1001:
900:
455:
430:
756:
438:
66:
44:
417:
2531:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG,
990:
infiltration. Similarly to protoplast extractors, they perforate the cell wall of an algal prey, but invade the cell itself and completes the cycle within it. Some are able to move laterally from one cell to the next in filamentous prey. They divide into smaller portions that turn into digestive
971:
or simply displacing the prey's siliceous wall, and invading through pseudopodia (called 'calyculopodia') to remove the cell contents . Some species eject the prey cytoplasm by applying pressure, a process known as 'plasmoptysis', which is followed by a rapid formation of a large vacuole. This
653:' in old literature. They form in natural samples and old cultures, when there is no food or the conditions are unfavorable. They build several cyst walls and condense their cellular contents. They can survive events of desiccation or freezing, up to at least three years.
540:
or multiple separate vacuoles appear to digest the food. The cytoplasm color may change to a bright red, orange or yellow color, or remain colorless. When the digestive phase is finished, one or multiple trophozoites hatch from the cyst through holes in the cell
3282:
Haeckel, Ernst (1869). "Studien ĂĽber
Moneren und andere Protisten, nebst einer Rede ĂĽber Entwicklungsgang und Aufgabe der Zoologie" [Studies on Monera and other Protists, together with a Speech on the course of Development and the Function of zoology].
1247:
that, unlike vampyrellids, disperse through flagellated stages during their life cycle and spend most of their active life within host cells. Current classifications place both
Vampyrellida and Phytomyxea, along with other small groups of
1108:. Similar soil amoebae were isolated later, and studied as possible pest control against plant-pathogenic nematodes. Other studies identified a giant soil vampyrellid as the organism responsible for perforations found in
2532:
Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019).
3305:
Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, Yabuki A, Ishida KI, Berney C, Pakzad U, Wylezich C, Cavalier-Smith T (2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and
Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised".
2698:
2375:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; E. Chao, Ema; Lewis, Rhodri (2018), "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom
Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria",
620:
under laboratory conditions, while others only fuse when the cell density is high and the food availability is low. It is uncertain to what extend this can happen in the natural environment. In contrast,
566:. These cells are released as young trophozoites through the holes. Other species do not divide inside the closed cyst, and instead divide during or after the hatching process ('external plasmotomy').
1027:
of other eukaryotic cells to feed specifically on the cell contents, a feeding mechanism known as protoplast extraction. This similarity lead to the origin of the name for their most popular genus,
352:
in shape. Others crawl on the surface by concentrating stiff filopodia at the anterior region of the cell, attaching them to the surface, retracting and moving them towards the posterior region.
943:. Some can paralyse their prey before the enclosement. The size of the enveloping is widely varied, from numerous small cells at the same time to entire nematodes or colonial green algae.
332:
stage. The trophozoites vary greatly in shape, size and color between species, but can be grouped into three cell states or 'morphotypes': isodiametric, expanded, and 'filoflabellate'.
916:
Vampyrellids have evolved strategies to deal with relatively large bulky prey that are difficult to consume. They display at least four different feeding strategies to engulf entire
3220:
Honigberg BM, Balamuth W, Bovee EC, Corliss JO, Gojdics M, Hall RP, Kudo RR, Levine ND, Loeblich AR, Weiser J, Wenrich DH (1964). "A Revised
Classification of the Phylum Protozoa".
3349:
Sierra R, Cañas-Duarte SJ, Burki F, Schwelm A, Fogelqvist J, Dixelius C, González-GarcĂa LN, Gile GH, Slamovits CH, Klopp C, Restrepo S, Arzul I, Pawlowski J (April 2016).
1079:. Posterior works and monographs described numerous aquatic vampyrellid species, with important observations of their behaviour and ecology. In 1885, the German mycologist
3596:
3501:
967:
extraction, the most famous strategy. They specifically remove, ingest and digest the cellular contents of their prey, always by dissolving the prey's organic
1000:
3570:
2670:
Song H, Zhang Y, Leng X, Zhang Y, Yu Y (2015). "Aconchulinid testate amoebae play an important role in nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems".
3609:
2855:
2947:
Fresenius, Georg (1858). "Beiträge zur
Kenntniss mikroskopischer Organismen" [Contributions to the Knowledge of microscopic Organisms].
616:. They can fuse their cells upon contact, and split apart when moving in opposite directions. Some species readily grow plasmodia as large as a
2581:
Röpstorf P, Hülsmann N, Hausmann K (1993). "Karyological investigations on the vampyrellid filose amoeba
Lateromyxa gallica HĂĽlsmann 1993".
520:' stage, that appears after the feeding. In some species it is called a 'resting phase', but it is different from a true resting cyst (or
961:
individual cells inside the colony. Possibly for protection against predators, they transform into digestive cysts inside of the colony.
3685:
2898:"High and specific diversity of protists in the deep-sea basins dominated by diplonemids, kinetoplastids, ciliates and foraminiferans"
357:
Expanded morphotype, the most common, bound to the surface, with a variety of shapes (for example, either fan-shaped or branched in
3719:
3645:
3714:
433:
Motile cell after feeding (J), early (K) and mature (L) digestive cysts, cyst with daughter cells after internal plasmotomy (M)
782:
diversity. They are predators of a long list of organisms of diverse evolutionary affinities, structures and sizes, including
927:. These feeding strategies are not mutually exclusive, and the same species can display each with a different type of prey.
3614:
248:. They are distinguished from other groups of amoebae by their irregular cell shape with propensity to fuse and split like
3798:
3788:
3771:
2746:"The disappearing periglacial ecosystem atop Mt. Kilimanjaro supports both cosmopolitan and endemic microbial communities"
1094:
In the mid-20th century the first discoveries of soil-dwelling
Vampyrellida were made. The first vampyrellid laboratory
65:
3488:
3033:
On the
Morphology and Biology of the lower Fungal Animals (Monadins), simultaneously a Contribution to Phytopathology
3201:
Loeblich AR, Loeblich LA. "Nomenclature and taxonomic position of
Pseudosporidae, Vampyrellidae and Acinetactidae".
899:
694:
samples. Marine ecosystems hold a surprisingly high diversity, and they are found mostly in benthic habitats (e.g.
524:) that is metabollically inactive to survive adverse conditions. To reach this stage, the trophozoite retracts its
412:, except for the presence of filopodia. They move by rolling over the filopodia that are anchored to the substrate.
3005:
Zopf W (1885). "Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze" [The Fungal Animals or Slime Molds]. In Schenk A (ed.).
2166:
668:
265:
639:
Hypnocysts, thin-walled and devoid of food content, formed when the trophozoite is disturbed by external stress.
4779:
2186:
2156:
2116:
3803:
2280:
2076:
2216:
2201:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2071:
have been associated with Vampyrellida, but their placement is uncertain or might not belong to the group.
3678:
3441:
3029:
Zur Morphologie und Biologie der niederen Pilzthiere (Monadinen), zugleich ein Beitrag zur Phytopathologie
2226:
2136:
1989:
Genera that likely belong to Vampyrellida but for which there is no genetic data, and are thus considered
1080:
454:
2699:"Consistent patterns of high alpha and low beta diversity in tropical parasitic and free-living protists"
2146:
2126:
635:
Under adverse environmental conditions, vampyrellids can transform into several types of resting stages:
3766:
2176:
1100:
764:
592:
568:
493:
484:
429:
253:
4705:
4624:
392:, with flattened elliptical, spherical or fan-shaped cells that exhibit a clear separation between the
1879:
1453:
755:
505:' or 'swarmers' in old literature. Their main activity is to disperse, search and gather food through
4607:
4430:
3650:
3624:
3151:
3145:
2757:
2326:
1228:
1126:
1046:
932:
904:
551:
459:
447:
404:'. There are numerous filopodia on the ventral side of the cell. Some of these trophozoites resemble
52:
4710:
4619:
4613:
4420:
4191:
4066:
3908:
3562:
4694:
4159:
3960:
1948:
1826:
1716:
1332:
1055:
587:
437:
170:
160:
4653:
4563:
4516:
4425:
4076:
4071:
3852:
3174:
Grell KG (1994). "Thalassomyxa canariensis n. sp. from a tide pool of Tenerife (Canary Islands)".
2010:
1977:
1914:
1901:
1670:
1567:
1494:
1136:
377:
176:
165:
3783:
3761:
3749:
3724:
3548:
3079:
3054:
Winslow RD, Williams TD (1957). "Amoeboid organisms attacking larvae of the potato root eelworm (
2987:
2726:
1857:
1835:
1477:
1420:
1261:
879:
873:
200:
60:
3913:
3124:
HĂĽlsmann N (1983). "On the penetration of algal cell walls during the attacks by vampyrellids".
2043:
2032:
1957:
1846:
1723:
1360:
1265:
1040:
One of the earliest unambiguous reports of a vampyrellid is the mid-19th century description of
855:
365:
359:
344:
3955:
3857:
3506:
3479:
4463:
4179:
4174:
4134:
4030:
3793:
3756:
3744:
3734:
3671:
3632:
3372:
3331:
3323:
3237:
2929:
2878:
2836:
2785:
2718:
2652:
2598:
2563:
2508:
2403:
2354:
2054:
2021:
1928:
1780:
1770:
1677:
1180:
946:
867:
740:
715:
623:
388:
3637:
284:
habitats. They are important predators of an enormous variety of microscopic organisms, from
4741:
4558:
4337:
4094:
3708:
3601:
3414:
3362:
3315:
3264:
3229:
3183:
3106:
3071:
3036:
2979:
2919:
2909:
2870:
2826:
2816:
2775:
2765:
2710:
2679:
2642:
2634:
2590:
2553:
2545:
2498:
2393:
2385:
2344:
2334:
1796:
977:
1799:. Despite the advances, most of the vampyrellid diversity is still unknown or undescribed.
4745:
4282:
2805:"High Diversity Revealed in Leaf-Associated Protists (Rhizaria: Cercozoa) of Brassicaceae"
1784:
1059:
1051:
644:
Secondary cysts, thin-walled and devoid of food content, formed as a result of starvation.
223:
2761:
2330:
536:, and strongly attaches itself to the substrate or floats freely. Either a central main
416:
4700:
4511:
4415:
4144:
4020:
3880:
3836:
3739:
3557:
3233:
2924:
2897:
2831:
2804:
2780:
2745:
2647:
2622:
2558:
2533:
2398:
2349:
2314:
1991:
1084:
924:
814:
609:
597:
517:
103:
90:
3268:
3187:
2594:
497:, and is characterized by an alternation between mobile and immobile cellular stages:
4773:
4601:
4573:
4389:
4186:
4086:
3900:
3885:
3110:
1804:
1766:
1534:
1213:
1088:
972:
process resembles a sucking motion, and is likely the reason for their comparison to
846:
842:
779:
563:
555:
473:
155:
3493:
3083:
2991:
2896:
Schoenle A, Hohlfeld M, Hermanns K, Mahé F, de Vargas C, Nitsche F, Arndt H (2021).
2730:
393:
43:
4724:
4642:
4581:
4553:
4534:
4523:
4505:
4496:
4486:
4287:
4274:
4264:
4169:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4121:
4007:
3997:
3932:
3875:
3867:
2258:
1890:
1394:
1257:
1217:
1141:
1069:
958:
940:
936:
909:
787:
730:
506:
502:
401:
186:
2683:
859:, some vampyrellid species are specialized predators; for example, the algivorous
3319:
2874:
2503:
2486:
2339:
320:). They are naked, devoid of external structures such as scales, cell coats or a
4596:
4591:
4458:
4453:
4440:
4332:
4292:
3890:
3583:
3542:
3473:
2856:"Highly Diverse and Seasonally Dynamic Protist Community in a Pristine Peat Bog"
2272:
1176:
1164:
799:
795:
783:
759:
719:
707:
676:
409:
405:
329:
269:
3533:
3464:
2914:
2770:
348:, with radiating filopodia. Some species float in the water column, resembling
4733:
4659:
4543:
4448:
4407:
4397:
4379:
4327:
4302:
4297:
4129:
4099:
4053:
4035:
4025:
2389:
2209:
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1813:
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1232:
1131:
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1006:
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695:
684:
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617:
559:
513:
488:
397:
338:
321:
277:
249:
3327:
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in vampyrellids, except for some meiotic stages in resting cysts revealed in
17:
4586:
4548:
4251:
4061:
3978:
3367:
3350:
3255:
Page FC (1987). "The classification of 'naked' amoebae (Phylum Rhizopoda)".
2534:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
2315:"Shedding light on vampires: the phylogeny of vampyrellid amoebae revisited"
1999:
1868:
1759:
1377:
1260:
relationship between Vampyrellida and Phytomyxea and have named their clade
1209:
1191:. In 2013, a huge unexpected diversity of marine vampyrellids was detected.
1156:
1155:
placement of vampyrellids was difficult: they were regarded as relatives of
1024:
1012:
968:
703:
613:
577:
533:
529:
525:
480:
442:
371:
317:
261:
238:
77:
3376:
3335:
3241:
2933:
2882:
2840:
2789:
2722:
2656:
2638:
2602:
2567:
2512:
2407:
2358:
3663:
3040:
4753:
4749:
4647:
4259:
4234:
3970:
3825:
3778:
3694:
3527:
3458:
1792:
1763:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1225:
1184:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1105:
981:
976:. In marine species no plasmoptysis is observed, which suggests that the
973:
954:
888:
834:
803:
744:
735:
711:
680:
580:
349:
325:
273:
245:
113:
2623:"Vampires in the oceans: predatory cercozoan amoebae in marine habitats"
1130:
was filmed in unsurpassed detail. At the same time, the genus of large,
313:
4737:
4363:
3075:
2983:
2254:
1205:
1095:
1076:
1058:
and feeding behavior was provided in 1865 by the Polish protozoologist
1020:
838:
830:
811:
723:
687:
537:
476:
293:
241:
3588:
3419:
3394:
3097:
Old KM, Darbyshire JF (1978). "Soil fungi as food for giant amoebae".
2821:
2714:
2549:
572:
shows an unusual mode of reproduction: while feeding on the inside of
4757:
2697:
Lentendu G, Mahé F, Bass D, Rueckert S, Stoeck T, Dunthorn M (2018).
1788:
1240:
1172:
1168:
1109:
1023:-like feeding habit of several vampyrellid amoebae, which pierce the
1019:
Vampyrellids have a long history of research. They are known for the
818:
791:
699:
650:
3435:
2967:
3575:
3013:] (in German). Vol. 3. Trewendt, Breslau. pp. 1–174.
2250:
2068:
1244:
1221:
1119:
1112:
999:
898:
826:
822:
754:
573:
521:
453:
436:
428:
415:
289:
285:
3403:-like protoplast extractors finds its place in the Leptophryidae"
1208:, phylogenetically separate from other groups of amoebae such as
2949:
Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
987:
917:
871:
are restricted to few species of hard-walled green algae, while
691:
281:
257:
3667:
3439:
1204:
Vampyrellida represents one of the major groups of free-living
2621:
Berney C, Romac S, Mahé F, Santini S, Siano R, Bass D (2013).
1118:
In the early 1980s the feeding process and life cycle of the
363:; with large, hyaline lamellae with thread-like filopodia in
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
3007:
Handbuch der Botanik (Encyklopädie der Naturwissenschaften)
953:
algae, dissolve and penetrate the extracellular gelatinous
550:
In some species, near the end of the digestive cyst stage,
1769:. The lineages B1, B2 and B4 are clades that contain only
336:
Isodiametric (spherical) morphotype, common in algivorous
3143:
Hülsmann N (1985). "Entwicklung und Ernährungsweise von
2970:[Contributions to the Knowledge of the Monads].
2616:
2614:
2612:
675:
and all marine ecosystems. They inhabit a wide range of
627:
species are rarely ever seen with more than two nuclei.
2370:
2368:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
3011:
Handbook of Botany (Encyclopedia of Natural Sciences)
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
1187:. A revised taxonomy in 2012 reconstituted the order
420:
The three distinct morphotypes of vampyrellid amoebae
3413:. International Society of Protistologists: e13002.
3149:(Rhizopoda)" [Development and feeding habits of
4684:
4633:
4572:
4533:
4495:
4484:
4439:
4406:
4388:
4377:
4360:
4315:
4273:
4250:
4243:
4232:
4120:
4085:
4052:
4006:
3995:
3969:
3948:
3941:
3930:
3899:
3866:
3845:
3835:
3822:
3517:
3448:
3388:
3386:
3300:
3298:
2854:Lara E, Mitchell EAD, Moreira D, GarcĂa PL (2011).
1068:and classified it in a subgroup of the 'monads', a
2487:"The Vampyrellid Amoebae (Vampyrellida, Rhizaria)"
1762:of Vampyrellida published in 2023, inferred from
1256:. Several phylogenetic analyses have recovered a
649:True resting cysts, also called 'sporocysts' or '
316:amoebae, i.e. they generate slender pseudopodia (
3157:Publ. Wiss. Film, Sekt. Biol., Ser. 17, Nr. 16/C
2249:The term 'swarmers' is more specially used for
1808:Zopf 1885 emend. Hess, Sausen et Melkonian 2012
2803:Ploch S, Rose LE, Bass D, Bonkowski M (2016).
1087:in vampyrellids and erected the first family,
710:between the diversity of Vampyrellida and the
3679:
3351:"Evolutionary Origins of Rhizarian Parasites"
3022:
3020:
1054:. The first extensive documentation of their
935:, they catch and enclose their prey within a
8:
1779:There are currently 48 credible vampyrellid
1183:genes, which placed vampyrellids as part of
1098:was established, containing the soil amoeba
931:Free capture. Similarly to amoebae of other
608:Many vampyrellid species have more than one
193:
3035:] (in German). Leipzig: Veit and Comp.
714:availability in the sediment. According to
4492:
4481:
4385:
4374:
4370:
4357:
4247:
4240:
4229:
4117:
4082:
4049:
4013:
4003:
3992:
3945:
3938:
3927:
3842:
3832:
3819:
3686:
3672:
3664:
3436:
2744:Vimercati L, Darcy JL, Schmidt SK (2019).
2526:
2524:
2522:
312:Vampyrellids are traditionally considered
42:
33:
3418:
3366:
2923:
2913:
2830:
2820:
2779:
2769:
2646:
2557:
2502:
2397:
2348:
2338:
2270:Not to be confused with the diatom genus
1787:, scattered across five well-established
1175:. In 2009 the mystery was solved through
949:invasion. They attach to the colonies of
386:Filoflabellate morphotype, only found in
3058:Woll.) in England and the beet eelworm (
1231:. They are the closest relatives of the
845:is rare and mostly involves filamentous
2296:
2242:
1220:. Instead, Vampyrellida is an isolated
671:: they appear in all continents except
3407:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2313:Hess S, Sausen N, Melkonian M (2012).
1773:sequences, with no described species.
706:...). There is a significant positive
554:takes place inside the cyst through a
908:extracting algal cell content with a
762:(left) and digestive cyst (right) of
7:
3625:5957ed51-a955-4302-ab4a-30248d0b4f29
501:The mobile, amoeboid cells, called '
369:; highly branched or reticulate, in
324:, although there may be a temporary
2968:"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monaden"
1712:
1666:
1615:
1469:
1445:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
920:or to devour the contents of other
690:, and are frequently isolated from
3234:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01715.x
2972:Archiv fĂĽr mikroskopische Anatomie
2809:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2538:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
583:and develop into digestive cysts.
244:classified as part of the lineage
142:West 1901, emend. Hess et al. 2012
25:
2221:(Trichense 1885) Schepotieff 1912
1830:Hess, Sausen & Melkonian 2012
2583:European Journal of Protistology
2279:, which takes preference in the
1144:from remote parts of the world.
586:There is a lack of evidence for
463:resting cyst with four envelopes
64:
29:Order of single-celled organisms
3355:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3064:Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten
264:the gathered food. They appear
2181:(Lankester 1896) Valkanov 1940
1873:Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2008
984:is important for plasmoptysis.
849:. Though there are generalist
1:
3269:10.1016/S0003-9365(87)80053-2
3188:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80146-6
3099:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2684:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.11.009
2672:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2595:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80373-1
2161:(Paulsen 1910) Ostenfeld 1913
1962:More, Simpson & Hess 2021
1952:More, Simpson & Hess 2021
1083:demonstrated the presence of
1033:, and their colloquial name '
778:Vampyrellids display a great
237:, are a group of free-living
3320:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002
3111:10.1016/0038-0717(78)90077-9
2875:10.1016/j.protis.2010.05.003
2504:10.1016/j.protis.2021.125854
2340:10.1371/journal.pone.0031165
2283:for being described earlier.
400:lamellae, sometimes called '
308:Cell morphology and movement
2261:is a more appropriate term.
2171:(Archer 1875) Valkanov 1940
2167:Vampyrella labyrinthuloides
472:All known vampyrellids are
4796:
3393:Suthaus A, Hess S (2023).
3291:. Leipzig: Engelmann: 353.
2915:10.1038/s42003-021-02012-5
2771:10.1038/s41598-019-46521-0
2485:Hess S, Suthaus A (2022).
2191:Surek & Melkonian 1980
4719:
4480:
4373:
4356:
4228:
4116:
4048:
4016:
3991:
3926:
3818:
3702:
3257:Archiv fĂĽr Protistenkunde
2390:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1
2253:, swimming cells such as
2151:Wohlfarth-Bottermann 1977
1940:Hertwig & Lesser 1874
1851:Hertwig & Lesser 1874
1720:
1710:
1674:
1664:
1633:
1620:
1613:
1591:
1564:
1538:
1491:
1474:
1467:
1450:
1443:
1417:
1391:
1374:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1195:Evolution and systematics
1050:) by the German botanist
669:cosmopolitan distribution
296:. They are also known as
233:), colloquially known as
206:
199:
192:
185:
152:
147:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
36:
3056:Heterodera rostochiensis
2966:Cienkowski, Lev (1865).
2187:Vampyrellidium perforans
2157:Vampyrella chaetoceratis
2117:Hyalodiscus macronucleus
1062:, who created the genus
716:environmental sequencing
512:The immobile but highly
479:with a free-living (non-
3222:Journal of Protozoology
3126:Journal of Protozoology
2281:biological nomenclature
1884:Suthaus & Hess 2023
1272:Internal classification
1157:myxomycete slime moulds
702:lawns, associated with
598:ultrastructural studies
3399:gen. nov.: A genus of
2902:Communications Biology
2639:10.1038/ismej.2013.116
2077:Hyalodiscus angelovica
1279:Vampyrellid phylogeny
1200:External relationships
1016:
913:
775:
741:hydrothermal sediments
739:-inhabited peat bogs,
718:vampyrellids colonize
464:
451:
434:
421:
3368:10.1093/molbev/msv340
3285:Jenaische Zeitschrift
3041:10.5962/bhl.title.945
2217:Vampyrellidium roseus
2202:Vampyrellidium vagans
2107:Hyalodiscus korotnewi
2097:Hyalodiscus foliaceus
2087:Hyalodiscus caeruleus
1004:1899 illustration of
1003:
902:
758:
562:'), resulting in 2–4
457:
440:
432:
419:
252:organisms, and their
3152:Vampyrella lateritia
3146:Vampyrella lateritia
2227:Vampyrina buetschlii
2137:Hyalodiscus placopus
1973:clade' = lineage B5
1795:, four of which are
1252:, within the phylum
1140:, was discovered in
1127:Vampyrella lateritia
1047:Vampyrella lateritia
905:Vampyrella lateritia
667:Vampyrellids have a
552:asexual reproduction
460:Vampyrella lateritia
448:Vampyrella lateritia
53:Vampyrella lateritia
4732:organization type:
3062:Schm.) in Canada".
2955:: 218–219, 241–242.
2762:2019NatSR...910676V
2331:2012PLoSO...731165H
2147:Hyalodiscus simplex
2127:Hyalodiscus minimus
996:History of research
604:Plasmodial behavior
588:sexual reproduction
491:stages, except for
128:Cavalier-Smith 2018
4366:
4362:
3203:Proc Biol Soc Wash
3155:(Rhizopoda)].
3076:10.1007/BF01988794
2984:10.1007/BF02961414
2750:Scientific Reports
2177:Vampyrella montana
1783:distributed in 10
1101:Theratomyxa weberi
1017:
914:
895:Feeding strategies
853:predators such as
776:
765:Vampyrella pendula
593:Lateromyxa gallica
569:Lateromyxa gallica
558:(called 'internal
516:active 'digestive
494:Lateromyxa gallica
465:
452:
435:
422:
396:cell hump and the
4767:
4766:
4750:heliozoan amoebae
4742:amoeboflagellates
4706:Labyrinthomyxidae
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4625:Globigerinitoidea
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4311:
4310:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4135:Phaeogymnocellida
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4044:
4043:
4031:Paracercomonadida
3987:
3986:
3922:
3921:
3661:
3660:
3633:Open Tree of Life
3442:Taxon identifiers
3420:10.1111/jeu.13002
2822:10.1111/jeu.12314
2715:10.1111/mec.14731
2709:(13): 2846–2857.
2703:Molecular Ecology
2633:(12): 2387–2399.
2550:10.1111/jeu.12691
2111:Mereschovsky 1879
1777:
1776:
1771:environmental DNA
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1602:
1601:
1580:
1579:
1553:
1552:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1432:
1431:
1406:
1405:
1181:18S ribosomal RNA
751:Trophic diversity
256:with a digestive
216:
215:
210:De Saedeleer 1934
143:
129:
16:(Redirected from
4787:
4559:Silicoloculinida
4493:
4489:
4482:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4358:
4338:Plasmodiophorida
4248:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4118:
4095:Thaumatomonadida
4083:
4050:
4014:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3843:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3731:
3711:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3592:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3397:Pseudovampyrella
3390:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3263:(3–4): 199–217.
3252:
3246:
3245:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3176:Arch Protistenkd
3171:
3165:
3164:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2482:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2384:(5): 1517–1574,
2372:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2342:
2310:
2284:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2247:
2232:
2222:
2207:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2060:
2049:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2005:
1983:
1963:
1953:
1941:
1934:
1923:
1920:= Hyalodiscidae
1919:
1907:
1906:Gong et al. 2015
1896:
1895:Zwillenberg 1952
1885:
1880:Pseudovampyrella
1874:
1863:
1852:
1841:
1831:
1819:
1809:
1713:
1667:
1616:
1470:
1454:Pseudovampyrella
1446:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1169:filose rhizopods
1042:Amoeba lateritia
978:osmotic pressure
806:, heterotrophic
612:and behave like
468:Nutrition stages
211:
141:
127:
69:
68:
46:
34:
21:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4780:Rhizaria orders
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4746:testate amoebae
4715:
4664:
4629:
4608:Globotruncanida
4568:
4529:
4485:
4468:
4435:
4431:Symphyacanthida
4402:
4378:
4361:
4344:
4307:
4283:Claustrosporida
4269:
4233:
4196:
4104:
4081:
4040:
3996:
3983:
3965:
3931:
3918:
3895:
3862:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3729:
3707:
3698:
3692:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3027:Zopf W (1885).
3026:
3025:
3018:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2484:
2483:
2414:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2312:
2311:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2220:
2205:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2026:Cienkowski 1881
2025:
2014:
2004:Cienkowski 1856
2003:
1981:
1961:
1951:
1939:
1932:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1850:
1839:
1829:
1818:Cienkowski 1865
1817:
1807:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1700:
1691:
1654:
1645:
1603:
1581:
1554:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1433:
1407:
1274:
1202:
1197:
1060:Leon Cienkowski
1052:Georg Fresenius
1035:vampire amoebae
998:
897:
753:
665:
660:
633:
606:
548:
470:
427:
310:
300:amoebae (order
235:vampire amoebae
209:
140:
126:
63:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4754:sporozoan-like
4730:
4727:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4711:Rhizoplasmidae
4708:
4703:
4701:Gymnosphaerida
4698:
4690:
4688:
4686:Incertae sedis
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4635:Incertae sedis
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4620:Guembelitriida
4616:
4614:Heterohelicida
4610:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4514:
4512:Xenophyophorea
4509:
4502:
4500:
4490:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Chaunocanthida
4418:
4416:Arthracanthida
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4368:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4238:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4192:Ventricleftida
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Phaeosphaerida
4142:
4137:
4126:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Spongomonadida
4064:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:Glissomonadida
4017:
4011:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3909:Chlorarachnida
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Desmothoracida
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3837:Reticulofilosa
3830:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:Mesomycetozoea
3801:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3740:Diaphoretickes
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:classification
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3619:
3606:
3593:
3580:
3567:
3554:
3539:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3470:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3432:External links
3430:
3427:
3426:
3382:
3361:(4): 980–983.
3341:
3294:
3274:
3247:
3212:
3193:
3182:(3): 319–324.
3166:
3135:
3116:
3089:
3070:(5): 242–243.
3046:
3016:
2997:
2958:
2939:
2888:
2846:
2815:(5): 635–641.
2795:
2736:
2689:
2662:
2608:
2589:(3): 302–310.
2573:
2518:
2412:
2364:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2277:Ehrenberg 1845
2263:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2198:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2141:HĂĽlssmann 1974
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2091:Schaeffer 1926
2083:
2067:The following
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2029:
2018:
2007:
1992:incertae sedis
1987:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1791:found through
1775:
1774:
1767:gene sequences
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1151:analyses, the
1072:assemblage of
1044:(now known as
997:
994:
993:
992:
985:
962:
944:
896:
893:
752:
749:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
646:
645:
641:
640:
632:
631:Resting stages
629:
605:
602:
564:daughter cells
547:
544:
543:
542:
510:
469:
466:
426:
423:
414:
413:
394:granuloplasmic
383:
382:
354:
353:
309:
306:
214:
213:
208:Aconchulinida
204:
203:
197:
196:
190:
189:
183:
182:
181:
180:
173:
168:
163:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
135:
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
91:Diaphoretickes
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4792:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:Globigerinida
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4574:Globothalamea
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4390:Sticholonchea
4387:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Tectofilosida
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:Phaeoconchida
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4087:Silicofilosea
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4036:Cercomonadida
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3961:Metromonadida
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3901:Chlorarachnea
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Leucodictyida
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Stramenopiles
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:(major groups
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:Aconchulinida
3544:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:Aconchulinida
3516:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:(1): 75–109.
3313:
3309:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3287:(in German).
3286:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3105:(2): 93–100.
3104:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:(in German).
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2951:(in German).
2950:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2497:(1): 125854.
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:(2): e31165.
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:HĂĽlsmann 1993
2035:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:Sericomyxidae
1946:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:= lineage B3
1916:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:Leptophryidae
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:Vampyrellidae
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:Sericomyxidae
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:(lineage B3)
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:(lineage B5)
1570:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1535:Vampyrellidae
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:Leptophryidae
1331:
1330:
1324:clade A
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Heterolobosea
1211:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:marine waters
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:Vampyrellidae
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1002:
995:
989:
986:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
928:
926:
923:
919:
911:
907:
906:
901:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
857:
852:
848:
847:cyanobacteria
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:fungal hyphae
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:green algae,
789:
785:
781:
773:
772:
767:
766:
761:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
657:
652:
648:
647:
643:
642:
638:
637:
636:
630:
628:
626:
625:
619:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
594:
589:
584:
582:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
556:cell division
553:
545:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:metabolically
511:
508:
504:
500:
499:
498:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
474:heterotrophic
467:
462:
461:
456:
450:
449:
444:
441:Large, bulky
439:
431:
424:
418:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
384:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
302:Aconchulinida
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
231:Vampyrellidea
228:
225:
221:
212:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
179:
178:
174:
172:
171:Sericomyxidae
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Leptophryidae
159:
157:
156:Vampyrellidae
154:
153:
151:
146:
139:
136:
133:
132:
125:
124:Vampyrellidea
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:Vampyrellida
35:
32:
27:
19:
18:Aconchulinida
4725:paraphyletic
4695:Lapot gusevi
4693:
4685:
4654:Heterogromia
4652:
4643:Involutinida
4634:
4582:Textulariida
4564:Ammodiscidae
4554:Spirillinida
4535:Tubothalamea
4524:Reticulomyxa
4522:
4517:Astrorhizida
4506:Allogromiida
4497:Monothalamea
4487:Foraminifera
4441:Polycystinea
4426:Holocanthida
4323:Vampyrellida
4322:
4288:Haplosporida
4275:Ascetosporea
4265:Reticulosida
4170:Cryomonadida
4155:Phaeogromida
4150:Phaeocalpida
4140:Phaeocystida
4122:Thecofilosea
4077:Variglissida
4072:Marimonadida
4008:Sarcomonadea
3998:Ventrifilosa
3949:Metromonadea
3933:Monadofilosa
3876:Cryptofilida
3868:Granofilosea
3853:Aquavolonida
3789:Opisthokonta
3518:
3494:Vampyrellida
3480:Vampyrellida
3450:Vampyrellida
3449:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3311:
3307:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3067:
3063:
3060:H. schachtii
3059:
3055:
3049:
3032:
3028:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2869:(1): 14–32.
2866:
2862:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2756:(1): 10676.
2753:
2749:
2739:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2630:
2626:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2544:(1): 4–119.
2541:
2537:
2494:
2490:
2381:
2377:
2322:
2318:
2271:
2266:
2259:trophozoites
2245:
2231:Frenzel 1897
2225:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2066:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2020:
2011:Asterocaelum
2009:
1998:
1990:
1978:Thalassomyxa
1976:
1971:Thalassomyxa
1970:
1956:
1936:
1933:Schulze 1875
1927:
1915:Placopodidae
1902:Vernalophrys
1900:
1891:Theratromyxa
1889:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1820:(19 species)
1812:
1793:genetic data
1778:
1722:
1721:
1676:
1675:
1671:Placopodidae
1634:
1621:
1592:
1568:Thalassomyxa
1566:
1565:
1540:
1539:
1495:Vernalophrys
1493:
1492:
1476:
1475:
1452:
1451:
1419:
1418:
1395:Theratromyxa
1393:
1392:
1376:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1258:sister group
1218:Nucleariidae
1203:
1189:Vampyrellida
1188:
1165:proteomyxids
1146:
1137:Thalassomyxa
1135:
1125:
1117:
1104:that fed on
1099:
1093:
1081:Wilhelm Zopf
1070:polyphyletic
1063:
1056:life history
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1018:
1011:
1005:
957:matrix, and
941:phagocytosis
937:food vacuole
915:
910:pseudopodium
903:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
831:micrometazoa
800:cryptophytes
796:chrysophytes
788:streptophyte
777:
769:
763:
734:
731:Brassicaceae
666:
663:Distribution
634:
622:
607:
591:
585:
567:
549:
546:Reproduction
507:phagocytosis
503:trophozoites
492:
471:
458:
446:
402:lamellipodia
398:hyaloplasmic
387:
378:Thalassomyxa
376:
370:
364:
358:
343:
337:
328:coat in the
311:
301:
298:aconchulinid
297:
234:
230:
227:Vampyrellida
226:
220:vampyrellids
219:
217:
207:
177:Thalassomyxa
175:
166:Placopodidae
138:Vampyrellida
137:
123:
97:
84:
51:
31:
26:
4758:fungus-like
4734:flagellates
4597:Carterinida
4592:Robertinida
4459:Spumellaria
4454:Nassellaria
4333:Phagomyxida
4316:Proteomyxia
4293:Mikrocytida
3891:Limnofilida
3846:Skiomonadea
3584:iNaturalist
3543:Wikispecies
3474:Wikispecies
3228:(1): 7–20.
2978:: 203–232.
2378:Protoplasma
2273:Hyalodiscus
2081:Sawyer 1975
2061:(2 species)
2050:(1 species)
2039:(1 species)
2028:(2 species)
2017:(1 species)
2015:Canter 1973
2006:(2 species)
1984:(3 species)
1964:(1 species)
1942:(6 species)
1937:Hyalodiscus
1908:(1 species)
1897:(1 species)
1886:(2 species)
1875:(1 species)
1864:(1 species)
1858:Planctomyxa
1853:(3 species)
1842:(1 species)
1836:Arachnomyxa
1635:lineage B2
1622:lineage B4
1593:lineage B1
1478:Planctomyxa
1421:Arachnomyxa
1262:Proteomyxia
1224:within the
1177:phylogenies
959:phagocytose
951:volvocalean
933:supergroups
880:Planctomyxa
874:Arachnomyxa
843:Bacterivory
829:, and even
808:flagellates
784:chlorophyte
760:Trophozoite
720:neotropical
708:correlation
696:tidal pools
576:cells, the
487:that lacks
406:amoebozoans
330:trophozoite
260:stage that
4660:Komokiacea
4544:Fusulinida
4449:Collodaria
4408:Acantharea
4398:Taxopodida
4380:Radiolaria
4328:Phytomyxea
4303:Paramyxida
4298:Paradinida
4130:Phaeodarea
4100:Euglyphida
4054:Imbricatea
4026:Katabiidae
3914:Minorisida
3401:Vampyrella
3209:: 115–120.
2908:(1): 501.
2291:References
2210:nucleariid
2195:nucleariid
2131:Lepsi 1960
2121:Lepsi 1931
2101:Lepsi 1931
2048:Klein 1993
2044:Monadopsis
2033:Lateromyxa
1982:Grell 1985
1958:Sericomyxa
1922:Poche 1913
1847:Leptophrys
1814:Vampyrella
1724:Sericomyxa
1542:Vampyrella
1361:Leptophrys
1266:Phytorhiza
1233:Phytomyxea
1229:supergroup
1132:plasmodial
1123:freshwater
1120:algivorous
1074:parasitoid
1065:Vampyrella
1030:Vampyrella
1025:cell walls
1007:Vampyrella
965:Protoplast
922:eukaryotic
885:Volvocales
862:Vampyrella
856:Leptophrys
851:omnivorous
771:Oedogonium
727:cryoconite
685:freshwater
673:Antarctica
618:Petri dish
560:plasmotomy
532:a layered
489:flagellate
485:life cycle
443:plasmodium
425:Life cycle
410:vannellids
366:Sericomyxa
360:Leptophrys
345:Lateromyxa
339:Vampyrella
322:glycocalyx
278:freshwater
254:life cycle
250:plasmodial
194:48 species
4587:Rotaliida
4549:Miliolida
4252:Gromiidea
4244:Marimyxia
4166:Eothecia
4062:Krakenida
3979:Helkesida
3956:Metopiida
3858:Tremulida
3784:Amoebozoa
3762:Alveolata
3750:Cryptista
3725:Eukaryota
3328:1434-4610
2206:Zopf 1885
2059:Cash 1904
2000:Arachnula
1918:Jahn 1928
1869:Platyreta
1862:Hess 2017
1840:Hess 2017
1760:Phylogeny
1378:Platyreta
1237:parasites
1210:Amoebozoa
1171:and even
1153:taxonomic
1106:nematodes
1013:Spirogyra
1010:invading
980:given by
969:cell wall
939:by usual
889:euglenids
835:nematodes
804:euglenids
729:systems,
704:red algae
614:plasmodia
578:plasmodia
534:cell wall
526:filopodia
481:parasitic
372:Platyreta
318:filopodia
266:worldwide
239:predatory
187:Diversity
78:Eukaryota
4774:Category
4729:†extinct
4648:Lagenida
4464:Orodaria
4260:Gromiida
4235:Endomyxa
4180:Matazida
4175:Ebriacea
3971:Helkesea
3942:Eoglissa
3826:Cercozoa
3779:Amorphea
3757:Rhizaria
3745:Hacrobia
3735:Excavata
3720:Bacteria
3695:Rhizaria
3558:Fungorum
3534:Q4674492
3528:Wikidata
3507:11905061
3465:Q9368192
3459:Wikidata
3377:26681153
3336:18952499
3242:14119564
3084:21473045
2992:84323025
2934:33893386
2883:20692868
2841:27005328
2790:31337772
2731:44119381
2723:29851187
2657:23864128
2603:23195644
2568:30257078
2513:35091168
2408:29666938
2359:22355342
2319:PLOS ONE
2251:ciliated
2055:Penardia
2022:Gobiella
1929:Placopus
1797:families
1764:SSU rRNA
1678:Placopus
1254:Endomyxa
1250:Rhizaria
1226:Rhizaria
1185:Rhizaria
1161:heliozoa
1134:amoebae
1077:protists
982:salinity
974:vampires
955:mucilage
868:Placopus
833:such as
774:filament
745:deep sea
743:and the
736:Sphagnum
733:leaves,
712:nutrient
688:habitats
681:brackish
624:Placopus
596:through
530:secretes
408:such as
389:Placopus
350:heliozoa
326:mucilage
274:brackish
246:Endomyxa
229:, class
201:Synonyms
114:Endomyxa
110:Phylum:
74:Domain:
4738:amoebae
4364:Retaria
3794:Animals
3715:Archaea
3638:4796811
3308:Protist
3163:: 1–23.
2925:8065057
2863:Protist
2832:5031217
2781:6650471
2758:Bibcode
2678:: 1–7.
2648:3834849
2559:6492006
2491:Protist
2399:6133090
2350:3280292
2327:Bibcode
2255:gametes
2212:amoeba)
2197:amoeba)
1947:Family
1913:Family
1825:Family
1803:Family
1781:species
1206:amoebae
1149:genetic
1147:Before
1096:culture
1021:vampire
912:(arrow)
883:prefer
839:rotifer
812:ciliate
792:diatoms
780:trophic
724:glacial
658:Ecology
610:nucleus
538:vacuole
477:amoebae
294:animals
262:digests
242:amoebae
148:Clades
134:Order:
120:Class:
3828:
3824:
3772:Plants
3709:Domain
3651:178849
3622:NZOR:
3589:362014
3375:
3334:
3326:
3240:
3132:: A50.
3082:
2990:
2932:
2922:
2881:
2839:
2829:
2788:
2778:
2729:
2721:
2655:
2645:
2627:ISME J
2601:
2566:
2556:
2511:
2406:
2396:
2357:
2347:
1789:clades
1785:genera
1241:plants
1173:monera
1113:spores
1110:fungal
1085:nuclei
991:cysts.
947:Colony
841:eggs.
827:yeasts
823:spores
722:soil,
700:diatom
677:marine
651:spores
314:filose
270:marine
3799:Fungi
3646:WoRMS
3615:43994
3602:12157
3597:IRMNG
3563:99034
3502:IRMNG
3080:S2CID
3031:[
3009:[
2988:S2CID
2859:(PDF)
2727:S2CID
2257:, so
2237:Notes
1245:algae
1222:clade
925:cells
815:cysts
768:on a
574:algal
541:wall.
522:spore
290:fungi
286:algae
224:order
98:Clade
85:Clade
3610:ITIS
3571:GBIF
3373:PMID
3332:PMID
3324:ISSN
3238:PMID
2930:PMID
2879:PMID
2837:PMID
2786:PMID
2719:PMID
2653:PMID
2599:PMID
2564:PMID
2509:PMID
2404:PMID
2355:PMID
2069:taxa
1243:and
1216:and
988:Prey
918:prey
887:and
877:and
865:and
837:and
821:and
786:and
692:soil
683:and
581:shed
518:cyst
375:and
342:and
292:and
282:soil
280:and
258:cyst
218:The
3576:927
3489:AFD
3415:doi
3363:doi
3316:doi
3312:160
3265:doi
3261:133
3230:doi
3184:doi
3180:144
3107:doi
3072:doi
3037:doi
2980:doi
2920:PMC
2910:doi
2871:doi
2867:162
2827:PMC
2817:doi
2776:PMC
2766:doi
2711:doi
2680:doi
2643:PMC
2635:doi
2591:doi
2554:PMC
2546:doi
2499:doi
2495:173
2394:PMC
2386:doi
2382:255
2345:PMC
2335:doi
1264:or
1239:of
1179:of
1037:'.
445:of
381:).
304:).
288:to
268:in
104:SAR
4776::
4756:;
4752:;
4748:;
4744:;
4740:;
4736:;
3648::
3635::
3612::
3599::
3586::
3573::
3560::
3545::
3530::
3504::
3491::
3476::
3461::
3411:00
3409:.
3405:.
3385:^
3371:.
3359:33
3357:.
3353:.
3330:.
3322:.
3310:.
3297:^
3259:.
3236:.
3226:11
3224:.
3207:78
3205:.
3178:.
3161:17
3159:.
3130:30
3128:.
3103:10
3101:.
3078:.
3068:63
3066:.
3019:^
2986:.
2928:.
2918:.
2904:.
2900:.
2877:.
2865:.
2861:.
2835:.
2825:.
2813:63
2811:.
2807:.
2784:.
2774:.
2764:.
2752:.
2748:.
2725:.
2717:.
2707:27
2705:.
2701:.
2676:82
2674:.
2651:.
2641:.
2629:.
2625:.
2611:^
2597:.
2587:29
2585:.
2562:.
2552:.
2542:66
2540:.
2536:.
2521:^
2507:.
2493:.
2489:.
2415:^
2402:,
2392:,
2380:,
2367:^
2353:.
2343:.
2333:.
2321:.
2317:.
2299:^
1995::
1935:=
1268:.
1235:,
1212:,
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1115:.
1091:.
891:.
825:,
817:,
810:,
802:,
798:,
794:,
747:.
698:,
679:,
600:.
528:,
483:)
276:,
272:,
100::
87::
4760:.
4723:*
4618:â€
4612:â€
4606:â€
4542:â€
4519:*
4508:*
4499:*
4010:*
3839:*
3806:)
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3379:.
3365::
3338:.
3318::
3289:5
3271:.
3267::
3244:.
3232::
3190:.
3186::
3113:.
3109::
3086:.
3074::
3043:.
3039::
2994:.
2982::
2976:1
2953:2
2936:.
2912::
2906:4
2885:.
2873::
2843:.
2819::
2792:.
2768::
2760::
2754:9
2733:.
2713::
2686:.
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2637::
2631:7
2605:.
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