of a shell of a
1833:from the limestones of the
1250:and the transport fluid is
642:(or shell), in contrast to
4616:
3958::10.1186/1471-2148-9-210.
3942:This article incorporates
3182:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab019
3164:Geerat J. Vermeij (2022).
2202:
2196:
1602:
1563:occurred at the origin of
1379:
1373:
1313:
1269:
1239:
1186:
1167:that extends out from the
1129:
1038:
925:
914:, a small land snail, has
722:
624:
612:
532:, the sandy subtidal, the
158:Polycera aurantiomarginata
29:
3570:10.1186/s12879-016-1944-x
3218:. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
2855:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6
2532:: 433–449. Archived from
2145:
2101:
2072:
2013:
1981:
1949:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1756:), which is found in the
1108:peripheral nervous system
888:with two or four sensory
785:Sphincterochila boissieri
601:
293:
286:
279:
272:
231:
226:
167:Scientific classification
165:
126:
117:
41:
3948:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3329:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3026:Progress in Oceanography
2592:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2323:of organisms, i.e., the
1827:. An example of this is
1442:The growth of gastropods
847:opisthobranch gastropods
694:In marine habitats, the
281:65,000 to 80,000 species
4092:Gastropod photo gallery
3557:BMC Infectious Diseases
3487:Journal of Paleontology
3384:Journal of Paleontology
3350:10.1186/1471-2148-9-210
2449:Bouchet et al. taxonomy
1280:, which produce either
1248:open circulatory system
475:and appear only in the
3969:Abbott, R. T. (1989):
3691:10.1093/sysbio/syac045
3631:10.1098/rspb.2018.2776
2733:Chapman, A.D. (2009).
2307:
2299:
2285:
2274:Turritella cingulifera
2210:Current classification
1647:
1627:
1469:
1371:
1311:
1112:central nervous system
1053:of gastropods include
1036:
923:
834:
754:terrestrial gastropods
720:
4494:Paleobiology Database
4072:10.1007/s100710100108
3551:Biomphalaria glabrata
2305:
2291:
2270:
2197:Further information:
1633:
1612:
1461:
1417:embryonic development
1393:gastropods with some
1369:
1304:
1209:, but one freshwater
1018:
907:
828:
713:
424:This class comprises
357:), commonly known as
4393:Fauna Europaea (new)
3440:Geol. Et Palaeont 33
3242:Lexikon der Biologie
2886:Conservation Biology
2665:10.4002/040.061.0201
2384:Convergent evolution
2187:Lower Heterobranchia
1382:Mating of gastropods
1305:Mating behaviour of
361:, belong to a large
4088:also in gastropods.
3760:10.7717/peerj.13285
3507:10.1017/jpa.2019.68
3499:2020JPal...94..266J
3341:2009BMCEE...9..210C
3038:2019PrOce.17802176F
2975:1973Sci...181.1051R
2969:(4104): 1051–1053.
2898:2009ConBi..23.1214R
2420:, resulting in the
2403:amino acid sequence
1509:Thyonicola doglieli
1297:Reproductive system
938:bivalved gastropods
791:Xerocrassa seetzeni
686:extinct in the wild
32:Gastropod (podcast)
4026:Robin, A. (2008):
3920:2023-08-23 at the
3851:2007-09-27 at the
3679:Systematic Biology
3625:(1898): 20182776.
3284:10.1093/icb/icj040
3074:Folia Malacologica
3069:2013-09-16 at the
3062:Trochulus hispidus
2948:2011-07-21 at the
2827:2008-10-13 at the
2740:2010-12-06 at the
2570:2020-07-14 at the
2414:Jean-Pierre Rocroi
2308:
2300:
2286:
1648:
1628:
1561:gene rearrangement
1557:mitochondrial gene
1470:
1372:
1312:
1258:is present in the
1236:Circulatory system
1183:Respiratory system
1037:
1031:, situated in the
1019:The upper pair of
936:(with exceptional
924:
911:Zonitoides nitidus
835:
796:hydrothermal vents
721:
607:in 1795. The word
538:hydrothermal vents
467:. As of 2017, 721
369:within the phylum
4545:
4544:
4481:Open Tree of Life
4245:Taxon identifiers
4236:
4235:
4036:978-3-939767-09-1
3929:, 61(1-2): 1-526.
3846:journal-malaco.fr
3251:978-3-86025-156-0
3122:978-0-87893-097-5
3097:978-0-643-05756-2
2772:marinespecies.org
2758:978-0-642-56861-8
2750:978-0-642-56860-1
2500:978-0-520-25092-5
2457:Linnaean approach
2391:David R. Lindberg
2250:Patellogastropoda
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2148:Patellogastropoda
2134:
2133:
2090:
2089:
2061:
2060:
2002:
2001:
1970:
1969:
1952:Euopisthobranchia
1823:or other shelled
1565:Patellogastropoda
1035:of the tentacles.
772:calcium carbonate
696:continental slope
611:comes from Greek
579:. In a number of
442:freshwater snails
308:
307:
260:Patellogastropoda
222:
146:Notarchus indicus
27:Class of molluscs
16:(Redirected from
4607:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4538:
4537:
4525:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4427:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4361:
4349:
4348:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4240:
4228:Archinacelloidea
4142:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4084:– Article about
4083:
4060:Animal Cognition
3930:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3895:. Archived from
3870:
3861:
3855:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3804:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3762:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3702:
3685:(6): 1271–1280.
3670:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3572:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3437:
3428:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3320:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3237:
3231:
3212:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3083:
3077:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2958:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2892:(5): 1214–1221.
2881:
2875:
2874:
2838:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2583:
2574:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2486:
2410:Philippe Bouchet
2393:showed possible
2157:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2081:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
1993:
1961:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1783:period and the "
1771:In rocks of the
1640:Matmor Formation
1583:(a large single
1579:D, C and N) and
1501:Archaeogastropda
1465:Pomacea maculata
1454:Feeding behavior
1403:sexual selection
1266:Excretory system
1246:Gastropods have
1126:Digestive system
1063:mechanoreceptors
1055:olfactory organs
1001:digestive glands
968:, when they are
920:gastropod shells
866:foot slime-gland
862:olfactory organs
800:oceanic trenches
716:Cepaea nemoralis
700:continental rise
634:
628:
622:
616:
606:
605:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
359:slugs and snails
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
217:
175:
174:
161:(a nudibranch).
155:(a limpet), and
143:(a land snail),
134:Haliotis asinina
122:
112:
49:
48:Cambrian–Present
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4585:Mollusc classes
4570:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4448:
4443:
4435:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4208:Extinct classes
4203:
4152:
4146:
4086:social learning
4057:
4044:
3966: 19698157.
3962: 2741453.
3939:
3934:
3933:
3922:Wayback Machine
3911:
3907:
3899:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3853:Wayback Machine
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3213:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:Wayback Machine
3057:
3053:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2950:Wayback Machine
2934:
2933:
2929:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2829:Wayback Machine
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2768:
2764:
2742:Wayback Machine
2732:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2598:on 8 March 2016
2585:
2584:
2577:
2572:Wayback Machine
2550:
2541:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2401:gene order and
2335:Opisthobranchia
2313:
2231:Caenogastropoda
2212:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2179:Cocculiniformia
2176:
2167:
2135:
2091:
2062:
2016:Caenogastropoda
2003:
1971:
1854:
1670:organisms like
1607:
1601:
1595:of tRNA genes.
1581:Caenogastropoda
1553:
1456:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1318:
1299:
1274:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1195:
1187:Main articles:
1185:
1138:
1130:Main articles:
1128:
1047:
1039:Main articles:
1023:on the head of
1013:
958:
930:
928:Gastropod shell
916:dextral coiling
902:
823:
782:Snails such as
747:
723:Main articles:
708:
652:
623:'stomach') and
597:
382:
378:
318:
314:
240:Caenogastropoda
216:
169:
152:Patella vulgata
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4467:
4454:
4441:
4428:
4415:
4402:
4389:
4380:Fauna Europaea
4376:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4324:
4314:
4301:
4288:
4273:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4222:Helcionelloida
4218:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:Monoplacophora
4176:
4174:Polyplacophora
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4157:Extant classes
4154:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4103:Cornu aspersum
4095:
4089:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4042:External links
4040:
4039:
4038:
4024:
4009:
3995:
3981:
3967:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3905:
3902:on 2007-09-27.
3879:(3): 641–647.
3856:
3837:
3805:
3792:
3733:
3662:
3602:
3539:
3493:(2): 266–272.
3473:
3410:
3401:
3390:(3): 733–740.
3374:
3310:
3277:(4): 419–429.
3257:
3250:
3232:
3198:
3176:(1): 256–275.
3156:
3136:Suter, Henry.
3128:
3121:
3103:
3096:
3078:
3076:21(2):111-112.
3051:
3012:
2953:
2927:
2876:
2833:
2814:
2783:
2781:on 2011-03-07.
2777:2015-10-03 at
2762:
2723:
2708:
2678:
2659:(1–2): 1–526.
2642:
2609:
2575:
2539:
2536:on 2017-07-25.
2506:
2499:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2312:
2309:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2255:Vetigastropoda
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:Heterobranchia
2233:
2211:
2208:
2194:
2191:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2104:Vetigastropoda
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1850:
1777:Purbeck Marble
1600:
1597:
1589:translocations
1573:Vetigastropoda
1569:Heterobranchia
1552:
1549:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1374:Main article:
1363:
1360:
1356:hermaphrodites
1344:opisthobranchs
1314:Main article:
1298:
1295:
1270:Main article:
1267:
1264:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1184:
1181:
1173:siphonal canal
1127:
1124:
1095:, and even to
1051:sensory organs
1012:
1009:
974:stinging cells
957:
954:
926:Main article:
901:
898:
822:
819:
707:
704:
651:
648:
603:Georges Cuvier
596:
593:
306:
305:
304:
303:
300:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
277:
276:
270:
269:
268:
267:
265:Vetigastropoda
262:
257:
252:
247:
245:Heterobranchia
242:
237:
235:Helcionelloida
229:
228:
224:
223:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
163:
162:
140:Cornu aspersum
137:(an abalone),
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4612:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:Rostroconchia
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Solenogastres
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:3-925919-00-7
4004:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:0-9661720-0-0
3990:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:0-915826-23-2
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:Paul Jeffery.
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3540:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3228:0-85199-318-4
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3113:Invertebrates
3107:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:Hydrobiologia
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:archive.today
2776:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2643:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:3-925919-72-4
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2528:(in French).
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:mitochondrial
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:Prosobranchia
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2259:Neomphaliones
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:Apogastropoda
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1835:Carboniferous
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1814:trace fossils
1810:
1808:
1803:
1800:Rocks of the
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1785:Sussex Marble
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:Carboniferous
1759:
1758:Coal Measures
1755:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:Carboniferous
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1663:Strepsodiscus
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:Late Cambrian
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1593:transposition
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1447:fertilization
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1419:of gastropods
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:is a part of
1322:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1308:Elysia timida
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1177:mantle cavity
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:opisthobranch
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Helix pomatia
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
921:
917:
913:
912:
908:The shell of
906:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
832:
827:
820:
818:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
786:
780:
778:
773:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
717:
712:
705:
703:
701:
697:
692:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
671:
668:
663:
661:
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
633:
627:
621:
615:
610:
604:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Late Cambrian
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
444:, freshwater
443:
440:, as well as
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
418:
376:
372:
368:
367:invertebrates
364:
360:
354:
312:
301:
298:
295:
294:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Neomphaliones
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
225:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:
149:(a seahare),
148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4252:
4183:
4164:Caudofoveata
4101:
4063:
4059:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4012:
3998:
3984:
3970:
3951:
3947:
3913:
3908:
3897:the original
3876:
3872:
3859:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3808:
3800:
3795:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3725:. Retrieved
3700:10261/279410
3682:
3678:
3622:
3618:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3542:
3531:. Retrieved
3490:
3486:
3476:
3462:cite journal
3451:. Retrieved
3439:
3404:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3332:
3328:
3301:. Retrieved
3274:
3270:
3260:
3241:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3190:. Retrieved
3173:
3169:
3159:
3148:. Retrieved
3138:
3131:
3112:
3106:
3087:
3081:
3073:
3061:
3060:Hairy snail
3054:
3029:
3025:
3015:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2938:
2935:(in Spanish)
2930:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2817:
2806:. Retrieved
2786:
2765:
2717:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2634:. Retrieved
2627:MolluscaBase
2626:
2623:"Gastropoda"
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2591:
2586:Solem, A.G.
2552:
2534:the original
2529:
2525:
2490:
2484:
2470:
2467:Conservation
2446:
2407:
2388:
2382:
2373:monophyletic
2369:
2358:
2329:
2325:tree of life
2314:
2293:
2272:
2243:Neritimorpha
2213:
2177:
2146:
2102:
2075:Neritimorpha
2073:
2014:
1982:
1950:
1914:Panpulmonata
1912:
1855:
1839:
1828:
1818:
1811:
1799:
1792:
1770:
1753:
1749:Anthracopupa
1747:
1745:
1733:
1718:
1700:
1694:of earliest
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1657:Chippewaella
1655:
1649:
1642:in southern
1620:Galena Group
1613:
1554:
1547:and others.
1534:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1471:
1463:
1407:
1385:
1341:
1319:
1306:
1275:
1245:
1223:
1213:family, the
1196:
1162:
1139:
1105:
1082:
1067:
1048:
1024:
990:
959:
950:
931:
909:
883:
851:
836:
812:
804:rocky shores
789:
783:
781:
769:
758:
751:
748:
714:
693:
690:
679:
672:
664:
653:
637:
608:
598:
554:
546:
528:, the rocky
515:
490:
488:
458:
423:
374:
358:
310:
309:
255:Neritimorpha
213:
156:
150:
144:
138:
132:
36:
4419:iNaturalist
4277:Wikispecies
4189:Cephalopoda
4148:Classes of
3927:Malacologia
3442:: 219–235.
2849:: 149–166.
2822:"gastropod"
2752:(printed);
2701:3 September
2687:"Gastropod"
2653:Malacologia
2588:"Gastropod"
2418:systematics
2341:Gymnomorpha
2295:Fulguropsis
2257:(including
2219:Gastropoda
2183:Neomphalina
1867:Gastropoda
1846:Pleistocene
1844:during the
1830:Bellerophon
1825:cephalopods
1673:Helcionella
1545:ghost slugs
1536:Daudebardia
1525:cone shells
1437:hibernation
1424:trochophore
1226:nudibranchs
1215:Planorbidae
1156:to rasp at
1078:rhinophores
1005:diverticula
1003:called the
995:are called
993:nudibranchs
972:or contain
854:mutagenetic
565:periwinkles
450:land snails
227:Subclasses
4580:Gastropods
4574:Categories
4564:Gastropods
4310:Gastropoda
4297:Gastropoda
4283:Gastropoda
4253:Gastropoda
4199:Scaphopoda
4184:Gastropoda
3753:: e13285.
3727:2023-08-10
3563:(1): 618.
3533:2022-07-29
3453:2017-12-13
3335:(1): 210.
3303:August 31,
3214:Chase R.:
3192:2022-01-04
3150:2018-01-14
3032:: 102176.
2863:10088/7390
2808:2019-04-25
2636:2020-09-29
2563:. 397 pp.
2476:References
2395:diphyletic
2343:(no shell)
2203:See also:
1984:Nudipleura
1842:ice sheets
1789:limestones
1766:Cretaceous
1754:Maturipupa
1725:Palaeozoic
1711:Palaeozoic
1703:Ordovician
1615:Trochonema
1603:See also:
1530:Testacella
1489:scavengers
1485:carnivores
1474:herbivores
1433:Estivation
1399:love darts
1380:See also:
1362:Life cycle
1352:gonochoric
1337:love darts
1256:Hemocyanin
1219:hemoglobin
1207:hemocyanin
1160:on rocks.
1120:osphradial
1059:statocysts
1033:epithelium
978:camouflage
894:protoconch
872:, and the
858:gill-combs
833:or groups.
777:conchiolin
737:land snail
530:intertidal
434:sea snails
375:Gastropoda
311:Gastropods
214:Gastropoda
131:(a slug),
129:Black slug
42:Gastropoda
4590:Asymmetry
4066:(2): 69.
3944:CC-BY-2.0
3769:2167-8359
3709:1063-5157
3639:0962-8452
3579:1471-2334
3523:204269735
3515:0022-3360
2991:0036-8075
2760:(online).
2518:Cuvier, G
2461:monophyly
2430:cladistic
2408:In 2005,
2353:Pulmonata
2321:phylogeny
2277:from the
1858:cladogram
1852:Cladogram
1821:ammonites
1794:Viviparus
1779:" of the
1727:era than
1720:Poleumita
1691:Aldanella
1679:Barskovia
1624:Minnesota
1585:inversion
1517:sea slugs
1493:parasites
1482:predatory
1480:feeders,
1395:pulmonate
1387:Courtship
1348:dioecious
1329:Helicidae
1321:Courtship
1286:uric acid
1278:nephridia
1260:hemolymph
1252:hemolymph
1211:pulmonate
1103:animals.
1101:nocturnal
1097:lens eyes
1070:tentacles
1029:olfaction
1021:tentacles
970:poisonous
962:sea slugs
956:Body wall
946:operculum
890:tentacles
870:nephridia
765:Antarctic
741:semi-slug
725:sea snail
680:Recently
660:diversity
656:taxonomic
650:Diversity
609:gastropod
595:Etymology
573:seashells
542:parasitic
522:estuaries
491:univalves
365:class of
363:taxonomic
274:Diversity
190:Kingdom:
184:Eukaryota
18:Gastropod
4317:BioLib:
4268:Q4867740
4262:Wikidata
4194:Bivalvia
4150:Molluscs
4080:25373798
3918:Archived
3893:14615199
3849:Archived
3821:Archived
3787:35497189
3721:Archived
3717:35766870
3657:30862305
3597:27793108
3527:Archived
3444:Archived
3369:19698157
3297:Archived
3293:21672754
3186:Archived
3144:Archived
3067:Archived
3007:43572097
2999:17731267
2946:Archived
2914:19459894
2871:44234861
2825:Archived
2799:Archived
2775:Archived
2738:Archived
2695:Archived
2673:91051256
2568:Archived
2520:(1795).
2434:phenetic
2377:taxonomy
2361:taxonomy
2279:Pliocene
2193:Taxonomy
1807:bivalves
1802:Cenozoic
1781:Jurassic
1773:Mesozoic
1768:period.
1741:Mesozoic
1729:bivalves
1715:Silurian
1696:Cambrian
1685:Scenella
1668:Cambrian
1636:bivalves
1551:Genetics
1478:detritus
1158:seaweeds
1150:abalones
1110:and the
1093:pit eyes
1057:, eyes,
982:hydroids
976:, or to
729:sea slug
698:and the
675:brackish
644:bivalves
581:families
526:mudflats
518:habitats
469:families
371:Mollusca
288:Synonyms
204:Mollusca
200:Phylum:
194:Animalia
180:Domain:
4108:YouTube
4023:83–265.
3954:: 210.
3937:Sources
3830:9 March
3778:9048639
3648:6458328
3588:5084317
3495:Bibcode
3396:1304993
3360:2741453
3337:Bibcode
3034:Bibcode
2971:Bibcode
2963:Science
2941:51-56.
2922:8021609
2894:Bibcode
2602:6 March
2565:vliz.be
2311:History
2298:species
1848:epoch.
1760:of the
1541:turrids
1505:eulimid
1428:veliger
1426:and/or
1291:stomach
1282:ammonia
1217:, have
1146:limpets
1116:ganglia
986:sponges
966:warning
878:genital
874:auricle
839:torsion
821:Anatomy
706:Habitat
682:extinct
667:mollusk
654:At all
585:limpets
577:cowries
561:conches
557:abalone
534:abyssal
507:anatomy
503:species
497:in the
473:extinct
461:insects
446:limpets
373:called
210:Class:
4550:Portal
4522:425100
4519:uBio:
4486:409995
4470:NZOR:
4372:1GASTC
4078:
4034:
4005:
3991:
3977:
3891:
3785:
3775:
3767:
3715:
3707:
3655:
3645:
3637:
3595:
3585:
3577:
3521:
3513:
3394:
3367:
3357:
3291:
3248:
3226:
3119:
3094:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2920:
2912:
2869:
2756:
2748:
2671:
2559:
2497:
2453:clades
2426:phylum
2317:Darwin
2315:Since
2283:Cyprus
1717:genus
1707:fossil
1644:Israel
1587:, and
1575:(only
1515:A few
1497:radula
1391:mating
1325:mating
1169:mantle
1165:siphon
1154:radula
1142:radula
1136:Radula
1089:ocelli
997:cerata
864:, the
860:, the
831:clades
761:Arctic
743:, and
620:gastḗr
614:γαστήρ
589:larval
569:whelks
544:ones.
505:. The
499:phylum
481:extant
477:fossil
426:snails
221:, 1795
219:Cuvier
4530:WoRMS
4507:Plazi
4450:69459
4432:IRMNG
4424:47114
4385:11369
4346:8ZXFZ
4076:S2CID
3900:(PDF)
3869:(PDF)
3824:(PDF)
3817:(PDF)
3747:PeerJ
3519:S2CID
3447:(PDF)
3436:(PDF)
3392:JSTOR
3003:S2CID
2918:S2CID
2867:S2CID
2802:(PDF)
2795:(PDF)
2669:S2CID
1577:tRNAs
1230:warty
960:Some
934:shell
900:Shell
815:birds
808:caves
798:, in
640:valve
549:shell
511:clade
495:class
454:slugs
438:slugs
430:slugs
4499:8304
4463:6448
4458:NCBI
4445:ITIS
4437:1298
4406:GBIF
4367:EPPO
4359:2366
4328:BOLD
4320:2442
4032:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3989:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3964:PMID
3889:PMID
3832:2009
3783:PMID
3765:ISSN
3713:PMID
3705:ISSN
3653:PMID
3635:ISSN
3593:PMID
3575:ISSN
3511:ISSN
3468:link
3365:PMID
3305:2019
3289:PMID
3246:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3092:ISBN
2995:PMID
2987:ISSN
2910:PMID
2754:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2703:2019
2604:2017
2557:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2440:and
2412:and
2359:The
2185:and
1682:and
1567:and
1435:and
1415:The
1203:lung
1199:gill
1191:and
1148:and
1140:The
1134:and
1085:base
1061:and
1049:The
1043:and
942:apex
886:head
843:anus
788:and
763:and
745:slug
632:poús
626:πούς
484:with
452:and
436:and
428:and
53:PreꞒ
4535:101
4411:225
4354:EoL
4341:CoL
4305:AFD
4292:ADW
4106:),
4068:doi
4021:119
3960:PMC
3956:doi
3881:doi
3773:PMC
3755:doi
3695:hdl
3687:doi
3643:PMC
3627:doi
3623:286
3583:PMC
3565:doi
3503:doi
3355:PMC
3345:doi
3279:doi
3178:doi
3174:194
3042:doi
3030:178
2979:doi
2967:181
2943:PDF
2902:doi
2859:hdl
2851:doi
2847:595
2661:doi
2442:RNA
2438:DNA
2365:DNA
2281:of
1622:of
1284:or
421:).
4576::
4532::
4509::
4496::
4483::
4460::
4447::
4434::
4421::
4408::
4395::
4382::
4369::
4356::
4343::
4333:92
4330::
4307::
4294::
4279::
4264::
4074:.
4062:.
4019:,
4015:.
3950:.
3925:.
3887:.
3877:29
3875:.
3871:.
3819:.
3781:.
3771:.
3763:.
3751:10
3749:.
3745:.
3719:.
3711:.
3703:.
3693:.
3683:71
3681:.
3677:.
3665:^
3651:.
3641:.
3633:.
3621:.
3617:.
3605:^
3591:.
3581:.
3573:.
3561:16
3559:.
3555:.
3525:.
3517:.
3509:.
3501:.
3491:94
3489:.
3485:.
3464:}}
3460:{{
3438:.
3413:^
3388:59
3386:.
3363:.
3353:.
3343:.
3331:.
3327:.
3313:^
3295:.
3287:.
3275:46
3273:.
3269:.
3201:^
3184:.
3172:.
3168:.
3040:.
3028:.
3024:.
3001:.
2993:.
2985:.
2977:.
2965:.
2916:.
2908:.
2900:.
2890:23
2888:.
2865:.
2857:.
2845:.
2797:.
2726:^
2693:.
2689:.
2667:.
2657:61
2655:.
2629:.
2625:.
2612:^
2590:.
2578:^
2542:^
2524:.
2509:^
2181:,
1856:A
1809:.
1797:.
1752:(=
1731:.
1676:,
1660:,
1543:,
1539:,
1533:,
1527:,
1491:,
1487:,
1476:,
1462:A
1405:.
1358:.
1339:.
1293:.
1254:.
1080:.
1007:.
984:,
896:.
868:,
817:.
806:,
779:.
739:,
735:,
731:,
727:,
662:.
567:,
563:,
559:,
524:,
456:.
448:,
103:Pg
4552::
4226:†
4220:†
4214:†
4141:e
4134:t
4127:v
4100:(
4082:.
4070::
4064:4
3952:9
3883::
3834:.
3789:.
3757::
3730:.
3697::
3689::
3659:.
3629::
3599:.
3567::
3536:.
3505::
3497::
3470:)
3456:.
3398:.
3371:.
3347::
3339::
3333:9
3281::
3254:.
3195:.
3180::
3153:.
3125:.
3100:.
3048:.
3044::
3036::
3009:.
2981::
2973::
2924:.
2904::
2896::
2873:.
2861::
2853::
2811:.
2705:.
2675:.
2663::
2639:.
2606:.
2530:2
2503:.
2261:)
2151:►
1987:►
1955:►
1917:►
1654:(
1646:.
1626:.
1350:/
922:.
629:(
617:(
417:/
414:ə
411:d
408:ə
405:p
402:ɒ
399:r
396:t
393:ˈ
390:s
387:æ
384:ɡ
381:/
377:(
353:/
350:z
347:d
344:ɒ
341:p
338:ə
335:r
332:t
329:s
326:æ
323:ɡ
320:ˈ
317:/
313:(
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
