558:
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64:
51:
776:. Intercropping involves the growing of additional crops alongside the pest-susceptible crop to encourage oviposition on these additional crops. Intercropping has been found to be ineffective at controlling the spread of and damage caused by the leek moth. When trap cropping is implemented, more eggs are laid on the trap crops than on the primary crop. Research on leek moth pest control is ongoing.
660:. Males flutter their wings, which acts to volatilize the pheromone through heat generation and disturb the pheromone molecules. The pheromone acts as an aphrodisiac for the female while inhibiting the sexual behavior of other males. These compounds can be transferred to the female during mating and their sexual inhibitory effects on conspecific males favor the
42:
694:. When two strains of moths were raised in the laboratory, one fed leek leaves and the other fed an artificial diet supplemented with leek powder, the former strain showed greater sensitivity to volatile leek compounds. Furthermore, the strain fed leek leaves became progressively less sensitive to volatiles each generation.
413:
The female leek moth selects the host plant for oviposition. She is drawn to the plant through thiosulphinates, chemical attractants released by the plant. Egg-laying does not take place immediately, however; it occurs only after longer contact with the leaf, during which time another chemical signal
620:
of the species have been documented in Europe. Parasitoids lay their eggs within or attached to the body of the host, the parasitoid larvae ultimately killing the host. Parasitoids are shown to parasitize the leek moth to a greater extent when leek moth populations are large and in early leek moth
677:
In eastern
Ontario, the leek moth undergoes three flight periods each year. The first flight period peaks in mid-May and consists of overwintering adults. The second peaks in early July and consists of first generation adults. The third peaks from late July to late August and consists of second
355:
species at first, but its distinct genitalia make it easily identifiable. Males of this species can be identified by their long saccus, a portion of the male genitalia used for grasping females, and females by their long and flat ductus bursae, a portion of the female reproductive tract.
756:. The larvae mine into the plant, reducing plant growth and causing physical damage. Organic farmers are especially vulnerable to the pest. The leek moth has few known natural predators in North America, resulting in greater pest pressure than in Europe and causing severe damage to
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706:
to overwinter when daylengths during their larval stage are less than 15 hours long. This corresponds to the end of the breeding season and involves adults of the last generation of the summer. During diapause, mating and sex organ growth halt.
621:
generations, suggesting that parasitism is less significant in smaller populations and in later generations. The leek moth is most vulnerable to parasitism in its pupal stage when it is no longer protected by the interior of its host plant.
548:
Oviposition takes place in three behavioral stages: slow walking, pausing, and egg-laying. When given the choice between plants of the same species and of different sizes, females choose to lay their eggs on the larger plant.
1323:
Lecomte, C.; Pierre, D.; Pouzat, J.; Thibout, E. (1998-03-01). "Behavioural and olfactory variations in the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella, after several generations of rearing under diverse conditions".
1279:
Lecomte, C.; Thibout, E.; Pierre, D.; Auger, J. (1998-04-01). "Transfer, Perception, and
Activity of Male Pheromone of Acrolepiopsis assectella with Special Reference to Conspecific Male Sexual Inhibition".
1709:
1444:
565:
Development time from egg to adult is variable depending on temperature, generally ranging from 3 weeks at higher temperatures to 6 weeks at lower temperatures. Likewise, the number of
901:
Mason, P.G.; Appleby, M.; Juneja, S.; Allen, J.; Landry, J.-F. (April 15, 2010). "Biology and
Development of Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) in Eastern Ontario".
351:
The wings are brown mottled with white spots and measure about 12 mm across. High individual variation in wing pattern can make the leek moth difficult to distinguish from other
690:
detection of volatile chemoattractants in host plant selection. Experiments suggest that the diets of female leek moths reared in laboratory conditions impact sensitivity to
326:. This leaf mining can occur in the tubular leaves or in the stem. In the case of onions and shallots, the larvae mine into the bulb. In North America, where the moth is an
742:, New York in 2009. It has since spread throughout much of eastern North America and its range is projected to expand further into the United States and Canada. A pest of
1186:Åsman, Karolina (2002-10-01). "Trap cropping effect on oviposition behaviour of the leek moth Acrolepiopsis assectella and the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella".
1762:
1372:"Effect of Intercropping on Oviposition and Emigration Behavior of the Leek Moth (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) and the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)"
1668:
1406:
Asman, Karolina (2002). "Trap cropping effect on oviposition behaviour of the leek moth
Acrolepiopsis assectella and the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella".
418:. Propyl-cysteine-sulfoxide has been shown to induce egg-laying in the leek moth and could be involved in host plant selection as a characteristic signal of
629:, a host-specific parasitoid of the leek moth, has been introduced in the Ottawa region in Canada as a biological control method for the invasive moth.
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are light yellow-green in color with a brownish-yellow head. After reaching maturity, fifth instar larvae emerge from the host plant and spin a
715:
584:
Adults emerge in the spring and lay eggs within 10 days of adulthood. Eggs are laid on the leaves of the larval host plant, into which first
1095:"Actual and potential distribution of Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), an invasive alien pest of Allium spp. in Canada"
1742:
847:
Landry, Jean-François (2007-06-01). "Taxonomic review of the leek moth genus
Acrolepiopsis (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) in North America".
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1554:
400:. Climate models suggest that the leek moth's range could continue to expand to encompass a larger portion of eastern North America.
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322:
into the leaves or bulbs. The shape of the leaf mine is variable, ranging from a corridor to a blotch, and can be with or without
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569:
possible each year depends on local climate conditions. Whereas three or more generations can typically be completed in
Ontario,
942:
1655:
1231:"Comparative life tables of leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), in its native range"
799:
739:
63:
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943:"Evaluation of Insecticide Chemistries Against the Leek Moth (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), a New Pest in North America"
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reddish-brown. If daylengths during previous larval stages are shorter than 15 hours, emergent adults will enter
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1757:
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generation adults. This pattern again suggests that three generations can be completed each summer in
Ontario.
175:
41:
1147:"Behavioural events and host constituents involved in oviposition in the leek moth Acrolepiopsis assectella"
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mark the northwestern and northeastern bounds of its range, respectively, and its presence extends to
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larvae mine and subsequently complete five instars, reaching a length of 13–14 mm when mature.
661:
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Taxonomic review of the leek moth genus
Acrolepiopsis (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) in North America
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is used to control the spread of and damage caused by the leek moth in Europe and North
America.
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and has few known natural predators, the species threatens the production and biodiversity of
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in the south. It is an invasive species in North
America, where it was first discovered in
1681:
1071:
Blatt, S.; Peill, M.; Gillis-Madden, R. (2019). "Occurrence of leek moth in Nova Scotia".
691:
50:
364:
The leek moth is native to Europe, where it is present throughout the entire continent.
305:, with mottled brown and white wings. Its wing span is approximately 12 mm across.
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Mason, P. G.; Weiss, R. M.; Olfert, O.; Appleby, M.; Landry, J.-F. (April 2011).
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Contribution for the knowledge of the Acrolepiidae Fauna of the Balkan Peninsula
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Mason, P. G.; Jenner, W. H.; Brauner, A.; Kuhlmann, U.; Cappuccino, N. (2013).
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in 1993. It has since expanded its North American range to include parts of
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Jenner, W.H.; Kuhlmann, U.; Mason, P.G.; Cappuccino, N. (March 27, 2009).
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During mating, males respond to calling females with the emission of a
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Several methods of leek moth pest control have been tested, including
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The leek moth is similar in appearance to other members of the genus
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to overwinter. Otherwise, adults lay another generation of eggs.
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in North America. It was first discovered in North America in
596:, on the host plant or nearby. Cocoons are white in color,
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Asman, Karolina; Ekbom, Barbara; Ramert, Birgitta (2001).
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in North America is limited, but several larval and pupal
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plants, sometimes resulting in the loss of entire crops.
645:-alkanes, the major components of male sexual pheromones
941:
Olmstead, Daniel L.; Shelton, Anthony M. (2012-12-01).
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and it has the potential to destroy entire crops. The
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1016:Biological control programmes in Canada 2001-2012
312:crops, as the larvae feed on several species of
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1073:Journal of the Acadian Entomological Society
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746:crops, the leek moth poses threats both to
434:, the eponymous host plant of the leek moth
292:, this was actually a misidentification of
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1408:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1326:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1188:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1151:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
816:
734:, Canada in 1993, and was found in the
1763:Taxa named by Philipp Christoph Zeller
1145:Thibout, E.; Auger, J. (1996-07-01).
612:Knowledge of the leek moth's natural
288:. While it was initially recorded in
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7:
1586:47958947-e239-4967-ad24-824f2d64ce23
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443:Larvae feed on plants of the genus
1238:Bulletin of Entomological Research
1164:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00896.x
25:
789:. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston.
258:) is a species of moth of family
1420:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01043.x
1338:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00293.x
1200:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01043.x
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577:, only two can be completed in
1:
1743:Invasive agricultural pests
1282:Journal of Chemical Ecology
536:onion, to other species of
272:. The species is native to
1779:
1389:10.1603/0046-225x-30.2.288
1024:10.1079/9781780642574.0056
787:Pest Lepidoptera of Europe
1738:Agricultural pest insects
1445:Plant Parasites of Europe
1250:10.1017/s0007485309006804
1099:The Canadian Entomologist
903:The Canadian Entomologist
849:The Canadian Entomologist
295:Acrolepiopsis sapporensis
194:Roeslerstammia assectella
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59:Scientific classification
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39:
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1710:acrolepiopsis-assectella
1497:Acrolepiopsis assectella
1467:Acrolepiopsis assectella
1376:Environmental Entomology
255:Acrolepiopsis assectella
168:Acrolepiopsis assectella
18:Acrolepiopsis assectella
1753:Moths described in 1839
1294:10.1023/a:1022390102631
664:seen in the leek moth.
280:, but is also found in
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646:
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524:The leek moth prefers
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209:Digitivalva assectella
804:Canadian entomologist
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641:General structure of
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439:Host plant preference
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1581:Fauna Europaea (new)
1052:itp.lucidcentral.org
960:10.1653/024.095.0443
947:Florida Entomologist
726:The leek moth is an
719:Leek moth damage to
686:Females rely on the
626:Diadromus pulchellus
500:Allium schoenoprasum
409:Host plant selection
390:Prince Edward Island
340:Diadromus pulchellus
232:Acrolepia obscurella
202:Acrolepia assectella
792:Gaedike R. (1969).
785:Carter, D. (1984).
478:Allium ampeloprasum
224:Acrolepia caucasica
1018:. pp. 56–62.
738:16 years later in
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404:Larval host plants
150:A. assectella
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1695:Open Tree of Life
1459:Taxon identifiers
481:– elephant garlic
284:, where it is an
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728:invasive species
711:Invasive species
692:chemoattractants
516:Allium stellatum
328:invasive species
308:It is a pest of
286:invasive species
266:) and the genus
264:Glyphipterigidae
250:onion leaf miner
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561:Leek moth larva
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519:– prairie onion
511:– nodding onion
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1748:Leaf miners
1643:NatureServe
1607:iNaturalist
1491:Wikispecies
740:Plattsburgh
653:containing
618:parasitoids
567:generations
544:Oviposition
526:A. sativum,
487:Allium cepa
454:Allium cepa
416:oviposition
398:Nova Scotia
366:Scandinavia
347:Description
116:Lepidoptera
1727:Categories
1057:2017-10-04
1048:"Glossary"
979:2019-09-04
811:References
668:Physiology
553:Life cycle
532:leek, and
530:A. porrum,
491:aggregatum
336:parasitoid
262:(formerly
96:Arthropoda
35:Leek moth
1346:1570-7458
1302:0098-0331
1208:1570-7458
1173:1570-7458
1119:1918-3240
969:0015-4040
869:1918-3240
688:olfactory
682:Olfaction
651:pheromone
614:predators
608:Predators
495:– shallot
246:leek moth
144:Species:
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
1648:2.963337
1529:BugGuide
1505:BioLib:
1482:Q1032508
1476:Wikidata
1428:85865566
1354:83561050
1310:10001697
1258:19323855
1216:85865566
1127:85822412
1079:: 24–26.
923:85817953
877:86748199
704:diapause
698:Diapause
662:monogamy
658:-alkanes
602:diapause
534:A. cepa,
528:garlic,
465:– garlic
394:New York
185:Synonyms
122:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
1599:4525339
1266:6325605
764:Control
457:– onion
382:Ontario
374:Algeria
332:Allium,
278:Siberia
178:, 1839)
132:Genus:
112:Order:
106:Insecta
102:Class:
1700:187878
1612:317685
1573:434080
1560:300068
1547:ACROAS
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749:Allium
744:Allium
732:Ottawa
673:Flight
633:Mating
594:cocoon
590:Larvae
586:instar
579:Sweden
575:Poland
573:, and
571:France
538:Allium
503:–chive
473:– leek
445:Allium
421:Allium
396:, and
386:Quebec
378:Canada
370:Russia
320:mining
315:Allium
290:Hawaii
274:Europe
176:Zeller
1707:PPE:
1674:57686
1632:LoB:
1555:EUNIS
1521:17865
1508:45975
1424:S2CID
1350:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1262:S2CID
1234:(PDF)
1212:S2CID
1123:S2CID
919:S2CID
873:S2CID
802:" in
489:var.
414:cues
324:frass
1687:8489
1669:NCBI
1635:5262
1625:3017
1594:GBIF
1542:EPPO
1516:BOLD
1342:ISSN
1298:ISSN
1254:PMID
1204:ISSN
1169:ISSN
1115:ISSN
1028:ISBN
965:ISSN
865:ISSN
772:and
598:pupa
432:Leek
368:and
310:leek
276:and
244:The
1656:NBN
1620:ISC
1416:doi
1412:105
1384:doi
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