36:
728:
465:
inherent in earlier terminology, by which the language spoken by the ruling classes in a capital city was defined as the "correct" or "pure" form while that spoken by the lower classes and inhabitants of outlying provinces was "a dialect" characterised as "incorrect", "impure" or "debased".
179:, a continuum exists between speakers of a creole language and a related standard language. There are no discrete boundaries between the different varieties, and the situation in which such a continuum exists involves considerable social stratification.
427:) while the basilect form is . Due to code-switching, most speakers have a command of a range in the continuum and, depending on social position, occupation, etc. can implement the different levels with various levels of skill.
486:
is a decreolized form of a slave creole. After emancipation, African-Americans' recognition and exercise of increased opportunities for interaction created a strong influence of
175:
explains the phenomenon of creole languages as "basilectalization" away from a standard, often
European, language among a mixed European and non-European population. In certain
116:
language (that is, a closely related language whose speakers assert or asserted dominance of some sort). Due to social, political, and economic factors, a creole language can
151:, the lowest or least prestigious variety, as sociolinguistic labels for the upper and lower boundaries, respectively, of a post-creole speech continuum. In the early 1970s
430:
If a society is so stratified as to have little to no contact between groups who speak the creole and those who speak the superstrate (dominant) language, a situation of
490:
onto the speech of Black
Americans so that a continuum exists today with Standard English as the acrolect and varieties closest to the original creole as the basilect.
434:
occurs, rather than a continuum. Assigning separate and distinct functions for the two varieties will have the same effect. This is the case in
678:
637:
57:
483:
795:
767:
560:
79:
825:(1965), "Urban Negro speech: Sociolinguistic factors affecting English teaching", in R. Shuy; A. Davis; R. Hogan (eds.),
843:
50:
44:
822:
140:
61:
121:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
353:
343:
338:
328:
318:
313:
303:
298:
288:
278:
268:
263:
253:
243:
238:
228:
218:
213:
208:
203:
132:
to the local standard of the dominant language but to different degrees depending on a speaker's status.
168:
105:
701:
813:
Rickford, John (1977), "The
Question of Prior Creolization in Black English", in Valdman, A (ed.),
848:
791:
763:
674:
633:
164:
101:
733:
666:
623:
556:
498:
487:
424:
176:
172:
751:
502:
443:
191:
152:
109:
527:) stripped of official status decades ago, having been used for only religious purposes.
568:
777:
DeCamp, D (1977), "The
Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, A (ed.),
756:
524:
513:
509:
462:
439:
160:
117:
837:
113:
727:
723:
614:
520:
431:
125:
628:
654:
670:
523:
is a codified mesolect, or a partial creole, with the acrolect (standard
163:
used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the
159:
for intermediate points in the continuum) to refer to the phenomenon of
17:
494:
423:
The continuum shown has the acrolect form as (which is identical with
120:
towards one of the languages from which it is descended, aligning its
129:
659:
Language
Contact in Africa and the African Diaspora in the Americas
616:
The acrolect in
Jamaica: The architecture of phonological variation
435:
147:, the highest or most prestigious variety on the continuum, and
29:
709:
Hofmeyer
Foundation Lectures, University of the Witwatersrand
829:, National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 10–18
788:
Black
English: Its History and Usage in the United States
665:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101–122.
186:) shows the 18 different ways of rendering the phrase
755:
744:Sociolinguistics: Goals, Approaches, and Problems
561:"Salikoko Mufwene: Pidgin and Creole Languages"
808:, Dordrecht: Holland Institute of Linguistics
8:
112:between those most and least similar to the
512:and the basilect has been standardized as
167:upon which the contact language is based.
627:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
702:"THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF AFRIKAANS"
655:"Creole as necessity? Creole as choice?"
475:
196:
43:This article includes a list of general
543:
536:
479:
588:
827:Social dialects and language learning
600:
262:
207:
27:Set of varieties of a creole language
7:
183:
155:popularized these terms (as well as
484:African American Vernacular English
622:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
806:Acquisition of Jamaican Phonology
726:
34:
519:Meanwhile, in southern Africa,
762:. Cambridge University Press.
143:, in 1965, proposed the terms
1:
815:Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
779:Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
497:, a continuum exists between
758:Dynamics of a Creole System
661:. Creole Language Library.
653:Deumert, Ana (2017-07-12).
865:
817:, Indiana University Press
781:, Indiana University Press
508:In Haiti, the acrolect is
237:
227:
182:The following table (from
786:Dillard, John L. (1972),
613:Irvine-Sobers GA (2018).
488:Standard American English
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
352:
337:
317:
287:
212:
202:
474:It has been suggested (
64:more precise citations.
629:10.5281/zenodo.1306618
461:attempts to avoid the
169:University of Chicago
94:post-creole continuum
804:Meade, R.R. (2001),
671:10.1075/cll.53.05due
565:mufwene.uchicago.edu
844:Pidgins and creoles
742:Bell, R.T. (1976),
700:Smith, J.J (1952).
177:speech communities
680:978-90-272-5277-7
639:978-3-96110-114-6
571:on March 15, 2016
557:Mufwene, Salikoko
449:Use of the terms
421:
420:
165:standard language
102:dialect continuum
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
856:
830:
823:Stewart, William
818:
809:
800:
790:, Random House,
782:
773:
761:
752:Bickerton, Derek
747:
736:
734:Languages portal
731:
730:
713:
712:
706:
697:
691:
690:
688:
687:
650:
644:
643:
631:
621:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
579:
577:
576:
567:. Archived from
553:
547:
541:
499:Jamaican English
425:Standard English
410:
400:
390:
380:
370:
360:
355:
345:
340:
330:
320:
315:
305:
300:
290:
280:
270:
265:
255:
245:
240:
230:
220:
215:
210:
205:
197:
192:Guyanese English
173:Salikoko Mufwene
98:creole continuum
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
864:
863:
859:
858:
857:
855:
854:
853:
834:
833:
821:
812:
803:
798:
785:
776:
770:
750:
741:
732:
725:
722:
717:
716:
704:
699:
698:
694:
685:
683:
681:
652:
651:
647:
640:
619:
612:
611:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
574:
572:
555:
554:
550:
542:
538:
533:
503:Jamaican Patois
472:
463:value judgement
153:Derek Bickerton
141:William Stewart
138:
110:creole language
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
862:
860:
852:
851:
846:
836:
835:
832:
831:
819:
810:
801:
796:
783:
774:
768:
748:
738:
737:
721:
718:
715:
714:
692:
679:
645:
638:
605:
593:
581:
548:
535:
534:
532:
529:
514:Haitian Creole
510:Haitian French
471:
470:Other examples
468:
440:Haitian Creole
419:
418:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
347:
346:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
316:
311:
307:
306:
301:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
188:I gave him one
161:code-switching
137:
136:Stratification
134:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
861:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
802:
799:
797:0-394-71872-0
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
771:
769:9780521205146
765:
760:
759:
753:
749:
745:
740:
739:
735:
729:
724:
719:
710:
703:
696:
693:
682:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
646:
641:
635:
630:
625:
618:
617:
609:
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
585:
582:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
549:
545:
544:Stewart (1965
540:
537:
530:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Rickford 1977
469:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
417:
414:
413:
404:
403:
394:
393:
384:
383:
374:
373:
364:
363:
349:
348:
342:
334:
333:
327:
324:
323:
312:
309:
308:
302:
297:
294:
293:
284:
283:
277:
274:
273:
267:
259:
258:
252:
249:
248:
242:
234:
233:
224:
223:
217:
199:
198:
195:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
826:
814:
805:
787:
778:
757:
743:
708:
695:
684:. Retrieved
662:
658:
648:
615:
608:
596:
589:DeCamp (1977
584:
573:. Retrieved
569:the original
564:
551:
539:
518:
507:
492:
480:Dillard 1972
473:
458:
454:
450:
448:
429:
422:
187:
181:
156:
148:
144:
139:
97:
93:
91:
76:
70:January 2022
67:
48:
601:Meade (2001
114:superstrate
96:(or simply
62:introducing
838:Categories
746:, Batsford
720:References
686:2021-08-03
575:2019-04-30
122:morphology
118:decreolize
45:references
849:Diglossia
521:Afrikaans
432:diglossia
184:Bell 1976
171:linguist
126:phonology
106:varieties
754:(1975).
559:(2002).
459:basilect
455:mesolect
451:acrolect
157:mesolect
149:basilect
145:acrolect
18:Acrolect
495:Jamaica
482:) that
100:) is a
58:improve
794:
766:
677:
636:
444:French
130:syntax
128:, and
47:, but
705:(PDF)
620:(pdf)
531:Notes
525:Dutch
438:with
436:Haiti
108:of a
792:ISBN
764:ISBN
675:ISBN
634:ISBN
603::19)
546::15)
501:and
457:and
442:and
209:ɡeɪv
667:doi
624:doi
591::?)
493:In
415:18
405:17
399:ɡiː
395:16
389:bɪn
385:15
375:14
365:13
359:hiː
350:12
344:ɡiː
335:11
329:dɪd
325:10
304:ɡɪv
299:dɪd
269:hɪm
264:ɡɪv
229:wan
219:wʌn
214:hɪm
190:in
104:of
840::
707:.
673:.
663:53
657:.
632:.
563:.
516:.
505:.
478:;
453:,
446:.
409:æm
379:iː
369:mɪ
354:ɡɪ
339:dɪ
319:ɡɪ
314:dɪ
310:9
295:8
289:iː
285:7
279:ɪm
275:6
260:5
254:iː
250:4
244:ɪm
235:3
225:2
204:aɪ
200:1
194::
124:,
92:A
772:.
711:.
689:.
669::
642:.
626::
578:.
239:a
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.