476:, having been passed by 'usurping powers'. Nonetheless, with benefits of the act widely recognized, Parliament soon passed new legislation which enlarged its scope. While the act of 1651 applied only to shipping, or the ocean carrying business, the 1660 act was the most important piece of commercial legislation as it related to shipbuilding, to navigation, to trade, and to the benefit of the merchant class. The 1660 act is generally considered to be the basis of the "Navigation Acts", which (with later amendments, additions and exceptions) remained in force for nearly two centuries. The navigation acts entitled colonial shipping and seamen to enjoy the full benefits of the otherwise exclusively English provisions. "English bottoms" included vessels built in English plantations, particularly in America. There were no restrictions put in the way of English colonists who might wish to build or trade in their own ships to foreign plantations or other European countries besides England, provided they did not violate the enumerated commodity clause. Some of the most important products of colonial America, including grain of all sorts and the fisheries of New England, were always non-enumerated commodities.
1655:
all and every clause contained in the act be "punctually and bona fide observed according to the true intent and meaning". Governors nominated in the future were required to take this oath before assuming office. To tighten compliance among colonial customs officials, the act required that all current and future officers give a security bond to the
Commissioners of the Customs in England to undertake the "true and faithfull performance of their duty". Additionally, the act gave colonial customs officers the same power and authority as of customs officers in England; these included the ability to board and search ships and warehouses, load and unload cargoes, and seize those imported or exported goods prohibited or those for which duties should have been paid under the acts. Commissioners of the treasury and of the customs in England would now appoint the colonial customs officials. Due to colonial "doubts or misconstructions" concerning the bond required under the 1660 act, the 1696 act now mandated that no enumerated goods could be loaded or shipped until the required bond was obtained. The act was followed by a special instruction about the oaths and
1316:. c. 26). This act imposes forfeiture penalties of the ship and cargo if enumerated commodities are shipped without a bond or customs certificate, or if shipped to countries other than England, or if ships unload sugar or enumerated products in any port except in England. The act requires the governors of American plantations to report annually to customs in London a list of all ships loading any commodities there, as well as a list of all bonds taken. The act states that prosecutions for a breach of the navigation acts should be tried in the court of the high admiral of England, in any of the vice-admiralty courts, or in any court of record in England, but while the act again hints at the jurisdiction of the admiralty courts, it does not explicitly provide for them. In a move against Ireland, the act additionally repealed the ability of Ireland (in the 1660 act) to obtain the necessary bond for products shipped to overseas colonies.
1663:
subjects of
England, Ireland or the colonies. It also enacted that all laws, bylaws, usages or customs in current or future use in the plantations, which are found to be repugnant to the navigation acts in any way, are to be declared illegal, null and void. The act additionally declared that all persons or their heirs claiming any right or property "in any Islands or Tracts of Land upon the Continent of America by Charter or Letters Patent shall not in the future alienate, sell or dispose of any of the Islands, Tracts of Land, or Proprieties other than to the Natural Born Subjects of England, Ireland, Dominion of Wales or Town of Berwick upon Tweed without the License and Consent of His Majesty". Colonial-born subjects were not mentioned. Such a sale must be signified by a prior Order in Council.
1212:
export article by the East India
Company into India, exchanging the silver into cheap Indian gold. This change had major implications for the East India Company, for England and for India. The majority of silver in England was exported to India, creating enormous profits for the individual participants, but depriving the Crown of England of necessary silver and taxation. Much of the silver exported was procured by English piracy directed against Spanish and Portuguese merchant ships bringing silver from their colonies in the Americas to Europe. It was later revealed that the Act passed Parliament due to enormous bribes paid by the East Indian Company to various influential members of Parliament.
320:
1195:, also termed the Encouragement of Trade Act 1663 or the Staple Act, was passed on 27 July. This strengthening of the navigation system now required all European goods, bound for America and other colonies, had to be trans-shipped through England first. In England, the goods would be unloaded, inspected, approved, duties paid, and finally, reloaded for the destination. This trade had to be carried in English vessels ("bottoms") or those of its colonies. Furthermore, imports of the 'enumerated' commodities (such as tobacco and cotton) had to be landed and taxes paid before continuing to other countries. "England", as used here, includes
1964:, which eventually (after the Anglo-Dutch Alliance of 1689 limited the Dutch navy to three-fifths of the size of the English one) led to Britain becoming a global superpower, which it remained until the mid-20th century. That naval might, however, never limited Dutch trading power – because the Dutch enjoyed enough leverage over overseas markets and shipping resources (combined with a financial power that was only overtaken by Britain during the 18th century) to enable them to put enough pressure on Britain to prevent them from sustaining naval campaigns long enough to wrest maritime concessions from the Dutch.
3312:
1831:
1638:
or shipped to
England, Wales, or Berwick upon Tweed, except in "what is or shall bee of the Built of England or of the Built of Ireland or the said Colonies or Plantations and wholly owned by the People thereof ... and navigated with the Masters and Three-Fourths of the Mariners of the said Places onely". To enforce this change, the act required the registration of all ships and owners, including an oath that they have no foreign owners, before the ship would be considered English-built. Exceptions were introduced for foreign-built ships taken as
1532:
1369:
1233:
1091:
953:
837:
702:
500:
35:
418:. The stadtholder had suddenly died, however, and the States were now embarrassed by Cromwell taking the idea too seriously. The English proposed the joint conquest of all remaining Spanish and Portuguese possessions. England would take America and the Dutch would take Africa and Asia. But the Dutch had just ended their war with Spain and already taken over most Portuguese colonies in Asia, so they saw little advantage in this grandiose scheme and proposed a
289:
had the prosperity and wealth of
England exclusively at heart. The 1650 Act prohibiting trade with royalist colonies was broader, however, because it provided that all foreign ships were prohibited from trading with any English plantations, without license, and it was made lawful to seize and make prizes of any ships violating the act. This Act, sometimes referred to as the Navigation Act 1650, was hastily passed as a war measure during the
4947:
3619:
388:, who controlled much of Europe's international trade and even much of England's coastal shipping. It excluded the Dutch from essentially all direct trade with England, as the Dutch economy was competitive with, not complementary to the English, and the two countries, therefore, exchanged few commodities. This Anglo-Dutch trade, however, constituted only a small fraction of total Dutch trade flows.
1501:
required to carry the goods to
England. The purpose of the act was to stop the carrying of plantation goods to another plantation with their subsequent shipment to a foreign country on the grounds that the 1660 act's requirements had been fulfilled. This change was a considerable advance toward the systematic execution of the previous acts, and increased much needed royal revenue given the recent
1684:
1051:, which prohibits growing tobacco in England and Ireland. The former act was intended to encourage domestic woolen manufacturing by increasing the availability of domestic raw materials; the latter act was passed to limit competition with the colonies and protect the plantations' main crop, as well as to protect this regulated royal revenue stream. With the kingdoms of
4957:
1947:, under which wealth was to be increased by restricting colonial trade to the mother country rather than through free trade. By 1849 "a central part of British import strategy was to reduce the cost of food through cheap foreign imports and in this way to reduce the cost of maintaining labour power" (van Houten). Repealing the Navigation Acts along with the
1670:, who wrote the handbook for the Board of Trade, considered the 1696 act to be the last major navigation act, with relatively minor subsequent acts. The system established by this act, and upon previous acts, was where the Navigation Acts still stood in 1792, though there would be major policy changes followed by their reversals in the intervening years.
384:
goods to
England from a third country elsewhere in the European sphere. The Act also prohibited the import and export of salted fish in foreign ships, and penalized foreign ships carrying fish and wares between English posts. Breaking the terms of the act would result in the forfeiture of the ship and its cargo. These rules specifically targeted the
226:
Legislation during the reign of
Elizabeth I also dealt with these questions and resulted in a large increase in English merchant shipping. Soon after actual settlements had been made in America, these early requirements illustrate the English theory then held regarding the governmental control of maritime commerce.
1505:. To better collect the customs revenue the act established that these were now to be levied and collected by the Commissioners of Customs in England. Also, if a ship arrived with insufficient funds to pay the duties, customs official could accept an equivalent proportion of the goods as payment instead.
1959:
The Acts caused
Britain's (before 1707, England's) shipping industry to develop in isolation. However, it had the advantage to British shippers of severely limiting the ability of Dutch ships to participate in the carrying trade to Britain. By reserving British colonial trade to British shipping, the
656:
to ensure compliance and could recoup the funds upon arrival. The penalty for non-compliance was the forfeiture of both the ship and its cargo. The act provides that violations of the navigation act were to be tried in "any court of record," but it also authorizes and strictly requires all commanders
1637:
In tightening the wording of the 1660 act, and after noting the daily "great abuses committed ... by the artifice and cunning of ill disposed persons", this act now required that no goods or merchandise could be imported, exported, or carried between
English possessions in Africa, Asia and America,
1500:
To better secure their own plantation trade from considerable illegal indirect trade in enumerated products to Europe, by way of legal inter-colonial trade, the act instituted that customs duties and charges should be paid on departure from the colonies, if traveling without first obtaining the bond
1211:
The most important new legislation embedded in this Act, as seen from the perspective of the interests behind the East India Company, was the repeal of legislation which prohibited export of coin and bullion from England overseas. This export was the real issue behind the Act, as silver was the main
1207:
for all European products bound for the colonies, and to prevent the colonies from establishing an independent import trade. This mandated change increased shipping times and costs, which in turn, increased the prices paid by the colonists. Due to these increases, some exemptions were allowed; these
672:
In a significant bow to English merchants and to the detriment of numerous foreign colonists, section two of the act declared that "no alien or person not born within the allegiance of our sovereign lord the King, his heirs and successors, or naturalized or made a free denizen, shall... exercise the
220:
Some principles of English mercantile legislation pre-date both the passage of the Navigation Act 1651 and the settlement of England's early foreign possessions. A 1381 Act passed under King Richard II provided "that, to increase the navy of England, no goods or merchandises shall be either exported
103:
by the Navigation Act 1660, and further developed and tightened by the Navigation Acts of 1663, 1673, and 1696. Upon this basis during the 18th century, the Acts were modified by subsequent amendments, changes, and the addition of enforcement mechanisms and staff. Additionally, a major change in the
91:
were a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce with other countries and with its own colonies. The laws also regulated England's fisheries and restricted foreign—including Scottish and Irish—participation in its colonial trade.
1488:
etc., the act relaxed the 1660 act's restrictions on foreigners, allowing up to half the crew, if on English ships, and dropped all duties on these products for the next ten years. It also allowed foreign residents and foreigners to participate in this trade if imported to England in English ships.
288:
and the first Navigation Act the following October. These acts formed the first definitive expression of England's commercial policy. They represent the first attempt to establish a legitimate control of commercial and colonial affairs, and the instructions indicate the beginnings of a policy which
1654:
Previously, most of the customs collection and enforcement in the colonies was performed by the governor or his appointees, commonly known as the "naval officer," but evasion, corruption and indifference were common. The 1696 act now required all current governors and officers to take an oath that
266:
noted that this law also included "security being given here, and certificates from thence, that the said goods be really exported thither, and for the only use of the said plantations". He concluded: "Hereby the foundation was laid for the navigation acts afterward, which may be justly termed the
2002:
Walton concludes that the political friction caused by the Acts was more serious than the negative economic impact, especially since the merchants most affected were politically the most active. The Navigation Acts were also partially responsible for an increase in piracy during the late 17th and
1336:
of Dutch shipping on the high seas during wars in which the Dutch Republic was neutral. This more or less gave the Dutch freedom to conduct their "smuggling" unhindered as long as they were not caught red-handed in territorial waters controlled by England. These provisions were reconfirmed in the
660:
The act specified seven colonial products, known as "enumerated" commodities or items, that were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies. These items were tropical or semi-tropical produce that could not be grown in the mother country, but were of higher economic
446:
ended the impasse. The Dutch failed to have the Act repealed or amended, but it seems to have had relatively little influence on their trade. The Act offered England only limited solace. It could not limit the deterioration of England's overseas trading position, except in the cases where England
279:
to be established by an Act of Parliament on 1 August 1650, to advance and regulate the nation's trade. The instructions to the named commissioners included consideration of both domestic and foreign trade, the trading companies, manufacturers, free ports, customs, excise, statistics, coinage and
234:
of 24 October 1621 prohibited the Virginia colony to export tobacco and other commodities to foreign countries. The London Company lost its charter in 1624; the same year a proclamation, followed by Orders in Council, prohibited the use of foreign ships for the Virginia tobacco trade. These early
2041:
The acts were resented in Ireland and damaged its economy, as they permitted the importation of English goods into Ireland tariff-free and simultaneously imposed tariffs on Irish exports travelling in the opposite direction. Other clauses completely prohibited the exportation of certain goods to
383:
The Act banned foreign ships from transporting goods from Asia, Africa or America to England or its colonies; only ships with an English owner, master and a majority English crew would be accepted. It allowed European ships to import their own products, but banned foreign ships from transporting
191:
petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods "...from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth." Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus. In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a
229:
With the establishment of overseas colonies a distinct colonial policy began to develop, and the principles embodied in the early Navigation and Trade Acts also had some more immediate precedents in the provisions of the charters granted to the London and Plymouth Company, in the various royal
211:
1764 became one source of resentment among merchants in the American colonies towards Great Britain. This, in turn, helped push the American colonies to rebel in the late 18th century, even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the "costs imposed on
1662:
Since the colonies previously had passed much of their own legislation and appointments, the act included several sections to tighten English control over the colonies generally. The act mandated that all colonial positions of trust in the courts or related to the treasury must be native born
1634:, became effective over in the next few years, due to its far reaching provisions; the act is short-titled the Plantation Trade Act 1695. It contains new restrictions on colonial trade, and several different administrative provisions to strengthen enforcement and consolidate the earlier acts.
225:
granted to the Cabots by Henry VII in 1498 stipulated that the commerce resulting from their discoveries must be with England (specifically Bristol). Henry VIII established a second principle by statute: that such a vessel must be English-built and a majority of the crew must be English-born.
130:
which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside their respective Empires, and to minimize the loss of gold and silver, or profits, to foreigners through purchases and trade. The system would develop with the colonies supplying raw materials for British industry, and in exchange for this
186:
The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English markets to these unwanted imports. A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England, except in ships owned by that company. This principle was now
1960:
Acts may have significantly assisted in the growth of London as a major entry port for American colonial wares at the expense of Dutch cities. The maintenance of a certain level of merchant shipping and of trade generally also facilitated a rapid increase in the size and quality of the
647:
on 27 July 1661. The act broadened and strengthened restrictions under Cromwell's earlier act. Colonial imports and exports were now restricted to ships "as doe truly and without fraud belong onely to the people of England ... or are of the built of and belonging to" any of the
808:. It also emphatically defines "Englishmen" under the Navigation Acts: "Whereas it is required by the that in sundry cases the Master and three-fourths of the Mariners are to be English, it is to be understood that any of His Majesty's Subjects of England, Ireland, and His
1646:
from the plantations. The deadline for the registration of ships was extended by the Registering of Ships Act 1697 (9 Will 3 c. 42) In a significant tightening of the navigation enforcement system, section 6 of the act establishes that violations are to be tried
2017:
points out that the political issue is what would have been the future impact of the Acts after 1776 as the colonial economy matured and was blocked by the Acts from serious competition with British manufacturers. In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the
422:
agreement as an alternative to a full political union. This again was unacceptable to the English, who would be unable to compete on such a level playing field, and was seen by them as a deliberate affront. The Act is often mentioned as a major cause of the
235:
companies held the monopoly on trade with their plantation; this meant that the commerce developed was to be England's. The Crown's purpose was to restrict to England the future commerce with America; it is well shown in the patent granted by Charles I to
455:
olive oil. In the trade with America and the West Indies, the Dutch kept up a flourishing "smuggling" trade, thanks to the preference of English planters for Dutch import goods and the better deal the Dutch offered in the sugar trade. The Dutch colony of
2028:
notes that timber was not one of the "enumerated commodities" included in the Acts, and so New Englanders could continue the wine islands commerce in timber that began around 1642 without upsetting England. By the 1660s, the wine islands region, namely
439:) showed the supremacy of the Commonwealth navy in home waters. However, farther afield the Dutch predominated and were able to close down English commerce in the Baltic and the Mediterranean. Both countries held each other in a stifling embrace.
1323:
the English had to abandon the Baltic trade and allowed foreign ships to enter the coasting and plantation trade. Following the war, which ended disastrously for England, the Dutch obtained the right to ship commodities produced in their German
380:. It authorized the Commonwealth to regulate England's international trade, as well as the trade with its colonies. It reinforced long-standing principles of national policy that English trade and fisheries should be carried in English vessels.
154:
and other Dutch competitive advantages in European and world trade. Within a few years, English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the Baltic and North sea trade, as well as trade with the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean and the
1998:
says that although the net burden imposed by the Acts was small in size, their overall impact on the shape and growth rate of the economy was significant since the Acts differentially affected different groups, helping some and hurting others.
3959:
274:
The English were well aware of their inferior competitive trading position. Three acts of the Rump Parliament in 1650 and 1651 are notable in the historical development of England's commercial and colonial programs. These include the first
285:
1493:, the act opened their trade with Sweden, Denmark, and Norway to foreigners and English alike. It also allowed any Englishman to be admitted into the Eastland Company on paying a minor fee. The act was a mortal blow to Eastland's
4458:
3300:
3278:
800:) for royal expenses. These acts of revenue, previously established under the Commonwealth, were similarly reauthorized with the restoration. The 1660 customs act was tightened by the Customs Act 1662
3964:
1489:
Colonial ships and crews engaged in this trade had to pay a low duty, with foreign ships paying a high duty. To promote the eastern trade then monopolized by the chartered and poorly performing
4887:
4112:
1976:. The Navigation Acts required all of a colony's imports to be either bought from Britain or resold by British merchants in Britain, regardless of the price obtainable elsewhere. In the 1772
1666:
With this act the government did start to institute admiralty courts and staff them in more and new places; this established "a more general obedience to the Acts of Trade and Navigation."
3708:
3622:
258:, except in English-built ships; they later prohibited the importation of French wine, wool, and silk from France. More generally and significantly on 23 January 1647, they passed the
4917:
4728:
3683:
3655:
2264:"1498 – The letters patent of King Henry the Seventh Granted unto Iohn Cabot and his Three Sonnes, Lewis, Sebastian and Santius for the Discouerie of New and Unknowen Lands; March 5"
2243:
665:, or other dyeing woods. Previously only tobacco export had been restricted to England. Additional enumerated items would be included in subsequent navigation acts, for example the
3971:
4991:
3293:
677:
in any of the said places" (i.e. lands, islands, plantations, or territories belonging to the King in Asia, Africa, or America), upon pain of forfeiting all goods and chattels.
4849:
2022:
found that 89 percent of economists and historians would generally agree that the "costs imposed on colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small."
284:
and the best means of promoting their welfare and rendering them useful to England. This act's statesmanlike and comprehensive instructions were followed by the October act
5041:
175:
by Dutch merchants. English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant, Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires, and the
2307:
427:, and though there were others, it was only part of a larger English policy to engage in war after the negotiations had failed. The English naval victories in 1653 (the
1208:
included salt intended for the New England and Newfoundland fisheries, wine from Madeira and the Azores, and provisions, servants and horses from Scotland and Ireland.
5036:
4996:
4829:
3286:
5046:
5026:
4800:
4775:
230:
patents later bestowed by Charles I and Charles II, as well as in the early regulations concerning the tobacco trade, the first profitable colonial export. An
4812:
4705:
4795:
3648:
3179:
Thomas, Robert P. (1965). "A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings".
122:
Overall, the Acts formed the basis for English (and later) British overseas trade for nearly 200 years, but with the development and gradual acceptance of
5006:
4492:
3738:
2003:
early 18th centuries: merchants and colonial officials would buy goods captured by pirates below market value, and colonial governors such as New York's
1477:
dominated commerce and trade. The act also closed a significant loophole in the enumerated goods trade as a result of the active inter-colonial trade.
254:
was passed in November 1644. In 1645, both to conciliate the colonies and to encourage English shipping, the Long Parliament prohibited the shipment of
4770:
4640:
4262:
4822:
4765:
4593:
4082:
4002:
3987:
404:
5031:
3944:
3939:
3790:
111:
The Acts generally prohibited the use of foreign ships, required the employment of English and colonial mariners for 75% of the crews, including
1035:
Other acts relating to trade were passed in the same session of Parliament and reiterated previous acts. These include the Exportation Act 1660
262:; it enacted that for three years no export duty be levied on goods intended for the colonies, provided they were forwarded in English vessels.
4986:
4960:
4950:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4472:
4407:
3904:
3839:
3641:
2741:
An Act for enlarging the Time for Registering of Ships pursuant to the Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade.
1853:
1554:
1391:
1255:
1113:
975:
859:
724:
522:
104:
very purpose of the Acts in the 1760s—that of generating a colonial revenue, rather than only regulating the Empire's trade—would help lead to
260:
Ordinance granting privileges for the encouragement of Adventurers to plantations in Virginia, Bermudas, Barbados, and other places of America
207:
1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1760s. Stricter enforcement under the
4859:
4854:
4780:
4055:
3076:
3029:
2111:
135:
5001:
4755:
4672:
2352:
28 August 1649 Act prohibiting the importation of any Wines of the Growth of France, and all manufacturers of wool and silk made in France.
908:
4844:
4760:
4613:
2442:, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 559–562. British History Online .
1659:
who weren't directly under royal control to post a bond to comply; this was considered by the Board of Trade and issued on 26 May 1697.
4790:
4441:
4429:
4385:
3899:
3604:
3525:
119:, products to countries other than Britain and those countries' colonies, and mandated that imports be sourced only through Britain.
4902:
4805:
4750:
4529:
4512:
4482:
4247:
4097:
3760:
3755:
2519:
2409:
1767:
809:
281:
70:
4738:
4517:
3797:
2744:
A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, p. 385 (1867)
1835:
1701:
1994:
was minimal; the cost was about ÂŁ4 per ÂŁ1,000 of income per year. The average personal income was about ÂŁ100 per year. However,
661:
value and used in English competitive manufacturing. The initial products included sugar, tobacco, cotton wool, indigo, ginger,
4892:
4839:
4700:
4645:
4477:
4380:
3859:
3807:
3733:
2189:
2050:
652:. Additionally, ships' crews now had to be 75% English, rather than just a majority, and ship captains were required to post a
2304:
2046:, for example, forbade any exports of wool from Ireland (and from the American colonies) so as to maximise the English trade.
1797:
instead. The law was widely flouted, but efforts by the British to prevent smuggling created hostility and contributed to the
1748:
5016:
4912:
4817:
4723:
4576:
4424:
4412:
4333:
3819:
1705:
2187:(March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions".
1720:
243:
before their departure to bring same into England ... and to forbid all trade with foreign vessels, except upon necessity."
5011:
4834:
4743:
4682:
4608:
4395:
4375:
4154:
3678:
3664:
3566:
1600:
1427:
1293:
3117:
Ransom, Roger L. (1968). "British Policy and Colonial Growth: Some Implications of the Burden from the Navigation Acts".
1801:. The Molasses Act was the first of the Sugar Acts. The Act was set to expire in 1763, but in 1764 it was renewed as the
5021:
4897:
4718:
4581:
4559:
4539:
4468:
4390:
4267:
4257:
4252:
3924:
3889:
3745:
3520:
2019:
1907:
1338:
1203:, though those places were little involved in colonial trade. The mercantile purpose of the act was to make England the
649:
640:
544:
443:
239:
in 1639, by which the patentee was "to oblige the masters of vessels, freighted with productions of the colony, to give
1727:
4733:
4713:
4554:
4417:
4199:
4102:
3812:
3785:
3765:
3333:
3181:
3119:
2062:
1386:
An Act for the incouragement of the Greeneland and Eastland Trades, and for the better secureing the Plantation Trade.
762:
602:
236:
1459:
An Act for the incouragement of the Greeneland and Eastland Trades, and for the better secureing the Plantation Trade
43:
4932:
4618:
4544:
3750:
3395:
3248:
2439:
2373:
1651:... Revenue generated was to be split in thirds between the King, the Governor, and the one who informed and sued.
1161:
1013:
246:
As early as 1641 some English merchants urged that these rules be embodied in an act of Parliament, and during the
105:
1694:
4564:
4402:
4338:
4328:
4323:
3934:
3554:
3429:
3316:
2945:
2897:
1983:, colonists attacked and burned a British navy ship enforcing the Navigation Acts off the coast of Rhode Island.
1734:
1319:
The specifically anti-Dutch aspects of the early acts were in full force for a relatively short time. During the
263:
4981:
3311:
1902:
460:
offered a loophole (through intercolonial trade) wide enough to drive a shipload of Virginian tobacco through.
3829:
2498:
2675:
1912:
4237:
3824:
3775:
3542:
3220:
3158:
3088:
2974:
1716:
1043:, which bans the export of wool and wool-processing materials, and the Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660
164:
93:
2244:"The story of the Jones Act: America's 'expression of sovereignty' that's piling pressure on offshore wind"
1332:, it conceded the principle of "free ships make free goods" which provided freedom from molestation by the
792:, which established how the customs duties would be collected by the government, as well as for subsidies (
4922:
3053:
2763:
2659:
2342:
Ordinance to prevent the importation by foreigners of whale oil, fins or gills, commonly called whalebone.
2279:
2198:
1667:
1320:
1060:
854:
An Act for prohibiting the Exportation of Wooll, Woolfells, Fullers Earth, or any kinde of Scouring Earth.
436:
4677:
4667:
4434:
4282:
4149:
4127:
4060:
3864:
3770:
3548:
1843:
1544:
1536:
1502:
1381:
1373:
1342:
1245:
1237:
1103:
1095:
965:
957:
849:
841:
714:
706:
512:
504:
473:
432:
424:
332:
324:
302:
3874:
2903:
An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce: from the earliest accounts...Vol.2
1972:
The Navigation Acts, while enriching Britain, caused resentment in the colonies and contributed to the
1465:
the Trade Act 1672. The act was intended to increase English capability and production in the northern
151:
2566:
An Act for prohibiting the Exportation of Wooll Woolfells Fullers Earth or any kinde of Scouring Earth
4657:
4650:
4305:
4242:
4214:
4189:
4184:
4159:
4117:
3919:
3869:
3698:
3583:
2543:
Charles II, 1660: An Act to prevent Fraudes and Concealments of His Majestyes Customes and Subsidyes.
415:
134:
The major impetus for the first Navigation Act was the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the
2203:
49:
4277:
4232:
4224:
4169:
4077:
4012:
3703:
3337:
3320:
2494:
1973:
1798:
1794:
1328:
to England as if these were Dutch goods. Even more importantly, as England accepted the concept of
1056:
644:
590:
176:
2616:
2564:
2440:
October 1651: An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation.
2385:
1614:
1441:
1175:
1059:
still separate, passage of the English act lead to the passage of a similar navigation act by the
925:
616:
4353:
4343:
4310:
4209:
4179:
4072:
4047:
4007:
3588:
3385:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3206:
3198:
3144:
3136:
3105:
2962:
2553:
2531:
2283:
2224:
2216:
1790:
1656:
1200:
1052:
540:
469:
428:
112:
100:
2641:
2605:
1929:
126:, the Acts were eventually repealed in 1849. The laws reflected the European economic theory of
203:
Following the 1696 act, the Acts of Trade and Navigation were generally obeyed, except for the
4122:
4092:
3598:
3072:
3039:
3025:
2911:
2739:
2716:
2691:
2643:
An Act to prevent the planting of Tobacco in England, and for regulateing the Plantation Trade
2465:
2452:
2405:
2399:
2362:
2305:
Chapter III – The Commercial Policy of England Toward the American Colonies: the Acts of Trade
2142:
2107:
2101:
2004:
1991:
1881:
1313:
1260:
1250:
An Act to prevent the planting of Tobacco in England, and for regulateing the Plantation Trade
1141:
1064:
566:
408:
396:
290:
160:
3022:
Conflicts of Empires. Spain, the Low Countries and the struggle for world supremacy 1585–1713
2728:
2593:
2127:
1741:
4907:
4348:
4297:
4107:
4087:
3509:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3229:
3190:
3167:
3128:
3097:
3043:
2954:
2578:
2542:
2208:
1858:
1627:
1559:
1490:
1474:
1027:
776:
653:
293:, but it was followed by a more carefully conceived Navigation Act 1651 the following year.
231:
17:
3218:
Walton, Gary M. (1971). "The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts".
1848:
An Act to amend the Laws in force for the Encouragement of British Shipping and Navigation.
391:
Passage of the act was a reaction to the failure of the English diplomatic mission (led by
159:. Even the trade with English colonies (partly still in the hands of the royalists, as the
131:
guaranteed market, the colonies would purchase manufactured goods from or through Britain.
4603:
4524:
4022:
3929:
3894:
3884:
3728:
3593:
3560:
3530:
3515:
3445:
3412:
3017:
2311:
1329:
457:
377:
373:
268:
247:
2915:
1793:
to the American colonies, forcing the colonists to buy the more expensive sugar from the
970:
An Act for Prohibiting the Planting Setting or Sowing of Tobaccho in England and Ireland.
192:
general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via
2989:
2580:
An Act for Prohibiting the Planting Setting or Sowing of Tobaccho in England and Ireland
2388:, Chapter II, Control of Trade and Plantations During the Interregnum, p. 24 (1908)
784:
Passage of the Navigation Act 1660 act was immediately followed by the Customs Act 1660
4630:
4174:
3914:
3802:
3693:
3688:
3497:
3487:
3476:
3439:
3418:
3233:
3171:
3086:
Loschky, David J. (1973). "Studies of the Navigation Acts: New Economic Non-History?".
2374:
August 1650: An Act for the Advancing and Regulating of the Trade of this Commonwealth.
2184:
674:
657:
of ships of war to seize non-English ships and deliver them to the Court of Admiralty.
448:
411:
had made some cautious overtures to Cromwell to counter the monarchical aspirations of
392:
385:
276:
222:
188:
168:
147:
143:
2429:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 120.
2263:
4975:
4507:
4287:
4065:
4017:
3997:
3909:
3356:
3210:
3148:
2927:
2228:
2043:
1977:
1939:
1494:
172:
370:
An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation,
337:
An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation.
116:
4625:
4272:
4144:
3406:
3368:
3362:
3329:
3010:
The English Navigation Laws: A Seventeenth-Century Experiment in Social Engineering
1944:
1871:
1786:
1643:
1572:
1273:
1131:
993:
877:
742:
719:
An Act to prevent Fraudes and Concealments of His Majestyes Customes and Subsidyes.
556:
347:
204:
127:
3057:
3020:(1997). "England's Mercantilist Response to Dutch World Trade Primacy, 1647–74".
2978:
2901:
2852:
2328:
4316:
4164:
4139:
4132:
3953:
3780:
3633:
2329:
British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations 1622–1675
1683:
1639:
1470:
1462:
468:
Like all laws of the Commonwealth period, the 1651 act was declared void on the
412:
240:
180:
2958:
2386:
British Committees, Commissions and Councils of Trade and Plantations 1622–1675
1308:
An act tightening colonial trade legislation, and sometimes referred to as the
3992:
3535:
3194:
3132:
2628:
2212:
2008:
1961:
1333:
1325:
1204:
666:
419:
366:
123:
2787:, The American Historical Review Vol. 9, No. 4 (Jul., 1904), pp. 725–734
2554:
An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in His Majesties Customes.
2252:
England reserved coastwise trade to English vessel owners as far back as 1381
1473:), as well as in the eastern Baltic and North Sea trade, where the Dutch and
92:
While based on earlier precedents, they were first enacted in 1651 under the
3879:
3400:
2033:, was the dominant trading partner in timber with the New England colonies.
1948:
1802:
1485:
1481:
1454:
1396:
1188:
1118:
1046:
1038:
980:
864:
803:
787:
729:
630:
527:
400:
255:
208:
2042:
Britain or even elsewhere, resulting in the collapse of those markets. The
1632:
An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade
1549:
An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade
4635:
3374:
1943:
philosophy. The Navigation Acts were passed under the economic theory of
797:
2762:
Hugh Edward Egerton, A short history of British colonial policy (1897),
212:
colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small."
108:, and significant changes in the implementation of the Acts themselves.
4927:
3503:
3202:
3140:
3109:
2784:
2314:, in Emory R. Johnson, T. W. Van Metre, G. G. Huebner, D. S. Hanchett,
2220:
2030:
1708: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1466:
1067:, Scottish ships, merchants, and mariners enjoyed the same privileges.
793:
197:
193:
139:
2966:
517:
An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation.
221:
or imported, but only in ships belonging to the King's subjects." The
3949:
1595:
1422:
1288:
1156:
1008:
900:
757:
662:
637:
An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation
597:
452:
156:
3101:
2940:
1937:
The Navigation Acts were repealed in 1849 under the influence of a
150:. The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the
4662:
4534:
1196:
1951:
eventually served this purpose (towards the end of the century).
669:
was added in 1672, after drinking chocolate became the fashion.
3637:
3282:
1677:
55:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
28:
2917:
The Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies
2316:
History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States
1461:
became enforceable at various dates in that year; the act is
115:
ships. The Acts prohibited colonies from exporting specific,
2753:
Brackets annexed to the original act in a separate schedule.
252:
Ordinance for Free Trade with the plantations in New England
3069:
American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation
1990:
argues that the impact of the Acts on the economies of the
3001:
The Effect of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies
1312:, is the Tobacco Planting and Plantation Trade Act 1670 (
3045:
The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. 3
2179:
2177:
2049:"Free trade or a Speedy Revolution" was a slogan of the
3156:
Sawers, Larry (1992). "The Navigation Acts revisited".
2617:
Charles II, 1663: An Act for the Encouragement of Trade
2427:
The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution: 1640–1661
403:
seeking a political union of the Commonwealth with the
2129:
Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History
2857:. Salem MA: Marine Research Society. pp. 16–17.
4876:
4693:
4592:
4457:
4450:
4366:
4296:
4223:
4198:
4046:
4035:
3980:
3847:
3838:
3717:
3671:
3576:
3486:
3461:
3428:
3384:
3344:
2318:– Vol. 1, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915.
1928:
1921:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1852:
1842:
1805:, which caused further unrest among the colonists.
1789:levied heavy duties on the trade of sugar from the
1613:
1606:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1553:
1543:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1390:
1380:
1299:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1254:
1244:
1174:
1167:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1125:
1112:
1102:
1026:
1019:
1007:
1002:
992:
987:
974:
964:
938:
924:
917:
899:
894:
886:
876:
871:
858:
848:
822:
775:
768:
756:
751:
741:
736:
723:
713:
687:
615:
608:
596:
586:
581:
565:
555:
550:
534:
521:
511:
356:
346:
341:
331:
2926:
2011:who openly admitted they intended to turn pirate.
1649:in any of His Majesties Courts att Westminster or
4641:Glasgow International Financial Services District
2851:Dow, George Francis; Edmonds, John Henry (1923).
167:had not yet imposed its authority throughout the
99:The system was re-enacted and broadened with the
2785:The Navigation Acts as Applied to European Trade
2499:The American colonies in the seventeenth century
447:herself was the principal consumer, such as the
183:, carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account.
3059:A History of the Law of Shipping and Navigation
2980:The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution
2854:The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730
2453:History of the Commonwealth of England Vol. 3.
1642:, or those employed by the navy for importing
1221:Tobacco Planting and Plantation Trade Act 1670
3649:
3294:
8:
4992:1849 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2095:
2093:
2091:
1818:
1519:
1356:
1220:
1078:
812:are to be accounted English and no others."
574:various, 1 December 1660 to 1 September 1661
487:
286:prohibiting trade with pro-royalist colonies
138:, and the associated lifting of the Spanish
2275:
2273:
2271:
4454:
4043:
3844:
3656:
3642:
3634:
3301:
3287:
3279:
2991:A Short History of British Colonial Policy
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2083:The Development of British Immigration Law
1817:
1518:
1355:
1219:
1077:
935:
819:
684:
486:
309:
5042:Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
3336:, and other legal issues relating to the
2202:
1768:Learn how and when to remove this message
1480:To promote whaling and production of its
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
464:Post-Restoration Navigation Acts to 1696
405:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
250:, movement began in that direction. The
5037:Laws leading to the American Revolution
4997:Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain
3950:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
3890:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
2941:"The last years of the Navigation Acts"
2074:
5047:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1849
2879:
2867:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2703:
2687:
2671:
2025:
2014:
1995:
1987:
280:exchange, and fisheries, but also the
5027:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1712
3024:. Hambledon Press. pp. 305–318.
1930:Text of statute as originally enacted
1615:Text of statute as originally enacted
1442:Text of statute as originally enacted
1193:An Act for the Encouragement of Trade
1176:Text of statute as originally enacted
1108:An Act for the Encouragement of Trade
1028:Text of statute as originally enacted
926:Text of statute as originally enacted
777:Text of statute as originally enacted
673:trade or occupation of a merchant or
617:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
4956:
4673:London Platinum and Palladium Market
2655:
1706:adding citations to reliable sources
940:Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660
909:Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856
639:, was passed on 13 September by the
372:was passed on 9 October 1651 by the
2994:. London: London, Methuen & co.
2284:Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689
3234:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1971.tb00192.x
3172:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01301.x
3071:. New York: Scribner. p. 24.
3048:. New York: The Macmillan company.
1908:Duties on Foreign Vessels Act 1824
136:aftermath of the Eighty Years' War
25:
5007:Economic history of Great Britain
4903:Confederation of British Industry
4098:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
3761:Department for Business and Trade
3756:Competition and Markets Authority
3062:. Great Britain: Thomas Burnside.
3008:Harper, Lawrence Averell (1939).
2999:Harper, Lawrence Averell (1959).
2501:(3 vol 1904–07), pp. 207–209
4955:
4946:
4945:
3798:Office for Budget Responsibility
3618:
3617:
3310:
2106:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 278.
2103:A dictionary of American history
1836:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1829:
1682:
1530:
1367:
1231:
1089:
951:
835:
700:
498:
318:
163:was in its final stages and the
33:
3734:Governor of the Bank of England
3605:Taxation without representation
2629:"Alexander del Mar (1836–1926)"
2485:Israel (1997), pp. 310–311
2425:Pestana, Carla Gardina (2004).
2190:The Journal of Economic History
1693:needs additional citations for
5032:History of English colonialism
4913:Federation of Small Businesses
2520:The Second Navigation Act 1660
1:
4987:1651 in the Thirteen Colonies
4683:Alternative Investment Market
4663:London Interbank Offered Rate
4619:List of UK building societies
3665:Economy of the United Kingdom
3526:Administration of Justice Act
2988:Egerton, Hugh Edward (1897).
2933:. New York, Harper & Row.
2925:Craven, Wesley Frank (1968).
2920:. New York: Columbia College.
2404:. Cambridge UP. p. 299.
1601:Statute Law Revision Act 1867
1428:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
1294:Statute Law Revision Act 1950
89:Acts of Trade and Navigation,
4898:British Chambers of Commerce
4893:British Bankers' Association
3521:Massachusetts Government Act
2020:Economic History Association
1968:Effects on American colonies
1339:Treaty of Westminster (1674)
545:English overseas possessions
451:wine trade and the trade in
444:Treaty of Westminster (1654)
18:Acts of Trade and Navigation
5002:Economic history of England
3786:Chancellor of the Exchequer
3766:Financial Conduct Authority
3182:Journal of Economic History
3120:Journal of Economic History
2796:Reeves 1792, pp. 89–91
2401:The Rump Parliament 1648–53
2242:Ferry, Tim (30 June 2024).
2063:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
763:Customs Law Repeal Act 1825
603:Customs Law Repeal Act 1825
5063:
4933:UK Payments Administration
3885:New Imperialism 1830s–1945
3709:Government-owned companies
3396:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2929:The Colonies in Transition
2805:Israel (1997), pp. 317–318
2171:Israel (1997), pp. 309–310
2153:Israel (1997), pp. 305–309
2100:Purvis, Thomas L. (1997).
2053:in the late 18th century.
1815:United Kingdom legislation
1516:United Kingdom legislation
1353:United Kingdom legislation
1217:United Kingdom legislation
1162:Finance (1909-10) Act 1910
1075:United Kingdom legislation
1014:Finance (1909-10) Act 1910
933:United Kingdom legislation
817:United Kingdom legislation
682:United Kingdom legislation
484:United Kingdom legislation
307:United Kingdom legislation
300:
4941:
4008:National champions policy
4003:Recessions and recoveries
3920:1979 Winter of Discontent
3855:1659–1849 Navigation Acts
3830:UK Trade & Investment
3739:Monetary Policy Committee
3613:
3555:Proclamation of Rebellion
3327:
3195:10.1017/S0022050700058460
3133:10.1017/S0022050700073149
2946:English Historical Review
2532:Navigation Act 1660, text
2213:10.1017/S0022050700040602
1903:Trade with India Act 1797
1828:
1823:
1674:Navigation Acts 1696–1760
1529:
1524:
1366:
1361:
1230:
1225:
1088:
1083:
950:
945:
834:
829:
699:
694:
497:
492:
365:The Navigation Act 1651,
317:
312:
187:generalized. In 1648 the
3945:2009 bank rescue package
3940:2008 bank rescue package
3905:1929–39 Great Depression
3776:HM Revenue & Customs
3684:Employee-owned companies
3567:Taxation of Colonies Act
3275:, British History online
3269:, British History online
3263:, British History online
3257:, British History online
3251:, British History online
2975:Dickerson, Oliver Morton
2959:10.1093/ehr/xxv.xcix.480
2455:H. Colburn. pp. 372–382.
2451:Godwin, William (1827).
536:Territorial extent
4113:List of counties by GVA
3895:1873–79 Long Depression
3860:Agricultural Revolution
3825:UK Statistics Authority
3543:Conciliatory Resolution
3221:Economic History Review
3159:Economic History Review
3089:Economic History Review
2939:Clapham, J. H. (1910).
2783:Dudley Odell McGovney,
2774:Reeves 1792, p. 90
1913:Shipping, etc. Act 1845
165:Commonwealth of England
42:This article cites its
4923:Institute of Directors
4888:Business organisations
4813:Science and technology
4706:International students
4418:Working Time Directive
3791:Debt Management Office
3551:(March and April 1775)
3470:ministries (1766–1770)
2280:Charles McLean Andrews
1630:. c. 22), long-titled
1321:Second Anglo-Dutch War
1061:Parliament of Scotland
87:, or more broadly the
5017:English admiralty law
4918:Industry trade groups
4678:London Stock Exchange
4668:London Metal Exchange
4435:Trades Union Congress
4128:East London Tech City
3972:Cost-of-living crisis
3910:1948–52 Marshall Plan
3865:Industrial Revolution
3067:Rutkow, Eric (2012).
2476:Israel (1997), p. 316
2398:Blair Worden (1977).
2162:Israel (1997), p. 309
2126:Francis D. Cogliano,
1657:proprietary governors
1537:Parliament of England
1503:Stop of the Exchequer
1457:. c. 7), long-titled
1374:Parliament of England
1343:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1238:Parliament of England
1191:. c. 7), long-titled
1096:Parliament of England
958:Parliament of England
842:Parliament of England
707:Parliament of England
643:and confirmed by the
641:Convention Parliament
505:Parliament of England
425:First Anglo-Dutch War
325:Parliament of England
303:First Anglo-Dutch War
301:Further information:
216:Historical precedents
142:on trade between the
5012:Economic nationalism
4712:Entertainment &
3935:Late-2000s recession
3930:1992 Black Wednesday
3870:Financial Revolution
3699:FTSE Fledgling Index
3584:Rights of Englishmen
2384:Charles M. Andrews,
2327:Charles M. Andrews,
2310:25 June 2016 at the
1702:improve this article
1469:(more accurately in
824:Exportation Act 1660
416:William II of Orange
5022:English nationalism
4408:Equal opportunities
4013:Economic liberalism
3915:1974 Three-Day Week
3900:1926 general strike
3704:FTSE SmallCap Index
3430:Rockingham ministry
3338:American Revolution
3330:Royal Proclamations
3321:American Revolution
3273:Navigation Act 1696
3267:Navigation Act 1673
3261:Navigation Act 1663
3255:Navigation Act 1660
3249:Navigation Act 1651
2706:, pp. 316–317.
2495:Herbert Levi Osgood
2286:, p. 10 (1904)
2085:(1986), p. 91.
1974:American Revolution
1820:
1819:Navigation Act 1849
1799:American Revolution
1795:British West Indies
1624:Navigation Act 1696
1521:
1520:Navigation Act 1696
1512:Navigation Act 1696
1451:Navigation Act 1673
1358:
1357:Navigation Act 1673
1349:Navigation Act 1673
1310:Navigation Act 1670
1222:
1185:Navigation Act 1663
1080:
1079:Navigation Act 1663
1071:Navigation Act 1663
650:English possessions
645:Cavalier Parliament
626:Navigation Act 1660
591:Navigation Act 1651
489:
488:Navigation Act 1660
480:Navigation Act 1660
429:Battles of Portland
297:Navigation Act 1651
277:Commission of Trade
4823:Telecommunications
3988:Economic geography
3589:Writ of assistance
3577:Other legal issues
3386:Grenville ministry
3334:Acts of Parliament
3040:Osgood, Herbert L.
2912:Beer, George Louis
2464:Anderson, (1762),
1955:Effects on Britain
1791:French West Indies
1314:22 & 23 Cha. 2
1261:22 & 23 Cha. 2
1201:Berwick-upon-Tweed
541:Kingdom of England
291:English Civil Wars
152:Amsterdam EntrepĂ´t
113:East India Company
4969:
4968:
4872:
4871:
4651:Lloyd's of London
4362:
4361:
4334:Industrialisation
4248:Industrialisation
4031:
4030:
3960:COVID-19 pandemic
3880:1815–46 Corn Laws
3631:
3630:
3078:978-1-4391-9354-9
3031:978-1-85285-161-3
2522:, via Archive.org
2113:978-1-57718-099-9
2037:Effect on Ireland
2007:would commission
1992:Thirteen Colonies
1986:Historian Robert
1935:
1934:
1891:Other legislation
1859:12 & 13 Vict.
1824:Act of Parliament
1781:Molasses Act 1733
1778:
1777:
1770:
1752:
1717:"Navigation Acts"
1628:7 & 8 Will. 3
1620:
1619:
1590:Other legislation
1560:7 & 8 Will. 3
1525:Act of Parliament
1447:
1446:
1417:Other legislation
1362:Act of Parliament
1306:
1305:
1283:Other legislation
1226:Act of Parliament
1181:
1180:
1151:Other legislation
1084:Act of Parliament
1065:Act of Union 1707
1033:
1032:
1003:Other legislation
946:Act of Parliament
931:
930:
895:Other legislation
830:Act of Parliament
782:
781:
752:Other legislation
747:13 September 1660
695:Act of Parliament
622:
621:
582:Other legislation
561:13 September 1660
493:Act of Parliament
409:States of Holland
397:Walter Strickland
363:
362:
313:Act of Parliament
161:English Civil War
81:
80:
73:
48:does not provide
16:(Redirected from
5054:
4959:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4908:Co-operatives UK
4498:Hydroelectricity
4473:Renewable energy
4455:
4339:Renewable energy
4320:
4268:Renewable energy
4056:Atlantic Gateway
4044:
3875:Panic of 1796–97
3845:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3621:
3620:
3594:Admiralty courts
3549:Restraining Acts
3319:relating to the
3315:
3314:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3237:
3214:
3175:
3152:
3113:
3082:
3063:
3049:
3035:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2984:
2970:
2935:On North America
2934:
2932:
2921:
2907:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2717:pp. 521–522
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2669:
2663:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2466:pp. 415–416
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2302:
2287:
2277:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2248:rechargenews.com
2239:
2233:
2232:
2206:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2143:pp. 274–277
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2097:
2086:
2079:
2051:Irish Volunteers
1923:Status: Repealed
1833:
1832:
1821:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1710:
1686:
1678:
1608:Status: Repealed
1534:
1533:
1522:
1491:Eastland Company
1435:Status: Repealed
1371:
1370:
1359:
1301:Status: Repealed
1235:
1234:
1223:
1169:Status: Repealed
1146:18 February 1663
1093:
1092:
1081:
1050:
1042:
1021:Status: Repealed
998:29 December 1660
955:
954:
941:
936:
919:Status: Repealed
882:29 December 1660
839:
838:
825:
820:
807:
791:
770:Status: Repealed
704:
703:
690:
689:Customs Act 1660
685:
634:
610:Status: Repealed
537:
502:
501:
490:
322:
321:
310:
237:William Berkeley
232:Order in Council
169:English colonies
106:major rebellions
76:
69:
65:
62:
56:
37:
36:
29:
21:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
4982:1651 in England
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4937:
4880:
4878:
4868:
4776:Pharmaceuticals
4689:
4604:Baltic Exchange
4595:
4588:
4460:
4446:
4368:
4358:
4314:
4292:
4219:
4201:
4194:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4023:Nationalisation
3976:
3834:
3729:Bank of England
3721:
3719:
3713:
3667:
3662:
3632:
3627:
3609:
3572:
3563:(December 1775)
3561:Prohibitory Act
3545:(February 1775)
3516:Boston Port Act
3490:
3482:
3469:
3457:
3446:Declaratory Act
3432:
3424:
3388:
3380:
3352:Navigation Acts
3340:
3323:
3309:
3307:
3245:
3240:
3217:
3178:
3155:
3116:
3102:10.2307/2593707
3085:
3079:
3066:
3052:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2987:
2973:
2953:(99): 480–501.
2938:
2924:
2910:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2715:Anderson 1787,
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2686:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2361:Anderson 1787,
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2312:Wayback Machine
2303:
2290:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2204:10.1.1.482.4975
2185:Whaples, Robert
2183:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2141:Reeves (1792),
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2039:
1970:
1957:
1924:
1917:
1896:Repeals/revokes
1838:
1830:
1816:
1813:
1783:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1687:
1676:
1609:
1539:
1531:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1436:
1376:
1368:
1354:
1351:
1302:
1240:
1232:
1218:
1170:
1098:
1090:
1076:
1073:
1044:
1036:
1022:
960:
952:
939:
934:
920:
913:
844:
836:
823:
818:
801:
785:
771:
709:
701:
688:
683:
628:
611:
587:Repeals/revokes
577:
535:
507:
499:
485:
482:
466:
458:New Netherlands
378:Oliver Cromwell
374:Rump Parliament
359:
358:Status: Revoked
327:
319:
308:
305:
299:
248:Long Parliament
218:
85:Navigation Acts
77:
66:
60:
57:
54:
50:page references
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4758:
4756:Legal services
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4638:
4636:Euronext.liffe
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4465:
4463:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4381:Businesspeople
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Thames Gateway
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3803:Pound sterling
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:FTSE 250 Index
3691:
3689:FTSE 100 Index
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3599:Parson's Cause
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3531:Quartering Act
3528:
3523:
3518:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3488:North ministry
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3477:Townshend Acts
3473:
3471:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3413:Quartering Act
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3243:External links
3241:
3239:
3238:
3228:(4): 533–542.
3215:
3189:(4): 615–638.
3176:
3166:(2): 262–284.
3153:
3114:
3096:(4): 689–691.
3083:
3077:
3064:
3050:
3036:
3030:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2985:
2971:
2936:
2922:
2908:
2898:Anderson, Adam
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2776:
2767:
2755:
2746:
2732:
2729:pp. 81–91
2727:.Reeves 1792,
2720:
2708:
2696:
2680:
2664:
2648:
2634:
2620:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2571:
2557:
2546:
2535:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2457:
2444:
2432:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2377:
2366:
2354:
2345:
2333:
2320:
2288:
2267:
2256:
2234:
2197:(1): 139–154.
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2134:
2119:
2112:
2087:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2038:
2035:
1969:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:1 January 1850
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1690:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1622:The so-called
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1449:The so-called
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
989:
985:
984:
978:
972:
971:
968:
962:
961:
956:
948:
947:
943:
942:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:
918:
915:
914:
912:
911:
905:
903:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
874:
873:
869:
868:
862:
856:
855:
852:
846:
845:
840:
832:
831:
827:
826:
816:
780:
779:
773:
772:
769:
766:
765:
760:
754:
753:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
734:
733:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
705:
697:
696:
692:
691:
681:
635:, long-titled
620:
619:
613:
612:
609:
606:
605:
600:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
579:
578:
576:
575:
571:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
548:
547:
538:
532:
531:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
503:
495:
494:
483:
481:
478:
465:
462:
393:Oliver St John
361:
360:
357:
354:
353:
352:9 October 1651
350:
344:
343:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
323:
315:
314:
306:
298:
295:
223:letters patent
217:
214:
200:into England.
189:Levant Company
179:via the Dutch
148:Dutch Republic
144:Spanish Empire
79:
78:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5059:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4962:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:organisations
4875:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:Manufacturing
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:List of banks
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:North Sea oil
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:Trades unions
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4066:Big City Plan
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4034:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Privatisation
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Gold standard
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:1986 Big Bang
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:Chronological
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Co-operatives
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3557:(August 1775)
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:Coercive Acts
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:(3): 427–35.
3126:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:Israel, J. I.
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2880:Rutkow (2012)
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:Sawers (1992)
2864:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:Walton (1971)
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:Ransom (1968)
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:Thomas (1965)
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2704:Israel (1997)
2700:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:Reeves (1792)
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:p. 208ff
2673:
2672:Osgood (1907)
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:Reeves 1792,
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2510:Craven, p. 35
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2411:9780521292139
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2044:Wool Act 1699
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:Rutkow (2012)
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:Sawers (1992)
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:Ransom (1968)
1993:
1989:
1988:Thomas (1965)
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719: –
1718:
1714:
1713:Find sources:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1691:This section
1689:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:10 April 1696
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1495:royal charter
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:whale fishery
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:22 April 1671
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
979:
977:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
949:
944:
937:
927:
923:
916:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
875:
870:
866:
863:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
833:
828:
821:
815:
813:
811:
805:
799:
795:
789:
778:
774:
767:
764:
761:
759:
755:
750:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
698:
693:
686:
680:
678:
676:
670:
668:
664:
658:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
632:
627:
618:
614:
607:
604:
601:
599:
595:
592:
589:
585:
580:
573:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
558:
554:
549:
546:
542:
539:
533:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
496:
491:
479:
477:
475:
471:
463:
461:
459:
454:
450:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
381:
379:
375:
371:
368:
355:
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
316:
311:
304:
296:
294:
292:
287:
283:
278:
272:
271:of Britain."
270:
265:
264:Adam Anderson
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
227:
224:
215:
213:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
190:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
109:
107:
102:
97:
95:
90:
86:
75:
72:
64:
52:
51:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4830:Supermarkets
4796:Construction
4791:Architecture
4626:Canary Wharf
4459:Resource and
4442:Unemployment
4413:Minimum wage
4376:Billionaires
4273:Silicon Glen
4145:M11 Corridor
3854:
3448:(March 1766)
3442:(March 1766)
3407:Currency Act
3369:Molasses Act
3351:
3317:British laws
3225:
3219:
3186:
3180:
3163:
3157:
3124:
3118:
3093:
3087:
3068:
3058:
3054:Reeves, John
3044:
3021:
3009:
3000:
2990:
2979:
2950:
2944:
2928:
2916:
2902:
2875:
2863:
2853:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2779:
2770:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2683:
2667:
2651:
2642:
2637:
2623:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2549:
2538:
2527:
2515:
2506:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2460:
2447:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2400:
2393:
2380:
2369:
2357:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2323:
2315:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2194:
2188:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2137:
2132:, p. 23
2128:
2122:
2102:
2082:
2077:
2048:
2040:
2024:
2013:
2001:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1958:
1945:mercantilism
1938:
1936:
1882:Commencement
1876:26 June 1849
1872:Royal assent
1807:
1787:Molasses Act
1784:
1764:
1755:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1712:
1700:Please help
1695:verification
1692:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1644:naval stores
1636:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1585:15 July 1867
1573:Royal assent
1507:
1499:
1479:
1463:short titled
1458:
1450:
1448:
1412:28 July 1863
1318:
1309:
1307:
1274:Royal assent
1214:
1210:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1142:Commencement
1136:27 July 1663
1132:Royal assent
1063:. After the
1034:
994:Royal assent
890:21 July 1856
878:Royal assent
814:
783:
743:Royal assent
679:
671:
659:
636:
625:
623:
567:Commencement
557:Royal assent
467:
441:
437:Scheveningen
407:, after the
390:
382:
369:
364:
348:Royal assent
273:
259:
251:
245:
228:
219:
205:Molasses Act
202:
185:
133:
128:mercantilism
121:
110:
98:
94:Commonwealth
88:
84:
82:
67:
61:January 2024
58:
47:
26:
4806:Real estate
4530:Agriculture
4317:Cardiff Bay
4306:Agriculture
4263:Oil and gas
4238:Agriculture
4165:Silicon Fen
4140:M4 corridor
4133:London Plan
3954:Growth deal
3781:HM Treasury
3751:Company law
3720:governance,
3491:(1770–1782)
3454:(June 1766)
3452:Revenue Act
3433:(1765–1766)
3389:(1763–1765)
3345:Before 1763
2906:. J.Walker.
2764:p. 114
2692:p. 276
2660:p. 129
2656:Beer (1893)
2363:p. 404
2340:6 May 1645
1668:John Reeves
1596:Repealed by
1471:Spitsbergen
1423:Repealed by
1289:Repealed by
1157:Repealed by
1009:Repealed by
901:Repealed by
810:Plantations
758:Repealed by
598:Repealed by
470:Restoration
433:the Gabbard
413:stadtholder
367:long titled
282:plantations
267:Commercial
177:West Indies
173:"engrossed"
101:Restoration
4976:Categories
4860:High-speed
4855:Inter-city
4771:Automotive
4751:Healthcare
4739:Television
4729:Newspapers
4573:Materials
4488:Geothermal
4461:production
4403:Labour law
4386:Demography
4369:and labour
4150:Manchester
4061:Birmingham
3993:Free trade
3722:regulation
3536:Quebec Act
3498:Repeal Act
3440:Repeal Act
2890:References
2690:, p.
2674:, p.
2658:, p.
2606:p. 19
2594:p. 57
2081:V. Bevan,
2009:privateers
1962:Royal Navy
1940:free trade
1844:Long title
1728:newspapers
1545:Long title
1382:Long title
1341:after the
1334:Royal Navy
1330:neutrality
1326:hinterland
1246:Long title
1104:Long title
966:Long title
850:Long title
715:Long title
667:cocoa bean
513:Long title
474:Charles II
420:free trade
333:Long title
124:free trade
117:enumerated
4877:Trade and
4840:Transport
4787:Property
4766:Aerospace
4701:Education
4646:Insurance
4594:Financial
4478:Biodiesel
4354:Transport
4283:Transport
4243:Edinburgh
4215:Transport
4190:Wiltshire
4185:Transport
4160:Sheffield
4118:Liverpool
3981:Recurrent
3808:Banknotes
3718:Currency,
3672:Companies
3419:Stamp Act
3401:Sugar Act
3211:153513278
3149:153948157
2604:Andrews,
2229:145691938
2199:CiteSeerX
2069:Citations
1949:Corn Laws
1803:Sugar Act
1785:The 1733
1758:July 2020
1486:whalebone
1455:25 Cha. 2
1397:25 Cha. 2
1189:15 Cha. 2
1119:15 Cha. 2
1047:12 Cha. 2
1039:12 Cha. 2
981:12 Cha. 2
865:12 Cha. 2
804:14 Cha. 2
788:12 Cha. 2
730:12 Cha. 2
631:12 Cha. 2
528:12 Cha. 2
401:The Hague
269:Palladium
256:whalebone
209:Sugar Act
140:embargoes
4951:Category
4879:business
4845:Aviation
4818:Internet
4724:Gambling
4631:The City
4596:services
4577:Forestry
4560:Scottish
4551:Fishing
4493:Fracking
4425:Pensions
4233:Aberdeen
4225:Scotland
4200:Northern
4170:Somerset
4078:Cornwall
4038:regions,
4036:Nations,
3820:Taxation
3623:Category
3375:Iron Act
3357:Wool Act
3056:(1792).
3042:(1907).
2977:(1951).
2914:(1893).
2900:(1787).
2308:Archived
2057:See also
2005:Fletcher
1854:Citation
1582:Repealed
1555:Citation
1409:Repealed
1392:Citation
1256:Citation
1114:Citation
1057:Scotland
1049:. c. 34)
1041:. c. 32)
976:Citation
887:Repealed
860:Citation
806:. c. 11)
798:poundage
790:. c. 19)
725:Citation
633:. c. 18)
523:Citation
449:Canaries
181:entrepĂ´t
146:and the
4961:Commons
4928:Make UK
4835:Tourism
4801:Housing
4781:Exports
4744:Theatre
4609:Banking
4555:English
4451:Sectors
4396:Poverty
4349:Tourism
4344:Swansea
4329:History
4324:Fishing
4311:Cardiff
4278:Tourism
4258:History
4253:Fishing
4210:Belfast
4202:Ireland
4180:Tourism
4155:Reading
4103:Fishing
4083:Croydon
4073:Bristol
4048:England
3840:History
3813:Coinage
3512:(1774:
3504:Tea Act
3467:Grafton
3463:Chatham
3363:Hat Act
3203:2116133
3141:2116467
3110:2593707
2221:2123771
2031:Madeira
1742:scholar
1562:. c. 22
1263:. c. 26
1053:England
983:. c. 34
867:. c. 32
794:tunnage
732:. c. 19
530:. c. 18
453:Puglian
376:led by
198:Zeeland
194:Holland
44:sources
4719:Cinema
4582:Mining
4503:Marine
4469:Energy
4391:Income
4367:People
4313:
4288:Whisky
4123:London
4093:Dorset
4040:cities
3965:Impact
3746:Budget
3601:(1763)
3569:(1778)
3506:(1773)
3500:(1770)
3479:(1767)
3421:(1765)
3415:(1765)
3409:(1764)
3403:(1764)
3377:(1750)
3371:(1733)
3365:(1732)
3359:(1699)
3209:
3201:
3147:
3139:
3108:
3075:
3028:
2967:549885
2965:
2408:
2331:, 1908
2227:
2219:
2201:
2110:
1981:affair
1979:Gaspee
1811:Repeal
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1399:. c. 7
1205:staple
1121:. c. 7
675:factor
663:fustic
171:) was
157:Levant
4734:Radio
4714:Media
4694:Other
4565:Welsh
4535:Cider
4513:Solar
4298:Wales
4108:Leeds
4088:Devon
3771:Gilts
3207:S2CID
3199:JSTOR
3145:S2CID
3137:JSTOR
3106:JSTOR
2963:JSTOR
2225:S2CID
2217:JSTOR
1866:Dates
1861:c. 29
1749:JSTOR
1735:books
1640:prize
1567:Dates
1475:Hansa
1404:Dates
1268:Dates
1197:Wales
1126:Dates
988:Dates
872:Dates
737:Dates
551:Dates
399:) to
386:Dutch
342:Dates
4850:Rail
4545:Beer
4540:Wine
4525:Food
4518:Wind
4483:Coal
3465:and
3073:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2108:ISBN
1721:news
1484:and
1199:and
1183:The
1055:and
796:and
654:bond
624:The
543:and
442:The
435:and
395:and
241:bond
196:and
83:The
46:but
4658:LCH
3230:doi
3191:doi
3168:doi
3129:doi
3098:doi
2955:doi
2209:doi
1704:by
1482:oil
472:of
4978::
3332:,
3226:24
3224:.
3205:.
3197:.
3187:25
3185:.
3164:45
3162:.
3143:.
3135:.
3125:28
3123:.
3104:.
3094:26
3092:.
2961:.
2951:25
2949:.
2943:.
2497:,
2291:^
2282:,
2270:^
2250:.
2246:.
2223:.
2215:.
2207:.
2195:55
2193:.
2176:^
2090:^
1497:.
1345:.
431:,
96:.
4471:/
4319:)
4315:(
3956:)
3952:(
3657:e
3650:t
3643:v
3302:e
3295:t
3288:v
3236:.
3232::
3213:.
3193::
3174:.
3170::
3151:.
3131::
3112:.
3100::
3081:.
3034:.
3012:.
3003:.
2983:.
2969:.
2957::
2882:.
2870:.
2841:.
2829:.
2817:.
2694:.
2678:.
2662:.
2645:.
2631:.
2582:.
2568:.
2414:.
2231:.
2211::
2116:.
1771:)
1765:(
1760:)
1756:(
1746:·
1739:·
1732:·
1725:·
1698:.
1626:(
1453:(
1187:(
1045:(
1037:(
802:(
786:(
629:(
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
53:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.