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salt at the lower end of their possible concentrations, helping to lower the amount of ingested salts. The amount of sodium imposed by this sort of diet is still relatively heavy and can create complications when considering the less tolerant chicks. Adult Adélie penguins feed their chicks by regurgitating the predigested krill, which can impose an excessive salt intake on the chicks. Adult birds address this problem by altering the ion concentrations while the food is still being held in their stomachs. By removing a portion of the sodium and potassium ions, adult Adélie penguins protect their chicks from ingesting excessive amounts of sodium. Adélie penguins also manage their salt intake by concentrating
1020:-discoloured coastal areas (red/brown patches in areas with no snow) in the satellite images, and augmented their findings with field surveys in areas where no good satellite images were available or where the presence of multiple penguins species was suspected. The results of field surveys were only used if they had been done within the previous four years. This census found an estimated 3.79 million breeding pairs in 251 distinct breeding colonies, including more than 40 that had never been surveyed before, a 53% increase over a census completed 20 years earlier. The colonies are distributed around the coastline of the Antarctic land and ocean. Colonies have declined on the
604:
591:, a Royal Navy surgeon-lieutenant and scientist who also accompanied Scott, commented on displays of selfishness among the penguins during his surveying in the Antarctic: "At the place where they most often went in , a long terrace of ice about six feet in height ran for some hundreds of yards along the edge of the water, and here, just as on the sea-ice, crowds would stand near the brink. When they had succeeded in pushing one of their number over, all would crane their necks over the edge, and when they saw the pioneer safe in the water, the rest followed." Levick also detailed the mating habits of Adélie penguins.
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poking their heads to and fro in their usually absurd way, in spite of a string of howling dogs straining to get at them. "Hulloa!" they seem to say, "here's a game – what do all you ridiculous things want?" And they come a few steps nearer. The dogs make a rush as far as their harness or leashes allow. The penguins are not daunted in the least, but their ruffs go up and they squawk with semblance of anger.… Then the final fatal steps forward are taken and they come within reach. There is a spring, a squawk, a horrid red patch on the snow, and the incident is closed.
485:. This coat of feathers is typically silvery-grey (darker on the head), though some birds are much darker overall. Within 10 days, the chick moults into another set of down feathers, this time all dark smoky-grey. Once they have moulted a third time, 7–9 weeks after hatching, the immature birds are similar to adults in appearance, though they tend to be smaller with a bluer tinge to their upperparts and white (rather than black) chins and throats. They lack the full white eye ring of the adult until they are at least a year old.
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or 28 °F/-19 °C or -2.2 °F), the parents take turns incubating the egg; one goes to feed and the other stays to warm the egg. The parent that is incubating does not eat and does not even leave to defecate but instead projects faeces away from the nest. In March, the adults and their young return to the sea. The Adélie penguin lives on sea ice but needs ice-free land to breed. With a reduction in sea ice, populations of the Adélie penguin have dropped by 65% over the past 25 years in the
Antarctic Peninsula.
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greeting, and the louder they barked and the more they strained at their ropes, the faster he bustled to meet them. He was extremely angry with a man who went and saved him from a very sudden end, clinging to his trousers with his beak, and furiously beating his shins with his flippers. It was not an uncommon sight to see a little Adélie penguin standing within a few inches of the nose of a dog which was almost frantic with desire and passion.
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1087:Θις ἀφτερνooν ἰ σαυ ἀ μoστ εχτραoρδιναρι σιtε. ἀ πενγυιν ὐας ἀκτυαλλι ενyαyεδ ἰν σoδoμι ᾿uπoν θε βoδι ὀφ ἀ δεαδ ὑιτε θρoατεδ βιρδ ὀφ ἰτς ὀνε σπεσιες. Θε ἀκτ ὀccυπιεδ ἀ φυλλ μινυτε, θε πoσιτιoν τακεν ὐπ βι θε κoχ διφφερινy ἰν νo ρεσπεκτ φρoμ θατ ὀφ ὀρδιναρι κoπυλατιoν, ἀνδ θε ὑoλε ακτ ὐας yoνε θρoυ, δoυν τo θε φιναλ δεπρεςςιoν ὀφ θε χλoακα.
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they were courting and copulating with another male. The observing researchers suggested that this was practice for heterosexual encounters or a "response to high sexual motivation but a lack of females," but these claims follow a long-running historical pattern of obscuring, denying, and explaining away homosexual behavior in animals.
829:, sexual coercion, sexual and physical abuse of chicks and homosexual behaviour," states the analysis written by Douglas Russell and colleagues William Sladen and David Ainley. "His observations were, however, accurate, valid and, with the benefit of hindsight, deserving of publication." Levick observed the Adélie penguins at
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deemed too indecent for publication at the time; they were rediscovered and published in 2012. "The pamphlet, declined for publication with the official Scott expedition reports, commented on the frequency of sexual activity, auto-erotic behaviour and seemingly aberrant behaviour of young unpaired males and females, including
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north of roughly 73°S. While some remain near their breeding colonies, others may move hundreds or thousands of kilometres away. As long as there are breaks in the pack ice, they can survive hundreds of kilometres south of open water, and birds are known to forage in winter in areas with up to 80% pack ice cover.
1100:]. A penguin was actually engaged in sodomy upon the body of a dead white-throated bird of its own species. The act occurred a full minute, the position taken up by the cock differing in no respect from that of ordinary copulation, and the whole act was gone through down to the final depression of the
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fluids to a much higher degree than most other birds are capable. This ability is present regardless of ontogeny in Adélie penguins, meaning that both adults and juveniles are capable of withstanding extreme levels of salt ion concentration. However, chicks do possess a greater ability to concentrate
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Meares and
Dimitri exercised the dog-teams out upon the larger floes when we were held up for any length of time. One day, a team was tethered by the side of the ship, and a penguin sighted them and hurried from afar off. The dogs became frantic with excitement as he neared them: he supposed it was a
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but have occurred as vagrants in
Australia, New Zealand and southern South America. During the breeding season, they need bare, rocky ground on which to build their nests. They will not nest on ice, and preferentially choose areas where wind or the angle of the sun (or both) helps to keep snow drifts
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The Adélie penguin is a mid-sized bird, measuring 70–73 cm (28–29 in) in length and weighing 3.8 to 8.2 kg (8.4 to 18.1 lb). Although the sexes look the same, females have shorter wings and beaks and weigh significantly less. The adult is black on the head, throat and upper parts,
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can be home to thousands of penguins, all of which are concentrating waste products in their digestive tracts and nasal glands. These excretions inevitably drop to the ground. The concentration of salts and nitrogenous wastes helps to facilitate the flow of material from the sea to the land, serving
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Some Adélie penguins also actively and deliberately engage in homosexual activity. In one instance recorded in 1996, two wild male individuals courted each other and took turns mounting and copulating with each other. The reciprocal nature of the event indicates that both individuals were aware that
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Young Adélie penguins that have no experience in social interaction may react to false cues when the penguins gather to breed. They may, for instance, attempt to mate with other males, with young chicks or with dead females. Levick was the first to record such behaviour (1911–12), but his notes were
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is largely covered with black feathers, leaving only the tip exposed; this is primarily black, though it can show indistinct reddish-brown markings. The upper surface of the wing is black with a white trailing edge, while the underside is white with a narrow black leading edge and a small black tip.
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conditions, as their frozen habitats offer little fresh water. Such desert conditions mean that the vast majority of the available water is highly saline, causing the diets of Adélie penguins to be heavy in salt. They manage to circumvent this problem by eating krill with internal concentrations of
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Adélie penguins arrive at their breeding grounds in late
October or November, after completing a migration that takes them away from the Antarctic continent for the dark, cold winter months. Their nests consist of stones piled together. In December, the warmest month in Antarctica (about −2 °C
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The great trouble with has been due to the fatuous conduct of the penguins. Groups of these have been constantly leaping onto our floe. From the moment of landing on their feet their whole attitude expressed devouring curiosity and a pig-headed disregard for their own safety. They waddle forward,
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Once they have finished breeding, adult Adélie penguins typically move to ice floes or ice shelves to moult, though some remain onshore. During the winter, the birds remain in the pack ice zone, with most moving north to reach areas where there is visible light for at least part of the day – thus
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Cherry-Garrard held the birds in great regard. "Whatever a penguin does has individuality, and he lays bare his whole life for all to see. He cannot fly away. And because he is quaint in all that he does, but still more because he is fighting against bigger odds than any other bird, and fighting
497:. However, the black on its face extends below its eyes, and it lacks a black line under the throat (the "chinstrap") that the chinstrap penguin has. In addition, the bill of the chinstrap penguin is longer, and lacks the feathering that covers most of the bill of the Adélie penguin.
441:, meaning "leg". The members of this genus are often called "brush-tailed penguins", a reference to their long, stiff tail feathers. The birds regularly use their tails for support, and the stiff feathers sweep the ground as the penguins walk. The
878:, they will see sunlight. As the ice recedes in the spring, the penguins remain on the edge of it, until once again, they are on the shoreline during a sunnier season. The longest treks have been recorded at 17,600 kilometres (10,900 mi).
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region in
Antarctica migrate an average of about 13,000 kilometres (8,100 mi) each year as they follow the sun from their breeding colonies to winter foraging grounds and back again. During the winter, the sun does not rise south of the
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The Adélie penguin is a truly
Antarctic creature – one of only four penguin species to nest on the continent itself. Breeding colonies are scattered along Antarctica's coasts and on a number of sub-Antarctic islands, including those in the
1028:. During the breeding season, they congregate in large breeding colonies, some over a quarter of a million pairs. Individual colonies can vary dramatically in size, and some may be particularly vulnerable to climate fluctuations. The
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seabirds, potentially facilitating further spread. This situation is particularly concerning for the wildlife of the region, which includes an estimated 20 million pairs of penguins and the already climate-threatened
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also play a major role in the excretion of excess salts. In aquatic birds such as the Adelie penguin, nasal salt glands excrete an extremely concentrated sodium chloride solution, reducing the load on their kidneys.
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A comprehensive census of the global Adélie penguin population was carried out in 2014 using analysis of high-resolution satellite images in combination with actual field surveys. The researchers looked for
874:, but sea ice grows during the winter months and increases for hundreds of miles from the shoreline, and into more northern latitudes, all around Antarctica. As long as the penguins live at the edge of the
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from accumulating. At the start of the breeding seasons, colony sites may be up to 100 km (62 mi) from open water, though the distance decreases as summer progresses and the pack ice breaks up.
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and then pasting this new text over the original entry (Fig. 1), whilst some entries were written directly in the Greek alphabet". The following is an example of such a note; a transcription into the
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Despite their size, Adélie penguins are known for their bold and boisterous personality and will challenge other animals, including predators far larger than them. In footage shot for the 2018
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Because of its very large and increasing population (estimated at more than 10 million mature individuals in 2020), and its unfragmented habitat, the Adélie penguin is considered by the
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accumulated in colonies over the last 38,000 years reveals a sudden change from a fish-based diet to krill that began around 200 years ago. This is most likely due to the decline of the
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646:). Despite the species difference between the Adélie and the emperors, the individual charged the petrel, then placed itself between the predator and the chicks until it retreated.
418:), both of which evolved some 5 million years later. Although it has no identifiable subspecies, the Adélie penguin has two distinct genetic lineages: one found primarily in the
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during the early 20th century. The reduction of competition from these predators has resulted in a surplus of krill, which the penguins now exploit as an easier source of food.
1074:. "Levick himself was equally cautious. References to these observations in the notebooks have often been coded by his rewriting certain entries on these behaviours using the
638:, the boisterous behaviour of Adélie penguins was made especially apparent when an individual arrived to defend a group of emperor penguin chicks that were being menaced by a
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Borowicz, Alex; McDowall, Philip; Youngflesh, Casey; Sayre-McCord, Thomas; Clucas, Gemma; Herman, Rachael; Forrest, Steven; Rider, Melissa; Schwaller, Mathew (2 March 2018).
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largely because it supports Adélie penguin colonies, with 751,527 pairs recorded in at least five distinct colonies. In March 2018, a colony of 1.5 million was discovered.
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Adélie penguins usually swim at around 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h). They are able to leap some 3 metres (10 ft) out of the water to land on rocks or ice.
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1997:
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Russell, D. G. D.; Sladen, W. J. L.; Ainley, D. G. (2012). "Dr. George Murray Levick (1876–1956): Unpublished notes on the sexual habits of the Adélie penguin".
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were found to be actively sought-out food items, while they previously had been thought to be only accidentally ingested. Similar preferences were found in the
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587:. "They are extraordinarily like children, these little people of the Antarctic world, either like children or like old men, full of their own importance..."
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Andrzej, Myrcha; Anderzej, Tatur (1991). "Ecological Role of the
Current and Abandoned Penguin Rookeries in the Land Environment of the Maritime Antarctic".
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2019:
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2921:"Description de plusieurs oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus, provenant de l'expedition autour du monde faite sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelee"
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in 2022, poses a risk to
Antarctic wildlife. Samples from the deceased penguins are under analysis, and the H5 strain has been detected in local
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for 32 to 34 days by the parents taking turns (shifts typically last for 12 days). The chicks remain in the nest for 22 days before joining
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lineage diverged from that of other penguin species some 38 million years ago, roughly 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus
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841:. The discovery significantly illuminates the behaviour of the species whose population some researchers believe to be a bellwether of
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Adélie penguins breed from
October to February on shores around the Antarctic continent. Adélies build rough nests of stones. Two
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The adult Adélie penguin is unlikely to be confused with any other species, but the white-throated immature bird can resemble the
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Others on the mission to the South Pole were more receptive to this element of the Adélies' curiosity. Cherry-Garrard writes:
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3035:"Ancient DNA Enables Timing of the Pleistocene Origin and Holocene Expansion of Two Adélie Penguin Lineages in Antarctica"
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Adélie penguins are identified and weighed each time they cross the automated weighbridge on their way to or from the sea.
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in the world. As of June 2012, he has been the only one to study this particular colony and he observed it for an entire
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341:, two French surgeons who doubled as naturalists on the journey, described the bird for science in 1841, giving it the
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continent, which is the only place where it is found. It is the most widespread penguin species, and, along with the
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One writer observed how the penguin's curiosity could also endanger them, which Scott found a particular nuisance:
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Ritchie, Peter A.; Millar, Craig D.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Baroni, Carlo & Lambert, David M. (February 2004).
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Martínez, Isabel; Christie, David; Jutglar, Francesc; Garcia, Ernest; Sharpe, Christopher J. (4 March 2020).
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always with the most gallant pluck, he comes to be considered as something apart from the ordinary bird..."
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Lescroël, A. L.; Ballard, G.; Grémillet, D.; Authier, M.; Ainley, D. G. (2014). Descamps, Sébastien (ed.).
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2548:"Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot"
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Baker, Allan J.; Pereira, Sergio Luiz; Haddrath, Oliver P. & Edge, Kerri-Ann (7 January 2006).
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2651:"Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling"
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2155:"Antarctic Climate Change: Extreme Events Disrupt Plastic Phenotypic Response in Adélie Penguins"
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about 19 million years ago, branching from the ancestor of the other two members of the genus (
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2742:"Weather, Microclimate, and Energy Costs of Thermoregulation for Breeding Adélie Penguins"
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collected from an area of the continent which had been named "terre Adélie", French for
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305:, who first discovered this penguin in 1840. Adélie penguins obtain their food by both
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Davis, Lloyd S.; Hunter, Fiona M.; Harcourt, Robert G.; Heath, Sue
Michelsen (1998).
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since the early 1980s, but those declines have been more than offset by increases in
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The first Adélie penguin specimens were collected by crew members of French explorer
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713:(diet varies depending on geographic location) during the chick-rearing season. The
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of the notes he took had been circulated to a selected few bearing the bold header
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1707:"Abrupt recent shift in δC and δN values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica"
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These excretions are crucial in the maintenance of Antarctic ecosystems. Penguin
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1959:
1841:"The explosive physics of pooping penguins: they can shoot poo over four feet"
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2445:"Continental-scale mapping of Adélie penguin colonies from Landsat imagery"
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2388:"Scientists investigate thousands of dead Antarctic penguins for bird flu"
1988:"'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal"
1908:"'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal"
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2613:"NASA satellite images of poop lead researchers to penguin 'supercolony'"
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2214:"Researchers follow Adélie penguin winter migration for the first time"
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293:, is the most southerly distributed of all penguins. It is named after
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2254:"Osmoregulation by Adélie Penguin Chicks on the Antarctic Peninsula"
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on his expedition to Antarctica in the late 1830s and early 1840s.
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2020:"Shock at sexually 'depraved' penguins led to 100-year censorship"
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Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
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The Adélie penguin is one of three species now assigned to the
360:. The bird was later placed in several other genera, including
2834:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1154:
1152:
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964:
bird flu suspected as the cause. The virus, having arrived in
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The legs and feet, which are mostly unfeathered, are pinkish.
393:
2061:
pp. with 23 illustrations, 51 figures, 48 tables, 16 plates.
2899:
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David & Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.).
2740:
Chappell, M. A.; Morgan, K. R.; Butcher, T. L. (June 1990).
2443:
Schwaller, M. R.; Southwell, C. J.; Emmerson, L. M. (2013).
956:
reported more than 532 dead Adélie penguins on Antarctica's
3143:
3025:
The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror
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to make it habitable for bacteria which live in the soils.
2876:
De Roy, Tui; Jones, Mark & Cornthwaite, Julie (2014).
2919:
Hombron, Jacques Bernard & Jacquinot, Honorè (1841).
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This afternoon I saw a most extraordinary site [
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kill many chicks and eat eggs as well. Giant petrels and
2414:"Adelie Penguins thriving amid Antarctica's melting ice"
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with snowy white underparts. It has a conspicuous white
3122:
Adelie penguins at the Polar Conservation Organisation
3095:. In Garcia Borboroglu, Pablo; Boersma, P. Dee (eds.).
3022:
Richardson, John & Gray, John Edward, eds. (1875).
1389:
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1184:
1182:
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581:, documented details of penguin behaviour in his book
422:, and the other widespread throughout the Antarctic.
1354:
3028:. Vol. I: Mammals, Birds. London: E. W. Janson.
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
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have been identified as an "important bird area" by
3433:
3361:
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3214:
3196:
2084:"Reciprocal Homosexual Mounting in Adélie Penguins
925:Adult Adélie penguins are regularly preyed upon by
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3000:
2963:Antarctic Penguins: A Study of Their Social Habits
2960:
2937:
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2808:
2725:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en
376:, and was also later inadvertently redescribed as
2862:Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database
530:. The penguins are much less common north of the
2901:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins"
2053:The Adélie Penguin: Bellwether of Climate Change
1768:"Penguins Caught Feasting on an Unexpected Prey"
1173:
3099:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
1712:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1092:
1085:
619:
596:
3191:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1489:
1477:
1441:
1429:
1342:
1158:
1006:International Union for Conservation of Nature
941:will occasionally kill adult Adelie penguins.
657:The Adélie penguin is known to feed mainly on
3159:
2984:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2884:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2830:"Material for a Monograph of the Spheniscidæ"
1567:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
481:Upon hatching, the chick is fully covered in
8:
2940:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1870:
1868:
356:, itself named for Dumont d'Urville's wife,
2386:Spring, Jake; Spring, Jake (4 April 2024).
1877:"Penguins now threatened by global warming"
3421:
3166:
3152:
3144:
3097:Penguins: Natural History and Conservation
2295:"The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds"
732:Jellyfish including species in the genera
225:
74:
20:
3091:Trathan, Phil N.; Ballard, Grant (2015).
3050:
2723:
2682:
2587:
2468:
2310:
2269:
2188:
2178:
1742:
1732:
1705:S.D. Emslie; W.P. Patterson (July 2007).
1529:"Penguin chicks rescued by unlikely hero"
833:, the site of the largest Adélie penguin
2332:
2330:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1405:
1327:
1310:
3007:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1248:
1188:
1121:
1057:
896:chloride ions in their cloacal fluids.
886:Adélie penguins are faced with extreme
817:and go out to sea after 50 to 60 days.
3072:A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife
2057:. Columbia University Press. pp.
1453:
1417:
1393:
1378:
1272:
448:indicates the location from which the
3866:Taxa named by Jacques Bernard Hombron
2982:Antarctic Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide
2367:from the original on 25 February 2019
2030:from the original on 23 December 2017
2000:from the original on 25 December 2018
1920:from the original on 25 December 2018
1766:Christie Wilcox (15 September 2017).
1686:"Pygoscelis adeliae (Adelie penguin)"
1642:"Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)"
1621:"Pygoscelis adeliae (Adelie penguin)"
1366:
1200:
301:, who was married to French explorer
285:common along the entire coast of the
7:
3727:432ac2fb-c11b-422d-90bd-beb8b7d08a86
2802:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2224:from the original on 15 October 2011
1875:Eccleston, Paul (11 December 2007).
1601:from the original on 5 November 2018
1503:"Top 10 facts about Adélie penguins"
1290:De Roy, Jones & Cornthwaite 2014
1261:De Roy, Jones & Cornthwaite 2014
579:British Antarctic Expedition of 1910
429:is a compound word, composed of the
3841:IUCN Red List least concern species
2711:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2527:from the original on 5 January 2019
2485:"Climate change winners and losers"
1839:Ouellette, Jennifer (4 July 2020).
1355:Chappell, Morgan & Butcher 1990
1819:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08644.x
1225:Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2022
234:Distribution of the Adélie penguin
14:
3076:. Degerby, Finland: Alula Press.
2625:from the original on 19 June 2018
1887:from the original on 16 June 2018
1797:Taylor, Rowland H. (April 1962).
2944:. London, UK: Christopher Helm.
2655:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
2212:Rejcek, Peter (13 August 2010).
1853:from the original on 7 July 2020
1541:from the original on 14 May 2020
1128:
725:since the late 18th century and
99:
42:
3039:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2925:Annales des sciences naturelles
2807:Cherry-Garrard, Apsley (1922).
2700:BirdLife International (2020).
954:Federation University Australia
3871:Taxa named by Honoré Jacquinot
2815:. London: Constable & Co.
2811:The Worst Journey in the World
2491:. 4 April 2013. Archived from
2293:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1980).
949:also prey on chicks and eggs.
865:Adélie penguins living in the
584:The Worst Journey in the World
1:
2967:. London: William Heinemann.
2449:Remote Sensing of Environment
3292:(or northern little penguin)
2880:Penguins: The Ultimate Guide
2611:May, Ashley (2 March 2018).
2412:Graham, Rex (15 July 2014).
2180:10.1371/journal.pone.0085291
1986:McKie, Robin (9 June 2012).
1906:McKie, Robin (9 June 2012).
1595:The Global Education Project
1174:Hombron & Jacquinot 1841
3394:Northern rockhopper penguin
3389:Southern rockhopper penguin
2828:Coues, Elliott (May 1872).
1144:BirdLife International 2020
607:Chicks in Antarctica, with
3889:
3068:Shirihai, Hadoram (2002).
2959:Levick, G. Murray (1914).
2936:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2572:10.1038/s41598-018-22313-w
1654:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1430:Trathan & Ballard 2015
1343:Trathan & Ballard 2015
1159:Richardson & Gray 1875
1046:Prostitution among animals
993:, photographed during the
952:In 2024, researchers from
406:diverged. Adélie penguins
372:and the now-defunct genus
3187:: Sphenisciformes ·
3181:
2718:: e.T22697758A157660553.
2470:10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.009
2092:Emu - Austral Ornithology
2049:Ainley, David G. (2002).
1960:10.1017/S0032247412000216
247:
240:
233:
224:
201:
194:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
55:
36:
23:
3286:(or little blue penguin)
2999:Reilly, Pauline (1994).
2124:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999).
1224:
501:Distribution and habitat
325:Taxonomy and systematics
313:, with a diet of mainly
3861:Birds described in 1841
3290:White-flippered penguin
3246:(brush-tailed penguins)
2361:Encyclopedia Britannica
2357:"Adélie penguin | bird"
2312:10.1161/01.cir.21.5.955
1734:10.1073/pnas.0608477104
1674:(subscription required)
1466:Scott's Last Expedition
1082:is given on the right:
378:Pygoscelis brevirostris
335:Jacques Bernard Hombron
262:Pygoscelis brevirostris
2667:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260
2520:BirdLife International
2252:Janes, Donald (1997).
2132:. St. Martin's Press.
1662:10.2173/bow.adepen1.01
1106:
1089:
1034:BirdLife International
1001:
917:
862:
794:
783:
772:
624:
614:
601:
567:
554:
516:South Sandwich Islands
437:, meaning "rump", and
396:evidence suggests the
331:Jules Dumont d'Urville
303:Jules Dumont d'Urville
299:Adèle Dumont d'Urville
3774:Paleobiology Database
3384:Erect-crested penguin
3052:10.1093/molbev/msh012
3003:Penguins of the World
2980:Lowen, James (2011).
2339:Polish Polar Research
988:
933:, in particular, and
915:
860:
789:
778:
767:
684:Themisto gaudichaudii
675:Antarctic lanternfish
644:Macronectes giganteus
640:Southern giant petrel
606:
571:Apsley Cherry-Garrard
565:
550:
543:Behaviour and ecology
297:, in turn, named for
236:Nesting sites in red
2515:"BirdLife Data Zone"
1799:"THE ADELIE PENGUIN
1691:Animal Diversity Web
1626:Animal Diversity Web
989:Adélie penguins and
813:into their juvenile
801:are laid; these are
667:Antarctic silverfish
589:George Murray Levick
3856:Birds of Antarctica
3347:Yellow-eyed penguin
2905:IOC World Bird List
2761:1990Oecol..83..420C
2564:2018NatSR...8.3926B
2461:2013RSEnv.139..353S
2171:2014PLoSO...985291L
1772:National Geographic
1725:2007PNAS..10411666E
1571:on 18 November 2018
1490:Cherry-Garrard 1922
1478:Cherry-Garrard 1922
1442:Cherry-Garrard 1922
1237:Ritchie et al. 2004
1071:Not for Publication
1022:Antarctic Peninsula
1008:to be a species of
750:yellow-eyed penguin
673:(specifically, the
575:Robert Falcon Scott
532:60th parallel south
346:Catarrhactes adeliæ
251:Catarrhactes adeliæ
66:Conservation status
3818:Pygoscelis-adeliae
3536:BirdLife-Australia
3492:pygoscelis-adeliae
3479:Pygoscelis_adeliae
3465:Pygoscelis adeliae
3435:Pygoscelis adeliae
3367:(crested penguins)
3312:Magellanic penguin
3131:. Photo Volcaniaca
2856:Pygoscelis adeliae
2769:10.1007/BF00317570
2704:Pygoscelis adeliae
2552:Scientific Reports
2495:on 2 November 2013
2086:Pygoscelis adeliae
1801:PYGOSCELIS ADELIAE
1646:Birds of the World
1561:"Swimming Answers"
1002:
918:
863:
795:
784:
773:
770:Muséum de Toulouse
754:Magellanic penguin
723:Antarctic fur seal
615:
568:
555:
281:) is a species of
278:Pygoscelis adeliae
205:Pygoscelis adeliae
3828:
3827:
3761:Open Tree of Life
3427:Taxon identifiers
3418:
3417:
3374:Fiordland penguin
3322:Galapagos penguin
3305:(banded penguins)
3277:(little penguins)
3258:Chinstrap penguin
3106:978-0-295-99284-6
3014:978-0-19-553547-1
2991:978-0-691-15033-8
2951:978-1-4081-2501-4
2891:978-0-691-16299-7
2218:The Antarctic Sun
2068:978-0-231-12306-8
1213:Baker et al. 2006
947:snowy sheathbills
931:South polar skuas
790:Stuffed chick at
717:record of fossil
697:and unidentified
563:
495:chinstrap penguin
269:
268:
89:
3878:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:4A947BE7A06E046E
3495:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3422:
3404:Macaroni penguin
3317:Humboldt penguin
3220:(great penguins)
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3129:"Adelie Penguin"
3110:
3093:"Adélie Penguin"
3087:
3075:
3064:
3054:
3029:
3018:
3006:
2995:
2976:
2966:
2955:
2943:
2932:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2895:
2883:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2849:
2824:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2696:
2686:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:. Archived from
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2056:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:. 10 June 2012.
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:. Archived from
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1719:(28): 11666–69.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:"Adelie penguin"
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:, pp. 83–4.
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1468:vol. I pp. 92–93
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1109:
1080:English alphabet
1062:
975:emperor penguins
872:Antarctic Circle
689:Cyllopus lucassi
653:Food and feeding
573:, a survivor of
564:
466:
339:Honoré Jacquinot
257:Eudyptes adeliae
229:
207:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
46:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3735:Observation.org
3733:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:Chatham penguin
3357:
3352:Waitaha penguin
3331:
3327:African penguin
3295:
3267:
3253:Adélie penguin
3236:
3232:Emperor penguin
3210:
3192:
3177:
3172:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3090:
3084:
3067:
3032:
3021:
3015:
2998:
2992:
2979:
2958:
2952:
2935:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2852:
2827:
2806:
2799:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2699:
2661:(1582): 11–17.
2648:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2271:10.2307/4089249
2251:
2250:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2104:10.1071/MU98015
2081:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1650:Ithaca, NY, USA
1639:
1638:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1565:Penguin Science
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1527:Aglietti, Tom.
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1381:, pp. 6–9.
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1296:
1288:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1090:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1042:
1026:East Antarctica
983:
923:
884:
855:
792:Auckland Museum
762:
659:Antarctic krill
655:
636:Spy in the Snow
557:
545:
520:Balleny Islands
512:South Shetlands
503:
491:
489:Similar species
469:around a black
468:
458:
452:was collected.
425:The genus name
416:gentoo penguins
343:scientific name
327:
291:emperor penguin
253:
235:
220:
209:
203:
190:
187:P. adeliae
153:Sphenisciformes
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
51:
50:
49:
48:
47:
32:
25:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3721:
3717:adelie-penguin
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3594:
3581:
3568:
3558:
3545:
3541:adelie-penguin
3532:
3519:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3470:
3455:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Snares penguin
3376:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3284:Little penguin
3280:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3263:Gentoo penguin
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3124:
3117:
3116:External links
3114:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3088:
3082:
3065:
3045:(2): 240–248.
3030:
3019:
3013:
2996:
2990:
2977:
2956:
2950:
2933:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2873:
2850:
2840:(2): 170–212.
2825:
2804:
2755:(3): 420–426.
2737:
2697:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2603:
2538:
2506:
2476:
2435:
2424:on 5 June 2016
2404:
2378:
2348:
2326:
2285:
2235:
2204:
2145:
2138:
2116:
2098:(2): 136–137.
2074:
2067:
2041:
2011:
1973:
1931:
1898:
1864:
1831:
1813:(2): 176–204.
1803:AT CAPE ROYDS"
1789:
1758:
1697:
1677:
1632:
1612:
1582:
1552:
1519:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1383:
1371:
1369:, p. 196.
1359:
1357:, p. 420.
1347:
1332:
1315:
1294:
1292:, p. 204.
1277:
1265:
1263:, p. 198.
1253:
1251:, p. 326.
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1203:, p. 175.
1193:
1178:
1176:, p. 320.
1163:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1076:Greek alphabet
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1030:Danger Islands
982:
979:
958:Heroína Island
922:
919:
883:
882:Osmoregulation
880:
854:
851:
843:climate change
839:breeding cycle
768:An egg in the
761:
758:
746:little penguin
715:stable isotope
654:
651:
544:
541:
502:
499:
490:
487:
462:
457:
454:
326:
323:
273:Adélie penguin
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
245:
244:
238:
237:
231:
230:
222:
221:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
53:
52:
41:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
26:
24:Adélie penguin
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3884:
3883:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Royal penguin
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3083:951-98947-0-5
3079:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2931:(2): 312–320.
2930:
2927:(in French).
2926:
2922:
2917:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2305:(5): 955–67.
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2264:(3): 488–95.
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:(1): e85291.
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2139:0-312-19239-8
2135:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1881:The Telegraph
1878:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1778:on 2 May 2019
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:, p. 65.
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1456:, p. 83.
1455:
1450:
1447:
1444:, p. 64.
1443:
1438:
1435:
1432:, p. 41.
1431:
1426:
1423:
1420:, p. 65.
1419:
1414:
1411:
1408:, p. 65.
1407:
1406:Shirihai 2002
1402:
1399:
1396:, p. 63.
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:, p. 38.
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:, p. 63.
1329:
1328:Shirihai 2002
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:, p. 64.
1312:
1311:Shirihai 2002
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:, p. 45.
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1215:, p. 15.
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:, p. 32.
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:, p. 38.
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1010:least concern
1007:
999:
997:
992:
987:
980:
978:
976:
971:
967:
966:South America
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:giant petrels
932:
928:
927:leopard seals
920:
916:In Antarctica
914:
910:
907:
902:
899:
894:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
868:
859:
852:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
818:
816:
812:
809:. The chicks
808:
804:
800:
793:
788:
782:
777:
771:
766:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
736:
730:
728:
727:baleen whales
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:glacial squid
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
650:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
612:
605:
600:
595:
592:
590:
586:
585:
580:
577:'s ill-fated
576:
572:
566:In Antarctica
553:
549:
542:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:South Georgia
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:South Orkneys
500:
498:
496:
488:
486:
484:
483:down feathers
479:
476:
472:
467:
455:
453:
451:
450:type specimen
447:
444:
443:specific name
440:
436:
432:
431:Ancient Greek
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
246:
243:
239:
232:
228:
223:
218:
214:
208:
206:
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
59:, Antarctica
58:
54:
45:
35:
30:
22:
19:
3434:
3362:
3336:
3300:
3272:
3252:
3241:
3227:King penguin
3215:
3205:
3197:
3133:. Retrieved
3096:
3071:
3042:
3038:
3024:
3002:
2981:
2962:
2939:
2928:
2924:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:
2879:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:
2855:
2837:
2833:
2810:
2752:
2748:
2729:. Retrieved
2715:
2709:
2703:
2658:
2654:
2627:. Retrieved
2616:
2606:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:the original
2488:
2479:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:the original
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2261:
2257:
2226:. Retrieved
2217:
2207:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2127:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2095:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2052:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1993:The Guardian
1991:
1951:
1948:Polar Record
1947:
1922:. Retrieved
1913:The Guardian
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1880:
1855:. Retrieved
1846:Ars Technica
1844:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1810:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1782:16 September
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1771:
1761:
1716:
1710:
1700:
1689:
1680:
1665:. Retrieved
1645:
1635:
1624:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1564:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1532:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1268:
1256:
1249:Jobling 2010
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1189:Jobling 2010
1124:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1014:
1003:
995:
991:Mount Erebus
951:
924:
903:
885:
864:
847:
823:
819:
796:
739:
733:
731:
692:
688:
682:
656:
648:
643:
635:
634:documentary
629:
625:
620:
616:
610:
597:
593:
582:
569:
537:
524:Scott Island
504:
492:
480:
459:
445:
438:
434:
426:
424:
401:
397:
387:
382:
377:
374:Dasyrhamphus
373:
367:
361:
348:. They used
345:
328:
277:
276:
272:
270:
261:
256:
250:
204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
163:Spheniscidae
18:
3787:SeaLifeBase
3702:Neotropical
3637:iNaturalist
3459:Wikispecies
3217:Aptenodytes
3127:Roscoe, R.
2731:12 November
2558:(1): 3926.
2371:25 February
2299:Circulation
2228:3 September
1924:13 December
1824:17 November
1545:13 December
1454:Levick 1914
1418:Reilly 1994
1394:Reilly 1994
1379:Reilly 1994
1273:Reilly 1994
1129:Fossilworks
960:, with the
898:Salt glands
827:necrophilia
711:cephalopods
671:lanternfish
456:Description
403:Aptenodytes
354:Adélie Land
295:Adélie Land
29:Pleistocene
3851:Pygoscelis
3835:Categories
3813:Xeno-canto
3338:Megadyptes
3302:Spheniscus
3243:Pygoscelis
2642:References
2455:: 353–64.
2418:Birds News
2345:(1): 3–24.
1605:4 November
1575:6 November
1367:Lowen 2011
1201:Coues 1872
1064:About 100
998:Expedition
996:Terra Nova
943:Kelp gulls
831:Cape Adare
781:Antarctica
779:Mating in
709:and other
699:gammariids
552:Cape Adare
427:Pygoscelis
398:Pygoscelis
389:Pygoscelis
369:Pygoscelis
174:Pygoscelis
3411:(extinct)
3354:(extinct)
3274:Eudyptula
2973:a14001400
2749:Oecologia
2618:USA Today
2580:2045-2322
2489:3 News NZ
1968:146584734
1667:18 August
1534:BBC Earth
1116:Citations
1066:pamphlets
906:rookeries
853:Migration
803:incubated
735:Chrysaora
679:amphipods
663:ice krill
632:BBC Earth
412:chinstrap
350:specimens
307:predation
287:Antarctic
217:Jacquinot
181:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
31:to recent
3846:Penguins
3681:22697758
3655:10855125
3603:45512077
3528:22697758
3523:BirdLife
3512:BioLib:
3444:Wikidata
3364:Eudyptes
3175:Penguins
3135:13 April
3061:14595092
2910:27 April
2867:26 April
2821:23009252
2797:Archived
2785:28313017
2693:16519228
2675:25223244
2623:Archived
2598:29500389
2525:Archived
2365:Archived
2321:14443123
2222:Archived
2199:24489657
2159:PLOS ONE
2109:23 March
2028:Archived
2024:The Week
1998:Archived
1954:(4): 1.
1918:Archived
1885:Archived
1851:Archived
1753:17620620
1599:Archived
1539:Archived
1040:See also
876:fast ice
867:Ross Sea
760:Breeding
719:eggshell
611:Explorer
465:eye ring
420:Ross Sea
363:Eudyptes
311:foraging
242:Synonyms
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
57:Hope Bay
3707:adepen1
3629:2481663
3590:adepen1
3564:adepen1
3500:Avibase
3450:Q187958
3207:Species
2846:4624226
2793:9542209
2777:4219355
2757:Bibcode
2684:1560011
2629:4 March
2589:5834637
2560:Bibcode
2531:4 March
2457:Bibcode
2428:16 July
2397:7 April
2392:Reuters
2280:4089249
2258:The Auk
2190:3906005
2167:Bibcode
2034:10 June
1891:5 April
1744:1913849
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