357:], Calif., is being awarded a $ 6,377,762 costs-reimbursement, cost-plus fixed-price contract. The contractor shall design, build, test, and deliver a two to 2.5 megawatt, high efficiency, continuous wave (CW) 95 gigahertz millimeter wave source system. The contractor shall perform extensive modeling, simulation, experiments, and testing to the maximum capabilities of their facilities (which shall no less than one megawatt peak RF output) that will ascertain the final CW capabilities of the source. The contractor also shall provide input for the requirements for the government's test stand, which will serve as a full power facility in the future. At this time, $ 900,000 of the funds has been obliged. This work will be complete by January 2009. Negotiations were completed September 2004. The Air Force Research Laboratory,
496:– carry implicit dangers of temporary or permanent injury or accidental death, and often leave residue or residual material. Combinations of acoustic and optical system platforms with ADS can be used to effectively communicate to, warn of escalation of force, introduce optical and auditory deterrents and step function the escalation of transmitted force from relatively benign to ultimately forced dispersal of a crowd, or to deny them from an area or access to an area. A group of people can theoretically be dispersed or induced to leave an area in a manner unlikely to damage personnel, non-involved civilians (no stray bullets), or to nearby buildings or the environment.
466:) commonly dissipates RF energy, which may moderate the ADS's sensation to "warm and comfortable"; (2) that ADS may only work successfully against exposed skin, implying that heavier clothing may reduce its effectiveness and that its tactical usefulness may potentially be limited in striking specific personnel hiding in crowds of civilians, because this 'hiding' situation has not been seen in all recent theaters of operation (was reportedly observed in Somalia and Iraq, but reportedly not in Afghanistan). What the actual performance of ADS is relative to these concerns is not presently known to be published in open literature.
392:
569:
methodical process to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the technology, which has now involved more than 600 volunteer subjects and some 10,200 exposures. As safety was demonstrated in each step of the process, restrictions were removed, and now, according to ADS proponents, there are no restrictions or precautions necessary for volunteers experiencing the effect. Long-term exposure to the beam may cause more serious damage, especially to sensitive tissues, such as those of the eyes. Two people received second degree burns after exposure to the device during testing.
201:, but only on the skin surface due to the decreased penetration of shorter millimeter waves. The surface temperature of a target will continue to rise so long as the beam is applied, at a rate dictated by the target's material and distance from the transmitter, along with the beam's frequency and power level set by the operator. Most human test subjects reached their pain threshold within 3 seconds, and none could endure more than 5 seconds.
1133:"Ordinary household aluminum foil of many m thickness covering all parts of the body exposed towards the antenna would provide protection; gaps where the radiation could enter would have to be avoided. To allow vision a very fine-grained mesh in front of the face would be needed (holes markedly smaller than the wavelength of 3.2 mm; that is not bigger than, say, 0.1 mm)."
500:
strategic context, non-lethal weapons such as ADS have the potential to offer "precision, accuracy, and effective duration that can help save military and civilian lives, break the cycle of violence by offering a more graduated response, and even prevent violence from occurring if the opportunity for early or preclusionary engagement arises."
576:
Some have focused on the lower threshold of use which may lead those who use them to become "trigger-happy", especially in dealing with peaceful protesters. Others have focused on concerns that weapons whose operative principle is that of inflicting pain (though "non-lethal") might be useful for such
568:
and metallic objects that could cause hot spots, raised concerns as to whether the device would remain true to its purpose of non-lethal temporary incapacitation if used in the field where safety precautions would not be taken. However, these tests were early in the program and part of a thorough and
499:
Non-lethal weapons are intended to provide options to U.S. troops, for example, "to stop suspicious vehicles without killing the drivers". Although the ADS millimeter wave frequency does not affect a car's electronic components, it can be used to deter a driver in an approaching vehicle. In a broader
258:
Many possible long-term effects have been studied, with the conclusion that no long-term effects are likely at the exposure levels studied. However, overexposures of either operators or targets may cause thermal injury. According to an official military assessment, "In the event of an overexposure to
217:
Like all focused energy, the beam will irradiate all matter in the targeted area, including everything beyond/behind it that is not shielded, with no possible discrimination between individuals, objects or materials. Anyone incapable of leaving the target area (e.g., physically handicapped, infants,
188:
The ADS's effect of repelling humans occurs at slightly higher than 44 °C (111 °F), though first-degree burns occur at about 51 °C (124 °F), and second-degree burns occur at about 58 °C (136 °F). In testing, pea-sized blisters have been observed in less than 0.1% of ADS
601:
has developed a smaller version of the ADS, the Silent
Guardian. This stripped-down model is primarily marketed for use by law enforcement agencies, the military and other security providers. The system is operated and aimed with a joystick and aiming screen. The device can be used for targets over
572:
Critics cite that despite the stated intent of the ADS is to be a non-lethal device designed to temporarily incapacitate, and despite that ADS had undergone legal and treaty compliance reviews by AF/JAO and determined to be in compliance with the applicable laws and treaties, that modifications or
511:
In
Afghanistan, the need to minimize civilian casualties has led to restrictive rules of engagement on the use of lethal force by US troops. A National Public Radio correspondent in Afghanistan "witnessed troops grappling with the dilemma of whether to shoot." Non-lethal weapons such as ADS provide
474:
Following the development of two prototype systems for the ACTD, interest remains in the technology by the military as a means to minimize collateral damage and increase force protection. Research continues on technology that will make it smaller, more reliable, and able to be used on the move, for
327:
Two Active Denial
Systems were developed under a Defense Department "Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration" Program (now known as Joint Concept Technology Demonstration Program) from 2002 to 2007. Unlike typical weapons development programs in the Defense Department, ACTDs/JCTDs are not focused
542:
While it is claimed not to cause burns under "ordinary use", it is also described as being similar to that of an incandescent light bulb being pressed against the skin, which can cause severe burns in just a few seconds. The beam can be focused up to 700 meters away, and is said to penetrate thick
483:
ADS was developed as a non-lethal weapon. According to
Department of Defense policy, non-lethal weapons "are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or material, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the
416:
The ADS has been removed from service in
Afghanistan as of July 25, 2010. A former Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense noted that the recall of ADS from Afghanistan was an "opportunity missed" and "the non-lethality of the ADS system could prove useful in a counterinsurgency operation
382:
correspondent who volunteered to be shot with the beam during the demonstration described it as "similar to a blast from a very hot oven – too painful to bear without diving for cover." An
Associated Press reporter who volunteered to be engaged stated "They certainly convinced me that the system
271:
Cancer: A mouse cancer study was performed at two energy levels and exposures with a 94 GHz transmitter: a single 10-second, 1 W/cm exposure, and repeated 10-second exposures over a two-week period at 333 mW/cm. At both energy levels, no increase in skin cancers was observed. No
139:, stating its intent to use it in "operational evaluation" in situations such as breaking up prisoner fights. As of 2014, the ADS was only a vehicle-mounted weapon, though U.S. Marines and police were both working on portable versions. ADS was developed under the sponsorship of the
524:
218:
incapacitated, trapped, etc.) would continue to receive radiation until the operator turned off the beam. Reflective materials such as aluminum cooking foil should reflect this radiation and could be used to make clothing that would be protective against this radiation.
175:. One significant difference is that a microwave oven uses the much lower frequency (and longer wavelength) of 2.45 GHz. The short millimeter waves used in ADS only penetrate the top layers of skin, with most of the energy being absorbed within 0.4 mm (
383:
could help save the lives of innocent civilians and our young service members". A CBS News correspondent did an in-depth story on ADS in March 2008. A demonstration was conducted for the media on March 9, 2012, at Marine Corps Base
Quantico, Virginia.
259:
a power density sufficient to produce thermal injury, there is an extremely low probability that scars derived from such injury might later become cancerous. Proper wound management further decreases this probability, as well as the probability of
445:
There have been speculations in open literature for why the ADS has not been used in a theater of operations. Some of the claimed problems expressed have included: (1) that a potential unreliability in certain environmental conditions, because
249:
In April 2007, one airman in an ADS test was overdosed and received second-degree burns on both legs, and was treated in a hospital for two days. There was also one laboratory accident in 1999 that resulted in a small second-degree burn.
507:
noted that "wider integration of existing types of nonlethal weapons (NLW) into the U.S. Army and Marine Corps could have helped to reduce the damage done by widespread looting and sabotage after the cessation of major conflict in Iraq."
798:
212:
For the first millisecond, it just felt like the skin was warming up. Then it got warmer and warmer and you felt like it was on fire. ... As soon as you're away from that beam your skin returns to normal and there is no
531:
529:
526:
525:
530:
539:
A news article criticized the sheer amount of time it is taking to field this system, citing the potential it had to avert a great deal of pain and suffering in volatile areas around the world.
370:
The military has made the ADS available to the media for demonstrations on a number of occasions. A fully operational and mounted version of the system was demonstrated on
January 24, 2007, at
143:
Non-Lethal
Weapons Program with the Air Force Research Laboratory as the lead agency. There are reports that Russia and China are developing their own versions of the Active Denial System.
528:
484:
environment." ADS has applications for crowd control and perimeter defense, and filling "the gap between shouting and shooting." Other crowd control methods – including pepper spray,
520:
The effects of this radio frequency on humans have been studied by the military for years, and much, but not all of the research has been published openly in peer-reviewed journals.
2020:
2045:
802:
839:
1738:
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225:
Human
Effects Advisory Panel (HEAP) concluded that ADS is a non-lethal weapon that has a high probability of effectiveness with a low probability of injury:
1429:
1126:
573:
misuse by an operator could nevertheless turn the ADS into a more damaging weapon which could potentially violate international conventions on warfare.
527:
1662:
1198:
Chalfin, S., D'Andrea, J.A., Comeau, P.D., Belt, M.E., and Hatcher, D.J. "Millimeter wave absorption in the nonhuman primate eye at 35 GHz and 94 GHz".
1845:
889:
430:
1535:
1477:
1026:
581:, as they may leave little or no evidence of use, but undoubtedly have the capacity to inflict horrific pain on a restrained subject. According to
557:
of an inch (0.40 mm), which – in most humans, except for eyelids and the thinner skin of babies – avoids the second skin layer (the
413:
reporter Noah Shachtman that the ADS was deployed in Afghanistan. The spokesman added however that the system had not yet been used operationally.
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946:
698:
124:
58:
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on optimizing the technology; rather they are focused on rapidly assembling the technology in a configuration suitable for user evaluation.
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1987:
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140:
128:
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132:
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123:
had marketed a reduced-range version of this technology. The ADS was deployed in 2010 with the United States military in the
1003:
391:
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1633:
1607:
2035:
1710:
816:
205:
1892:
2015:
924:
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504:
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850:
799:"August 20, 2010 New Device Unveiled Intended to Stop or Lessen Inmate Assaults: Assault Intervention Device (AID).…"
547:
is much higher than the 2.45 GHz of a microwave oven. This frequency was chosen because it penetrates less than
1735:
1232:
1064:
637:
426:
303:
occurred in a very small minority (less than 0.1%) of tested exposures, which have a remote potential for scarring.
112:
1866:
614:
1421:
245:
damage was the occurrence of pea-sized blisters in less than 0.1% of the exposures (6 of 10,000 exposures).
1816:
1123:
1666:
2025:
1841:
1174:"Lack of effect of 94 GHz radio frequency radiation exposure in an animal model of skin carcinogenesis"
606:
358:
115:, designed for area denial, perimeter security and crowd control. Informally, the weapon is also called the
108:
1004:"Active Denial System Frequently Asked Questions - U.S. Department of Defense Non-Lethal Weapons Program"
272:
studies of higher energy levels, or longer exposure times have been performed on millimeter-wave systems.
307:
ADS operators would be exposed to more than the standard maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for
1965:
375:
371:
314:
ADS Safety Studies have been independently reviewed by a non-government human effect advisory panel.
230:
1916:
1143:
425:
In September 2020 it was revealed that federal officials had explored the use of the device and the
694:
626:
1696:
1159:
Protocol # FWR 2003-03-31-H, Limited Military Utility Assessment of the Active Denial System (ADS)
185: inch), whereas microwaves will penetrate into human tissue about 17 mm (0.67 in).
404:
340:
license to demonstrate the technology to "law enforcement, military and security organizations."
172:
1107:
1522:
1032:
982:
260:
236:
normal skin applications, such as cosmetics, have little effect on ADSʼs interaction with skin
119:
since it works by heating the surface of targets, such as the skin of targeted human beings.
105:
1934:
1785:
1556:
1301:
1177:
408:
1455:
1124:
Millimetre Waves, Lasers, Acoustics for Non-Lethal Weapons? Physics Analyses and Inferences
669:
1920:
1849:
1742:
1130:
198:
1267:
1323:
1582:
565:
493:
280:
194:
164:
1374:
1160:
840:"The Active Denial System: A Revolutionary, Non-lethal Weapon for Today's Battlefield"
2009:
489:
447:
168:
1497:
564:
The early methodology of testing, in which volunteers were asked to remove glasses,
296: inch) into the skin, making direct damage to the testes or ovaries impossible.
17:
1482:
947:"Active Denial System: a terahertz based military deterrent for safe crowd control"
766:
663:"NATO NAVAL ARMAMENTS GROUP: Workshop on Counter Piracy Equipment and Technologies"
586:
221:
Following approximately ten thousand test exposures of volunteers to ADS beams, a
131:
announced its intent to use this technology to control incarcerated people in the
1011:
229:
no significant effects for wearers of contact lenses or other eyewear (including
163:
of 3.2 mm. The ADS millimeter wave energy works on a principle similar to a
1755:
1644:
1615:
1478:"US military police 'sought use of heat ray' to disperse White House protesters"
136:
1714:
561:) where critical structures are found such as nerve endings and blood vessels.
1888:
1756:"Moody Airmen test new, nonlethal method of repelling enemy – Eric Schloeffel"
222:
160:
986:
916:
1923:. Source Documentation found in numerous press releases and Media Demo Days.
1065:"A Narrative Summary and Independent Assessment of the Active Denial System"
642:
544:
308:
1253:
1233:
A Narrative Summary and Independent Assessment of the Active Denial System
780:
632:
602:
250 metres (820 ft) away, and the beam has a power of 30 kilowatts.
598:
485:
417:
where avoidance of civilian casualties is essential to mission success."
120:
73:
1498:"Heat ray 'was sought' against protest in Washington's Lafayette Square"
1075:
171:
the water and fat molecules in the skin, and instantly heating them via
1862:
578:
379:
276:
1349:
1268:"Active Denial System: A Nonlethal 'Counter-Personnel Energy Weapon'"
558:
264:
721:"DVIDS - News - New Marine Corps non-lethal weapon heats things up"
311:, and military use requires an exception to these exposure limits.
127:, but was withdrawn without seeing combat. On August 20, 2010, the
1550:"DoD Executive Agent for Non-Lethal Weapons (NLW), and NLW Policy"
522:
390:
156:
431:
civilians protesting outside the White House in June of that year
917:"China's New Long-Range Weapon Causes Non-Lethal Pain From Afar"
463:
455:
451:
400:
351:
Communications and Power Industries (CPI), Palto Alto [
300:
190:
152:
973:
Hambling, David (December 2006). "Techwatch-Forecasting Pain".
629:, to prevent an adversary from occupying or traversing an area
459:
353:
1300:. U.S. Department of Defense. October 4, 2004. Archived from
589:
fears that it would be regarded as an instrument of torture.
399:
On June 21, 2010, Lt. Col. John Dorrian, a spokesman for the
361:, New Mexico, is the contracting activity (FA9451-04-C-0298).
867:
286:
Birth defects: Millimeter waves only penetrate 0.4 mm (
279:
eyes have observed no short-term or long-term damage as the
208:
described his experience as a test subject for the system:
1913:
395:
An operational version of the Active Denial System (2008)
585:, the ADS has been rejected for fielding in Iraq due to
239:
no age-related differences in response to ADS exposures
1422:"U.S. Testing Pain Ray in Afghanistan (Updated Again)"
283:
protects the eye from damage within 0.25 seconds.
1634:"Nonlethal Capabilities: Realizing the Opportunities"
801:. LA County Sheriff. August 20, 2010. Archived from
1689:"Rules of Engagement Are a Dilemma for U.S. Troops"
968:
966:
964:
299:Blisters and scarring: Pea-sized blistering due to
89:
79:
69:
64:
54:
49:
41:
34:
890:"Why Russia Will Be the First to Use the Pain Ray"
437:was not currently in possession of either device.
1779:
1777:
1396:"$ 120 million heat ray waiting for first action"
609:installed the smaller-sized unit, under the name
543:clothing although not walls. At 95 GHz, the
27:Non-lethal, directed-energy weapon (2002-current)
1711:"Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program Website – ADS"
1583:"Opinion: Troops need not shoot in Afghanistan"
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
695:"Vehicle-Mounted Active Denial System (V-MADS)"
349:
336:On September 22, 2004, Raytheon was granted an
1665:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
1390:
1388:
347:published the following contract information:
1988:"New 'Laser' Weapon Debuts in LA County Jail"
1100:"Wired News: Say Hello to the Goodbye Weapon"
512:an option for US forces in those situations.
8:
2021:Directed-energy weapons of the United States
1246:"Joint Capability Technology Demonstrations"
151:The ADS works by firing a high-powered (100
1176:. Carcin.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from
2046:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
1990:. NBC Southern California. August 21, 2010
1844:. Joint non-lethal weapons program, 2007.
159:waves at a target, which corresponds to a
31:
1119:
1117:
998:
996:
817:"US police could get 'pain beam' weapons"
763:"Raytheon: Silent Guardian product brief"
242:no effect on the male reproduction system
1966:"'Pain ray' first commercial sale looms"
1745:. By Richard Lardner, Associated Press.
1736:"Pentagon nixes ray gun weapon in Iraq"
1278:from the original on September 27, 2006
1235:Penn State. Applied Research Laboratory
1059:
1057:
1055:
746:"Ray gun, sci-fi staple, meets reality"
654:
1945:from the original on December 10, 2008
1933:Weinberger, Sharon (August 30, 2007).
1762:from the original on December 13, 2007
927:from the original on December 26, 2014
421:Potential deployment against civilians
1895:from the original on February 2, 2009
1796:from the original on February 2, 2009
1330:from the original on January 27, 2007
1028:Microwave and RF Product Applications
781:"US army heat-ray gun in Afghanistan"
7:
1914:Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate
1869:from the original on August 12, 2006
1663:"Nonlethal Weapons and Capabilities"
1454:. Defensestudies.org. Archived from
1420:Shachtman, Noah (January 25, 2007).
193:have been caused by the device. The
2041:United States Marine Corps projects
1815:Hooper, Duncan (January 25, 2007).
1581:Michael O'Hanlon (April 23, 2010).
1525:– Strategypage.com, October 3, 2012
1074:. February 11, 2008. Archived from
949:. Terasense Group Inc. May 29, 2019
475:example, in protection of convoys.
345:United States Department of Defense
1432:from the original on July 29, 2010
1324:"US military unveils heat-ray gun"
1144:"Airman injured in heat-beam test"
1106:. December 5, 2006. Archived from
915:Letzter, Rafi (December 9, 2014).
701:from the original on March 5, 2008
275:Cornea damage: Tests on non-human
25:
1784:Shachtman, Noah (April 6, 2007).
1861:Hearn, Kelly (August 19, 2005).
433:, but had been advised that the
129:Los Angeles Sheriff's Department
1964:Hambling, David (May 8, 2009).
1298:"Contracts for October 4, 2004"
1842:Active Denial System Factsheet
1523:Death Ray Turns Warm And Fuzzy
155:output power) beam of 95
1:
206:Air Force Research Laboratory
1632:Bedard, E. R. (March 2002).
868:"Non-Lethal Weapons Program"
838:LeVine, LeVine (June 2009).
505:Council on Foreign Relations
407:, confirmed in an e-mail to
1919:September 16, 2008, at the
1848:September 30, 2007, at the
1713:. Jnlwp.com. Archived from
1350:"I got zapped by a ray gun"
847:National Defense University
611:Assault Intervention Device
191:second degree surface burns
189:exposures, indicating that
36:Active Denial System (ADS)
2062:
1608:"Active Denial Technology"
1555:. Dtic.mil. Archived from
1536:"Active Denial Technology"
668:. Nato.int. Archived from
638:Long-range acoustic device
427:Long Range Acoustic Device
1786:"Pain Ray Injures Airman"
1741:February 2, 2009, at the
1326:. BBC. January 25, 2007.
1129:November 5, 2010, at the
615:Pitchess Detention Center
535:Active Denial System Demo
403:forces commander General
133:Pitchess Detention Center
42:Place of origin
1375:"The Pentagon's Ray Gun"
1213:"Non-Ionizing Radiation"
1025:Mike Golio, ed. (2003).
613:, on the ceiling of the
343:On October 4, 2004, the
1817:"US unveils 'heat gun'"
1452:"An Opportunity Missed"
607:Los Angeles County Jail
359:Kirtland Air Force Base
1935:"No Pain Ray for Iraq"
1621:on September 15, 2012.
1274:. September 22, 2004.
765:. 2006. Archived from
536:
396:
387:Afghanistan deployment
363:
215:
197:caused are similar to
109:directed-energy weapon
1891:. Labor.state.ak.us.
1717:on September 30, 2007
1486:. September 17, 2020.
1304:on September 30, 2007
1202:, 83(1): 83–90, 2002.
1081:on February 16, 2013.
1014:on February 15, 2013.
805:on September 4, 2010.
769:on December 14, 2006.
752:, September 24, 2004.
534:
394:
261:hypertrophic scarring
210:
147:Mechanism and effects
141:Department of Defense
2036:Riot control weapons
1889:"PADS – Cold Stress"
1863:"Rumsfeld's Ray Gun"
1758:. January 25, 2007.
1699:on October 27, 2011.
1669:on December 10, 2014
1504:. September 17, 2020
492:, slippery foam and
372:Moody Air Force Base
231:night vision goggles
204:A spokesman for the
98:Active Denial System
18:Active denial system
2016:American inventions
1821:The Daily Telegraph
1661:Graham T. Allison.
1458:on November 1, 2014
1354:The Virginian-Pilot
697:. Global Security.
627:Area denial weapons
597:Defense contractor
301:second degree burns
2031:Non-lethal weapons
1172:Patrick A. Mason.
819:. Newscientist.com
537:
405:Stanley McChrystal
397:
173:dielectric heating
65:Production history
59:War in Afghanistan
1650:on March 5, 2012.
1612:jnlwp.defense.gov
1562:on March 22, 2011
1400:Stars and Stripes
1256:on March 2, 2012.
1072:jnlwp.defense.gov
1008:jnlwp.defense.gov
975:Popular Mechanics
894:Popular Mechanics
532:
111:developed by the
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
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1695:. Archived from
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1643:. Archived from
1641:Defense Horizons
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1614:. Archived from
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1252:. Archived from
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1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1180:on April 8, 2012
1169:
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1112:
1111:
1110:on July 5, 2008.
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1334:January 25,
1184:November 1,
1161:cached copy
1044:November 1,
931:January 22,
900:November 1,
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730:November 1,
516:Controversy
323:Development
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2010:Categories
1972:October 2,
1873:August 15,
1308:August 15,
1282:August 15,
1148:Army Times
981:(12): 32.
679:1 November
649:References
223:Penn State
161:wavelength
106:non-lethal
1827:April 23,
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643:Radiation
617:in 2014.
545:frequency
332:Contracts
309:RF energy
1943:Archived
1917:Archived
1893:Archived
1867:Archived
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1823:. London
1794:Archived
1760:Archived
1739:Archived
1587:Politico
1502:BBC News
1436:July 17,
1430:Archived
1379:CBS News
1328:Archived
1276:Archived
1218:March 8,
1127:Archived
925:Archived
785:BBC News
705:March 2,
699:Archived
633:Heat Ray
621:See also
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587:Pentagon
486:tear gas
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