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keep seals from climbing into enclosures, gear modification to exclude certain species, and keeping aquaculture plants clean of dead fish have often been effective at solving the problem of keeping predatory species away. Reports indicate that in contrast to the harassment devices, the deterrent devices have been very effective in dealing with
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While they have proven effective over the short-term, animals tend to become conditioned over time and can even be drawn to the sounds once they habituate to the lack of real danger and the presence of sustenance. Only acoustic harassment devices that cause actual pain have been found to be effective
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Studies of long-term effects on the marine environment have not been carried out, including damage to non-targeted species. Results of the devices are mixed, and they have proved ineffective in some circumstances, especially over the long term, while design improvements such as electric fences to
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Acoustic devices have been used for military purposes including to stress enemies, as an aid in interrogation, and to create "an infrasonic sound barrier". The
British Army used "Squawk Boxes" to emit ultrasonic frequencies causing various discomforts. Audio harassment was also used by the U.S.
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sounding screams broadcast between 12 and 17 kHz. Acoustic deterrent devices normally broadcast near 10 kHz and use high volume. The intensity level of acoustic harassment devices has been measured up to 194 dB re 1uPa @ 1 m and the noise can be audible up to 50 kilometers away.
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Primitive harassment methods included firecrackers, rubber bullets, chasing animals by boat, banging pipes and seal bombs (incendiary devices). Devices emitting loud noises have also been used, including broadcasts of killer whale sounds, pingers, and acoustic buzzers. These often employ shrill
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facilities and to keep birds away from certain areas (for instance in the vicinity of airports and blueberry fields). The devices have also been employed to keep marine mammals away from fishing nets. The devices are known as
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over the longer term. The devices can cause hearing damage in non-targeted species and design changes in the fishing gear, fishing methods, and fish farm design to provide a permanent solution are preferable.
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A Study Into the
Effectiveness of Acoustic Harassment Devices-AHDs in Deterring Seals from Salmon Farms Around Shetland by Rachel Beacham Aberdeen University: Dissertation. M. Sc Marine and Fisheries Science
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A new technique called "startle technology" is currently in development. Preliminary trials conducted by the
University of St. Andrews shows great promise as a substitute for ADDs.
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Evaluating and
Assessing the Relative Effectiveness of Acoustic Deterrent Devices and other Non-Lethal Measures on Marine Mammals (2014) (
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are technologies used to keep animals and in some cases humans away from an area. Applications of the technology are used to keep
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Recent research shows that acoustic deterrent devices intended to scare off seals do not work, but they do scare off porpoises.
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Simulated seal scarer sounds scare porpoises, but not seals: species-specific responses to 12 kHz deterrence sounds.
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Conflicts
Between Protected Species and Fisheries: Social Science Research and Policy Approaches
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Encyclopedia of Marine
Mammals edited by William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig, J. G.M. Thewissen
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Riku
Varjopuro, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2003 - Ecosystem management
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Bad
Vibrations: The History of the Idea of Music as a Cause of Disease
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Acoustic technologies used to keep animals or humans away from an area
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http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/7/170286
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Marine
Mammals: Fisheries, Tourism and Management Issues
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as helicopters descend on the enemy with loud speakers.
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that could be heard 2.5 miles away and was used on the
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149:and was famously depicted in the fictional movie
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163:. Other examples include the 350
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313:by Malcolm Beveridge page 274
48:acoustic harassment devices
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217:Long Range Acoustic Device
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18:Acoustic deterrent devices
157:Operation Wandering Soul
207:Acoustic Hailing Device
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31:Acoustic harassment
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191:Waco, Texas
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87:Assessments
43:aquaculture
390:Categories
239:References
41:away from
401:Acoustics
261:page 442
201:See also
161:Vietcong
175:embassy
172:Vatican
66:History
219:(LRAD)
179:Panama
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140:areas
134:LRADs
165:watt
52:AHDs
33:and
189:in
177:in
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