340:, edema of the airways, influx of inflammatory cells, and formation of intraluminal mucus. In addition, ongoing airway inflammation is thought to cause airway hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma. The more severe the airway obstruction, the more likely ventilation-perfusion mismatching will result in impaired gas exchange and
148:(blue discoloration, usually of the lips), absence of audible breath sounds over the chest ("silent chest" : wheezing is not heard because there is not enough air movement to generate it), reduced respiratory effort and visible exhaustion or drowsiness. Irregularities in the heartbeat and
125:
An exacerbation (attack) of asthma is experienced as a worsening of asthma symptoms with breathlessness and cough (often worse at night). In acute severe asthma, breathlessness may be so severe that it is impossible to speak more than a few words (inability to complete sentences).
382:
Airway edema may cause wheezing in CHF. In addition, vascular compression may compress the airways during systole with cardiac ejection, resulting in a pulsatile wheeze that corresponds to the heart rate. This is sometimes erroneously referred to as
336:. Together, these mediators cause bronchial smooth muscle constriction, vascular leakage, inflammatory cell recruitment (with further mediator release), and mucous gland secretion. These processes lead to airway obstruction by constriction of the
1091:
1076:
97:, some having protective effect, with each gene having its own tendency to be influenced by the environment although a genetic link leading to acute severe asthma is still unknown. Symptoms include chest tightness, rapidly progressive
554:. It was also proposed that a rationale for how antiviral performance at the epithelial cell level might be improved to prevent acute infectious illness and chronic inflammatory disease caused by respiratory viruses.
356:
will ask questions in regards to symptoms and breathing; they will also ask if fatigue or wheezing has been experienced when breathing in or out; and also test using a peak expiratory flow and an oxygen saturation.
137:(110 beats per minute or faster). Reduced oxygen saturation levels (but above 92%) are often encountered. Examination of the lungs with a stethoscope may reveal reduced air entry and/or widespread wheeze. The
1014:
Moore PE, Ryckman KK, Williams SM, Patel N, Summar ML, Sheller JR (9 July 2009). "Genetic variants of GSNOR and ADRB2 influence response to albuterol in
African-American children with severe asthma".
1554:
802:
113:. It is a life-threatening episode of airway obstruction and is considered a medical emergency. Complications include cardiac and/or respiratory arrest. The increasing prevalence of
317:
individuals with asthma, in contrast to atopic persons without asthma, have a defect in mucosal integrity that makes them susceptible to penetration of allergens into the mucosa.
569:) on conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the lungs. The study found that a Novell PMN-cDc interaction in the lung is necessary for a viral infection to induce atopic disease.
144:
Very severe acute asthma (termed "near-fatal" as there is an immediate risk to life) is characterised by a peak flow of less than 33% predicted, oxygen saturations below 92% or
283:–driven, immune milieu, perhaps caused by certain types of immune stimulation early in life. This is followed by allergen exposure in a genetically susceptible individual.
196:
The cause for acute severe asthma attacks is still unknown and experts are also unsure of why it developed and why it does not respond to typical asthma treatments.
1173:
275:
during the late-phase (or chronic) reaction. The simple explanation for allergic inflammation in asthma begins with the development of a predominantly helper T2
2018:
855:
Ratto, David; Alfaro, Carlos; Sipsey, Jeff; Glovsky, M. Michael; Sharma, Om P. (1988-07-22). "Are
Intravenous Corticosteroids Required in Status Asthmaticus?".
432:
514:. Multiple therapies may be used simultaneously to rapidly reverse the effects of status asthmaticus and reduce permanent damage of the airways. Intravenous
713:
Cheung, Dorothy S.; Ehlenbach, Sarah J.; Kitchens, Robert T.; Riley, Desiré A.; Thomas, Larry L.; Holtzman, Michael J.; Grayson, Mitchell H. (2010-11-01).
644:
805:. Clinical guideline: asthma. London: British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (BTS/SIGN). October 2014. Archived from
1773:
1797:
1569:
396:
364:
can be misdiagnosed when wheezing occurs from an acute cause other than asthma. Some of these alternative causes of wheezing are discussed below.
806:
1544:
426:
421:
2230:
2013:
1768:
1166:
2023:
1819:
522:
are often given. If the person with a severe asthma exacerbation is on a mechanical ventilator, certain sedating medications such as
2220:
2000:
1500:
1195:
1190:
577:
Status asthmaticus is slightly more common in males and is more common among people of
African and Hispanic origin. The gene locus
578:
1964:
453:
2235:
1159:
503:
1701:
324:
molecules and activation of mast cells, with elaboration and release of a vast array of mediators. These mediators include
1809:
141:
can be measured at the bedside; in acute severe asthma, the flow is less than 50% of a person's normal or predicted flow.
2261:
2008:
1959:
1792:
1730:
1969:
2155:
416:
2028:
1653:
1627:
1352:
1253:
1804:
1632:
1617:
1610:
1515:
1476:
1423:
1401:
1359:
1287:
1110:
1783:
1932:
1574:
1490:
1365:
2058:
1911:
1872:
1787:
1740:
1439:
1282:
511:
353:
220:
106:
715:"CD49d+ neutrophils induce FcεRI expression on lung dendritic cells in a mouse model of postviral asthma"
306:(IgE) antibodies specific to that allergen. The IgE antibody attaches to surface receptors on the airway
1320:
1292:
372:
Airways can be compressed from vascular structures, such as vascular rings, lymphadenopathy, or tumors.
550:
and respiratory viruses is another aspect of innate immunity that is also a critical determination of
1937:
1889:
1877:
1691:
1649:
1248:
401:
216:
138:
2205:
2172:
1918:
1867:
1495:
1315:
1182:
1095:
168:
159:
2063:
1928:
1884:
1716:
1637:
1564:
1434:
1039:
595:
590:
47:
2185:
1429:
1258:
1219:
1031:
996:
978:
939:
921:
880:
872:
752:
734:
660:
507:
495:
53:
35:
581:(GSNOR) has been suggested as one possible correlation to development of status asthmaticus.
2128:
2121:
1985:
1906:
1745:
1681:
1530:
1023:
986:
970:
929:
911:
900:"Ketamine versus aminophylline for acute asthma in children: A randomized, controlled trial"
864:
742:
726:
652:
562:
472:
321:
303:
2256:
2150:
2102:
1990:
1941:
1862:
1778:
1586:
538:
are also effective in children with acute asthma who responds poorly to standard therapy.
442:
307:
181:
86:
78:
1139:
263:
during the early-phase reaction and a mixed cellular infiltrate composed of eosinophils,
831:
2088:
1750:
1661:
1581:
1391:
1386:
1104:
1100:
991:
958:
934:
899:
747:
714:
519:
515:
406:
384:
204:
90:
2250:
2180:
1894:
1605:
1151:
868:
535:
458:
411:
376:
337:
291:
240:
1043:
117:
and asthma remains unexplained but may be due to infection with respiratory viruses.
2117:
2070:
1455:
1407:
1276:
464:
299:
1115:
2215:
2162:
2145:
2140:
2093:
2048:
1899:
1847:
1814:
1686:
1415:
1347:
1310:
1265:
1200:
957:
Holtzman, Michael J.; Patel, Dhara; Zhang, Yong; Patel, Anand C. (August 2011).
491:
478:
329:
149:
134:
40:
530:, have bronchodilating properties. According to a new randomized control trial
2135:
1735:
1721:
1696:
1671:
1666:
1600:
1549:
1471:
1447:
1396:
1270:
1235:
1210:
974:
547:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
130:
982:
925:
916:
876:
738:
730:
656:
618:
2210:
1842:
1711:
1706:
1676:
1227:
1134:
1085:
684:
499:
341:
325:
310:
287:
264:
1035:
1000:
943:
756:
664:
884:
498:), aerosolized medications to dilate the airways (bronchodilation) (e.g.,
352:
Severe acute asthma can be diagnosed by a primary care physician (PCP). A
2225:
2110:
1510:
1243:
531:
527:
523:
333:
200:
Not seeing a doctor regularly, therefore asthma is not under good control
145:
1463:
1339:
1027:
248:
209:
98:
1068:
1560:
1373:
1302:
1080:
558:
551:
361:
110:
82:
1381:
771:
566:
437:
314:
114:
102:
959:"Host epithelial-viral interactions as cause and cure for asthma"
546:
A recent study proposed that the interaction between host airway
320:
Subsequent specific allergen exposure leads to cross-bridging of
1330:
235:
94:
1155:
565:-driven up-regulation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (
64:
Silent chest, worsening symptoms despite use of medication.
803:"SIGN 141 • British guideline on the management of asthma"
187:
Feeling the need to sit or stand up to breathe more easily
898:
Jat, KanaRam; Tiwari, Abhimanyu; Guglani, Vishal (2016).
259:
Inflammation in asthma is characterized by an influx of
645:"Chapter 14: Acute severe asthma (status asthmaticus)"
1058:
2198:
2171:
2101:
2087:
2041:
1999:
1978:
1952:
1855:
1841:
1832:
1761:
1646:
1626:
1509:
1489:
1329:
1209:
1189:
1125:
1062:
60:
46:
34:
26:
21:
219:and not taking asthma medication as directed by a
643:Shah, Rachna; Saltoun, Carol A. (May–June 2012).
155:Severe asthma attack can cause symptoms such as:
561:after viral infection inmate depended on Type I
85:that does not respond to standard treatments of
56:, difficulty performing normal daily activities
557:Another study aimed to show that experimental
1167:
433:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
226:Not following an asthma action plan correctly
109:, fast and/or labored breathing, and extreme
8:
613:
611:
133:(more than 25 breaths per minute), and the
2098:
1852:
1838:
1643:
1506:
1206:
1174:
1160:
1152:
1059:
832:"Status Asthmaticus (Severe Acute Asthma)"
579:glutathione dependent S-nitrosoglutathione
18:
1774:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
990:
933:
915:
746:
245:Exposure to chemicals and other irritants
1798:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
607:
397:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
150:abnormal lowering of the blood pressure
797:
795:
793:
791:
427:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
826:
824:
708:
706:
689:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
313:. One important question is whether
164:Inability to speak in full sentences
52:Anxiety, panic, laboring to breath,
30:Status asthmaticus, asthmatic status
2231:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
1820:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1183:Diseases of the respiratory system
286:Specific allergen exposure (e.g.,
14:
342:low levels of oxygen in the blood
279:–driven, as opposed to helper T1
869:10.1001/jama.1988.03410040099036
290:) under the influence of helper
131:respiratory rate may be elevated
54:tightened neck and chest muscles
454:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
93:. Asthma is caused by multiple
2236:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
649:Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
504:ipratropium bromide/salbutamol
463:Idiopathic pulmonary arterial
332:C4, D4, and E4; and a host of
203:Coming in contact with asthma
1:
1810:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
963:Current Opinion in Immunology
1793:Respiratory hypersensitivity
1731:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
450:Foreign bodies of the airway
212:or severe allergic reactions
1702:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
904:Annals of Thoracic Medicine
770:Kumar, Varun (2020-10-15).
619:"What Is an Asthma Attack?"
101:(shortness of breath), dry
2278:
1555:Acute exacerbation of COPD
975:10.1016/j.coi.2011.05.010
651:. 33 Suppl 1 (3): 47–50.
1618:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
1611:Bronchiolitis obliterans
1477:Laryngotracheal stenosis
1424:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1402:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1360:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1288:Nasal septum perforation
917:10.4103/1817-1737.191874
731:10.4049/jimmunol.1002456
657:10.2500/aap.2012.33.3547
417:Bronchiolitis obliterans
377:Congestive heart failure
1366:Retropharyngeal abscess
494:(IV) medications (e.g.
180:Hunched shoulders, and
177:Bluish tint to the lips
135:heart rate may be rapid
2059:Pulmonary hypertension
1788:Eosinophilic pneumonia
1440:Vocal cord dysfunction
1283:Nasal septum deviation
512:mechanical ventilation
490:Interventions include
391:Differential diagnoses
229:Respiratory infections
221:primary care physician
2186:Mediastinal emphysema
1965:Healthcare-associated
1895:Legionnaires' disease
1321:Peritonsillar abscess
1293:Nasal septal hematoma
1016:Pediatric Pulmonology
719:Journal of Immunology
368:Extrinsic compression
1933:Mendelson's syndrome
1805:Hamman–Rich syndrome
809:on 12 September 2017
402:Aspiration syndromes
171:even when lying down
139:peak expiratory flow
129:On examination, the
71:Acute severe asthma,
2262:Medical emergencies
2206:Respiratory failure
2173:Mediastinal disease
1741:Bird fancier's lung
1316:Adenoid hypertrophy
510:therapy, including
184:in stomach and neck
160:Shortness of breath
107:respiratory muscles
105:, use of accessory
22:Acute severe asthma
2111:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2064:Pulmonary embolism
1960:Community-acquired
1885:Atypical bacterial
1784:Löffler's syndrome
1565:Status asthmaticus
1550:Chronic bronchitis
1435:Vocal fold paresis
1249:Vasomotor rhinitis
1126:External resources
1028:10.1002/ppul.21033
691:. 25 November 2020
596:Status angiotensus
591:Status epilepticus
422:Chronic bronchitis
121:Signs and symptoms
75:status asthmaticus
2244:
2243:
2194:
2193:
2151:Empyema/pyothorax
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2037:
2036:
1970:Hospital-acquired
1828:
1827:
1692:Caplan's syndrome
1485:
1484:
1430:Vocal fold nodule
1254:Atrophic rhinitis
1149:
1148:
508:positive-pressure
496:magnesium sulfate
469:Inhalation injury
174:Chest feels tight
152:may be observed.
68:
67:
16:Medical condition
2269:
2129:Pleural effusion
2122:Hemopneumothorax
2099:
1853:
1839:
1682:Bauxite fibrosis
1647:External agents/
1644:
1575:Exercise-induced
1531:Acute bronchitis
1507:
1207:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
954:
948:
947:
937:
919:
895:
889:
888:
852:
846:
845:
843:
842:
828:
819:
818:
816:
814:
799:
786:
785:
783:
782:
767:
761:
760:
750:
725:(9): 4983–4987.
710:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
615:
548:epithelial cells
473:Pulmonary artery
304:immunoglobulin E
296:2 helper T cells
182:strained muscles
81:exacerbation of
19:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2190:
2167:
2103:Pleural disease
2092:
2075:
2033:
1995:
1979:By distribution
1974:
1953:By vector/route
1948:
1846:
1834:
1824:
1779:Pulmonary edema
1757:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1587:Cystic fibrosis
1514:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1325:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1121:
1120:
1071:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1013:
1012:
1008:
956:
955:
951:
897:
896:
892:
854:
853:
849:
840:
838:
830:
829:
822:
812:
810:
801:
800:
789:
780:
778:
769:
768:
764:
712:
711:
704:
694:
692:
683:
682:
678:
669:
667:
642:
641:
637:
628:
626:
617:
616:
609:
604:
587:
575:
544:
542:Recent research
520:methylxanthines
516:corticosteroids
488:
443:Cystic fibrosis
393:
380:
370:
350:
302:elaboration of
295:
257:
223:(PCP) correctly
217:peak flow meter
194:
123:
91:corticosteroids
89:(inhalers) and
87:bronchodilators
17:
12:
11:
5:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2089:Pleural cavity
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:Lycoperdonosis
1748:
1743:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1662:Pneumoconiosis
1658:
1656:
1641:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1582:Bronchiectasis
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1504:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1392:Laryngeal cyst
1389:
1387:Laryngomalacia
1384:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:article/302238
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1088:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:Classification
1056:
1055:External links
1053:
1050:
1049:
1022:(7): 649–654.
1006:
969:(4): 487–494.
949:
910:(4): 283–288.
890:
863:(4): 527–529.
847:
820:
787:
762:
702:
676:
635:
606:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
593:
586:
583:
574:
571:
543:
540:
487:
484:
483:
482:
476:
470:
467:
461:
456:
451:
448:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
419:
414:
409:
407:Bronchiectasis
404:
399:
392:
389:
385:cardiac asthma
379:
374:
369:
366:
349:
346:
338:smooth muscles
293:
256:
253:
252:
251:
246:
243:
238:
233:
230:
227:
224:
215:Not using the
213:
207:
201:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
178:
175:
172:
165:
162:
122:
119:
73:also known as
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
50:
44:
43:
38:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:Other/general
2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Mediastinitis
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
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2090:
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1924:noninfectious
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1833:Obstructive /
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1746:Farmer's lung
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1606:Bronchiolitis
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536:aminophylline
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497:
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459:Heart failure
457:
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241:Air pollution
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232:Severe stress
231:
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55:
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42:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2118:Pneumothorax
2071:Lung abscess
2053:
1923:
1912:Pneumocystis
1873:Pneumococcal
1654:lung disease
1650:occupational
1628:Interstitial
1593:
1537:
1523:
1496:lung disease
1462:
1456:Epiglottitis
1446:
1414:
1408:Laryngospasm
1372:
1353:Strep throat
1338:
1301:
1277:nasal septum
1275:
1234:
1218:
1133:
1109:
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893:
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839:. Retrieved
835:
811:. Retrieved
807:the original
779:. Retrieved
775:
765:
722:
718:
693:. Retrieved
688:
679:
668:. Retrieved
648:
638:
627:. Retrieved
625:. 2019-01-30
622:
576:
573:Epidemiology
556:
545:
489:
465:hypertension
381:
371:
359:
351:
330:leukotrienes
319:
300:B-lymphocyte
285:
258:
236:Cold weather
195:
154:
143:
128:
124:
74:
70:
69:
2216:Common cold
2163:Fibrothorax
2146:Chylothorax
2141:Hydrothorax
2094:mediastinum
2054:circulatory
2049:Atelectasis
1856:By pathogen
1848:pneumonitis
1835:Restrictive
1815:Sarcoidosis
1687:Berylliosis
1633:restrictive
1594:unspecified
1516:obstructive
1499:(including
1416:vocal cords
1348:Pharyngitis
1311:Tonsillitis
1266:Nasal polyp
1201:common cold
1194:(including
492:intravenous
481:dysfunction
362:asthmaticus
273:neutrophils
269:lymphocytes
261:eosinophils
61:Usual onset
41:Respirology
27:Other names
2251:Categories
2136:Hemothorax
1938:Aspiration
1900:Chlamydiae
1890:Mycoplasma
1878:Klebsiella
1736:Bagassosis
1722:Byssinosis
1697:Chalicosis
1672:Asbestosis
1667:Aluminosis
1601:Bronchitis
1472:Tracheitis
1448:epiglottis
1397:Laryngitis
1271:Rhinorrhea
841:2019-11-06
813:19 October
781:2020-11-04
670:2019-11-06
629:2020-03-24
602:References
479:Vocal cord
311:mast cells
288:dust mites
281:lymphocyte
277:lymphocyte
265:mast cells
169:breathless
2211:Influenza
2156:Malignant
1919:Parasitic
1868:Bacterial
1843:Pneumonia
1712:Silicosis
1707:Siderosis
1677:Baritosis
1511:Bronchial
1259:Hay fever
1228:Sinusitis
1135:eMedicine
983:0952-7915
926:1817-1737
877:0098-7484
739:0022-1767
500:albuterol
486:Treatment
447:Emphysema
348:Diagnosis
334:cytokines
326:histamine
298:leads to
255:Mechanism
210:Allergies
36:Specialty
2226:COVID-19
2019:BOOP-COP
1986:Broncho-
1929:Chemical
1717:Talcosis
1638:fibrosis
1491:Lower RT
1244:Rhinitis
1191:Upper RT
1044:30530302
1036:19514054
1001:21703838
944:27803755
772:"Asthma"
757:20876348
685:"Asthma"
665:22794687
585:See also
532:ketamine
528:propofol
524:ketamine
205:triggers
167:Feeling
146:cyanosis
111:wheezing
77:, is an
48:Symptoms
1538:chronic
1464:trachea
1340:pharynx
1220:sinuses
1116:D013224
992:3163712
935:5070438
885:3385910
748:2959147
506:), and
360:Status
308:mucosal
249:Smoking
99:dyspnea
2257:Asthma
1907:Fungal
1561:Asthma
1374:larynx
1303:tonsil
1105:493.91
1101:493.01
1042:
1034:
999:
989:
981:
942:
932:
924:
883:
875:
755:
745:
737:
695:1 July
663:
559:asthma
552:asthma
429:(COPD)
315:atopic
271:, and
83:asthma
2042:Other
1991:Lobar
1942:Lipid
1863:Viral
1762:Other
1524:acute
1501:LRTIs
1426:(LPR)
1404:(LPR)
1382:Croup
1362:(LPR)
1196:URTIs
1040:S2CID
836:WebMD
623:WebMD
567:FcεRI
475:sling
438:Croup
192:Cause
115:atopy
103:cough
95:genes
79:acute
2221:SARS
2024:NSIP
1769:ARDS
1570:AERD
1545:COPD
1331:Neck
1236:nose
1211:Head
1111:MeSH
1096:9-CM
1032:PMID
997:PMID
979:ISSN
940:PMID
922:ISSN
881:PMID
873:ISSN
857:JAMA
815:2014
776:Bibo
753:PMID
735:ISSN
697:2021
661:PMID
534:and
518:and
2014:DIP
2009:UIP
2001:IIP
1092:ICD
1086:J46
1077:ICD
1024:doi
987:PMC
971:doi
930:PMC
912:doi
865:doi
861:260
743:PMC
727:doi
723:185
653:doi
563:IFN
526:or
502:or
354:PCP
322:IgE
2253::
2029:RB
1138::
1114::
1103:,
1099::
1084::
1081:10
1038:.
1030:.
1020:44
1018:.
995:.
985:.
977:.
967:23
965:.
961:.
938:.
928:.
920:.
908:11
906:.
902:.
879:.
871:.
859:.
834:.
823:^
790:^
774:.
751:.
741:.
733:.
721:.
717:.
705:^
687:.
659:.
647:.
621:.
610:^
387:.
344:.
328:;
267:,
2120:/
2091:/
1940:/
1931:/
1845:/
1786:/
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1198:,
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1161:v
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1079:-
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1026::
1003:.
973::
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887:.
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759:.
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294:h
292:T
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