745:, European society had become dehumanised and lost its spiritual core. Trott wrote that this was as much a problem in democratic as totalitarian countries: "It is my opinion that this pandering to the instinctual side of human consciousness, as much by democracy as by totalitarianism, is what has led to the sterile and cynical defeatism that lies at the root of Europe's intellectual chaos". Trott believed the "mass society" created by the Industrial Revolution had allowed demagogues to exploit "the masses" and argued that the "Anglo-Saxon" system of individual liberty built around democracy was essentially no different from National Socialism as it allowed "the masses" to be exploited. In a letter to Grant Duff, Trott wrote: "You have not satisfactorily answered my argument, that it is possible that capitalist and imperialist democracy may use liberty simply as a cloak for a policy that relies very much on compulsion, whereas some aspects of 'authoritarian systems could provide a basically more genuine guarantee of human rights in modern industrial society". In 1939, Trott wrote that the last ten years had shown the "indiscriminate trust in the judgement of the masses is no use.... One way or the other, popular movements have led to despotism".
1090:
1011:, which is lost, but according to those who read it called for Germany to seek a "middle way" between the "eastern principle of political realism" and the "western principle of individuality", which in practice would mean a social-economic system that would be a mixture of both capitalism and communism. He believed that "eastern" countries like the Soviet Union were too collectivist, "western" countries like the United States were too individualistic, and Germans like himself needed to develop a middle way between east and west for the betterment of all of humanity. Trott believed that both capitalist democracy and communism were flawed systems that had dehumanised society and that Germany should follow neither.
1086:
Wheeler-Bennett wrote the thinking of the
Kreisau Circle was very "confused", but they "were not Communists". Wheeler-Bennett concluded: "Their thinking, it is true, turned to the East rather than the West because, in their idealistic impractical illusions, they looked for an upheaval both in Russia and in Germany. If this were to occur, the two states would have many problems in common, problems which could not be solved by the established bourgeois standards of the West, but which called for a radically new treatment which should be neither authoritarian nor democratic, but which should be guided by a return to 'the spiritual (but not the ecclesiastical) traditions of Christianity'".
617:
Trott was unwilling to consider returning the
Sudetenland, but he was prepared to consider restoring Czech independence in exchange for Germany taking back all of the lands lost to Poland. The plan drawn up by Weizsäcker and Trott called for Britain to end the "guarantee" of Poland to pressure the Poles to return the disputed territories. Though Trott professed to believe the Poles would give in to German diplomatic pressure once the "guarantee" had been removed, such a situation would allow Germany to invade Poland without fear of a war with Britain, although Trott also claimed to believe that if such a situation were to emerge, then the
721:
foreign policy goal of making
Germany into Europe's number one power was correct. Their objections to Nazi foreign policy were only that Hitler was executing his foreign policy in a reckless, adventurist way that threatened to create a coalition that would defeat Germany; they were only opposed to the means, not the ends, of Hitler's foreign policy. Mommsen argued what he called the "ambivalence" of Trott, who worked towards achieving certain Nazi foreign policy goals but at the same time worked for the overthrow of the Nazi regime, which makes sense if one accepts the thesis that Trott and others like him were out to reform the
408:, which was published when active homosexuality was still a crime in Britain, Rowse wrote about Trott's "beautiful head" with an "immensely lofty forehead, deep-violet eyes, nobility and sadness in the expression even when young, infinitely sensitive and understanding". He wrote, "I had never met anything like it". Rowse called his relationship with Trott an "ideal platonic" relationship and said that Trott was a man he could never forget. Rowse, who was active in the Labour Party, claimed to have introduced Trott to socialism and noted that Trott had translated parts of Rowse's book
513:. The Confucian ideal of rule by enlightened and philosophical mandarins also appealed to Trott as an inspiration for a political system. The Confucian principle that mandarins should not serve an unjust emperor and that it was better to suffer and die rather than serve a tyrant influenced Trott's political thinking. Together with his Chinese teacher who served as his translator, Trott traveled several times to Beijing to talk to various Confucian scholars living in that city, hoping to find the spirituality that he believed the West was lacking and needed so desperately. During the
851:"In the plenary sessions and committees of the conference, von Trott observed a very 'correct' attitude. He did not openly defend Nazi principles, but confined himself to several recapitulations of the German case on the usual well-known lines, which might be employed by Germans of nearly any political complexion. In private conversation, however, he used a very different tone, frankly declaring himself an anti-Nazi, yet maintaining that Germany must keep much of what she had taken in Poland. He stressed the readiness of the Army for a 'quick peace' on the basis of the
1104:
663:, who in turn submitted it to Hitler. When Trott returned to Germany, Weizsäcker tried to set up a meeting for Trott to brief Hitler and Ribbentrop about his British visit, but neither wanted to see him. Trott returned to Britain for a third visit to repeat his "Danzig for Prague" offer, and this time he stated he was not coming on behalf of the German government, but rather as a representative of a resistance group, which confused British officials as to his true loyalties. The German historian
509:, as he put it that he was hoping to find in "China's ancient wisdom" a solution to the spiritual malaise of the West. Trott believed that modern Western civilization had lost any sense of the spiritual, which he believed still existed in China. The British historian D. C. Watt rather dismissively wrote that Trott was an impractical idealist who spent much of 1937 and 1938 in China looking for the answers to the problems of modern life by studying Confucianism and
31:
560:
had much difficulty accepting the thesis that nations like
Czechoslovakia had the right to exist. Liang wrote that there was a striking contrast between Trott's views towards China, which he argued had the right to determine its own future and should not be dominated by Japan, versus his views towards Czechoslovakia, which he saw as an "artificial state" that was occupying land that rightfully belonged to Germany. The British historian Sir
244:
911:, who had arrived in Berlin in early April 1941. The day-to-day work with Bose became the responsibility of Trott, who used the cover of the Special Bureau for his anti-Nazi activities by travelling to Scandinavia, Switzerland and Turkey and all of Nazi-occupied Europe to seek out German military officers opposing Nazism. Bose and Trott, however, did not become close, and Bose most likely did not know about Trott's anti-Nazi work.
690:". Rowse, who saw Trott for the last time during his visits to Britain in 1939, wrote that Trott's Hegelianism "profoundly affected his mind" as "with him black was never black, and white white; black was always in the process of becoming white, white of becoming black". Rowse wrote "...Adam entered deeply, ambivalently into relations with the Nazis without being one, indeed while belonging to the resistance movement".
1078:
complain that to most anti-Nazi
Germans, it seemed that "the Anglo-Saxon countries are filled with bourgeois prejudice and pharisaic theorizing", in contrast to the Soviets, who were offering "constructive ideas and plans for the rebuilding of Germany". Trott stated that after three years of war with the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht now had considerable respect for the fighting power of the
1188:
for the last time, have survived only as fragments: some were manipulated by the censor. This silence from the original sources has prolonged the isolation which surrounded the resistance from its beginnings. In fact, it has contributed to what might be called its second defeat. Commemorating the name of Adam von Trott in a meeting room at
Balliol College is thus an act of justice.
1213:
729:
way in which
British public opinion had changed as he spent much time in Britain attacking the Treaty of Versailles in such violent language that many of his British friends came to believe that he was no different from the Nazis. Rowse attended a meeting at the Cliveden estate, where von Trott spoke with Lord Lothian, Lord Astor, Lord Halifax and Sir
977:. The diplomat Hassell of the "seniors" and the policeman Schulenburg of the "juniors" mediated a compromise, despite the shouting between Goerdeler and Moltke, but the differences were by no means resolved. After the meeting of 22 January, no conferences were held, but Trott and Schulenburg remained in regular contact with Hassell and Popitiz.
1026:. Germans tended to have two contradictory pictures of Russia as viewing it as a primitive and savage "Asian" country that was threatening Europe or seeing it in idealised and romantic terms as a place in which the people were simple but more spiritual than the people in the West. Trott had a rather idealised and romanticised view of the
682:, who came with him to London, were both intense German nationalists who "...though they deplored the spirit of the Munich Agreement and the subsequent dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, expressed strong anti-Czech sentiments, and from neither was there forthcoming any indication that a 'de-nazified' Germany was prepared to forgo Hitler's
564:, who knew most of the men involved in the plots against Hitler between 1938 and 1944 personally, wrote that these men were all nationalists whose views towards Czechoslovakia and Poland were essentially the same as Hitler's – namely that Eastern Europe was Germany's rightful sphere of influence and the
667:
argued that the purpose behind Trott's "Danzig for Prague" offer was to discredit Hitler, since he expected Hitler to refuse it if the
British made it, which would somehow cause the Wehrmacht generals to turn against Hitler. Klemperer wrote that there was a certain lack of "clear strategy" behind the
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and
Tresckow, the thoughts of Haefte, Moltke, York and Leber. Von Trott's final memorandum – he said he had put his heart into it – has also been lost. Even the minutes of the hearings in the People's Court, where the conspirators were able to proclaim the principles which had governed their actions
866:
Trott's proposals were passed on to the US Department of State, the
Canadian Ministry of External Affairs and the British Embassy in Washington DC, where the reaction was deeply negative, as the consensus was that Germany would have to give up its gains in Poland and the Czech lands as the price for
728:
The distinction that Trott drew between Germany's "rightful" policy of seeking to undo the Treaty of Versailles and his opposition to the Nazi regime was often lost on his British friends since, for many of them, he was advocating the same foreign policy goals as Hitler. Trott did not understand the
1230:
and have agreed that since we are Christians, we cannot violate the allegiance we owe God. We must therefore break our word given to him who has broken so many agreements and still is doing it. If only you knew what I know Goldmann! There is no other way! Since we are Germans and Christians we must
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Like most other German conservatives, Trott had deep doubts about the intelligence and morality of ordinary people and held that only an elite had the necessary qualities to govern. In 1943, Trott wrote: "An exclusively rationalist upbringing has made us fail to understand both human nature and the
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In Trott's view, only the rule by Germany's traditional elites who were committed to conservative values and would rule according to the rule of law could ensure a truly just society. Trott believed that only in such a system, in which traditional elites ruled by excluding the masses from politics,
1068:
Trott belonged to the "Easterner" faction of the opposition, which favoured making peace with the Soviet Union first after the overthrow of Hitler and distrusted the "Anglo-Saxon" powers of the United States and Great Britain. In December 1943, Trott told Hassell that he felt the United States and
774:
On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and on 3 September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany. Despite the promises of numerous messengers, the Wehrmacht stayed loyal to Germany, continued on with the conquest of Poland and made no effort to depose Hitler. The fact that the Wehrmacht stayed
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and Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax in June 1939. At his meeting with Chamberlain at Chequers, Trott was informed that it was not possible for Britain to end the "guarantee" of Poland and that if Germany wanted better relations, "it was for Herr Hitler to undo the mischief he had done". Chamberlain
616:
lost to Poland after the First World War. Weizsäcker was a man of extreme anti-Polish prejudices who warmly welcomed the idea of a war to destroy Poland, but he was rather less keen on the idea of a war with Britain, hence his repeated efforts to sever Britain from Poland in 1939. Like Weizsäcker,
559:
ambitions, which made for an ambivalent attitude towards Nazi foreign policy. Liang, whose father Liang Lone was the Chinese minister in Prague between 1933 and 1939, wrote that people like Trott, conservative nationalists opposed to Hitler who sympathised with China in its struggle against Japan,
861:
in Germany, and urged the Western Allies to reiterate and redefine their peace terms on the lines of Mr. Chamberlain's speeches of September 4 and October 12, 1939. To the suggestion that a non-Nazi Germany might, as an earnest of good faith, restore some of the territorial acquisitions of Adolf
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among the German working class. As a result, the underground SPD politicians asked their "parlour-pink" friend Trott to appeal to the United States and Britain to change their policies towards Germany. In April 1944, during a visit to Switzerland, Trott met with British and American diplomats to
427:
would be how to seek a synthesis of conservatism and socialism, which he believed to be the only solution to the Great Depression. For Trott, the Great Depression proved the failure of capitalism as an economic system, but at the same time, he was unwilling to accept communism as an alternative,
720:
instead of what they saw as the twisted Nazi version of it. The emphasis was on putting into effect the "right" ideas of National Socialism, which the conservatives believed the Nazis had botched in the execution. In regards to foreign policy, the anti-Nazi conservatives believed that Hitler's
770:
to depose Hitler, rather than fight a war with Britain again. In August 1939, the British government repeatedly warned Germany that an attack on Poland would cause a war with Britain. One reason was the hope that the Wehrmacht would indeed overthrow Hitler, rather than risk another world war.
603:
scheduled for August 1939 (later pushed back to 1 September) was likely to cause an Anglo-German war, had adopted his policy of offering to restore independence to Czechoslovakia, without the Sudetenland, in exchange for which Britain would end the "guarantee" of Poland and allow Germany to
1085:
Wheeler-Bennett wrote that Trott was "no Red sympathizer" and what he was "endeavouring to do, in fact, was to induce London and Washington to engage in a bidding match with Moscow from the result of which Germany could not but benefit, but he certainly did not favor a Bolshevik solution".
534:
and Germany ceased its arm sales to China as Ribbentrop swung German foreign policy decisively behind Japan, causing a rapid chill to set in over the once warm relations between Nanking and Berlin. Trott decided to leave China at the same time that the German military mission was recalled.
1014:
Despite Trott's reputation as someone oriented towards "Western" values, based on his education at Oxford and his Anglo-American friends, he was in fact deeply hostile towards the American "pioneer" ideal of a rugged individualist on both moral and practical grounds and believed that such
1047:
was simple and in harmony with nature; was untouched by either modern technology or ideology; and allowed people to be honest, spiritual and personal in a way that was not possible in either the Soviet Union or the West. He believed that the Soviet regime had in its campaign to
599:, and he visited London as an unofficial diplomat representing Weizsäcker who, in a move reflecting the chaotic politics of Nazi Germany, had adopted his foreign policy that ran parallel to the policy of the Foreign Minister Ribbentrop. Weizsäcker, knowing that a planned German
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could a political system be created that was genuinely concerned with the best interests of society. He told his friend Julie Braun-Vogelstein "Go and write an essay on Tradition and Socialism!" He meant that only the rules by traditional elites could really achieve socialism.
1069:
the United Kingdom were too fearful of "a change of regime should turn out to be only a cloak hiding a continuation of militaristic Nazi methods under another label". Certain underground Social Democratic politicians complained of an increase of the appeal of the underground
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government that he considered very reliable that there was a concentration camp in Upper Silesia that held about 40,000–50,000 people with a "killing rate" of 3,000–4,000 people per month. Trott did not name the camp in Upper Silesia, but it seems that he was referring to
671:
Wheeler-Bennett, who had lived in Berlin between 1927 and 1934 and who met Trott during his visits to London in 1939, wrote that he "...had about him a certain confused political mysticism, a vague Hegelianism which induced in him, not, to be sure, the worship of the
554:
region, meaning that essentially Trott supported Hitler's foreign policy in regards to Czechoslovakia in 1938. The Chinese historian Liang Hsi-Huey wrote there was a certain dichotomy in Trott's thinking between his dislike of the Nazis and his support for Germany's
867:
peace, which Trott had indicated that he no interest in doing. However, Trott's suggestions for the basis of peace, which he wrote down after meeting several German emigres in the United States, were passed on the White House and led President Roosevelt to send
1034:
had a lifestyle where everybody worked together as a community but still allowed room for individualism, non-conformity and eccentricities, the perfect blend of the extremes between East and West that Trott sought for Germany. Trott believed the life of the
740:
Trott's ideas led to a complete rejection of democracy as a system morally no different from National Socialism. In 1938, Trott wrote to a British friend that what was happening in Germany was a "European phenomenon" and believed that with the
656:
complained that British public opinion had been "passionately stirred" by the German occupation of the rump state of Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939 and that Britain would go to war with Germany rather than see another nation "destroyed".
651:, as it was essential that Czech independence be restored; Anglo-German relations could not be improved unless that happened. As a Rhodes scholar, Trott was able to use his friends from Oxford in the Establishment to meet Prime Minister
621:
generals would overthrow Hitler. Rowse characterised Trott's visits to Britain in June 1939 as a "double mission, an official and an unofficial one": to sound out the British Establishment about where Britain stood in regards to the
436:" had replaced Hegel's "right to a free will" as the most pressing issue of the modern age. In the same letter, Trott argued that what was needed was an economic system that guaranteed every man a job, and that he considered the
529:
became Foreign Minister in February 1938, they bonded over their shared disapproval of Ribbentrop and his anti-Chinese foreign policy line. In June 1938, the German military mission in China was ordered to return to the
1192:
The Adam von Trott Memorial Appeal at Mansfield College runs annual lectures on themes relevant to his life and work, and funds scholarships for young Germans to read for a master's degree in politics at the college.
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provided the basis for Trott's thinking about the sort of society that he wanted to bring about. Trott's beliefs about the need for more "spiritual" society brought him into conflict with Carl Goerdeler and Colonel
709:
as their ideal and role model. For the anti-Nazi conservatives, the emphasis was upon reforming the system instead of a revolution to destroy it, as the majority of the conservatives believed in the ideal of the
668:"Danzig for Prague" proposal, since Trott himself never entirely made it clear how this plan to ensure that the Free City of Danzig rejoining Germany without a war was supposed to cause the overthrow of Hitler.
448:. Trott told his father in February 1933 that "the positive rights of the individual" could be secured if the rights of the "masses" were "held sacred", which he believed the new government of Adolf Hitler and
2928:
883:
to access party information and monitor its planning. At the same time, he served as a foreign policy advisor to a clandestine group of intellectuals planning the overthrow of the Nazi regime, known as the
752:
Trott called for a political system that would secure the "liberation of the masses from economic need" by the authoritarian rule by the traditional elites, whose values would be based on Christianity.
879:
Friends warned Trott not to return to Germany, but his conviction that he had to do something to stop the madness of Hitler and his henchmen led him to return. Once there, in 1940 Trott joined the
490:
certain strategic raw materials at below cost. Given the closeness in relations between China and Germany, as a German citizen, Trott enjoyed a certain privileged status in China, as Generalissimo
678:, but a deep veneration for German military and political traditions, and what he believed to be the innate integrity of the German soul". Wheeler-Bennett further wrote that Trott and his friend
984:" and became curious of the fate of the Jews sent away to "resettlement in the East". In March 1943, Trott reported at a meeting of the Kreisau Circle that he learned through sources within the
2923:
1043:
was deeply influenced by the values of Orthodox Church, making for a very spiritual life while at the same time accepting individualism and rationality. Moreover, Trott believed life in the
404:. Rowse, a homosexual, developed an intense infatuation with the heterosexual Trott and called him one of the most beautiful, intelligent and charming men he had ever met. In his 1961 book
2943:
1082:, and he claimed that the propaganda of the Free Germany Committee in Moscow, which made a distinction between the German people and the Nazi regime, was having much impact in Germany.
546:, a country that she admired and loved as much he hated it. The nationalist Trott made no secret of his dislike of Czechoslovakia as an "artificial state" created by the
2963:
1065:, who wanted to restore the monarchy and bring back the system that had existed up until 1918 in Germany, which Trott rejected by arguing that something new was needed.
775:
loyal to Hitler in 1939 in spite of all the promises from anti-Nazi Germans that it would not, if only Britain made a firm stand against Hitler, greatly discredited the
2938:
517:, which began in July 1937, Trott's sympathies were entirely with China. During his time in China, Trott got to know the head of the German military mission, General
965:. The clash between the two groups was in large part generational as the conservative "senior group" were all older men like Goerdeler who had come of age under the
1209:
after his execution and given to Nazi Party families for adoption. Their mother recovered them in 1945. Clarita died in Berlin at the age of 95 on 28 March 2013.
626:
and to report this back to Hitler, and to also seek to make contacts with Britain on behalf of the resistance group. Trott spent the weekend of 2–3 June 1939 at
2958:
2918:
686:
and the Sudetenland. Indeed it was hinted from that Britain and France might well reward the conspirators, if successful, with the return of Germany's former
1205:
in June 1940. He was survived by her (she had been jailed for some months) and by their two daughters, who were taken from their grandmother's house by the
474:. He took advantage of his travels to try to raise support outside Germany for the internal resistance against the Nazis. At the time there was an informal
2314:
440:
to count for nothing if one was unemployed. Somewhat to the shock of his conservative father, in the early 1930s Trott was willing to exchange ideas with
2903:
2893:
1089:
2948:
1183:
Few witnesses have spoken up for the resistance and few sentences have survived to describe the debates of the "Kreisauer Kreis," the urgent pleas of
475:
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to pressure the British government to abandon the "containment" policy directed against Hitler, which had been adopted on 31 March 1939 with the "
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346:
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2859:
2822:
2501:
2450:
2429:
2386:
2365:
1332:
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981:
637:
573:
303:
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1049:
482:, which was largely armed with German weapons, and German businesses being favored with investments in China in exchange for China helping
1362:
2973:
648:
576:, praised "Mr. Chamberlain's courageous lead" in ensuring that the Sudetenland was allowed to join Germany without a war and disparaged
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act, and if not soon, then it will be too late. Think it over till tonight." (Trott was speaking in an attempt to recruit Lieutenant
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as a researcher on China for the previous two years. In October 1939, Trott went to the United States to attend a conference of the
737:". However, Rowse said that when he was alone with Trott the latter said: "If they kill me, you will never forgive them, will you?"
219:
319:
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of Germany as a Central European power, which was neither of the West nor of the East. He expressed these ideas in his memorandum
871:, the undersecretary at the State Department, on a peace mission to Europe in February 1940 to try to mediate an end to the war.
2908:
840:, Trott met numerous members of the business and academic worlds of the United States and Canada who were interested in China.
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2590:
1956:
791:
465:
2913:
679:
207:
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990:
945:, a meeting was held between the two groups. Attending the meeting for the "senior group" were General Beck, Goerdeler,
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758:
479:
195:
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2545:
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Hitler. He was arrested within days, placed on trial and found guilty. Sentenced to death on 15 August 1944 by the
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942:
518:
350:
329:
211:
117:
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290:(1855–1938) and his wife Emilie Eleonore von Schweinitz (1875–1948), whose father served as German ambassador in
121:
938:
908:
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837:
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told Trott that Britain was unwilling to undo the Munich Agreement and accepted the Sudetenland as part of the
514:
400:, and with whom he possibly engaged in a love affair. He also made the acquaintance of the eminent philosopher
287:
248:
227:
173:
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and had questioned the morality of assassinating Hitler. However, Goldmann overcame his qualms and joined the
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but differed with the Beck–Goerdeler group over a number of issues. On 22 January 1943, at the house of Count
807:
592:
385:
266:
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and Fritz von der Schulenburg. The left-learning Kreisau Circle members objected to Goerdeler's beliefs in
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wrote that the majority of the conservatives opposed to Hitler in no way wanted a return to the democratic
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Trott was a member of the Kreisau Circle, a group of intellectuals who believed in a sort of conservative
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526:
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357:
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903:(Sonderreferat Indien) created in the Information Ministry to aid and liaise with the Indian nationalist
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338:
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Clarita von Trott zu Solz: Adam von Trott zu Solz. Eine Lebensbeschreibung. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2009,
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about Anglo-German relations, repeated his "Danzig for Prague" offer and praised "the greatness of our
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movement in British eyes, and much of Trott's difficulty in enlisting British support from that fact.
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1313:"The Passion of Adam von Trott: The Heroic Stance of the Foreign Minister of the German Resistance"
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605:
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2763:, Valentine, Mitchell & Co, London 1957 (Das Gewissen Steht Auf, Mosaik-Verlag, Berlin, 1954).
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when his ship had stopped there, but he was able to persuade the British officials that he was an
798:, in November 1939. On his way to the United States, Trott was almost interned in Gibraltar as an
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1363:"My von Trott was fiction, but not to his lover » 16 Jun 2007 » The Spectator Archive"
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In 1942, Trott, together with other members of the Kreisau Circle, became vaguely aware of the "
810:, which was true, and thus meant that he could not be a German, which was not. He also visited
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less Congress Poland, indicated the preparations already on foot for the restoration of the
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424:
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30:
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For the impact on Trott of his experience as a Rhodes Scholar, see, e.g., Donald Markwell,
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in October of that year in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain American support. He met with
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Brothers against the Raj: a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose
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1158:, Oxford. His name is also recorded among the Rhodes Scholars war dead in the Rotunda of
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Trott is one of five Germans who are commemorated on the World War II memorial stone at
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1240:
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701:, which they also rejected, but instead looked back to the reformers who restructured
521:, very well, and as both men were disillusioned by the pro-Japanese line taken by the
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A Noble Combat—The Letters of Shiela Grant Duff and Adam von Trott zu Solz, 1932-1939
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In 1939, during the course of three visits to London, Trott lobbied Lord Lothian and
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432:" between capitalism and communism, arguing in a 1933 letter to his father that the "
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Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941-1943
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movements had arrived in Britain in 1938 to 1939 stating if only Britain abandoned
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from what they saw as its Nazi perversion, instead of working for its destruction.
694:
397:
345:
school leaving certificate in 1927 and went on to study law at the Universities of
223:
199:
84:
933:. The Kreisau Circle was in contact with the main opposition group led by General
2549:
2491:
2440:
2419:
2376:
2355:
1946:
843:
Wheeler-Bennett, who owned an estate in Virginia and shared Trott's interests in
396:), whose memoirs and letters would later become key documents of Trott's life in
2784:
2637:
2533:
1247:
1226:"I am also a Christian, as are those who are with me. We have prayed before the
934:
857:
799:
763:
556:
551:
416:. Following his studies at Oxford, Trott spent six months in the United States.
393:
389:
377:
369:
1001:
of mankind has released". Trott believed in the original positive view of the
1324:
1243:
1062:
880:
803:
298:. By her mother, Anna Jay, Emilie Eleonore was a great-great granddaughter of
323:
preschool. When his father resigned from office in 1917, the family moved to
2569:
1003:
683:
618:
498:
429:
997:
realities of mass society, and we have come to ignore the demons which the
2769:, "The German Rhodes Scholarships: an early peace movement", in Markwell,
1227:
1171:
published an edited version of the lecture given by the German historian
1079:
844:
631:
627:
299:
191:
2843:(Vassiltchikov was a friend of Trott and other members of the 1944 plot)
2761:
Conscience in Revolt—Sixty-four Stories of Resistance in Germany 1933–45
2421:
German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938-1945
1948:
German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938–1945
1212:
230:
and lead negotiator with the Western Allies if the plot had succeeded.
2583:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War Two 1937–1939
1206:
930:
702:
262:
54:
2642:
The Challenge of the Third Reich –The Adam von Trott Memorial Lectures
2096:
2094:
806:
from South Africa by using his Balliol tie as proof that he attended
510:
361:
342:
324:
314:
291:
278:
80:
973:
than were the younger men like Trott, who had come of age under the
1285:"Balliol Archives – Modern Manuscripts – Adam Von Trott Collection"
716:
that would unite the German people as one and only wanted a "true"
2868:, Balliol College Archives & Manuscripts, University of Oxford
1211:
1102:
1088:
568:
had the right to take whatever it wanted in the region. After the
420:
242:
226:
and was supposed to have been appointed Secretary of State in the
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2170:
2168:
2111:
2109:
2081:
2079:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1487:
1485:
2538:
All Souls And Appeasement—A Contribution to Contemporary history
953:
and for the Kreisau Circle Moltke, Trott, Yorck von Wartenburg,
542:
who, however, passionately disagreed with him over the issue of
143:
Opposing the Nazi government and taking part in the 20 July Plot
2291:"The Adam von Trott Memorial Appeal, Mansfield College, Oxford"
2516:
Alternatives to Hitler German Resistance Under the Third Reich
847:, also attended the conference in Virginia Beach and wrote:
423:, Trott believed that the most pressing issue raised by the
2602:
The Nemesis of Power—The German Army in Politics, 1918-1945
2462:""China, the Sino-Japanese Conflict, and the Munich Crisis"
1982:
1980:
1852:
1850:
1597:
1595:
1539:
1537:
2442:
Subhas Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte
1692:
1690:
1688:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1175:
at the inauguration of the Adam von Trott Meeting Room at
929:, who met at the estate of Count von Moltke in Kreisau in
918:, there were also tensions between Trott and Bose's wife,
899:) at the German Foreign Office, was appointed director of
538:
One of Trott's closest friends was the British journalist
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2124:
1015:
individualism promoted selfishness, greed and amorality.
190:(9 August 1909 – 26 August 1944) was a German lawyer and
2771:"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education
2273:
Fest, Joachim (July 1998). "Portrait – Adam von Trott".
2042:
2040:
2038:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1871:
1869:
1867:
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1837:
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1827:
1778:
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1774:
1772:
1770:
1472:
1470:
1468:
862:
Hitler, von Trott returned an uncompromising negative".
2551:
Troubled loyalty: a biography of Adam von Trott zu Solz
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
494:
had often described Nazi Germany as a model for China.
2703:
The Parting of Ways—A Personal Account of the Thirties
2690:(1934–1939), Verlag C.H.Beck, trans. Ekkehard Klausa,
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
786:
in 1939 at his suggestion after having worked for the
478:, with a German military mission training the Chinese
388:, where he gained a number of close friends including
2929:
People from Brandenburg executed at Plötzensee Prison
1265:
Hegels Staatsphilosophie und das internationale Recht
550:
and believed that Germany had the right to annex the
659:
Trott submitted an account of his British visits to
202:
from the beginning, he actively participated in the
166:
158:
147:
139:
131:
109:
101:
91:
65:
40:
21:
2574:How War Came The Immediate Origins of World War II
782:A friend of Weizsäcker, Trott formally joined the
2944:Executed conservatives in the German Resistance
2924:People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison
2466:The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II
2229:
2217:
2205:
2186:
2174:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2070:
1971:
1932:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1737:
1586:
1491:
1181:
1018:Trott came to find his political idea in the
766:, the leaders of the Wehrmacht would stage a
525:after the very pro-Japanese and anti-Chinese
368:, for several weeks in Autumn 1928. He spent
8:
1111:in memory of alumni including Trott zu Solz
1052:" Soviet farms had destroyed his idealised
961:capitalism and to his plans to restore the
376:, when he became a friend of the historian
2317:, osthessen-news.de; accessed 15 May 2015.
2248:Balliol College Archives & Manuscripts
29:
18:
2445:. Berlin; TĂĽbingen: Verlag Hans Schiler.
2029:
1986:
1951:. Oxford University Press. p. 148n.
1720:
1708:
1601:
1543:
1423:
1399:
2585:. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
2464:. In Igor Lukes; Erik Goldstein (eds.).
2017:
1696:
1646:
1634:
1613:
1120:Trott was one of the leaders of Colonel
412:into German when they were published in
380:. Trott returned to Oxford in 1931 on a
372:of 1929 in Oxford, studying theology at
282:nobility. He was the fifth child of the
2939:People from the Province of Brandenburg
2159:
2130:
1875:
1856:
1841:
1794:
1782:
1476:
1459:
1447:
1276:
1246:. Goldmann had balked at violating the
2604:. London/New York: Macmillan & Co.
2540:. London/New York: Macmillan & Co.
2046:
2005:
1216:Monument to Trott zu Solz at Imshausen
922:, each disliking the other intensely.
630:and on 7 June 1939 met Chamberlain at
2964:Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni
2493:A good German: Adam von Trott zu Solz
2254:from the original on 11 November 2010
2058:
1818:
1806:
1761:
1749:
1679:
1574:
1562:
1516:
1435:
1411:
982:Final Solution to the Jewish Question
444:as he set about developing a sort of
419:Deeply influenced by the theories of
356:Trott developed a strong interest in
304:Founding Fathers of the United States
194:who was involved in the conservative
16:German noble and diplomat (1909–1944)
7:
2959:Executed members of the 20 July plot
2919:Protestants in the German Resistance
2673:University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
1667:
1528:
2791:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979,
1311:Jones, Michael R. (10 April 2004),
1165:In July 1998, the British magazine
501:, Trott had gone to China to study
410:Politics and the Younger Generation
2748:, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968,
2333:, OFM, "The Shadow of his Wings,"
969:and were far more attached to the
476:alliance between China and Germany
308:Chief Justice of the United States
14:
2904:German people of American descent
2894:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
2600:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1953).
1390:, 2013, pages 148–62 & passim
1317:Heroism and Passion in Literature
1267:; Diss. Göttingen (V&R), 1932
572:Trott, in a letter to his friend
220:Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg
2949:Executed people from Brandenburg
468:under a research grant from the
414:Neue Blätter für den Sozialismus
188:Friedrich Adam von Trott zu Solz
2671:When I was a German, 1934–1945,
2644:Oxford University Press, 1986.
2614:Friends, Enemies and Sovereigns
2418:Klemperer, Klemens von (1994).
1945:Klemperer, Klemens von (1992).
1056:, but his romantic view of the
943:Peter Hans Yorck von Wartenburg
649:Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia
591:". Trott was a close friend of
2759:Annedore Leber, collected by:
2518:. Princeton University Press.
1093:Trott zu Solz on trial at the
1075:Free German National Committee
792:Institute of Pacific Relations
644:, but it could not accept the
466:Institute of Pacific Relations
317:and from 1915 was sent to the
1:
2954:Members of the Kreisau Circle
2360:. Columbia University Press.
1142:), he was hanged in Berlin's
1107:Inscription in the chapel of
1030:, as he believed the Russian
1009:Germany Between East and West
595:, the State Secretary at the
464:as a research fellow for the
460:In 1937, Trott was posted to
252:
208:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
198:. A declared opponent of the
2979:20th-century German nobility
1254:as a carrier of dispatches.)
1073:and of the Soviet-sponsored
907:, a former president of the
756:Various messengers from the
2733:, Chatto&Windus, 1998,
2424:. Oxford University Press.
2381:. Oxford University Press.
2354:Gordon, Leonard A. (1990).
2250:. Balliol College, Oxford.
1319:, Brill, pp. 185–196,
914:According to the historian
836:. During the conference in
480:National Revolutionary Army
452:had no intention of doing.
337:and temporarily joined the
327:, where Trott attended the
247:Adam von Trott zu Solz and
2995:
2974:Nobility in the Nazi Party
2856:, jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2831:(or Maria Vasilchilkova):
2581:Weinberg, Gerhard (1980).
2315:Death of Clarita von Trott
519:Alexander von Falkenhausen
313:Trott was first raised in
212:Peter Yorck von Wartenburg
2969:Lawyers in the Nazi Party
2866:Adam von Trott collection
2669:. Published in the US as
2279:. London. pp. 48–53.
1577:, pp. 359 & 369.
1325:10.1163/9789401201575_020
1109:Mansfield College, Oxford
428:which led him to seek a "
406:All Souls and Appeasement
392:and Diana Hopkinson (née
374:Mansfield College, Oxford
333:. From 1922, he lived in
122:Mansfield College, Oxford
28:
2833:Berlin Diaries 1940–1945
2723:, Collins, 1957, London.
2688:FĂĽnf Jahre bis zum Krieg
2610:Wheeler-Bennett, John W.
2460:Liang, Hsi-Huey (1999).
939:Carl Frederich Goerdeler
909:Indian National Congress
901:Special Bureau for India
288:August von Trott zu Solz
273:dynasty, members of the
174:August von Trott zu Solz
2806:, Jonathan Cape, 1976,
2731:A Life of Isaiah Berlin
2468:. Frank Cass. pp.
2244:"Memorial inscriptions"
320:Französisches Gymnasium
178:Emilie Eleonore zu Solz
126:Balliol College, Oxford
118:University of Göttingen
2909:German Rhodes Scholars
2860:Adam von Trott zu Solz
2854:Adam von Trott zu Solz
2439:Kuhlmann, Jan (2003).
2397:Klemperer, Klemens von
2375:Hayes, Romain (2011).
1217:
1190:
1122:Claus von Stauffenberg
1112:
1100:
895:, Secretary of State (
864:
527:Joachim von Ribbentrop
446:socialist conservatism
358:international politics
269:, into the Protestant
258:
222:, he conspired in the
216:Claus von Stauffenberg
23:Adam von Trott zu Solz
2789:A Man of The Thirties
2655:Christabel Bielenberg
2616:. London: MacMillan.
1367:The Spectator Archive
1215:
1179:, Oxford. Fest said:
1106:
1092:
971:House of Hohenzollern
891:In late spring 1941,
849:
743:Industrial Revolution
693:The German historian
684:annexation of Austria
665:Klemens von Klemperer
339:German Youth Movement
246:
239:Early life and career
154:(1940–1944 his death)
35:Trott zu Solz in 1943
2914:Trott zu Solz family
2705:, Peter Owen, 1982,
2242:Jones, John (1999).
2230:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2218:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2206:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2187:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2175:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2116:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2101:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2086:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
2071:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1972:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1933:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1912:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1900:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1888:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1738:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1587:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1492:Wheeler-Bennett 1976
1290:University of Oxford
1203:Clarita Tiefenbacher
1126:plot of 20 July 1944
993:concentration camp.
688:colonial possessions
593:Ernst von Weizsäcker
562:John Wheeler-Bennett
548:Treaty of Versailles
503:Confucian philosophy
196:resistance to Nazism
152:Clarita Tiefenbacher
114:University of Munich
96:Execution by hanging
2934:People from Potsdam
2829:Marie Vassiltchikov
2804:A Cornishman Abroad
2717:The Earl of Halifax
2701:Shiela Grant Duff:
2576:. London: Pantheon.
2554:. London: Collins.
2403:. Clarendon Press.
2220:, pp. 617–618.
2189:, pp. 616–617.
2103:, pp. 549–550.
2032:, pp. 275–276.
1914:, pp. 456–457.
1902:, pp. 454–455.
1890:, pp. 450–455.
1711:, pp. 125–126.
927:Christian socialism
905:Subhas Chandra Bose
833:The Washington Post
653:Neville Chamberlain
606:Free City of Danzig
330:Friedrichsgymnasium
92:Cause of death
2659:The Past is Myself
2546:Sykes, Christopher
2073:, p. 546–547.
1649:, p. 560–562.
1616:, p. 618–619.
1218:
1113:
1101:
955:Eugen Gerstenmaier
947:Ulrich von Hassell
824:William J. Donovan
816:Roger Nash Baldwin
680:Helmuth von Moltke
604:reincorporate the
601:invasion of Poland
580:as a "warmonger".
438:individual freedom
382:Rhodes Scholarship
341:. He obtained his
261:Trott was born in
259:
2823:978-3-86732-063-4
2744:Diana Hopkinson:
2727:Michael Ignatieff
2684:Shiela Grant Duff
2503:978-0-7043-0215-0
2496:. Quartet Books.
2452:978-3-89930-064-2
2431:978-0-19-151334-3
2388:978-0-19-932739-3
2367:978-0-231-07442-1
2295:Mansfield College
1859:, pp. 63–64.
1388:Instincts to Lead
1334:978-94-012-0157-5
1239:medic and former
1197:Clarita von Trott
1144:Plötzensee Prison
1116:20 July 1944 plot
916:Leonard A. Gordon
723:Volksgemeinschaft
718:volksgemeinschaft
713:volksgemeinschaft
578:Winston Churchill
540:Shiela Grant Duff
515:Sino-Japanese War
484:German rearmament
402:R. G. Collingwood
366:League of Nations
360:during a stay in
286:Culture Minister
185:
184:
77:Plötzensee Prison
2986:
2899:German diplomats
2862:, wiesenthal.org
2746:The Incense Tree
2627:
2605:
2596:
2577:
2565:
2541:
2529:
2507:
2488:MacDonogh, Giles
2483:
2456:
2435:
2414:
2392:
2371:
2342:
2341:, 2001. Page 86.
2327:
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2259:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2178:
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2157:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:, p. 97–99.
1804:
1798:
1797:, p. 32–33.
1792:
1786:
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1765:
1759:
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1514:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1462:, p. 61-62.
1457:
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1427:
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1349:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1281:
1135:Volksgerichtshof
1096:Volksgerichtshof
820:Edward C. Carter
812:Washington, D.C.
589:Polish guarantee
570:Munich Agreement
442:Social Democrats
425:Great Depression
296:Saint Petersburg
257:
254:
214:. Together with
135:Diplomat, lawyer
72:
50:
48:
33:
19:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2874:
2873:
2850:
2767:Donald Markwell
2721:Fulness of Days
2661:, Corgi, 1968.
2634:
2632:Further reading
2624:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2486:
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2453:
2438:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2331:Gereon Goldmann
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2016:
2012:
2004:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1939:
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1918:
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1282:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1233:Gereon Goldmann
1223:
1199:
1177:Balliol College
1156:Balliol College
1152:
1118:
1071:Communist Party
1024:Imperial Russia
1022:("commune") of
975:Weimar Republic
951:Johannes Popitz
893:Wilhelm Keppler
877:
808:Balliol College
788:Auswärtiges Amt
784:Auswärtiges Amt
707:Napoleonic Wars
699:Weimar Republic
612:, and parts of
610:Polish Corridor
597:Auswärtiges Amt
523:Auswärtiges Amt
492:Chiang Kai-shek
486:by selling the
471:Auswärtiges Amt
458:
450:Franz von Papen
386:Balliol College
255:
241:
236:
181:
124:
120:
116:
110:Alma mater
87:
74:
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61:
52:
46:
44:
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2849:
2848:External links
2846:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2815:
2800:
2782:
2764:
2757:
2742:
2724:
2714:
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2630:
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2606:
2597:
2591:
2578:
2566:
2560:
2542:
2530:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2484:
2478:
2457:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2399:, ed. (1988).
2393:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2335:Ignatius Press
2322:
2307:
2282:
2265:
2234:
2232:, p. 618.
2222:
2210:
2208:, p. 617.
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 613.
2164:
2162:, p. 128.
2135:
2133:, p. 264.
2120:
2118:, p. 550.
2105:
2090:
2088:, p. 549.
2075:
2063:
2061:, p. 211.
2051:
2049:, p. 446.
2034:
2030:Klemperer 1994
2022:
2020:, p. 158.
2010:
2008:, p. 445.
1991:
1989:, p. 275.
1987:Klemperer 1994
1976:
1974:, p. 488.
1964:
1957:
1937:
1935:, p. 487.
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1861:
1846:
1823:
1821:, p. 101.
1811:
1799:
1787:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1740:, p. 443.
1725:
1723:, p. 129.
1721:Klemperer 1992
1713:
1709:Klemperer 1992
1701:
1699:, p. 619.
1684:
1672:
1670:, p. 393.
1651:
1639:
1637:, p. 618.
1618:
1606:
1604:, p. 128.
1602:Klemperer 1992
1591:
1589:, p. 415.
1579:
1567:
1565:, p. 360.
1548:
1546:, p. 123.
1544:Klemperer 1992
1533:
1531:, p. 392.
1521:
1519:, p. 359.
1496:
1494:, p. 441.
1481:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1424:MacDonogh 1990
1416:
1404:
1400:MacDonogh 1990
1392:
1379:
1354:
1333:
1303:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1248:soldier's oath
1241:Roman Catholic
1222:
1219:
1201:Trott married
1198:
1195:
1151:
1148:
1146:on 26 August.
1140:People's Court
1117:
1114:
920:Emilie Schenkl
897:Staatssekretär
886:Kreisau Circle
876:
875:Foreign Office
873:
838:Virginia Beach
796:Virginia Beach
544:Czechoslovakia
457:
454:
364:, seat of the
306:and the first
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:Foreign Office
204:Kreisau Circle
183:
182:
180:
179:
176:
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140:Known for
137:
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133:
129:
128:
111:
107:
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103:
99:
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93:
89:
88:
75:
73:(aged 35)
69:26 August 1944
67:
63:
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53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
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2872:
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2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2841:0-394-75777-7
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:. (In German)
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:0-224-01244-4
2809:
2805:
2802:A. L. Rowse:
2801:
2798:
2797:0-297-77666-5
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:9781922168702
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:0-7100-6236-2
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:0-7011-6325-9
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:0-7206-0586-5
2708:
2704:
2700:
2698:. (In German)
2697:
2696:3-406-01412-7
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:0-8032-6151-9
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:0-552-99065-5
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:0-19-821962-8
2647:
2643:
2640:, Edited by:
2639:
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2615:
2611:
2607:
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2561:9780072368970
2557:
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2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:0-691-11693-8
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:Mommsen, Hans
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2479:0-7146-8056-7
2475:
2471:
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2427:
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2422:
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2410:0-19-822908-9
2406:
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2373:
2369:
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2359:
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2347:
2340:
2339:San Francisco
2336:
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2200:
2198:
2196:
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2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
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2140:
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2132:
2127:
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2110:
2106:
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2097:
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2064:
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2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:Kuhlmann 2003
2014:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:, p. 64.
1877:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:, p. 63.
1843:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1785:, p. 32.
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:, p. 96.
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:, p. 94.
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:Weinberg 1980
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:, p. 91.
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:Weinberg 1980
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:Weinberg 1980
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Weinberg 1980
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
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1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1479:, p. 62.
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1450:, p. 61.
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:, p. 95.
1437:
1432:
1429:
1426:, p. 24.
1425:
1420:
1417:
1414:, p. 93.
1413:
1408:
1405:
1402:, p. 23.
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
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1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:Commemoration
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
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1105:
1098:
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978:
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967:German Empire
964:
960:
959:laissez-faire
956:
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870:
869:Summer Welles
863:
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846:
841:
839:
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732:
731:Thomas Inskip
726:
724:
719:
715:
714:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
675:FĂĽhrerprinzip
669:
666:
662:
661:Walther Hewel
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:Danzig Crisis
620:
615:
614:Upper Silesia
611:
607:
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434:right to work
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302:, one of the
301:
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276:
272:
271:Trott zu Solz
268:
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238:
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162:Two daughters
161:
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132:Occupation(s)
130:
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123:
119:
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94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
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60:
59:German Empire
56:
51:9 August 1909
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2871:
2832:
2803:
2788:
2770:
2760:
2745:
2730:
2720:
2702:
2687:
2670:
2658:
2641:
2613:
2601:
2582:
2573:
2550:
2537:
2534:Rowse, A. L.
2515:
2492:
2465:
2441:
2420:
2400:
2377:
2356:
2325:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2285:
2274:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2182:
2160:Mommsen 2003
2131:Mommsen 2003
2066:
2054:
2025:
2013:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1876:Mommsen 2003
1857:Mommsen 2003
1842:Mommsen 2003
1814:
1802:
1795:Mommsen 2003
1790:
1783:Mommsen 2003
1757:
1745:
1716:
1704:
1675:
1642:
1609:
1582:
1570:
1524:
1477:Mommsen 2003
1460:Mommsen 2003
1455:
1448:Mommsen 2003
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1346:, retrieved
1316:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1264:
1252:20 July Plot
1200:
1191:
1185:Stauffenberg
1182:
1173:Joachim Fest
1166:
1164:
1160:Rhodes House
1153:
1133:
1119:
1094:
1084:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1050:collectivise
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1002:
998:
995:
985:
979:
924:
913:
896:
890:
878:
865:
856:
852:
850:
842:
831:
828:Felix Morley
787:
783:
781:
776:
773:
767:
757:
755:
751:
747:
739:
734:
727:
722:
717:
711:
695:Hans Mommsen
692:
673:
670:
658:
645:
641:
638:Lord Lothian
636:
596:
585:Lord Halifax
582:
574:Lord Lothian
565:
537:
531:
522:
496:
487:
469:
459:
418:
413:
409:
405:
398:Nazi Germany
384:to study at
355:
335:Hann. MĂĽnden
328:
318:
312:
277:
260:
224:20 July plot
187:
186:
85:Nazi Germany
71:(1944-08-26)
2889:1944 deaths
2884:1909 births
2785:A. L. Rowse
2638:Hedley Bull
2319:(in German)
2258:23 November
2047:Gordon 1990
2006:Gordon 1990
1372:21 December
1348:21 December
1237:German Army
1130:assassinate
935:Ludwig Beck
800:enemy alien
764:appeasement
705:during the
557:great power
552:Sudetenland
390:David Astor
378:A. L. Rowse
370:Hilary term
267:Brandenburg
256: 1925
200:Nazi regime
102:Nationality
2878:Categories
2623:0333181689
2592:0391038265
2570:Watt, D.C.
2300:24 January
2059:Hayes 2011
1958:0198219407
1819:Rowse 1961
1807:Rowse 1961
1762:Rowse 1961
1750:Rowse 1961
1680:Rowse 1961
1575:Liang 1999
1563:Liang 1999
1517:Liang 1999
1436:Rowse 1961
1412:Rowse 1961
1296:24 January
1272:References
1244:seminarian
1221:Quotations
1162:, Oxford.
1063:Hans Oster
999:Vermassung
881:Nazi Party
858:Rechsstaat
853:status quo
777:Widerstand
759:Widerstand
505:and learn
249:his father
47:1909-08-09
1668:Watt 1989
1529:Watt 1989
1343:244757245
1004:Sonderweg
991:Auschwitz
804:Afrikaner
619:Wehrmacht
499:Sinophile
430:third way
351:Göttingen
2835:, 1988.
2773:, 2013,
2612:(1976).
2572:(1989).
2548:(1968).
2536:(1961).
2514:(2003).
2490:(1990).
2276:Prospect
2252:Archived
1228:crucifix
1168:Prospect
1080:Red Army
963:monarchy
845:Sinology
632:Chequers
628:Cliveden
507:Mandarin
300:John Jay
284:Prussian
192:diplomat
159:Children
2470:342–369
2348:Sources
1207:Gestapo
1039:in the
1037:muzhiks
1032:muzhiks
931:Silesia
703:Prussia
456:Travels
394:Hubback
275:Hessian
263:Potsdam
167:Parents
55:Potsdam
2839:
2821:
2810:
2795:
2777:
2752:
2737:
2709:
2694:
2677:
2665:
2648:
2620:
2589:
2558:
2522:
2500:
2476:
2449:
2428:
2407:
2385:
2364:
1955:
1341:
1331:
1099:, 1944
768:putsch
735:FĂĽhrer
608:, the
511:Taoism
362:Geneva
347:Munich
343:Abitur
325:Kassel
315:Berlin
292:Vienna
279:Uradel
148:Spouse
105:German
81:Berlin
1339:S2CID
1259:Works
986:Reich
794:, in
646:Reich
642:Reich
566:Reich
532:Reich
488:Reich
462:China
421:Hegel
2837:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2329:Fr.
2302:2017
2260:2010
1953:ISBN
1374:2023
1350:2023
1329:ISBN
1298:2017
1235:, a
949:and
937:and
826:and
349:and
294:and
234:Life
218:and
210:and
66:Died
41:Born
1321:doi
1128:to
1124:'s
1058:mir
1054:mir
1045:mir
1041:mir
1028:mir
1020:mir
830:of
206:of
2880::
2787::
2729::
2719::
2686::
2657::
2472:.
2337:,
2293:.
2246:.
2194:^
2167:^
2138:^
2123:^
2108:^
2093:^
2078:^
2037:^
1994:^
1979:^
1919:^
1864:^
1849:^
1826:^
1769:^
1728:^
1687:^
1654:^
1621:^
1594:^
1551:^
1536:^
1499:^
1484:^
1467:^
1365:.
1337:,
1327:,
1315:,
1287:.
888:.
822:,
818:,
634:.
497:A
353:.
310:.
265:,
253:c.
251:,
83:,
79:,
57:,
2814:.
2799:.
2781:.
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