361:
338:
397:
409:
31:
44:
373:
385:
448:), so the bacterium can be transmitted to the next generation only through female gametes. When it ends up in a male, it will die when the male dies. Therefore, it kills most of the male embryos in the newly laid eggs. These dead embryos then serve as food for their sisters when they emerge from their eggs. This trait is associated with a variety of bacteria (
323:. A larva goes through four larval stages: by eating it grows and at some point it sheds its old skin and appears in a new one in which it can grow more. The last larval stage is approximately the size of an adult beetle. Once it has eaten enough, the larva attaches itself to a
783:
Hurst, G. D. D.; Graf von der
Schulenburg, J. H.; Majerus, T. M. O.; Bertrand, D.; Zakharov, I. A.; Baungaard, J.; Völkl, W.; Stouthamer, R. & Majerus, M. E. N. (January 31, 2003). "Invasion of one insect species,
337:
482:
that transfers between male and female (and female and male) during copulation. The infection sterilizes female two-spot ladybirds, and at some points of the year, up to 90% of adult two spots become infected.
276:
is exceedingly rare. In North
America the species shows the most variation, with several forms that do not occur elsewhere including a spotless form, a four-banded form, a nine to twelve spotted form, and a
198:
region. It is very common in western and central Europe. It is also native to North
America but it has heavily declined in many states and provinces. It is commonly introduced and imported as a
830:
Hurst, G. D. D.; Sharpe, R. G.; Broomfield, A. H.; Walker, L. E.; Majerus, T. M. O.; Zakharov, I. A. & Majerus, M. E. N. (1995). "Sexually transmitted disease in a promiscuous insect,
1253:
571:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
319:
hatches from the egg by biting a hole in it. The larva looks very different from an adult; it has an elongated, grey, soft body with six legs but no wings. They are
1091:
647:
360:
1143:
1248:
1220:
1065:
1104:
1273:
532:
1278:
1268:
596:
1179:
1258:
396:
215:
159:
1109:
1130:
663:
474:
The two-spot ladybird also carries a sexually transmitted infection in
Central and Eastern Europe. The infection is an
247:
is a small
Coccinellid that can feature any one of a large selection of red and black forms. Some forms are similar to
987:
964:
1044:
408:
1148:
1057:
199:
43:
495:
264:
The two-spotted ladybird is highly variable in many parts of its native range. The most familiar form, form
1263:
917:
659:
297:
and other small insects. However, the sterile soldiers within colonies of aphids such as the gall-forming
955:
433:. In these populations, 80-90% of the offspring are female. The cause of this anomaly is the presence of
372:
992:
384:
299:
138:
855:& Hurst, G. D. D. (2006). "Sexually transmitted disease epidemics in a natural insect population".
1184:
1158:
1013:
272:
that is black with four or six red spots is uncommon, but not rare, while the truly melanistic form
589:
324:
1122:
642:
640:
261:
is entirely black on the ventral surface with black legs, which helps rule out any other options.
30:
813:
257:(in contrast with a large white region or more than two spots) readily separate it. Additionally
38:
1096:
1166:
805:
765:
685:
Hurst, G.; Jiggins, F. M.; Graf von Der
Schulenburg, J. H.; Bertrand, D.; et al. (1999).
592:
544:
1171:
888:
864:
797:
755:
747:
710:
702:
615:
249:
444:
cells of the female lady beetles. The bacterium is too large to live in the male gametes (
352:
115:
969:
1052:
1039:
715:
686:
801:
760:
731:
1242:
868:
852:
566:
320:
312:
211:
191:
155:
105:
817:
1211:
730:
Werren, J. H.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Zhang, W.; Breeuwer, J. A. J.; et al. (1994).
475:
751:
880:
1135:
1117:
1078:
949:
462:
331:. Inside the pupa, the adult develops. Finally the adult ecloses from the pupa.
278:
503:
456:
940:
210:
The two-spotted ladybird was one of the many species originally described by
1026:
507:
466:) which are present in between 0 and 20% of females, depending on locality.
450:
434:
195:
75:
55:
732:"Rickettsial relative associated with male killing in the ladybird beetle (
706:
809:
769:
1205:
1000:
979:
934:
437:
269:
610:
608:
1225:
1070:
1005:
1083:
441:
430:
187:
95:
85:
65:
911:
303:, can attempt to protect the aphid colony by fighting this species.
1031:
499:
445:
316:
294:
226:
1018:
328:
915:
527:
525:
523:
281:" form. In addition, there are intermediate forms such as form
268:
with two black spots on a red base, is common throughout. A
429:
In some populations, the majority of the beetles are
311:
The two-spotted lady beetle's life cycle starts with
1195:
924:
506:.. The two-spotted lady beetle was introduced into
8:
510:specifically as a biological control agent.
788:, by two different male-killing bacteria".
1254:Insects used as insect pest control agents
912:
29:
20:
759:
714:
253:, but the two white spots on the head of
573:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
519:
333:
315:that are usually laid in clutches. The
349:Insects, Their Way and Means of Living
7:
1159:f3e3fb59-d4b0-4950-8393-ae587ee18cdf
1058:6a717c22-87ed-4790-b090-344d41aa783f
695:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
14:
802:10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.810133.x
293:Two-spotted lady beetles feed on
869:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01020.x
407:
395:
383:
371:
359:
336:
225:. Its specific name is from the
42:
1249:Biological pest control beetles
851:Webberley, K. M.; Buszko, J.;
1:
752:10.1128/JB.176.2.388-394.1994
194:that is found throughout the
1274:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
487:As biological control agent
366:Spotted lady beetles mating
1295:
1279:National symbols of Latvia
691:in two species of insects"
586:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1269:Beetles described in 1758
857:Journal of Animal Ecology
533:"Two-spotted Lady Beetle
285:, but they occur rarely.
144:
137:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
790:Insect Molecular Biology
652:two-spotted lady beetle"
496:biological control agent
480:Coccipolipus hippodamiae
221:; its original name was
200:biological control agent
24:Two-spotted lady beetle
740:Journal of Bacteriology
584:Simpson, D. P. (1979).
494:is used as a localised
184:two-spotted lady beetle
1259:Beetles of New Zealand
707:10.1098/rspb.1999.0698
660:University of Michigan
588:(5 ed.). London:
1197:Coccinella bipunctata
836:Ecological Entomology
620:(Linnaeus, 1758:364)"
300:Pemphigus spyrothecae
223:Coccinella bipunctata
1053:Fauna Europaea (new)
887:. www.ento.csiro.au
656:Animal Diversity Web
347:. Illustration from
420:Sex ratio anomalies
186:, is a carnivorous
180:two-spotted ladybug
440:living within the
327:and moults into a
130:A. bipunctata
1236:
1235:
1167:Open Tree of Life
970:Adalia_bipunctata
956:Adalia bipunctata
926:Adalia bipunctata
918:Taxon identifiers
883:Adalia bipunctata
832:Adalia bipunctata
786:Adalia bipunctata
734:Adalia bipunctata
701:(1420): 735–740.
650:Adalia bipunctata
618:Adalia bipunctata
535:Adalia bipunctata
502:in, for example,
345:Adalia bipunctata
245:Adalia bipunctata
176:two-spot ladybird
171:Adalia bipunctata
167:
166:
148:Adalia bipunctata
16:Species of beetle
1286:
1229:
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1216:
1215:
1214:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1162:
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1136:NBNSYS0000008319
1126:
1125:
1113:
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1100:
1099:
1087:
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1061:
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983:
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959:
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945:
944:
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849:
843:
828:
822:
821:
780:
774:
773:
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727:
721:
720:
718:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
662:. Archived from
644:
635:
634:
632:
630:
612:
603:
602:
581:
575:
574:
563:
557:
556:
554:
552:
547:on June 14, 2011
543:. Archived from
529:
411:
402:The adult beetle
399:
387:
375:
363:
340:
250:Mulsantina picta
216:10th edition of
150:
47:
46:
33:
21:
1294:
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724:
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669:
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666:on June 8, 2012
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391:
388:
379:
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367:
364:
355:
353:R. E. Snodgrass
341:
309:
291:
270:melanistic form
242:
218:Systema Naturae
208:
163:
152:
146:
133:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1292:
1290:
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1189:
1176:
1163:
1153:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1040:Fauna Europaea
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
974:
961:
946:
930:
928:
922:
921:
916:
909:
908:External links
906:
903:
902:
872:
844:
823:
796:(1): 133–139.
775:
746:(2): 388–394.
722:
687:"Male killing
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343:Life cycle of
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190:of the family
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1264:Coccinellidae
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891:. 7 July 2005
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624:Discover Life
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598:0-304-52257-0
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492:A. bipunctata
486:
484:
481:
477:
476:ectoparasitic
469:
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321:cannibalistic
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279:cross-hatched
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256:
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246:
239:
237:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
219:
213:
212:Carl Linnaeus
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
192:Coccinellidae
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
161:
157:
151:
149:
143:
140:
139:Binomial name
136:
132:
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126:
123:
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119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:Coccinellidae
104:
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27:
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19:
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925:
895:February 14,
893:. Retrieved
882:
875:
863:(1): 33-43:
860:
856:
847:
839:
835:
831:
826:
793:
789:
785:
778:
743:
739:
733:
725:
698:
694:
688:
680:
670:February 14,
668:. Retrieved
664:the original
655:
649:
629:February 14,
627:. Retrieved
623:
617:
590:Cassell Ltd.
585:
579:
570:
567:Linnaeus, C.
561:
551:February 14,
549:. Retrieved
545:the original
540:
534:
491:
490:
479:
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461:
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310:
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217:
214:in his 1758
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183:
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169:
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147:
145:
129:
128:
116:
18:
1118:NatureServe
1079:iNaturalist
950:Wikispecies
885:(Linnaeus)"
541:eNature.com
504:greenhouses
463:Spiroplasma
240:Description
236:"spotted".
232:"two", and
1243:Categories
1212:Q109603541
842:: 230-236.
514:References
470:Parasitism
457:Rickettsia
307:Life cycle
96:Coleoptera
76:Arthropoda
853:Isham, V.
689:Wolbachia
508:Australia
451:Wolbachia
435:symbiotic
425:Symbiosis
325:substrate
196:holarctic
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1206:Wikidata
1123:2.114622
1097:10453115
1001:BugGuide
977:BioLib:
935:Wikidata
818:45043757
569:(1758).
498:against
438:bacteria
414:Newborns
283:annulata
274:purpurea
234:punctata
206:Taxonomy
156:Linnaeus
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1226:6993443
1071:1043097
1019:1174823
941:Q233024
810:9927182
770:8288533
716:1689827
442:gametic
174:, the
112:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
1185:989612
1172:965949
1156:NZOR:
1110:114341
1045:230472
1032:ADALBI
816:
808:
768:
761:205061
758:
713:
595:
500:aphids
460:, and
431:female
295:aphids
266:typica
259:Adalia
255:Adalia
188:beetle
117:Adalia
1180:WoRMS
1092:IRMNG
1084:52506
1006:78798
993:26229
980:10814
889:CSIRO
814:S2CID
478:mite
446:sperm
378:Larva
317:larva
227:Latin
1221:GBIF
1149:7084
1144:NCBI
1105:ITIS
1066:GBIF
1027:EPPO
988:BOLD
897:2009
806:PMID
766:PMID
672:2009
631:2009
593:ISBN
553:2009
390:Pupa
329:pupa
313:eggs
289:Prey
160:1758
1131:NBN
1014:EoL
965:AFD
865:doi
834:".
798:doi
756:PMC
748:doi
744:176
711:PMC
703:doi
699:266
351:by
230:bi-
182:or
1245::
1223::
1208::
1182::
1169::
1146::
1133::
1120::
1107::
1094::
1081::
1068::
1055::
1042::
1029::
1016::
1003::
990::
967::
952::
937::
861:75
859:.
840:20
838:.
812:.
804:.
792:.
764:.
754:.
742:.
738:.
736:)"
709:.
697:.
693:.
658:.
654:.
639:^
622:.
607:^
539:.
522:^
454:,
202:.
178:,
158:,
899:.
881:"
867::
820:.
800::
794:8
772:.
750::
719:.
705::
674:.
648:"
633:.
616:"
601:.
555:.
537:"
277:"
162:)
154:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
