192:
1019:
1498:, a fatal disease that causes muscle and soft tissue to gradually be replaced by bone tissue. This condition is characterized by the formation of an extra skeleton that produces immobilization and eventually death by suffocation. The mutation in ACVR1 causes activin A, which normally acts as an antagonist of the receptor and blocks
856:
composed of two identical or very similar beta subunits. Inhibin is also a dimer wherein the first component is a beta subunit similar or identical to the beta subunit in activin. However, in contrast to activin, the second component of the inhibin dimer is a more distantly-related alpha subunit.
1612:(TESE), although the association is not very substantial, having a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% confidence interval : 0.56–0.74) and a specificity of 0.83 (CI: 0.64–0.93) for prediction the presence of sperm in the testes in non-obstructive azoospermia.
885:. In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit composition. Below is a list of the most common inhibin and activin complexes and their subunit composition:
2519:
Shore EM, Xu M, Feldman GJ, Fenstermacher DA, Cho TJ, Choi IH, et al. (May 2006). "A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva".
1414:
Activin binds to the Type II receptor and initiates a cascade reaction that leads to the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of Type I activin receptor. This then interacts with and then phosphorylates
4999:
1446:
In contrast to activin, much less is known about the mechanism of action of inhibin, but may involve competing with activin for binding to activin receptors and/or binding to inhibin-specific receptors.
841:
function. Conversely, inhibin downregulates FSH synthesis and inhibits FSH secretion. The existence of inhibin was hypothesized as early as 1916; however, it was not demonstrated to exist until
1628:
Vale W, Rivier J, Vaughan J, McClintock R, Corrigan A, Woo W, et al. (1986). "Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid".
1087:
subunit gives rise to activin AB, and so on. Various, but not all theoretically possible, heterodimers have been described. The subunits are linked by a single covalent disulfide bond.
4992:
1822:"Do cycle disturbances explain the age-related decline of female fertility? Cycle characteristics of women aged over 40 years compared with a reference population of young women"
3015:
2296:
Luisi S, Florio P, Reis FM, Petraglia F (2005). "Inhibins in female and male reproductive physiology: role in gametogenesis, conception, implantation and early pregnancy".
1679:
Ling N, Ying SY, Ueno N, Shimasaki S, Esch F, Hotta M, et al. (1986). "Pituitary FSH is released by a heterodimer of the beta-subunits from the two forms of inhibin".
1533:
2944:"Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone as markers of persistent spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies"
4985:
1604:. The mean serum inhibin B level is significantly higher among fertile men (approximately 140 pg/mL) than in infertile men (approximately 80 pg/mL). In men with
668:
523:
374:
225:
64:
4496:
4468:
4365:
3591:
3052:
2167:"Localization of activin beta(A)-, beta(B)-, and beta(C)-subunits in humanprostate and evidence for formation of new activin heterodimers of beta(C)-subunit"
3352:
3073:
870:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
1431:
1420:
1416:
881:
The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both dimeric in structure, and, in each complex, the two monomers are linked to one another by a single
1376:
4324:
3624:
2208:"Activin Controls Skin Morphogenesis and Wound Repair Predominantly via Stromal Cells and in a Concentration-Dependent Manner via Keratinocytes"
6652:
6557:
2364:
Skinner MK, McLachlan RI, Bremner WJ (October 1989). "Stimulation of
Sertoli cell inhibin secretion by the testicular paracrine factor PModS".
6627:
4566:
2348:
1777:
Sulyok S, Wankell M, Alzheimer C, Werner S (October 2004). "Activin: an important regulator of wound repair, fibrosis, and neuroprotection".
1495:
4248:
1254:
production. Inhibin does not inhibit the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus. However, the overall mechanism differs between the sexes:
6622:
6617:
3305:
6632:
4001:
3155:
692:
547:
398:
249:
88:
4209:
4181:
3397:
3007:
2643:"Genomic analysis of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas identifies three molecular subgroups and recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations"
4041:
2692:"Activin B is a novel biomarker for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) diagnosis: a cross sectional study"
4669:
3891:
3045:
680:
535:
386:
237:
76:
6476:
5902:
5546:
5242:
5097:
4243:
3537:
3260:
3095:
2627:
1022:
Schematic diagram of the 1D structures of inhibin and activin. The black line between the monomers represents a disulfide bond.
673:
1570:
that can be administered during pregnancy at a gestational age of 16–18 weeks. An elevated inhibin A (along with an increased
528:
379:
230:
69:
6637:
4775:
4398:
4334:
4228:
1319:
6308:
6144:
6009:
5892:
5794:
5720:
5532:
5423:
5087:
4790:
4258:
4233:
3547:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
1174:
866:
6434:
6344:
6280:
6100:
5977:
5865:
5676:
5322:
5022:
5008:
4847:
4842:
4584:
4299:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
1251:
799:
4329:
4309:
4138:
3617:
3038:
1609:
2858:
Robertson DM, Pruysers E, Burger HG, Jobling T, McNeilage J, Healy D (October 2004). "Inhibins and ovarian cancer".
6276:
6096:
5973:
5672:
5318:
5211:
5072:
4955:
4837:
4128:
3499:
3163:
1502:(bone growth), to behave as an agonist of the receptor and to induce hyperactive bone growth. On 2 September 2015,
1323:
862:
6642:
6420:
5313:
5201:
4960:
4518:
4091:
4051:
3282:
3065:
1503:
858:
1997:"The TGF-beta superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms"
4589:
4031:
4006:
3380:
3325:
3309:
2999:
2989:
1472:
1400:
1383:
1234:
814:
1820:
van
Zonneveld P, Scheffer GJ, Broekmans FJ, Blankenstein MA, de Jong FH, Looman CW, et al. (March 2003).
6647:
4818:
1586:. As a screening test, abnormal quad screen test results need to be followed up with more definitive tests.
3602:
4664:
4641:
4393:
4174:
4066:
3610:
1913:
Burger HG, Igarashi M (April 1988). "Inhibin: definition and nomenclature, including related substances".
1548:
1372:
685:
1608:, a positive test for inhibin B slightly raises the chances for successfully achieving pregnancy through
540:
391:
242:
81:
813:. Many other functions have been found to be exerted by activin, including roles in cell proliferation,
738:
593:
2823:
Robertson DM, Pruysers E, Jobling T (April 2007). "Inhibin as a diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer".
2782:
Aitken DA, Wallace EM, Crossley JA, Swanston IA, van
Pareren Y, van Maarle M, et al. (May 1996).
1731:
2741:
Donovan P, Dubey OA, Kallioinen S, Rogers KW, Muehlethaler K, Müller P, et al. (December 2017).
1688:
1637:
1435:
1339:
795:
444:
295:
134:
849:'s work in the mid-1970s, after which both proteins were molecularly characterized ten years later.
32:
Not to be confused with the agent that was referred to as 'inhibine' prior to its identification as
6567:
4950:
4486:
4319:
4304:
4268:
4071:
3883:
3860:
3824:
3796:
3432:
2465:"Activin a plays a critical role in proliferation and differentiation of human adipose progenitors"
2463:
Zaragosi LE, Wdziekonski B, Villageois P, Keophiphath M, Maumus M, Tchkonia T, et al. (2010).
2165:
Mellor SL, Cranfield M, Ries R, Pedersen J, Cancilla B, de
Kretser D, et al. (December 2000).
2079:
Xu P, Hall AK (November 2006). "The role of activin in neuropeptide induction and pain sensation".
1732:"Activin signaling and its role in regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis"
1147:
1071:
5761:
5372:
5275:
2206:
Bamberger C, Schärer A, Antsiferova M, Tychsen B, Pankow S, Müller M, et al. (9 March 2021).
6517:
6392:
5155:
5014:
4291:
4021:
3507:
3296:
2883:
2641:
Buczkowicz P, Hoeman C, Rakopoulos P, Pajovic S, Letourneau L, Dzamba M, et al. (May 2014).
2578:
Taylor KR, Mackay A, Truffaux N, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Philippe C, et al. (May 2014).
2545:
2469:
2399:
2340:
2061:
1974:
1802:
1759:
1712:
1661:
1035:
6349:
6192:
6031:
5746:
5950:
5851:
5639:
5634:
5604:
5599:
5499:
2464:
2036:
Ying SY (December 1987). "Inhibins and activins: chemical properties and biological activity".
6542:
5619:
5082:
4478:
4167:
4096:
3925:
3527:
3087:
2965:
2942:
Toulis KA, Iliadou PK, Venetis CA, Tsametis C, Tarlatzis BC, Papadimas I, et al. (2010).
2924:
2875:
2840:
2805:
2764:
2743:"Paracrine Activin-A Signaling Promotes Melanoma Growth and Metastasis through Immune Evasion"
2723:
2672:
2609:
2537:
2496:
2440:
2391:
2344:
2313:
2278:
2237:
2188:
2147:
2096:
2053:
2018:
1966:
1922:
1892:
1843:
1794:
1751:
1704:
1653:
1575:
1551:
846:
138:
33:
5841:
5766:
5589:
5489:
5377:
5280:
5130:
6562:
6552:
5644:
5594:
5285:
5135:
4445:
4440:
4011:
3828:
3781:
3552:
3542:
3301:
3083:
2955:
2914:
2867:
2832:
2795:
2754:
2713:
2703:
2662:
2654:
2599:
2591:
2529:
2486:
2478:
2430:
2381:
2373:
2332:
2305:
2268:
2227:
2219:
2178:
2137:
2127:
2088:
2045:
2008:
1956:
1882:
1874:
1833:
1786:
1743:
1696:
1645:
1601:
1170:
1135:
838:
798:
that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Identified in 1986, activin enhances
742:
733:
588:
439:
290:
129:
5945:
5756:
5367:
5270:
5265:
1861:
Makanji Y, Zhu J, Mishra R, Holmquist C, Wong WP, Schwartz NB, et al. (October 2014).
1371:
As with other members of the superfamily, activins interact with two types of cell surface
6373:
6303:
6298:
6216:
6139:
6134:
6004:
5999:
5822:
5715:
5710:
5470:
5357:
5352:
5237:
4770:
4403:
4198:
3968:
3940:
3856:
3532:
2564:
1597:
1468:
1355:
1311:
1297:
1267:
1216:
1159:
1123:
810:
762:
617:
597:
468:
319:
158:
3030:
2690:
Lidbury BA, Kita B, Lewis DP, Hayward S, Ludlow H, Hedger MP, et al. (March 2017).
2114:
Deli A, Kreidl E, Santifaller S, Trotter B, Seir K, Berger W, et al. (March 2008).
1692:
1641:
191:
4977:
4922:
4891:
4863:
4808:
4703:
4420:
4351:
4118:
3637:
3436:
3061:
2718:
2691:
2667:
2642:
2604:
2579:
2491:
2333:
2232:
2207:
2142:
2115:
1887:
1862:
1590:
1544:
1461:
1282:
882:
842:
299:
2223:
448:
6611:
6527:
5120:
4932:
4708:
4410:
4373:
4123:
4111:
3791:
2919:
2902:
2377:
1583:
1275:
1200:
1185:
853:
834:
830:
2887:
2549:
2403:
2065:
1978:
1763:
1716:
6547:
5930:
5925:
5614:
5574:
5569:
5145:
4715:
4651:
4636:
4599:
4546:
4513:
4253:
4220:
4036:
3948:
3815:
3645:
3641:
2995:
2985:
1806:
1665:
1515:
1499:
1335:
1193:
1189:
802:
2628:"Cure Brain Cancer - News - Multiple Breakthroughs in Childhood Brain Cancer DIPG"
2836:
709:
564:
415:
266:
105:
6537:
6235:
5935:
5579:
4899:
4876:
4378:
4281:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4106:
4076:
4061:
3930:
3786:
3776:
3653:
3562:
3522:
2800:
2783:
2092:
2049:
1605:
1567:
1139:
826:
772:
627:
478:
329:
168:
1747:
6577:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6270:
6090:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5609:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5417:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5195:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5061:
4927:
4813:
4463:
4415:
4344:
4339:
3976:
3418:
3110:
3105:
3100:
2871:
2759:
2742:
2708:
1790:
1730:
Chen YG, Wang Q, Lin SL, Chang CD, Chuang J, Chung J, et al. (May 2006).
1480:
1220:
1018:
822:
716:
571:
422:
273:
112:
2903:"Inhibin B reference data for fertile and infertile men in Northeast America"
1065:
are identical to the two beta subunits of inhibin. A fifth subunit, activin β
857:
Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as
6470:
6466:
6457:
6367:
6363:
6334:
6266:
6262:
6210:
6206:
6182:
6086:
6082:
6049:
6045:
5887:
5846:
5629:
5527:
5494:
5464:
5460:
5441:
5413:
5409:
5206:
5191:
5187:
5067:
5057:
5053:
4730:
4659:
4541:
4453:
4388:
4314:
4086:
4081:
4056:
4046:
3958:
3255:
2960:
2943:
2309:
2183:
2166:
1863:"Inhibin at 90: from discovery to clinical application, a historical review"
1838:
1821:
1529:
1511:
1465:
1464:
of obese, compared to lean persons. Activin A promotes the proliferation of
1347:
1301:
1230:
818:
806:
6443:
5874:
2969:
2928:
2879:
2844:
2768:
2727:
2676:
2613:
2541:
2500:
2444:
2317:
2282:
2241:
2192:
2151:
2100:
1970:
1896:
1847:
1798:
1755:
1528:
Elevated
Activin B levels with normal Activin A levels provided a possible
1226:
Lack of activin during development results in neural developmental defects.
2809:
2580:"Recurrent activating ACVR1 mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma"
2435:
2418:
2395:
2057:
2022:
1961:
1944:
1926:
1708:
1657:
1233:
into a mesoendodermal fate, and thus provides a useful tool for stem cell
17:
6594:
4881:
4780:
4762:
4720:
4698:
4621:
4613:
4594:
4576:
4505:
4383:
4276:
4238:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3873:
3868:
3846:
3841:
3801:
2565:"Regeneron scientists discover key to excess bone growth in rare disease"
1878:
1571:
1555:
1507:
1487:
1476:
1271:
1238:
1204:
1155:
1143:
1127:
721:
576:
427:
278:
117:
2419:"Inhibin B in male reproduction: pathophysiology and clinical relevance"
2132:
2013:
1996:
1521:
Mutations in the ACVR1 gene have also been linked to cancer, especially
6532:
6522:
6462:
6359:
6258:
6202:
6078:
6041:
5456:
5405:
5183:
5049:
4785:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4626:
4561:
4432:
4190:
3953:
3836:
3633:
3517:
3512:
3008:"Activin and follistatin in liver biology and hepatocellular carcinoma"
2273:
2256:
1579:
1351:
792:
2784:"Dimeric inhibin A as a marker for Down's syndrome in early pregnancy"
2482:
1438:
complexes responsible for the expression of a large variety of genes.
6583:
6381:
6377:
6245:
6224:
6220:
6060:
5830:
5826:
5624:
5478:
5474:
4909:
4871:
4690:
4631:
4026:
3745:
3705:
3575:
3474:
3444:
3390:
3385:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3340:
3335:
2386:
1700:
1649:
1540:
1522:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1343:
1263:
1212:
1038:, whereas the similarity between beta subunits is approximately 65%.
704:
559:
410:
261:
100:
2658:
2595:
1041:
In mammals, four beta subunits have been described, called activin β
5659:
5300:
2533:
6512:
6444:
6402:
6339:
6187:
6176:
6172:
6128:
6124:
6120:
5993:
5961:
5960:
5896:
5875:
5812:
5806:
5740:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5540:
5536:
5514:
5446:
5435:
5346:
5342:
5231:
5227:
5076:
4942:
4917:
4828:
4800:
4533:
3920:
3915:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3710:
3695:
3690:
3675:
3662:
3570:
3402:
3330:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3127:
1491:
1387:
1286:
1177:
1151:
1119:
1091:
1017:
948:
932:
508:
493:
359:
344:
210:
183:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5802:
5798:
5776:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5654:
5509:
5431:
5427:
5387:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5295:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5165:
5091:
5031:
4101:
4016:
3910:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3700:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3122:
2038:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
1208:
1181:
1166:
927:
697:
552:
403:
254:
93:
57:
42:
4981:
4163:
3606:
3034:
6403:
2116:"Activins and activin antagonists in hepatocellular carcinoma"
888:
4159:
2901:
Myers GM, Lambert-Messerlian GM, Sigman M (December 2009).
1434:
through multimerization, resulting in their modulation as
1430:
Smad3 then translocates to the nucleus and interacts with
1219:
suggesting that activin A acts as a potent activator of
6407:
5009:
1475:
into adipocytes. Activin A also increases inflammatory
5777:
5655:
5510:
5388:
5296:
5166:
5036:
5032:
2171:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1915:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1566:
Quantification of inhibin A is part of the prenatal
1034:
The alpha and beta subunits share approximately 25%
6502:
6442:
6433:
6401:
6244:
6059:
5959:
5873:
5864:
5775:
5653:
5508:
5386:
5294:
5164:
5030:
5021:
4941:
4908:
4890:
4862:
4827:
4799:
4761:
4738:
4729:
4689:
4682:
4650:
4612:
4575:
4532:
4504:
4495:
4477:
4431:
4364:
4290:
4267:
4219:
4208:
4197:
3989:
3967:
3939:
3882:
3855:
3823:
3814:
3769:
3661:
3652:
3584:
3561:
3498:
3431:
3411:
3373:
3318:
3295:
3153:
3081:
3072:
2417:Meachem SJ, Nieschlag E, Simoni M (November 2001).
1105:subunits but is unable to dimerize with inhibin α.
1097:
subunit is able to form activin heterodimers with β
892:
768:
758:
753:
732:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
667:
659:
651:
646:
641:
623:
613:
608:
587:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
514:
504:
499:
492:
474:
464:
459:
438:
433:
421:
409:
397:
385:
373:
365:
355:
350:
343:
325:
315:
310:
289:
284:
272:
260:
248:
236:
224:
216:
206:
201:
182:
164:
154:
149:
128:
123:
111:
99:
87:
75:
63:
53:
48:
41:
5781:
5392:
5170:
1534:myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
1943:Robertson DM, Burger HG, Fuller PJ (March 2004).
1281:FSH stimulates the secretion of inhibin from the
6246:
6061:
1582:) is suggestive of the presence of a fetus with
1138:, activin increases FSH binding and FSH-induced
6065:
2458:
2456:
2454:
1184:formation. Its action in wound repair and skin
1938:
1936:
1215:. Activin A increased the expression level of
4993:
4175:
3618:
3046:
1990:
1988:
1908:
1906:
1229:Upregulation of Activin A drives pluripotent
8:
1250:In both females and males, inhibin inhibits
809:, and participates in the regulation of the
6439:
5870:
5027:
5000:
4986:
4978:
4735:
4686:
4501:
4216:
4205:
4182:
4168:
4160:
3820:
3658:
3625:
3611:
3603:
3315:
3078:
3053:
3039:
3031:
750:
605:
456:
307:
190:
146:
2998:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2988:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2959:
2918:
2799:
2758:
2717:
2707:
2666:
2603:
2490:
2434:
2385:
2272:
2231:
2182:
2141:
2131:
2012:
1960:
1886:
1837:
1514:that effectively cures the disease in an
1379:activities in their cytoplasmic domains:
1165:Activin is strongly expressed in wounded
2747:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2514:
2512:
2510:
2257:"Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cells"
27:Regulators of feedback on FSH-production
3931:Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3
1620:
2563:Julie Steenhuysen (2 September 2015).
1589:It also has been used as a marker for
1375:(Types I and II) which have intrinsic
1079:subunits give rise to activin A, one β
638:
489:
340:
179:
38:
1596:Inhibin B may be used as a marker of
1506:announced that they had developed an
1496:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
1490:in the gene for the activin receptor
901:
898:
895:
7:
3018:from the original on 9 December 2008
3006:Grusch M, Kreidl E (1 August 2008).
2860:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
2366:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
1945:"Inhibin/activin and ovarian cancer"
1779:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
1296:reaches a peak in the early- to mid-
1180:improves wound healing and enhances
2788:The New England Journal of Medicine
2331:Le T, Bhushan V, Hofmann J (2012).
1539:Activin A is overexpressed in many
1460:Activin A is more plentiful in the
1350:stimulate inhibin production; this
1318:Inhibin secretion is diminished by
1289:. In turn, inhibin suppresses FSH.
1169:, and overexpression of activin in
6510:Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors:
1354:may also help to locally regulate
25:
4042:Cholesterylester transfer protein
3892:Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
2696:Journal of Translational Medicine
2423:European Journal of Endocrinology
2212:The American Journal of Pathology
2120:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1736:Experimental Biology and Medicine
4670:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
2920:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.033
1523:diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
1285:of the ovarian follicles in the
1203:of branching organs such as the
1158:. In the male, activin enhances
196:The Activin dimer, from 2ARV.pdb
3074:TGF beta superfamily of ligands
2630:. Cure Brain Cancer Foundation.
5286:ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)
5136:ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)
3221:Growth differentiation factors
2335:First Aid for the USMLE Step 1
1:
6653:Human female endocrine system
2255:Pauklin S, Vallier L (2015).
2224:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62047-0
867:growth differentiation factor
6628:Genes on human chromosome 12
2837:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.017
2378:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90036-1
1995:Kingsley DM (January 1994).
1310:reaches its peak in the mid-
6623:Genes on human chromosome 7
6618:Genes on human chromosome 2
5625:RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511)
4139:Tumor necrosis factor alpha
3164:Bone morphogenetic proteins
2801:10.1056/NEJM199605093341904
2093:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.026
2050:10.3181/00379727-186-42611a
1610:testicular sperm extraction
1262:Inhibin is produced in the
1199:Activin also regulates the
1196:in a dose-dependent manner.
1118:Activin is produced in the
6669:
6633:Mammal reproductive system
4838:Insulin-like growth factor
4129:Thyroxine-binding proteins
1748:10.1177/153537020623100507
1552:anti-tumor immune response
1543:. It was shown to promote
1324:insulin-like growth factor
1188:is through stimulation of
863:bone morphogenetic protein
31:
5615:Galunisertib (LY-2157299)
4092:Serum amyloid P component
4052:Colony-stimulating factor
2948:Human Reproduction Update
2872:10.1016/j.mce.2004.02.014
2760:10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.845
2709:10.1186/s12967-017-1161-4
2298:Human Reproduction Update
1791:10.1016/j.mce.2004.07.011
1504:Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
1471:, while inhibiting their
1423:, two of the cytoplasmic
961:stimulates FSH secretion
960:
957:
920:
917:
904:
871:TGF-β protein superfamily
749:
604:
455:
306:
189:
145:
6563:Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)
6345:Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A)
4032:B-cell activating factor
4007:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
3381:Activin type 2 receptors
3326:Activin type 1 receptors
3000:Medical Subject Headings
2990:Medical Subject Headings
1949:Endocrine-Related Cancer
1401:Activin type 2 receptors
1384:Activin type 1 receptors
1334:It is secreted from the
1069:, has been described in
912:
909:
791:are two closely related
2907:Fertility and Sterility
2339:. McGraw Hill. p.
2184:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7052
2001:Genes & Development
1377:serine/threonine kinase
1373:transmembrane receptors
1300:, and a second peak at
921:inhibits FSH secretion
5762:Dorsomorphin (BML-275)
5373:Dorsomorphin (BML-275)
5276:Dorsomorphin (BML-275)
4665:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
4642:Pancreatic polypeptide
4067:Membrane glycoproteins
3283:Anti-müllerian hormone
3066:TGFβ signaling pathway
1023:
859:anti-Müllerian hormone
6638:Hormones of the ovary
2961:10.1093/humupd/dmq024
2436:10.1530/eje.0.1450561
2310:10.1093/humupd/dmh057
2081:Developmental Biology
1962:10.1677/erc.0.0110035
1839:10.1093/humrep/deg138
1451:Clinical significance
1142:. It participates in
1021:
5012:receptor superfamily
1879:10.1210/er.2014-1003
1436:transcription factor
1340:seminiferous tubules
1146:synthesis enhancing
1130:, and other organs:
6580:(against myostatin)
4951:Natriuretic peptide
4269:Posterior pituitary
4254:Somatostatin (GHIH)
4072:Myelin protein zero
3997:Activin and inhibin
3797:Phytohaemagglutinin
3118:Activin and inhibin
2133:10.3748/wjg.14.1699
2014:10.1101/gad.8.2.133
1693:1986Natur.321..779L
1642:1986Natur.321..776V
1362:Mechanism of action
1036:sequence similarity
6586:(against endoglin)
5943:Kinase inhibitors:
5839:Kinase inhibitors:
5754:Kinase inhibitors:
5587:Kinase inhibitors:
5487:Kinase inhibitors:
5365:Kinase inhibitors:
5263:Kinase inhibitors:
5128:Kinase inhibitors:
4292:Anterior pituitary
4022:Asialoglycoprotein
3297:TGF beta receptors
2274:10.1242/dev.091769
1826:Human Reproduction
1578:, and a decreased
1518:of the condition.
1322:, and enhanced by
1278:and other organs.
1024:
6603:
6602:
6498:
6497:
6429:
6428:
5860:
5859:
5153:Other inhibitors:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4858:
4857:
4678:
4677:
4608:
4607:
4360:
4359:
4157:
4156:
4097:Sialoglycoprotein
3985:
3984:
3926:Platelet factor 4
3810:
3809:
3600:
3599:
3500:Ligand inhibitors
3427:
3426:
3291:
3290:
2753:(12): 2578–2587.
2483:10.2337/db10-0013
2477:(10): 2513–2521.
2350:978-0-07-177636-3
1867:Endocrine Reviews
1547:by hampering the
1338:, located in the
1211:, and especially
1031:
1030:
1014:
1013:
847:Cornelia Channing
782:
781:
778:
777:
637:
636:
633:
632:
488:
487:
484:
483:
339:
338:
335:
334:
178:
177:
174:
173:
34:hydrogen peroxide
16:(Redirected from
6660:
6643:Peptide hormones
6446:
6440:
6409:
6405:
6390:Decoy receptors:
6335:Myostatin (GDF8)
6248:
6233:Decoy receptors:
6183:Myostatin (GDF8)
6067:
6063:
5963:
5877:
5871:
5783:
5779:
5661:
5657:
5516:
5512:
5442:Myostatin (GDF8)
5394:
5390:
5302:
5298:
5172:
5168:
5143:Decoy receptors:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5011:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4979:
4736:
4731:Digestive system
4687:
4502:
4441:Thyroid hormones
4217:
4206:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4161:
4012:Apolipoprotein H
3821:
3782:Intrinsic factor
3659:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3316:
3079:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3023:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2389:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2338:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2126:(11): 1699–709.
2111:
2105:
2104:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1701:10.1038/321779a0
1687:(6072): 779–82.
1676:
1670:
1669:
1650:10.1038/321776a0
1625:
1602:male infertility
1469:progenitor cells
1298:follicular phase
1136:ovarian follicle
893:
889:
751:
639:
606:
490:
457:
341:
308:
194:
180:
147:
39:
21:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6599:
6518:Cerberus (CER1)
6494:
6425:
6397:
6304:Eptotermin alfa
6299:Dibotermin alfa
6240:
6140:Eptotermin alfa
6135:Dibotermin alfa
6055:
6005:Eptotermin alfa
6000:Dibotermin alfa
5955:
5856:
5771:
5716:Eptotermin alfa
5711:Dibotermin alfa
5649:
5504:
5382:
5358:Eptotermin alfa
5353:Dibotermin alfa
5290:
5238:Eptotermin alfa
5160:
5017:
5006:
4976:
4967:
4937:
4904:
4886:
4854:
4823:
4795:
4757:
4725:
4674:
4646:
4604:
4571:
4528:
4491:
4473:
4457:
4449:
4427:
4411:Adrenal medulla
4404:Androstenedione
4356:
4286:
4263:
4211:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4158:
4153:
3981:
3963:
3935:
3878:
3851:
3806:
3765:
3648:
3631:
3601:
3596:
3580:
3557:
3494:
3423:
3407:
3369:
3299:
3287:
3149:
3096:TGF beta family
3068:
3059:
3021:
3019:
3005:
2982:
2977:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2659:10.1038/ng.2936
2647:Nature Genetics
2640:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2596:10.1038/ng.2925
2584:Nature Genetics
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2522:Nature Genetics
2518:
2517:
2508:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1785:(1–2): 127–32.
1776:
1775:
1771:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1636:(6072): 776–9.
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1598:spermatogenesis
1564:
1473:differentiation
1458:
1453:
1444:
1369:
1364:
1356:spermatogenesis
1332:
1283:granulosa cells
1268:pituitary gland
1260:
1248:
1235:differentiation
1217:type-I collagen
1160:spermatogenesis
1124:pituitary gland
1116:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:. Two activin β
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1010:
1004:
993:
987:
976:
970:
952:
936:
905:Dimer subunits
879:
831:immune response
815:differentiation
811:menstrual cycle
642:inhibin, beta E
494:inhibin, beta C
345:inhibin, beta B
197:
184:inhibin, beta A
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6666:
6664:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6474:
6460:
6451:
6449:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6414:
6412:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6371:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6274:
6252:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6229:
6228:
6214:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6094:
6072:
6070:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5967:
5965:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5900:
5890:
5881:
5879:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5788:
5786:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5666:
5664:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5563:
5562:
5544:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5468:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5421:
5399:
5397:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5316:
5307:
5305:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5240:
5235:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5177:
5175:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5095:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5043:
5041:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4864:Adipose tissue
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4834:
4832:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Enteroglucagon
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4709:Beta thymosins
4706:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4421:Norepinephrine
4418:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4374:Adrenal cortex
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Thrombopoietin
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3638:glycoconjugate
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Myostatin/GDF8
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3062:Cell signaling
3060:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3003:
2993:
2981:
2980:External links
2978:
2976:
2975:
2934:
2893:
2866:(1–2): 65–71.
2850:
2825:Cancer Letters
2815:
2794:(19): 1231–6.
2774:
2733:
2682:
2633:
2619:
2570:
2555:
2534:10.1038/ng1783
2528:(5): 525–527.
2506:
2450:
2409:
2356:
2349:
2323:
2288:
2247:
2218:(3): 733–747.
2198:
2177:(12): 4851–8.
2157:
2106:
2071:
2028:
1984:
1932:
1902:
1853:
1832:(3): 495–501.
1812:
1769:
1722:
1671:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1591:ovarian cancer
1563:
1560:
1462:adipose tissue
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1412:
1411:
1398:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1331:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1227:
1224:
1197:
1163:
1150:action in the
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:Xenopus laevis
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
950:
946:
943:
939:
938:
934:
930:
925:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
887:
883:disulfide bond
878:
875:
869:belong to the
843:Neena Schwartz
780:
779:
776:
775:
770:
766:
765:
760:
756:
755:
747:
746:
736:
730:
729:
725:
724:
719:
713:
712:
707:
701:
700:
695:
689:
688:
683:
677:
676:
671:
665:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
649:
648:
644:
643:
635:
634:
631:
630:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
610:
602:
601:
591:
585:
584:
580:
579:
574:
568:
567:
562:
556:
555:
550:
544:
543:
538:
532:
531:
526:
520:
519:
516:
512:
511:
506:
502:
501:
497:
496:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
461:
453:
452:
442:
436:
435:
431:
430:
425:
419:
418:
413:
407:
406:
401:
395:
394:
389:
383:
382:
377:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
304:
303:
293:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
187:
186:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
143:
142:
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
43:inhibin, alpha
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6665:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6606:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6568:Tomoregulin 1
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:Gremlin (Drm)
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6058:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:Ascrinvacumab
5119:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4933:Prostaglandin
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:Hypothalamic–
4207:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Thyroglobulin
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4112:Glycophorin C
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Proteoglycans
3813:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Peptidoglycan
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:glycopeptides
3643:
3642:glycoproteins
3639:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2954:(6): 713–24.
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2913:(6): 1920–3.
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:(5): 457–61.
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2429:(5): 561–71.
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:(2): 239–49.
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:(2): 123–35.
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2267:(4): 607–19.
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:(3): 253–64.
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2007:(2): 133–46.
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:(5): 747–94.
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:(5): 534–44.
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:function and
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1584:Down syndrome
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:tumorigenesis
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Sertoli cells
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1276:corpus luteum
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:morphogenesis
1198:
1195:
1194:stromal cells
1191:
1190:keratinocytes
1187:
1186:morphogenesis
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:aromatization
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1088:
1074:
1073:
1053:and activin β
1039:
1037:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1000:
997:
996:
989:
983:
980:
979:
972:
966:
963:
956:
953:
947:
944:
941:
940:
937:
931:
929:
926:
923:
916:
908:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:Activin is a
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
774:
771:
767:
764:
761:
757:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
735:
731:
726:
723:
720:
718:
714:
711:
708:
706:
702:
699:
696:
694:
690:
687:
684:
682:
678:
675:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
640:
629:
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
607:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
590:
586:
581:
578:
575:
573:
569:
566:
563:
561:
557:
554:
551:
549:
545:
542:
539:
537:
533:
530:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
498:
495:
491:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
441:
437:
432:
429:
426:
424:
420:
417:
414:
412:
408:
405:
402:
400:
396:
393:
390:
388:
384:
381:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
349:
346:
342:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
309:
305:
302:
301:
297:
294:
292:
288:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
241:
239:
235:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
209:
205:
200:
193:
188:
185:
181:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
148:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
35:
30:
19:
6605:
6591:
6574:
6509:
6454:
6417:
6389:
6357:Antagonists:
6356:
6255:
6232:
6200:Antagonists:
6199:
6075:
6039:Antagonists:
6038:
5970:
5942:
5931:Lerdelimumab
5926:Fresolimumab
5922:
5884:
5838:
5820:Antagonists:
5819:
5791:
5753:
5669:
5586:
5575:Lerdelimumab
5570:Fresolimumab
5566:
5524:
5486:
5454:Antagonists:
5453:
5402:
5364:
5310:
5262:
5180:
5152:
5146:Dalantercept
5142:
5127:
5117:
5046:
4716:Thymopoietin
4652:Pineal gland
4637:Somatostatin
4600:Progesterone
4556:
4551:
4547:Progesterone
4523:
4514:Testosterone
4497:Gonadal axis
4469:Thyroid axis
4366:Adrenal axis
4221:Hypothalamus
4037:4-1BB ligand
3996:
3949:Fibromodulin
3654:Mucoproteins
3117:
3020:. Retrieved
3014:. Elsevier.
3011:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2653:(5): 451–6.
2650:
2646:
2636:
2622:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2558:
2525:
2521:
2474:
2468:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2334:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2087:(2): 303–9.
2084:
2080:
2074:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2004:
2000:
1955:(1): 35–49.
1952:
1948:
1921:(4): 885–6.
1918:
1914:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1595:
1588:
1574:, decreased
1565:
1538:
1527:
1520:
1516:animal model
1500:osteogenesis
1485:
1459:
1445:
1429:
1413:
1370:
1333:
1326:-1 (IGF-1).
1317:
1312:luteal phase
1307:
1293:
1280:
1261:
1249:
1117:
1089:
1070:
1040:
1033:
1025:
880:
851:
835:wound repair
803:biosynthesis
788:
784:
783:
741:
660:Alt. symbols
596:
515:Alt. symbols
447:
366:Alt. symbols
298:
217:Alt. symbols
137:
29:
6648:TGFβ domain
6575:Antibodies:
6538:Follistatin
6393:Ramatercept
6236:Sotatercept
5936:Metelimumab
5923:Antibodies:
5580:Metelimumab
5567:Antibodies:
5156:Disitertide
5118:Antibodies:
4900:Osteocalcin
4877:Adiponectin
4704:Thymosin α1
4479:Parathyroid
4379:Aldosterone
4282:Vasopressin
4149:Vitronectin
4144:Uteroglobin
4134:Transcortin
4107:Glycophorin
4077:Osteonectin
4062:Lactoferrin
3787:Orosomucoid
3777:Haptoglobin
3563:Coreceptors
3523:Follistatin
3433:Transducers
3022:24 December
2831:(1): 14–7.
2261:Development
1606:azoospermia
1568:quad screen
1494:results in
1481:macrophages
1342:inside the
1221:fibroblasts
1083:, and one β
1057:. Activin β
1049:, activin β
1045:, activin β
981:Activin AB
827:homeostasis
763:Swiss-model
647:Identifiers
618:Swiss-model
500:Identifiers
469:Swiss-model
351:Identifiers
320:Swiss-model
202:Identifiers
159:Swiss-model
49:Identifiers
6612:Categories
6578:Stamulumab
6528:DAN (PARN)
6447:(β-glycan)
6350:Radotermin
6193:Radotermin
6173:11 (BMP11)
6129:15 (GDF9B)
6032:Radotermin
5897:10 (BMP3B)
5807:11 (BMP11)
5747:Radotermin
5705:15 (GDF9B)
5610:LY-2109761
5541:11 (BMP11)
5537:10 (BMP3B)
5436:11 (BMP11)
5015:modulators
4928:Calcitriol
4814:Peptide YY
4464:Calcitonin
4416:Adrenaline
4345:Lipotropin
4340:Endorphins
3977:Syndecan 1
3419:betaglycan
3154:Ligand of
3082:Ligand of
2567:. Reuters.
1616:References
1427:proteins.
1258:In females
1241:formation.
1231:stem cells
1175:transgenic
998:Activin B
964:Activin A
942:Inhibin B
924:Inhibin A
823:metabolism
759:Structures
754:Search for
728:Other data
614:Structures
609:Search for
583:Other data
465:Structures
460:Search for
434:Other data
316:Structures
311:Search for
285:Other data
155:Structures
150:Search for
124:Other data
18:Activin AB
6458:Avotermin
6421:AMH (MIS)
6418:Agonists:
6329:7 (BMP12)
6325:6 (BMP13)
6321:5 (BMP14)
6256:Agonists:
6165:7 (BMP12)
6161:6 (BMP13)
6157:5 (BMP14)
6076:Agonists:
6026:7 (BMP12)
6022:6 (BMP13)
6018:5 (BMP14)
5971:Agonists:
5951:LY-364947
5888:Avotermin
5885:Agonists:
5852:SB-505124
5847:SB-431542
5792:Agonists:
5733:7 (BMP12)
5729:6 (BMP13)
5725:5 (BMP14)
5670:Agonists:
5640:SB-525334
5635:SB-505124
5630:SB-431542
5605:LY-364947
5600:GW-788388
5528:Avotermin
5525:Agonists:
5500:SB-505124
5495:SB-431542
5403:Agonists:
5314:AMH (MIS)
5311:Agonists:
5207:Avotermin
5202:AMH (MIS)
5181:Agonists:
5068:Avotermin
5047:Agonists:
4699:Thymosins
4660:Melatonin
4542:Estradiol
4389:Cortisone
4315:Prolactin
4212:pituitary
4199:Endocrine
4087:Protein S
4082:Protein C
4057:Hemopexin
4047:Clusterin
3959:Keratocan
3012:SciTopics
2702:(1): 60.
2387:1773/4395
1530:biomarker
1512:activin A
1477:cytokines
1466:adipocyte
1348:Androgens
1308:Inhibin A
1302:ovulation
1294:Inhibin B
1171:epidermis
899:Activity
877:Structure
839:endocrine
819:apoptosis
807:secretion
796:complexes
710:NM_031479
669:NCBI gene
663:activin E
565:NM_005538
524:NCBI gene
518:activin C
416:NM_002193
375:NCBI gene
369:activin B
267:NM_002192
226:NCBI gene
220:activin A
106:NM_002191
65:NCBI gene
6595:Endoglin
6503:Unsorted
6455:Ligands:
6435:Type III
6014:2 (BMP9)
5620:R-268712
5092:2 (BMP9)
5083:Cetermin
4892:Skeleton
4882:Resistin
4781:Secretin
4763:Duodenum
4721:Thymulin
4622:Glucagon
4614:Pancreas
4595:Estrogen
4577:Placenta
4384:Cortisol
4277:Oxytocin
4239:Dopamine
4191:Hormones
3906:Brevican
3901:Neurocan
3896:Aggrecan
3874:Perlecan
3869:Testican
3847:Versican
3842:Biglycan
3802:Ovomucin
3508:Cerberus
3016:Archived
2970:20601364
2929:19006797
2888:33801243
2880:15451569
2845:17320281
2769:28844941
2728:28302133
2677:24705254
2614:24705252
2550:41579747
2542:16642017
2501:20530742
2470:Diabetes
2445:11720872
2404:21885326
2318:15618291
2283:25670788
2242:16127153
2193:11134153
2152:18350601
2101:16973148
2066:36872324
1979:12202820
1971:15027884
1897:25051334
1848:12615813
1799:15451577
1764:39050907
1756:16636301
1717:38100413
1572:beta-hCG
1556:melanoma
1549:adaptive
1525:(DIPG).
1508:antibody
1488:mutation
1330:In males
1272:placenta
1239:organoid
1205:prostate
1144:androgen
1128:placenta
1109:Function
958:Activin
918:Inhibin
902:Complex
773:InterPro
628:InterPro
479:InterPro
330:InterPro
169:InterPro
139:q33-qter
6592:Others:
6533:Decorin
6523:Chordin
6463:Inhibin
6360:Inhibin
6259:Activin
6203:Inhibin
6079:Activin
6042:Inhibin
5866:Type II
5842:A 83-01
5767:K-02288
5590:A 83-01
5490:A 83-01
5457:Inhibin
5406:Activin
5378:K-02288
5281:K-02288
5184:Activin
5131:K-02288
5050:Activin
4786:Motilin
4753:Ghrelin
4748:Gastrin
4740:Stomach
4627:Insulin
4562:Relaxin
4557:Inhibin
4552:Activin
4524:Inhibin
4433:Thyroid
3954:Lumican
3837:Decorin
3634:Protein
3528:Gremlin
3518:Decorin
3513:Chordin
3412:TGFBR3:
3374:TGFBR2:
3319:TGFBR1:
3302:Activin
2996:Inhibin
2986:Activin
2810:8606718
2719:5353946
2668:3997489
2605:4018681
2492:3279533
2396:2515083
2233:1698729
2143:2695910
2058:3122219
2023:8299934
1927:3346366
1888:4167436
1807:6943949
1709:3086749
1689:Bibcode
1666:4365045
1658:3012369
1638:Bibcode
1580:estriol
1562:Inhibin
1541:cancers
1456:Activin
1442:Inhibin
1367:Activin
1352:protein
1287:ovaries
1246:Inhibin
1134:In the
1114:Activin
793:protein
789:inhibin
785:Activin
769:Domains
739:Chr. 12
717:UniProt
624:Domains
594:Chr. 12
572:UniProt
475:Domains
449:cen-q13
423:UniProt
326:Domains
300:p15-p13
274:UniProt
165:Domains
113:UniProt
6584:TRC105
6553:Noggin
6445:TGFβR3
6247:ACVR2B
6062:ACVR2A
5876:TGFβR2
5782:ACVR1C
5660:BMPR1B
5645:SD-208
5595:D-4476
5515:TGFβR1
5393:ACVR1B
5301:BMPR1A
5171:ACVR1A
5037:ACVRL1
5023:Type I
4910:Kidney
4872:Leptin
4831:/other
4691:Thymus
4632:Amylin
4506:Testis
4399:DHEA-S
4201:glands
4027:Avidin
3706:MUC5AC
3576:Cripto
3543:Noggin
3475:I-SMAD
3445:R-SMAD
3391:ACVR2B
3386:ACVR2A
3363:BMPR1B
3358:BMPR1A
3348:ACVRL1
3341:ACVR1C
3336:ACVR1B
3310:family
3111:TGF-β3
3106:TGF-β2
3101:TGF-β1
3002:(MeSH)
2992:(MeSH)
2968:
2927:
2886:
2878:
2843:
2808:
2767:
2726:
2716:
2675:
2665:
2612:
2602:
2548:
2540:
2499:
2489:
2443:
2402:
2394:
2347:
2316:
2281:
2240:
2230:
2191:
2150:
2140:
2099:
2064:
2056:
2021:
1977:
1969:
1925:
1895:
1885:
1846:
1805:
1797:
1762:
1754:
1715:
1707:
1681:Nature
1664:
1656:
1630:Nature
1409:ACVR2B
1405:ACVR2A
1396:ACVR1C
1392:ACVR1B
1344:testes
1264:gonads
1213:kidney
1156:testis
1120:gonads
1026:
896:Class
865:, and
837:, and
722:P58166
705:RefSeq
698:612031
652:Symbol
577:P55103
560:RefSeq
553:601233
505:Symbol
445:Chr. 2
428:P09529
411:RefSeq
404:147390
356:Symbol
296:Chr. 7
279:P08476
262:RefSeq
255:147290
207:Symbol
135:Chr. 2
118:P05111
101:RefSeq
94:147380
54:Symbol
6548:LTBP1
6513:BAMBI
6404:AMHR2
6374:Lefty
6340:Nodal
6217:Lefty
6188:Nodal
6066:ACVR2
5962:BMPR2
5946:DMH-2
5823:Lefty
5813:Nodal
5757:DMH-2
5471:Lefty
5447:Nodal
5368:DMH-2
5271:DMH-2
5266:DMH-1
4943:Heart
4918:Renin
4848:IGF-2
4843:IGF-1
4829:Liver
4819:GLP-1
4801:Ileum
4683:Other
4567:GnSAF
4534:Ovary
3990:Other
3921:CSPG5
3916:CSPG4
3770:Other
3761:MUC20
3756:MUC19
3751:MUC17
3746:MUC16
3741:MUC15
3736:MUC13
3731:MUC12
3711:MUC5B
3696:MUC3B
3691:MUC3A
3676:CD164
3663:Mucin
3585:Other
3571:BAMBI
3553:THBS1
3538:LTBP1
3533:Lefty
3490:SMAD4
3484:SMAD7
3479:SMAD6
3469:SMAD9
3464:SMAD5
3459:SMAD3
3454:SMAD2
3449:SMAD1
3403:BMPR2
3398:AMHR2
3353:BMPR1
3331:ACVR1
3276:GDF15
3271:GDF11
3266:GDF10
3214:BMP15
3209:BMP10
3204:BMP8b
3199:BMP8a
3145:Nodal
3138:INHBC
3133:INHBB
3128:INHBA
3088:TGFBR
2884:S2CID
2546:S2CID
2400:S2CID
2062:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1760:S2CID
1713:S2CID
1662:S2CID
1492:ACVR1
1432:SMAD4
1421:SMAD3
1417:SMAD2
1388:ACVR1
1152:ovary
1061:and β
854:dimer
743:q13.2
734:Locus
686:24029
674:83729
655:INHBE
589:Locus
509:INHBC
440:Locus
360:INHBB
291:Locus
211:INHBA
130:Locus
6558:TGIF
6477:TGFβ
6408:AMHR
5903:TGFβ
5778:ALK7
5656:ALK6
5547:TGFβ
5511:ALK5
5389:ALK4
5297:ALK3
5243:TGFβ
5167:ALK2
5098:TGFβ
5033:ALK1
5010:TGFβ
4394:DHEA
4330:ACTH
4325:CLIP
4320:POMC
4249:GHRH
4229:GnRH
4102:CD43
4017:CD70
4002:ADAM
3911:CD44
3726:MUC8
3721:MUC7
3716:MUC6
3701:MUC4
3686:MUC2
3681:MUC1
3671:CD43
3644:and
3592:SARA
3548:PARN
3437:SMAD
3261:GDF9
3251:GDF7
3246:GDF6
3241:GDF5
3236:GDF3
3231:GDF2
3226:GDF1
3194:BMP7
3189:BMP6
3184:BMP5
3179:BMP4
3174:BMP3
3169:BMP2
3156:BMPR
3123:INHA
3084:ACVR
3024:2008
2966:PMID
2925:PMID
2876:PMID
2841:PMID
2806:PMID
2765:PMID
2724:PMID
2673:PMID
2610:PMID
2538:PMID
2497:PMID
2441:PMID
2392:PMID
2345:ISBN
2314:PMID
2279:PMID
2238:PMID
2189:PMID
2148:PMID
2097:PMID
2054:PMID
2019:PMID
1967:PMID
1923:PMID
1893:PMID
1844:PMID
1795:PMID
1752:PMID
1705:PMID
1654:PMID
1532:for
1510:for
1425:SMAD
1419:and
1320:GnRH
1237:and
1209:lung
1192:and
1182:scar
1178:mice
1167:skin
1154:and
1101:or β
1090:The
845:and
805:and
787:and
693:OMIM
681:HGNC
548:OMIM
541:6068
536:HGNC
529:3626
399:OMIM
392:6067
387:HGNC
380:3625
250:OMIM
243:6066
238:HGNC
231:3624
89:OMIM
82:6065
77:HGNC
70:3623
58:INHA
6309:GDF
6277:BMP
6145:GDF
6097:BMP
6010:GDF
5974:BMP
5893:GDF
5795:GDF
5721:GDF
5673:BMP
5533:GDF
5424:GDF
5319:BMP
5212:BMP
5088:GDF
5073:BMP
4961:BNP
4956:ANP
4923:EPO
4791:VIP
4776:GIP
4771:CCK
4590:HPL
4585:hCG
4519:AMH
4487:PTH
4335:MSH
4310:TSH
4300:FSH
4259:MCH
4244:CRH
4234:TRH
3306:BMP
3086:or
2956:doi
2915:doi
2868:doi
2864:225
2833:doi
2829:249
2796:doi
2792:334
2755:doi
2751:137
2714:PMC
2704:doi
2663:PMC
2655:doi
2600:PMC
2592:doi
2530:doi
2487:PMC
2479:doi
2431:doi
2427:145
2382:hdl
2374:doi
2341:534
2306:doi
2269:doi
2265:142
2228:PMC
2220:doi
2216:167
2179:doi
2138:PMC
2128:doi
2089:doi
2085:299
2046:doi
2042:186
2009:doi
1957:doi
1883:PMC
1875:doi
1834:doi
1787:doi
1783:225
1744:doi
1740:231
1697:doi
1685:321
1646:doi
1634:321
1576:AFP
1554:in
1479:in
1252:FSH
1173:of
800:FSH
598:q13
6614::
6487:,
6483:,
6469:,
6380:,
6366:,
6327:,
6323:,
6319:,
6315:,
6291:,
6287:,
6283:,
6271:AB
6269:,
6265:,
6223:,
6209:,
6177:15
6175:,
6171:,
6167:,
6163:,
6159:,
6155:,
6151:,
6127:,
6125:8B
6123:,
6121:8A
6119:,
6115:,
6111:,
6107:,
6103:,
6091:AB
6089:,
6085:,
6048:,
6024:,
6020:,
6016:,
5994:10
5992:,
5988:,
5984:,
5980:,
5913:,
5909:,
5829:,
5805:,
5801:,
5741:15
5739:,
5735:,
5731:,
5727:,
5703:,
5701:8B
5699:,
5697:8A
5695:,
5691:,
5687:,
5683:,
5679:,
5557:,
5553:,
5539:,
5477:,
5463:,
5434:,
5430:,
5418:AB
5416:,
5412:,
5347:8B
5345:,
5343:8A
5341:,
5337:,
5333:,
5329:,
5325:,
5253:,
5249:,
5232:8B
5230:,
5228:8A
5226:,
5222:,
5218:,
5196:AB
5194:,
5190:,
5108:,
5104:,
5077:10
5062:AB
5060:,
5056:,
4352:GH
4305:LH
3969:HS
3941:KS
3894::
3884:CS
3861:CS
3857:HS
3829:DS
3825:CS
3640::
3636:,
3308:,
3304:,
3064::
3010:.
2964:.
2952:16
2950:.
2946:.
2923:.
2911:92
2909:.
2905:.
2882:.
2874:.
2862:.
2839:.
2827:.
2804:.
2790:.
2786:.
2763:.
2749:.
2745:.
2722:.
2712:.
2700:15
2698:.
2694:.
2671:.
2661:.
2651:46
2649:.
2645:.
2608:.
2598:.
2588:46
2586:.
2582:.
2544:.
2536:.
2526:38
2524:.
2509:^
2495:.
2485:.
2475:59
2473:.
2467:.
2453:^
2439:.
2425:.
2421:.
2398:.
2390:.
2380:.
2370:66
2368:.
2343:.
2312:.
2302:11
2300:.
2277:.
2263:.
2259:.
2236:.
2226:.
2214:.
2210:.
2187:.
2175:85
2173:.
2169:.
2146:.
2136:.
2124:14
2122:.
2118:.
2095:.
2083:.
2060:.
2052:.
2040:.
2017:.
2003:.
1999:.
1987:^
1973:.
1965:.
1953:11
1951:.
1947:.
1935:^
1919:66
1917:.
1905:^
1891:.
1881:.
1871:35
1869:.
1865:.
1842:.
1830:18
1828:.
1824:.
1801:.
1793:.
1781:.
1758:.
1750:.
1738:.
1734:.
1711:.
1703:.
1695:.
1683:.
1660:.
1652:.
1644:.
1632:.
1593:.
1558:.
1536:.
1486:A
1483:.
1407:,
1403::
1394:,
1390:,
1386::
1358:.
1346:.
1274:,
1270:,
1266:,
1207:,
1148:LH
1126:,
1122:,
945:α
913:2
910:1
873:.
861:,
833:,
829:,
825:,
821:,
817:,
6491:)
6489:3
6485:2
6481:1
6479:(
6473:)
6471:B
6467:A
6465:(
6410:)
6406:(
6384:)
6382:2
6378:1
6376:(
6370:)
6368:B
6364:A
6362:(
6331:)
6317:3
6313:1
6311:(
6295:)
6293:7
6289:6
6285:4
6281:2
6279:(
6273:)
6267:B
6263:A
6261:(
6227:)
6225:2
6221:1
6219:(
6213:)
6211:B
6207:A
6205:(
6179:)
6169:9
6153:3
6149:1
6147:(
6131:)
6117:7
6113:6
6109:5
6105:4
6101:2
6099:(
6093:)
6087:B
6083:A
6081:(
6068:)
6064:(
6052:)
6050:B
6046:A
6044:(
6028:)
6012:(
5996:)
5990:7
5986:6
5982:4
5978:2
5976:(
5917:)
5915:3
5911:2
5907:1
5905:(
5899:)
5895:(
5833:)
5831:2
5827:1
5825:(
5809:)
5803:3
5799:1
5797:(
5784:)
5780:(
5743:)
5737:9
5723:(
5707:)
5693:7
5689:6
5685:5
5681:4
5677:2
5675:(
5662:)
5658:(
5561:)
5559:3
5555:2
5551:1
5549:(
5543:)
5535:(
5517:)
5513:(
5481:)
5479:2
5475:1
5473:(
5467:)
5465:B
5461:A
5459:(
5438:)
5432:3
5428:1
5426:(
5420:)
5414:B
5410:A
5408:(
5395:)
5391:(
5349:)
5339:7
5335:6
5331:5
5327:4
5323:2
5321:(
5303:)
5299:(
5257:)
5255:3
5251:2
5247:1
5245:(
5234:)
5224:7
5220:6
5216:5
5214:(
5198:)
5192:B
5188:A
5186:(
5173:)
5169:(
5112:)
5110:3
5106:2
5102:1
5100:(
5094:)
5090:(
5079:)
5075:(
5064:)
5058:B
5054:A
5052:(
5039:)
5035:(
5001:e
4994:t
4987:v
4456:4
4454:T
4448:3
4446:T
4183:e
4176:t
4169:v
3859:/
3827:/
3626:e
3619:t
3612:v
3486:)
3477:(
3471:)
3447:(
3435:/
3312:)
3300:(
3054:e
3047:t
3040:v
3026:.
2972:.
2958::
2931:.
2917::
2890:.
2870::
2847:.
2835::
2812:.
2798::
2771:.
2757::
2730:.
2706::
2679:.
2657::
2616:.
2594::
2552:.
2532::
2503:.
2481::
2447:.
2433::
2406:.
2384::
2376::
2353:.
2320:.
2308::
2285:.
2271::
2244:.
2222::
2195:.
2181::
2154:.
2130::
2103:.
2091::
2068:.
2048::
2025:.
2011::
2005:8
1981:.
1959::
1929:.
1899:.
1877::
1850:.
1836::
1809:.
1789::
1766:.
1746::
1719:.
1699::
1691::
1668:.
1648::
1640::
1314:.
1304:.
1223:.
1162:.
1103:B
1099:A
1094:C
1092:β
1085:B
1081:A
1077:A
1067:D
1063:B
1059:A
1055:E
1051:C
1047:B
1043:A
1009:B
1007:β
1003:B
1001:β
992:B
990:β
986:A
984:β
975:A
973:β
969:A
967:β
951:B
949:β
935:A
933:β
928:α
36:.
20:)
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