360:
372:
291:
1439:
1459:
310:). It is composed of three lobes: the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes. In many animals, these lobes are distinct. However, in humans, the intermediate lobe is but a few cell layers thick and indistinct; as a result, it is often considered part of the anterior pituitary. In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the
470:, giving rise to the anterior pituitary. The anterior wall of Rathke's pouch proliferates, filling most of the pouch to form the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis. The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia. Its formation from the soft tissues of the upper palate contrasts with the posterior pituitary, which originates from
1165:(FSH). This shows that the anterior pituitary gland is involved in behavioral functions as well as being part of a larger pathway for stress responses. It is also known that (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis. There is evidence linking hyperactivity of HPA hormones to stress-related skin diseases and skin tumors.
40:
1962:
Pendleton, Neil; Punab, Margus; Silman, Alan J; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Rockwood, Kenneth; Wu, Frederick C W; European Male Aging Study Group (May 2011). "Frailty in relation to variations in hormone levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in older men: results from the
European male aging study".
1961:
Tajar, Abdelouahid; O'Connell, Matthew D L; Mitnitski, Arnold B; O'Neill, Terence W; Searle, Samuel D; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T; Finn, Joseph D; Bartfai, György; Boonen, Steven; Casanueva, Felipe F; Forti, Gianni; Giwercman, Aleksander; Han, Thang S; Kula, Krzysztof; Labrie, Fernand; Lean, Michael E J;
359:
400:), arising from the posterior lobe. (The pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.) The function of the pars tuberalis is poorly understood. However, it has been seen to be important in receiving the endocrine signal in the form of
352:
Nota bene: The terms "basophil" and "acidophil" are used by some books, whereas others prefer not to use these terms. This is due to the possible confusion with white blood cells, where one may also find basophils and acidophils.
371:
333:
The pars distalis (distal part) comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary and is where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs. The pars distalis contains two types of cells, including
1738:
Lin, M.T; Ho, L.T; and Uang, W.N. (1983) Effects of anterior pituitary hormones and their releasing hormones physiological and behavioral functions in rats. J. steroid
Biochem. Vol. 19(1) 433-38.
432:(intermediate part) sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary, forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries. It is very small and indistinct in humans.
1702:
Malendowicz, L.K; Rucinski, M; Belloni, A.S; Ziolkowska, A; and
Nussdorfer, G.C. (2007) Leptin and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Int Rev Cytol. 263: 63-102.
1314:
results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) often being released by a pituitary adenoma. This disorder can cause disfigurement and possibly death and can lead to
2250:
1939:
1693:
Le
Tissier, P.R; Hodson, D.J; Lafont C; Fontanaud P; Schaeffer, M; Mollard, P. (2012) Anterior pituitary cell networks. Front Neuroendocrinol. Aug; 33(3):252-66
868:, at the base of the brain. At this site, these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the
1359:
is characterized by a decreased secretion of hormones released by the anterior pituitary. For example, hypo-secretion of GH prior to puberty can be a cause of
904:(ACTH) and also to stimulate TSH, GH and LH release. Clinical evidence supports the experimental findings of the excitatory and inhibitory effects GABA has on
175:
1484:
1310:(tumour), which are benign apart from a tiny fraction. There are mainly three types of anterior pituitary tumors and their associated disorders. For example,
1729:
Racagni, G; Apud, J.A; Cocchi, D; Locatelli, V; Muller, E.E. (1982) GABAergic control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Life Sci. Aug 30;31(9):823-38.
1438:
2647:
1593:
Dardente, H (2012). "Melatonin-dependent timing of seasonal reproduction by the pars tuberalis: pivotal roles for long daylengths and thyroid hormones".
1157:
mechanisms were slowed, but injections of ACTH restored their performance. In addition, stress may delay the release of reproductive hormones such as
880:
Aside from hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary, other systems in the body have been shown to regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
2243:
513:(Greek: trophe, "nourishment"). Trophic hormones directly affect growth either as hyperplasia or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating.
1940:"Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases: Evidence of its Association with Stress-related Disease Activity"
151:
1149:
response (fight or flight), anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of reproduction/growth. When the anterior pituitary gland is removed (
2642:
1270:
1178:
1086:
1021:
1774:
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1306:
is the condition where the pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hormones. This hypersecretion often results in the formation of a
2236:
1518:
1395:. If the hypopituitarism is caused by the blood loss associated with childbirth, the disorder is referred to as Sheehan syndrome.
1237:
It has been shown that infant mice who were stroked with a paintbrush (simulating motherly care) had more release and binding of
1720:
Hedge, G.A. (1977) Roles for the prostaglandins in the regulation of anterior pituitary secretion. Life Sci. Jan 1;20(1):17-33.
1094:
1028:
1367:
can be caused by hypo-secretion of ACTH which, in turn, does not signal the adrenal cortex to produce a sufficient amount of
2223:
1186:
925:
The homeostatic maintenance of the anterior pituitary is crucial to our physiological well being. Increased plasma levels of
349:(beta cells). These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary and release them into the blood stream.
170:
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228:
224:
1677:
Nelson, R. J. (2011) An
Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology, 4th Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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could be caused by the destruction or removal of the anterior pituitary tissue through traumatic brain injury, tumor,
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The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete:
2668:
869:
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and frailty in elderly men because of the eventual decrease in production of testosterone. This lower level of
109:
1790:
Aguilera, Greti (1998-10-01). "Corticotropin
Releasing Hormone, Receptor Regulation and the Stress Response".
1636:
Morgan, PJ; Williams, LM (1996). "The pars tuberalis of the pituitary: a gateway for neuroendocrine output".
2404:
2315:
1262:
751:
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274:. Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via
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The release of GH, LH, and FSH are required for correct human development, including gonadal development.
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816:
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1547:
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392:(tubular part) forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis, which joins with the
126:
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1182:
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945:
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232:
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Wheater, P., Burkitt, H., Daniels, V. 1987. Functional
Histology. Churchill Livingstone: New York.
956:
increase metabolism and induce cutaneous vasoconstriction, increased plasma levels also result in
2327:
2116:
1995:
1874:
1841:
Aguilera, Greti (December 1994). "Regulation of
Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress".
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Sone, M. and
Osamura, R.Y. (2001) Leptin and the pituitary. Pituitary. Jan-Apr; 4(1-2): 15-23.
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1334:. A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH, which in turn, causes an excess of
852:
Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the
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Dobson, H; R F Smith (2000-07-02). "What is stress, and how does it affect reproduction?".
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release in a cascading effect that ends with the production of glucocorticoids from the
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if increased beyond homeostatic levels through an increased metabolic mechanism only.
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secretion, dependent on GABA's site of action within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
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Ciccarelli, E; F Camanni (June 1996). "Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma".
1999:
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under stress conditions can cause the following: metabolic effects (mobilization of
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2591:
2581:
2519:
1536:"Circadian clock gene Per2 is not necessary for the photoperiodic response in mice"
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408:(length of day). The expression of this subunit is regulated by the secretion of
365:
Microanatomy of the pars distalis showing chromophobes, basophils, and acidophils
139:
114:
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416:. Earlier studies have shown localization of melatonin receptors in this region.
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which drives the ongoing will to mate together with a constant production of
377:
Eosinophilic follicles are a common normal finding in the anterior pituitary.
163:
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Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic.
2194:
Marieb, E. 2004. Human
Anatomy and Physiology. Benjamin Cummings: New York.
2177:
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1991:
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which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations.
2112:
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1273:. Melatonin can lower levels of LH and FSH, which will decrease levels of
2637:
2509:
1380:
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in bones close in puberty. The most common type of pituitary tumour is a
1274:
1202:
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1118:
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to release hormones, causing numerous cascading physiological responses.
444:
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from the pineal gland which can also affect the secretion levels in the
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are named for their ability to act directly on target tissues or other
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and testosterone. In addition, melatonin may affect production of
1004:
861:
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1109:(ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Then, this acts on the
1938:
Jung Eun Kim; Baik Kee Cho; Dae Ho Cho; Hyun Jeong Park (2013).
1225:, well-being and mood, muscle and bone strength, and metabolism.
1145:), bone re-absorption (calcium mobilization), activation of the
1032:
953:
881:
825:
401:
82:
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1769:(4th ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
1383:, among other causes. This disorder used to be referred to as
1507:
Eroschenko, Victor P.; Fiore, Mariano S. H. di (2013-01-01).
1253:
Light information received by the eyes is transmitted to the
2040:
Scacchi, Massimo; Francesco Cavagnini (2006). "Acromegaly".
1089:(HPA), the anterior pituitary gland has a large role in the
2218:
1213:(LH and FSH) caused by normal aging may be responsible for
404:(a β subunit of TSH), informing the pars tuberalis of the
1892:
1890:
1888:
1510:
DiFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations
991:(LH) secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulates the
1027:
The anterior pituitary plays a role in stress response.
2224:
Secretion of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland
2219:
The Pituitary Network Association -- www.pituitary.org
2210: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
999:, whilst in the males, LH stimulates the synthesis of
321:
The anterior pituitary is composed of three regions:
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in response to light information transmitted to the
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466:The pouch eventually loses its connection with the
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1133:to slow the production of CRH and ACTH. Increased
1125:act back on the anterior pituitary gland and the
884:can either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of
2013:Juszczak, Marlena; Monika Michalska (2006). "".
1181:, the anterior pituitary gland also affects the
1093:'s stress response. Stress induces a release of
509:Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are
1318:, a hormone disorder shown in "giants" such as
1265:). Diminishing light stimulates the release of
302:sits in a protective bony enclosure called the
2136:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Simmonds' Disease"
964:decreases with decreasing temperature values.
341:. The chromophils can be further divided into
2244:
8:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1412:, meaning "glandular undergrowth", from the
1408:The anterior pituitary is also known as the
1767:An introduction to behavioral endocrinology
952:but through a decreased metabolism action.
443:The anterior pituitary is derived from the
2648:List of human endocrine organs and actions
2447:
2273:
2251:
2237:
2229:
1964:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
1534:Ikegami, K; Iigo, M; Yoshimura, T (2013).
38:
2167:
2015:Postępy Higieny I Medycyny Doświadczalnej
1569:
1559:
1371:. This is a life-threatening condition.
396:(also known as the infundibular stalk or
254:The anterior pituitary regulates several
1792:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
1444:The anterior pituitary is the anterior,
1221:can have other effects, such as reduced
1189:(GnRH), which stimulates the release of
933:through a mechanism involving increased
892:(GH) and can stimulate the secretion of
523:
1942:. National Research Foundation of Korea
1496:
1434:
1241:(GH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
1031:(CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates
355:
235:, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the
870:hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels
502:(TSH). It also contains non-endocrine
186:
29:
1513:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
7:
1502:
1500:
27:Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
1485:Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
1338:to be secreted and is the cause of
1271:hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
1179:hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
1087:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
1022:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
247:, protruding off the bottom of the
2295:
25:
2134:Summers, V. K. (September 1947).
1105:, which activates the release of
912:Effects of the anterior pituitary
447:, more specifically from that of
2097:10.2165/00003495-199651060-00004
1976:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03398.x
1607:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02250.x
1457:
1437:
370:
358:
243:, is located at the base of the
1843:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
1365:secondary adrenal insufficiency
1095:corticotropin-releasing hormone
1029:Corticotropin releasing hormone
1187:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
294:The anterior pituitary complex
1:
1909:10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00080-4
1804:10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00079-4
1595:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
1322:, where it occurs before the
1209:. The decrease in release of
2140:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1561:10.1371/journal.pone.0058482
1195:follicle-stimulating hormone
1185:. The hypothalamus releases
1163:follicle-stimulating hormone
966:follicle-stimulating hormone
860:in the hypothalamus project
837:Role in the endocrine system
640:Follicle-stimulating hormone
227:lobe that together with the
1900:Animal Reproduction Science
1107:adrenocorticotropic hormone
902:adrenocorticotropic hormone
894:thyroid-stimulating hormone
601:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
554:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
2690:
1470:
1349:
1296:
1147:sympathetic nervous system
840:
2208:Histology image: 14002loa
2054:10.1007/s11102-006-0409-4
1765:Nelson, Randy J. (2011).
1387:but now according to the
900:are now known to inhibit
451:, part of the developing
181:
103:lobus anterior hypophysis
37:
33:Anterior pituitary gland
2316:Somatomammotrophic cell
2152:10.1136/pgmj.23.263.441
1638:Reviews of Reproduction
1263:suprachiasmatic nucleus
1065:Release of the hormone
752:carbohydrate metabolism
504:folliculostellate cells
239:(hypophysis) which, in
1855:10.1006/frne.1994.1013
1473:anatomical terminology
1177:Operating through the
1085:Operating through the
944:. Increased levels of
295:
183:Anatomical terminology
2214:Embryology at unc.edu
1650:10.1530/ror.0.0010153
1288:Clinical significance
1091:neuroendocrine system
968:(FSH) also may cause
817:prostatic hyperplasia
293:
258:processes, including
2631:Organ of Zuckerkandl
2621:Enteroendocrine cell
1330:which hypersecretes
858:Neuroendocrine cells
848:Hypothalamic control
308:Turkish chair/saddle
77:Superior hypophyseal
2674:Human head and neck
2410:Parafollicular cell
1552:2013PLoSO...858482I
1259:circadian pacemaker
1191:luteinizing hormone
1183:reproductive system
1159:luteinizing hormone
1141:, fatty acids, and
989:luteinising hormone
919:Thermal homeostasis
886:luteinizing hormone
677:Luteinizing hormone
670:reproductive system
316:posterior pituitary
314:composition of the
233:posterior pituitary
2554:Islets of pancreas
2328:Corticotropic cell
1903:. 60–61: 743–752.
1471:This article uses
1346:Decreased activity
1293:Increased activity
1234:Tactile responding
1155:avoidance learning
1043:Behavioral effects
345:(alpha cells) and
296:
209:anterior pituitary
2656:
2655:
2496:
2495:
2420:Parathyroid gland
2391:
2390:
2333:Gonadotropic cell
2306:Somatotropic cell
1480:Triple bolus test
1431:Additional images
1389:Diseases Database
1385:Simmonds' disease
1340:Cushing's disease
1324:epiphyseal plates
1308:pituitary adenoma
1250:Circadian rhythms
1153:) in rats, their
1131:negative feedback
1069:is essential for
832:
831:
746:Promotes growth;
590:mineralocorticoid
335:chromophobe cells
211:(also called the
197:
196:
192:
16:(Redirected from
2681:
2669:Endocrine system
2605:Corpora arenacea
2470:Zona reticularis
2465:Zona fasciculata
2460:Zona glomerulosa
2448:
2345:Chromophobe cell
2338:Thyrotropic cell
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2261:endocrine system
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2146:(263): 441–443.
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1363:. In addition,
1304:Hyperpituitarism
1299:Hyperpituitarism
978:Gonadal function
876:Other mechanisms
633:thyroid hormones
539:Secretory cells
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519:endocrine glands
511:trophic hormones
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339:chromophil cells
205:endocrine system
189:edit on Wikidata
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2286:Pars intermedia
2269:Pituitary gland
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2189:Further reading
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1423:("under"), and
1410:adenohypophysis
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1373:Hypopituitarism
1357:Hypopituitarism
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1352:Hypopituitarism
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1320:André the Giant
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993:ovulation cycle
948:also result in
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845:
839:
813:spermatogenesis
515:Tropic hormones
480:
455:in the embryo.
441:
430:pars intermedia
425:Pars intermedia
394:pituitary stalk
378:
375:
366:
363:
300:pituitary gland
288:
237:pituitary gland
213:adenohypophysis
193:
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Adenohypophysis
15:
12:
11:
5:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
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2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2537:Granulosa cell
2534:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
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2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2383:Herring bodies
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:Prolactin cell
2308:
2301:Acidophil cell
2298:
2293:
2291:Pars tuberalis
2288:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2202:External links
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2126:
2091:(6): 954–965.
2075:
2048:(4): 297–303.
2032:
2005:
1970:(5): 814–821.
1953:
1930:
1884:
1849:(4): 321–350.
1833:
1798:(8): 329–336.
1782:
1776:978-0878936205
1775:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1683:978-0878936205
1663:
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1397:
1350:Main article:
1347:
1344:
1297:Main article:
1294:
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1289:
1286:
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1283:
1282:
1251:
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1243:
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1239:growth hormone
1235:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1151:hypophysectomy
1111:adrenal cortex
1083:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1062:Breast-feeding
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1037:adrenal cortex
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
982:
981:
980:
979:
923:
922:
921:
920:
913:
910:
898:Prostaglandins
890:growth hormone
877:
874:
849:
846:
841:Main article:
838:
835:
830:
829:
819:
797:
787:mammary glands
780:
775:
770:
767:
764:
761:
755:
754:
744:
742:adipose tissue
735:
730:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:Growth hormone
710:
709:
703:
698:
693:
688:
685:
682:
679:
673:
672:
666:
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648:
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629:
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619:
614:
609:
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603:
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586:glucocorticoid
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
559:
558:Corticotropin
556:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
494:(LH and FSH);
479:
476:
457:Rathke's pouch
449:Rathke's pouch
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
426:
420:
419:
418:
417:
390:pars tuberalis
386:
385:Pars tuberalis
380:
379:
376:
369:
367:
364:
357:
331:
330:
329:
328:
287:
284:
195:
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106:
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94:
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75:
69:
68:
65:Rathke's pouch
58:
52:
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47:
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43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2686:
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2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
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2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2542:Corpus luteum
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Theca interna
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
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2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Adrenal gland
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
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2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
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2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:Basophil cell
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Pars distalis
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2249:
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2240:
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2222:
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2217:
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2209:
2206:
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2201:
2196:
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2192:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
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1910:
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1889:
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1668:
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1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:(3): 153–61.
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:(2): 249–66.
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:(3): e58482.
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:9781451113419
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
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1466:
1460:
1455:
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1447:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1391:it is called
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:gonadotropins
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1019:Main article
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
977:
976:
975:
974:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
918:
917:
916:
915:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
844:
836:
834:
827:
823:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:Secretion of
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
749:
745:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
718:Somatotropin
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:Glycoprotein
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
671:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:Glycoprotein
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
631:Secretion of
630:
628:
627:Thyroid gland
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
591:
587:
584:Secretion of
583:
581:
580:Adrenal gland
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Corticotrophs
568:
566:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
496:corticotropes
493:
489:
485:
477:
475:
473:
472:neuroectoderm
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
431:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
373:
368:
361:
356:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
327:Pars distalis
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:sella turcica
301:
292:
285:
283:
281:
278:that measure
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:physiological
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:pars anterior
214:
210:
206:
202:
190:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2592:Pineal gland
2582:Epsilon cell
2520:Sertoli cell
2433:Oxyphil cell
2363:Pars nervosa
2277:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1933:
1898:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1766:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1509:
1448:lobe of the
1427:("growth").
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1377:tuberculosis
1355:
1328:prolactinoma
1302:
1255:pineal gland
1219:testosterone
1207:testosterone
1127:hypothalamus
1103:hypothalamus
1026:
1020:
1018:
987:, primarily
985:Gonadotropes
983:
958:hyperthermia
942:vasodilation
931:hyperthermia
924:
879:
854:hypothalamus
851:
843:Hypothalamus
833:
805:progesterone
769:Polypeptide
763:Lactotropin
728:Somatotrophs
724:Polypeptide
691:Gonadotrophs
654:Gonadotrophs
612:Glycoprotein
605:Thyrotropin
530:Other names
508:
492:gonadotropes
484:somatotropes
481:
465:
442:
414:pineal gland
398:infundibulum
397:
351:
332:
320:
307:
297:
268:reproduction
253:
249:hypothalamus
216:
212:
208:
198:
152:A11.1.00.002
140:birnlex_1581
102:
2643:Development
2626:Paraganglia
2600:Pinealocyte
2515:Leydig cell
2021:: 431–438.
1419:("gland"),
1197:. Then the
1143:amino acids
1113:to produce
1099:vasopressin
1050:Development
970:hypothermia
950:hypothermia
773:Lactotrophs
708:production
706:Sex hormone
617:Thyrotrophs
565:Polypeptide
500:thyrotropes
498:(ACTH) and
488:lactotropes
463:in origin.
453:hard palate
439:Development
406:photoperiod
276:blood tests
92:Identifiers
87:Hypophyseal
61:Oral mucosa
2663:Categories
2577:Delta cell
2562:Alpha cell
2428:Chief cell
1491:References
1312:acromegaly
1097:(CRH) and
995:in female
935:metabolism
828:secretion
668:Growth of
536:Structure
533:Symbol(s)
461:ectodermal
343:acidophils
122:NeuroNames
2567:Beta cell
2378:Pituicyte
2355:Posterior
2160:0032-5473
2105:0012-6667
2062:1573-7403
2042:Pituitary
2027:1732-2693
1984:1532-5415
1917:0378-4320
1863:0091-3022
1812:1043-2760
1446:glandular
1404:Etymology
1332:prolactin
1316:gigantism
1279:prolactin
1267:melatonin
1215:impotence
1193:(LH) and
1161:(LH) and
1101:from the
1071:lactation
1067:prolactin
962:prolactin
939:cutaneous
888:(LH) and
809:lactation
801:estrogens
778:Acidophil
759:Prolactin
733:Acidophil
684:LH, ICSH
681:Lutropin
594:androgens
542:Staining
410:melatonin
347:basophils
286:Structure
272:lactation
229:posterior
221:glandular
219:) is the
56:Precursor
2638:Placenta
2510:Testicle
2278:Anterior
2178:20258051
2121:35481175
2070:17077948
2000:43285151
1992:21568952
1925:10844239
1879:24818312
1828:30175791
1820:18406298
1623:12723490
1615:22070540
1580:23505514
1540:PLOS ONE
1467:See also
1381:syphilis
1369:cortisol
1361:dwarfism
1336:cortisol
1275:estrogen
1257:via the
1203:estrogen
1201:produce
1135:cortisol
1121:. These
1119:cortisol
1117:such as
1013:HPA axis
1001:androgen
795:prostate
721:GH, STH
696:Basophil
659:Basophil
622:Basophil
575:Basophil
527:Hormone
478:Function
459:is also
445:ectoderm
282:levels.
225:anterior
199:A major
134:NeuroLex
2572:PP cell
2480:Medulla
2397:Thyroid
2169:2529616
2113:8736617
1946:4 March
1871:7895891
1658:9414453
1571:3591342
1548:Bibcode
1399:History
1139:glucose
997:mammals
929:induce
896:(TSH).
864:to the
783:Ovaries
548:Effect
545:Target
490:(PRL);
468:pharynx
280:hormone
203:of the
115:D010903
50:Details
2502:Gonads
2452:Cortex
2176:
2166:
2158:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2068:
2060:
2025:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1923:
1915:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1773:
1681:
1656:
1621:
1613:
1578:
1568:
1517:
1425:physis
1417:adeno-
1223:libido
1199:gonads
1082:Stress
791:testes
701:Gonads
664:Gonads
486:(GH);
312:neural
270:, and
264:growth
260:stress
241:humans
231:lobe (
207:, the
73:Artery
2614:Other
2527:Ovary
2373:Stalk
2117:S2CID
2085:Drugs
1996:S2CID
1875:S2CID
1824:S2CID
1619:S2CID
1414:Greek
1379:, or
1261:(the
1174:Aging
1129:with
1005:sperm
960:and
862:axons
748:lipid
738:Liver
561:ACTH
245:brain
201:organ
187:[
176:74627
98:Latin
2174:PMID
2156:ISSN
2109:PMID
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