470:
693:
497:, meaning one generation per year. Life stages are approximately 10 days as eggs, 6–7 weeks as larvae, 2–3 weeks as pupae, finishing with one week as winged adults appearing in late May or early June. In the mid-Atlantic states the species is bivoltine, and farther south trivoltine, meaning respectively two and three generations per year. In the central states the first generation appears in April, second in July. Even farther south, first generation appears as early as March, with second and third spaced eight to ten weeks later.
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349:, emerging from the egg, reaches a length of 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in), the second 9–10 mm (0.35–0.39 in), the third 12–16 mm (0.47–0.63 in) and the fourth 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in). The fifth (final) instar grows to approximately 70–90 mm (2.8–3.5 in) in length. Small, colorful dots – yellow or magenta – may line the sides of the fourth and fifth instars. The larvae may take on a reddish-brown color just prior to
736:
103:
604:. Males can detect these molecules at a distance of several miles, and then fly in the direction the wind is coming from until reaching the female. Luna moth females mate with the first males to find them, a process that typically starts after midnight and takes several hours. Researchers extracted three chemical compounds from the pheromone gland of unmated Luna moth females and identified one major and two minor aldehyde compounds designated
794:
nonessential appendages, with success occurring over 55% of the time. Experiments were conducted with Luna moths with intact wings and with the tails removed. With intact wings, a majority of the attacking bats contacted the hindwing tails rather than the body of the moth; only 35% of intact moths were caught versus 81% for those with clipped tails. The results of this experiment support echolocation distortion as an effective countermeasure.
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807:. Due to its flexible life cycle, it can parasitize more than 150 species of butterflies and moths in North America. Researchers reported that when Luna moth larvae were placed outside for about a week and then collected and returned to the laboratory, four parasitic species emerged, the most common being
534:
behind. Sometimes the shed exoskeleton is eaten. Newly hatched, this caterpillar constantly munches on the leaves of walnut, hickory, sweetgum, and paper birch trees. Each instar is green, though the first two instars do have some variation in which some larvae will have black underlying splotches on
565:
over winter, in which case the pupal stage takes about nine months. The mechanisms triggering diapause are generally a mixture of genetic triggers, duration of sunlight and temperature. The pupae have chitinous spurs near the base of the forewings. By vigorously moving about within the cocoon, these
539:
side. The final instar grows to approximately 70 mm (2.8 in) to 90 mm (3.5 in) in length. All five instar stages possess green spines on the dorsal surface. These spines do not sting, but can still cause irritation upon contact. This is a tree-dwelling species. Larvae stay on the
620:
11-18:Ald. The same compounds were also synthesized. Field experiments with both unmated females and the synthesized compounds confirmed that E6, Z11-18:Ald was the major sex pheromone, attraction augmented by the addition of E6-18:Ald but not by Z11-18:Ald. The authors mentioned that no other moth
587:
flying time. As with all giant silk moths, the adults only have vestigial mouthparts and no digestive system and therefore do not eat in their adult form, instead relying on energy they stored up as caterpillars. In regions where there are two or three generations per year, the second and third may
560:
after spinning a silk cocoon, which is thin and single layered. Shortly before pupation, the final, fifth-instar caterpillar will engage in a "gut dump" where any excess water and intestinal contents are expelled. As pupae, this species is more physically active than most moths. When disturbed, the
364:
with the wings small, crumpled and held close to the body. Over a period of several hours the wings will enlarge to full size. Wingspan is typically 8–11.5 cm (3.1–4.5 in), and in rare instances as much as 17.78 cm (7.00 in). Females and males are similar in size and appearance:
583:(invertebrates' equivalent to blood) from the abdomen into the wings. The moths must wait for the wings to dry and harden before being able to fly. This process can take 2–3 hours to complete. Luna moths are not rare, but are rarely seen due to their very brief (7–10 day) adult lives and
918:
reported very poor survival on these seven tree species even though older literature had identified them as hosts. The author suggested that host plant utilization may differ regionally, so that larvae collected from one region may not tolerate host plants readily consumed in another region.
369:
mouthparts and do not feed. Energy is from fat stores created while a caterpillar. The forward edge of the forewing is dark-colored and thick, tapering in thickness from the thorax to the wing tip. Its color can range from maroon to brown. The eyespots, one per wing, are oval in shape on the
793:
species collectively referred to as "moon moths" have long hindwing tails. A "false target" hypothesis holds that the tails evolved as a means of reducing risk of predation by bats which use echolocation to locate prey. The moths use the spinning hindwing tails to fool bats into attacking
578:
Pupae transition to winged state after receiving external signals in the form of temperature change. When the adult Luna moths emerge from their pupae, their abdomens are swollen and their wings are small, soft and wet. The first few hours of adult life will be spent pumping
775:
Some species of giant silk moth larvae are known to make clicking noises when attacked by rubbing their serrated mandibles together. These clicks are audible to humans and extend into ultrasound frequencies audible to predators. Clicks are thought to be a form of
540:
same tree where they hatched until it is time to descend to the ground to make a cocoon. When females emerge from cocoons they fly to preferred tree species, emit pheromones, and wait there for males to find them. Although some larvae in the family
1579:
505:
Females lay 200–400 eggs, singly or in small groups, on the underside of leaves of the tree species preferred by the larvae. Egg laying starts the evening after mating is completed and goes on for several days. Eggs hatch in about a week.
820:, which have chemical defenses much earlier in the larval stage, the Luna moth larvae are left largely defenseless until it reaches this length. However, the absence of a chemical defense allows for the shortening of the larval stage.
780:
warning signaling, made prior to predator-deterring regurgitation of intestinal contents. Luna moth larvae click and regurgitate, with the regurgitated material confirmed as being a predator deterrent against several species.
381:, but on the male, much longer and wider. Wing color is blue-green in the north and for the over-wintering generation in the central and southern states; second and third generation wing color has more of a yellow-green tint.
928:, and concentrations were even higher when larvae were fed walnut or hickory leaves versus white birch or American sweet gum. This suggests evolutionary and inducible adaptations to allow consumption of certain host plants.
295:
Across Canada, it has one generation per year, with the winged adults appearing in late May or early June, whereas farther south it will have two or even three generations per year, the first appearance as early as March in
923:
is a chemical compound common to walnut and hickory which most insects find a deterrent or even toxic. Luna moth larvae have higher concentrations of juglone-neutralizing digestive system enzymes compared to other
345:
Eggs, attached in small groups to undersides of leaves, are mottled white and brown, slightly oval, and roughly 1.5 millimeters in diameter. Larvae are primarily green, with sparse hairs. The first
397:
in 1700, this was the first North
American saturniid to be reported in the insect literature. The initial Latin name, which roughly translates to "brilliant, feather tail", was replaced when
1204:, an introduced generalist tachinid, on non-target species in North America: a cautionary tale. IN: Assessing Host Ranges of Parasitoids and Predators used for Classical Biological Control"
621:
species were attracted to either the unmated females or the synthesized products, confirming that the pheromone is species-specific, at least for the sites and dates where it was tested.
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The Luna moth appeared on a first class United States postage stamp issued in June 1987. Although more than two dozen butterflies have been so honored, as of 2019 this is the only moth.
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green wings, eyespots on both forewings and hind wings, and long, sometimes somewhat twisted tails extending from the back edge of the hindwings. Bodies are white and hairy. Adults have
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377:
There are some sex-determined and regional differences in appearance. Females will have a larger abdomen compared to males because it contains 200–400 eggs. Both sexes have
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402:
1573:
Barber, Jesse R.; Leavell, Brian C.; Keener, Adam L.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Chadwell, Brad A.; McClure, Christopher J. W.; Hill, Geena M. & Kawahara, Akito Y. (2015).
421:, the Roman moon goddess. The common name became "Luna moth". Several other North American giant silk moths were also given species names after Roman or Greek mythology.
814:
Luna moth larvae have displayed defenses against predators in late instars by developing spines once they reach about 3 cm in length. Unlike other species such as
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Biochemical detoxification of host plant defensive chemicals by digestive system enzymes may be a factor in regional host plant specialization.
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is roughly 114 mm (4.5 in), but wingspans can exceed 178 mm (7.0 in), ranking the species as one of the larger moths in
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2017:
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844:. The larvae do not reach population densities sufficient to cause significant damage to their host trees. Tuskes listed white birch (
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Lee WJ, Moss CF (2016). "Can the elongated hindwing tails of fluttering moths serve as false sonar targets to divert bat attacks?".
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native to Europe was deliberately introduced to the United States throughout much of the 20th century as a biological control for
561:
moths will wiggle within their pupal cases, producing a noise. Pupation takes approximately two weeks unless the individual is in
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spurs tear a circular opening from which the imago emerges, the silk of the cocoon having also been weakened by the secretion of
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1244:(Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in central Virginia, and their hyperparasitism by Trigonalid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae)"
759:
2009:
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Sourakov, Andrei (2018). "Size, spines and crochets: defences of luna moth caterpillars against predation by brown anoles".
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Lindroth RL (1989). "Chemical ecology of the luna moth: Effects of host plant on detoxification enzyme activity".
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are not. The spines, or setae, located on the thoracic and abdominal segments have no chemical component to them.
522:. At the end of each instar, a small amount of silk is placed on the major vein of a leaf and the larva undergoes
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forewings and round on the hindwings. Each eyespot can have arcs of black, blue, red, yellow, green or white. The
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308:
102:
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Millar JG, Haynes KF, Dossey AT, McElfresh JS, Allison JD (2016). "Sex attractant pheromone of the Luna moth,
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337:(formerly known as gypsy moth) appears to have had a negative impact on luna moths and other native moths.
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The Wild Silk Moths of North
America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada
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518:– the period between molts – generally takes about 4–10 days. There are five instars before
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Barber JR, Leavell BC, Keener AL, Breinholt JW, Chadwell BA, McClure CJ, Hill GM, Kawahara AY (2015).
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The researchers concluded that this parasitoid fly causes collateral damage to Luna moth populations.
307:, larvae emit clicks as a warning and can also regurgitate intestinal contents, confirmed as having a
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Giant silk moths have in common a mating process wherein the females, at night, release volatile sex
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1636:"Implicating an introduced generalist parasitoid in the invasive browntail moth's enigmatic demise"
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have wing coloration that is more of a yellow-green compared to the first generation of the year.
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353:. Fifth-instar larvae descend to the ground and use silk to bind dead leaves around the cocoon.
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886:) as host plants for the caterpillars. Other tree species have been identified as suitable for
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on a variety of predators. The elongated tails of the hindwings are thought to confuse the
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Featured
Creatures, Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida
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Featured
Creatures, Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
360:(winged, sexually mature), often referred to as 'adult moths,' emerge from the
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The
Infinite Spider - A Science and Nature Blog for Naturalists and Educators
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5th-instar larva starting to create a cocoon (note silk strands to leaves)
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1416:"Rare Luna moth found in Devon... after travelling 4,000 miles from its"
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per year. In Canada and northern regions of the United States they are
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Mating imagoes (winged adults). Male, with larger antennae, on left
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1442:"Green Caterpillars: Discover Types, Identification, and Control"
1575:"Moth tails divert bat attack: Evolution of acoustic deflection"
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Forest Health
Technology Enterprise Team, U.S. Dept. Agriculture
1138:"Moth tails divert bat attack: evolution of acoustic deflection"
1011:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 182–184,
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254:
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The larvae of Luna moths feed on several different species of
1479:(Linnaeus) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Saturniinae)"
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in which they live, Luna moths produce different numbers of
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10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2664:iaigpi]2.0.co;2
686:
Pupa, removed from cocoon. Eyes visible at head end (left)
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Eggs from female raised in captivity, laid on coarse paper
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The Luna moth is found in North
America, from east of the
824:
has a larval stage at least twice as long on average as
457:. Luna moths are also rarely found in Western Europe as
662:
4th-instar larva. Spots can also be yellow or magenta.
401:
described the species in 1758 in the tenth edition of
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larvae, but a feeding experiment that also included
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Wings drying and enlarging after emergence from pupa
1853:
600:, which the males, flying, detect via their large
787:(winged adults) of this and related night-flying
1044:"Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism in
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1240:(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) by the introduced
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1361:"Our Giant Silk Moths and Ancient Mythology"
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374:are thought to confuse potential predators.
1481:. Featured Creatures, University of Florida
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1634:Elkinton JS, Parry D, Boettner GH (2006).
1467:"Common name: luna moth: scientific name:
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1005:Tuskes PM, Tuttle JP, Collins MM (1996),
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1234:Kellogg SK, Fink LS, Brower LP (2003).
1042:Brown SG, Boettner GH, Yack JE (2007).
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765:Extreme close-up of scales in eye-spot
7:
544:are known to be poisonous, those of
1236:"Parasitism of native Luna moths,
315:detection used by predatory bats.
25:
1198:Elkinton JS, Boettner GH (2004).
1335:"Five Facts About the Luna Moth"
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1828:at www.butterfliesandmoths.org
570:, a protein-digesting enzyme.
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1689:10.1080/00222933.2018.1439540
433:in the United States –
1465:Hall, D. W. (October 2019).
1142:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
284:are also green. Its typical
280:wings and a white body. Its
2131:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1440:Ahmed, Aleem (2024-05-21).
1260:10.1603/0046-225X-32.5.1019
1200:"Chapter 2: The effects of
862:), plus several species of
828:, leaving it vulnerable to
530:(molting), leaving the old
2147:
2111:NatureServe secure species
1836:at Moths of North Carolina
1676:Journal of Natural History
954:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1544:10.1007/s10886-016-0751-6
445:eastward through central
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98:Scientific classification
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1248:Environmental Entomology
958:explorer.natureserve.org
2121:Moths described in 1758
1602:10.1073/pnas.1421926112
1387:"North American map of
1163:10.1073/pnas.1421926112
859:Liquidambar styraciflua
850:), American persimmon (
771:Predators and parasites
475:Edna Libby Beutenmuller
391:Phalena plumata caudata
328:biological pest control
2126:Moths of North America
1048:and other Bombycoidea"
856:) American sweet gum (
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326:to North America as a
300:of the United States.
233:
1242:Compsilura concinnata
1202:Compsilura concinnata
800:Compsilura concinnata
625:Gallery of life cycle
479:Field Book of Insects
472:
231:
1046:Antheraea polyphemus
853:Diospyros virginiana
753:Eye-spot on forewing
741:Eye-spot on hindwing
389:Described and named
1593:2015PNAS..112.2812B
1154:2015PNAS..112.2812B
1104:2016ASAJ..139.2579L
797:The parasitoid fly
246:), also called the
70:Conservation status
1788:U.S. Stamp Gallery
1763:U.S. Stamp Gallery
1729:10.1007/BF01207434
1446:AI Garden Composer
1365:National Moth Week
1092:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1065:10.1242/jeb.001990
1058:(Pt 6): 993–1005.
932:In popular culture
896:eastern cottonwood
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305:defense mechanisms
248:American moon moth
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2083:Open Tree of Life
1847:Taxon identifiers
1646:(10): 2664–2672.
1502:"Polyphemus moth"
1112:10.1121/1.4947423
847:Betula papyrifera
405:, and renamed it
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1812:Luna moth info
1807:
1806:External links
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1538:(9): 869–876.
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1395:Discovery Life
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320:parasitoid fly
298:southern parts
267:commonly named
257:in the family
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407:Phalaena luna
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399:Carl Linnaeus
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1791:. Retrieved
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1052:J. Exp. Biol
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961:. Retrieved
957:
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904:white willow
892:black cherry
887:
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822:Automeris io
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817:Automeris io
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425:Distribution
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313:echolocation
302:
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282:caterpillars
275:
261:, subfamily
247:
242:
241:
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206:
204:
189:A. luna
188:
187:
175:
29:
2044:NatureServe
1979:iNaturalist
1896:Actias-luna
1885:Actias luna
1879:Wikispecies
1855:Actias luna
1834:Actias luna
1826:Actias luna
1819:Actias luna
1784:"Luna moth"
1528:Actias luna
1485:December 6,
1389:Actias Luna
1310:(Linnaeus)"
1308:Actias luna
1238:Actias luna
926:lepidoptera
888:Actias luna
836:Host plants
826:Actias luna
612:11-18:Ald,
542:Saturniidae
532:exoskeleton
491:generations
451:Nova Scotia
441:, and from
411:Actias luna
341:Description
335:spongy moth
263:Saturniinae
259:Saturniidae
243:Actias luna
207:Actias luna
165:Saturniidae
155:Lepidoptera
88:NatureServe
18:Actias luna
2105:Categories
1500:Hall, DW.
1451:2024-08-08
1426:2019-02-09
1304:Hall, DW.
940:References
916:tulip tree
830:parasitism
778:aposematic
598:pheromones
495:univoltine
465:Life cycle
324:introduced
278:lime-green
265:, a group
135:Arthropoda
35:Luna moth
912:white oak
585:nocturnal
581:hemolymph
568:cocoonase
520:cocooning
385:Etymology
367:vestigial
351:cocooning
238:luna moth
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
2049:2.109121
2018:LepIndex
1997:10632432
1927:BugGuide
1903:BioLib:
1893:BAMONA:
1864:Wikidata
1817:Rearing
1793:1 August
1768:1 August
1745:24487403
1737:24272292
1697:90239933
1660:17089674
1621:25730869
1560:44327978
1552:27544534
1511:8 August
1371:2 August
1345:2 August
1278:23425197
1216:4 August
1182:25730869
1120:27250152
1074:17337712
602:antennae
563:diapause
524:apolysis
459:vagrants
409:, later
379:antennae
372:eyespots
330:for the
286:wingspan
252:Nearctic
215:Linnaeus
161:Family:
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
1971:1865668
1870:Q135289
1640:Ecology
1612:4352808
1589:Bibcode
1473:Tropaea
1400:28 July
1319:30 July
1269:3596946
1173:4352808
1150:Bibcode
1100:Bibcode
1024:30 July
963:20 June
921:Juglone
908:red oak
876:Juglans
864:hickory
558:pupates
546:A. luna
528:ecdysis
526:, then
487:climate
435:Florida
413:, with
358:imagoes
250:, is a
171:Genus:
151:Order:
145:Insecta
141:Class:
86: (
84:Secure
63:Female
2116:Actias
2088:180968
2075:948615
2010:936178
1958:ACTILU
1906:500509
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1469:Actias
1367:. 2014
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878:) and
872:walnut
790:Actias
785:Imagos
592:Mating
537:dorsal
535:their
516:instar
510:Larvae
481:(1918)
455:Canada
447:Quebec
347:instar
176:Actias
2062:63976
2023:68018
1992:IRMNG
1984:47916
1919:21547
1741:S2CID
1693:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1207:(PDF)
880:sumac
868:Carya
552:Pupae
514:Each
477:from
439:Maine
362:pupae
49:Male
2057:NCBI
2036:7758
2031:MONA
2005:ITIS
1966:GBIF
1953:EPPO
1945:9SSP
1914:BOLD
1795:2018
1770:2018
1733:PMID
1656:PMID
1617:PMID
1548:PMID
1513:2018
1487:2021
1477:luna
1402:2018
1373:2018
1347:2018
1321:2018
1274:PMID
1218:2018
1178:PMID
1116:PMID
1070:PMID
1026:2018
1013:ISBN
965:2022
914:and
884:Rhus
501:Eggs
419:Luna
415:luna
356:The
269:the
255:moth
236:The
219:1758
1940:CoL
1932:562
1725:doi
1685:doi
1648:doi
1607:PMC
1597:doi
1585:112
1540:doi
1264:PMC
1256:doi
1168:PMC
1158:doi
1146:112
1108:doi
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453:in
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437:to
393:by
303:As
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