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salt at the lower end of their possible concentrations, helping to lower the amount of ingested salts. The amount of sodium imposed by this sort of diet is still relatively heavy and can create complications when considering the less tolerant chicks. Adult Adélie penguins feed their chicks by regurgitating the predigested krill, which can impose an excessive salt intake on the chicks. Adult birds address this problem by altering the ion concentrations while the food is still being held in their stomachs. By removing a portion of the sodium and potassium ions, adult Adélie penguins protect their chicks from ingesting excessive amounts of sodium. Adélie penguins also manage their salt intake by concentrating
1031:-discoloured coastal areas (red/brown patches in areas with no snow) in the satellite images, and augmented their findings with field surveys in areas where no good satellite images were available or where the presence of multiple penguins species was suspected. The results of field surveys were only used if they had been done within the previous four years. This census found an estimated 3.79 million breeding pairs in 251 distinct breeding colonies, including more than 40 that had never been surveyed before, a 53% increase over a census completed 20 years earlier. The colonies are distributed around the coastline of the Antarctic land and ocean. Colonies have declined on the
615:
602:, a Royal Navy surgeon-lieutenant and scientist who also accompanied Scott, commented on displays of selfishness among the penguins during his surveying in the Antarctic: "At the place where they most often went in , a long terrace of ice about six feet in height ran for some hundreds of yards along the edge of the water, and here, just as on the sea-ice, crowds would stand near the brink. When they had succeeded in pushing one of their number over, all would crane their necks over the edge, and when they saw the pioneer safe in the water, the rest followed." Levick also detailed the mating habits of Adélie penguins.
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poking their heads to and fro in their usually absurd way, in spite of a string of howling dogs straining to get at them. "Hulloa!" they seem to say, "here's a game – what do all you ridiculous things want?" And they come a few steps nearer. The dogs make a rush as far as their harness or leashes allow. The penguins are not daunted in the least, but their ruffs go up and they squawk with semblance of anger.… Then the final fatal steps forward are taken and they come within reach. There is a spring, a squawk, a horrid red patch on the snow, and the incident is closed.
496:. This coat of feathers is typically silvery-grey (darker on the head), though some birds are much darker overall. Within 10 days, the chick moults into another set of down feathers, this time all dark smoky-grey. Once they have moulted a third time, 7–9 weeks after hatching, the immature birds are similar to adults in appearance, though they tend to be smaller with a bluer tinge to their upperparts and white (rather than black) chins and throats. They lack the full white eye ring of the adult until they are at least a year old.
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or 28 °F/-19 °C or -2.2 °F), the parents take turns incubating the egg; one goes to feed and the other stays to warm the egg. The parent that is incubating does not eat and does not even leave to defecate but instead projects faeces away from the nest. In March, the adults and their young return to the sea. The Adélie penguin lives on sea ice but needs ice-free land to breed. With a reduction in sea ice, populations of the Adélie penguin have dropped by 65% over the past 25 years in the
Antarctic Peninsula.
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greeting, and the louder they barked and the more they strained at their ropes, the faster he bustled to meet them. He was extremely angry with a man who went and saved him from a very sudden end, clinging to his trousers with his beak, and furiously beating his shins with his flippers. It was not an uncommon sight to see a little Adélie penguin standing within a few inches of the nose of a dog which was almost frantic with desire and passion.
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1098:Θις ἀφτερνooν ἰ σαυ ἀ μoστ εχτραoρδιναρι σιtε. ἀ πενγυιν ὐας ἀκτυαλλι ενyαyεδ ἰν σoδoμι ᾿uπoν θε βoδι ὀφ ἀ δεαδ ὑιτε θρoατεδ βιρδ ὀφ ἰτς ὀνε σπεσιες. Θε ἀκτ ὀccυπιεδ ἀ φυλλ μινυτε, θε πoσιτιoν τακεν ὐπ βι θε κoχ διφφερινy ἰν νo ρεσπεκτ φρoμ θατ ὀφ ὀρδιναρι κoπυλατιoν, ἀνδ θε ὑoλε ακτ ὐας yoνε θρoυ, δoυν τo θε φιναλ δεπρεςςιoν ὀφ θε χλoακα.
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they were courting and copulating with another male. The observing researchers suggested that this was practice for heterosexual encounters or a "response to high sexual motivation but a lack of females," but these claims follow a long-running historical pattern of obscuring, denying, and explaining away homosexual behavior in animals.
840:, sexual coercion, sexual and physical abuse of chicks and homosexual behaviour," states the analysis written by Douglas Russell and colleagues William Sladen and David Ainley. "His observations were, however, accurate, valid and, with the benefit of hindsight, deserving of publication." Levick observed the Adélie penguins at
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deemed too indecent for publication at the time; they were rediscovered and published in 2012. "The pamphlet, declined for publication with the official Scott expedition reports, commented on the frequency of sexual activity, auto-erotic behaviour and seemingly aberrant behaviour of young unpaired males and females, including
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north of roughly 73°S. While some remain near their breeding colonies, others may move hundreds or thousands of kilometres away. As long as there are breaks in the pack ice, they can survive hundreds of kilometres south of open water, and birds are known to forage in winter in areas with up to 80% pack ice cover.
1111:]. A penguin was actually engaged in sodomy upon the body of a dead white-throated bird of its own species. The act occurred a full minute, the position taken up by the cock differing in no respect from that of ordinary copulation, and the whole act was gone through down to the final depression of the
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fluids to a much higher degree than most other birds are capable. This ability is present regardless of ontogeny in Adélie penguins, meaning that both adults and juveniles are capable of withstanding extreme levels of salt ion concentration. However, chicks do possess a greater ability to concentrate
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Meares and
Dimitri exercised the dog-teams out upon the larger floes when we were held up for any length of time. One day, a team was tethered by the side of the ship, and a penguin sighted them and hurried from afar off. The dogs became frantic with excitement as he neared them: he supposed it was a
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but have occurred as vagrants in
Australia, New Zealand and southern South America. During the breeding season, they need bare, rocky ground on which to build their nests. They will not nest on ice, and preferentially choose areas where wind or the angle of the sun (or both) helps to keep snow drifts
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The Adélie penguin is a mid-sized bird, measuring 70–73 cm (28–29 in) in length and weighing 3.8 to 8.2 kg (8.4 to 18.1 lb). Although the sexes look the same, females have shorter wings and beaks and weigh significantly less. The adult is black on the head, throat and upper parts,
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can be home to thousands of penguins, all of which are concentrating waste products in their digestive tracts and nasal glands. These excretions inevitably drop to the ground. The concentration of salts and nitrogenous wastes helps to facilitate the flow of material from the sea to the land, serving
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Some Adélie penguins also actively and deliberately engage in homosexual activity. In one instance recorded in 1996, two wild male individuals courted each other and took turns mounting and copulating with each other. The reciprocal nature of the event indicates that both individuals were aware that
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Young Adélie penguins that have no experience in social interaction may react to false cues when the penguins gather to breed. They may, for instance, attempt to mate with other males, with young chicks or with dead females. Levick was the first to record such behaviour (1911–12), but his notes were
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is largely covered with black feathers, leaving only the tip exposed; this is primarily black, though it can show indistinct reddish-brown markings. The upper surface of the wing is black with a white trailing edge, while the underside is white with a narrow black leading edge and a small black tip.
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conditions, as their frozen habitats offer little fresh water. Such desert conditions mean that the vast majority of the available water is highly saline, causing the diets of Adélie penguins to be heavy in salt. They manage to circumvent this problem by eating krill with internal concentrations of
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Adélie penguins arrive at their breeding grounds in late
October or November, after completing a migration that takes them away from the Antarctic continent for the dark, cold winter months. Their nests consist of stones piled together. In December, the warmest month in Antarctica (about −2 °C
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The great trouble with has been due to the fatuous conduct of the penguins. Groups of these have been constantly leaping onto our floe. From the moment of landing on their feet their whole attitude expressed devouring curiosity and a pig-headed disregard for their own safety. They waddle forward,
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Once they have finished breeding, adult Adélie penguins typically move to ice floes or ice shelves to moult, though some remain onshore. During the winter, the birds remain in the pack ice zone, with most moving north to reach areas where there is visible light for at least part of the day – thus
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Cherry-Garrard held the birds in great regard. "Whatever a penguin does has individuality, and he lays bare his whole life for all to see. He cannot fly away. And because he is quaint in all that he does, but still more because he is fighting against bigger odds than any other bird, and fighting
508:. However, the black on its face extends below its eyes, and it lacks a black line under the throat (the "chinstrap") that the chinstrap penguin has. In addition, the bill of the chinstrap penguin is longer, and lacks the feathering that covers most of the bill of the Adélie penguin.
452:, meaning "leg". The members of this genus are often called "brush-tailed penguins", a reference to their long, stiff tail feathers. The birds regularly use their tails for support, and the stiff feathers sweep the ground as the penguins walk. The
889:, they will see sunlight. As the ice recedes in the spring, the penguins remain on the edge of it, until once again, they are on the shoreline during a sunnier season. The longest treks have been recorded at 17,600 kilometres (10,900 mi).
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region in
Antarctica migrate an average of about 13,000 kilometres (8,100 mi) each year as they follow the sun from their breeding colonies to winter foraging grounds and back again. During the winter, the sun does not rise south of the
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The Adélie penguin is a truly
Antarctic creature – one of only four penguin species to nest on the continent itself. Breeding colonies are scattered along Antarctica's coasts and on a number of sub-Antarctic islands, including those in the
1039:. During the breeding season, they congregate in large breeding colonies, some over a quarter of a million pairs. Individual colonies can vary dramatically in size, and some may be particularly vulnerable to climate fluctuations. The
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seabirds, potentially facilitating further spread. This situation is particularly concerning for the wildlife of the region, which includes an estimated 20 million pairs of penguins and the already climate-threatened
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also play a major role in the excretion of excess salts. In aquatic birds such as the Adelie penguin, nasal salt glands excrete an extremely concentrated sodium chloride solution, reducing the load on their kidneys.
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A comprehensive census of the global Adélie penguin population was carried out in 2014 using analysis of high-resolution satellite images in combination with actual field surveys. The researchers looked for
885:, but sea ice grows during the winter months and increases for hundreds of miles from the shoreline, and into more northern latitudes, all around Antarctica. As long as the penguins live at the edge of the
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from accumulating. At the start of the breeding seasons, colony sites may be up to 100 km (62 mi) from open water, though the distance decreases as summer progresses and the pack ice breaks up.
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and then pasting this new text over the original entry (Fig. 1), whilst some entries were written directly in the Greek alphabet". The following is an example of such a note; a transcription into the
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Despite their size, Adélie penguins are known for their bold and boisterous personality and will challenge other animals, including predators far larger than them. In footage shot for the 2018
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Because of its very large and increasing population (estimated at more than 10 million mature individuals in 2020), and its unfragmented habitat, the Adélie penguin is considered by the
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accumulated in colonies over the last 38,000 years reveals a sudden change from a fish-based diet to krill that began around 200 years ago. This is most likely due to the decline of the
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657:). Despite the species difference between the Adélie and the emperors, the individual charged the petrel, then placed itself between the predator and the chicks until it retreated.
429:), both of which evolved some 5 million years later. Although it has no identifiable subspecies, the Adélie penguin has two distinct genetic lineages: one found primarily in the
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during the early 20th century. The reduction of competition from these predators has resulted in a surplus of krill, which the penguins now exploit as an easier source of food.
1085:. "Levick himself was equally cautious. References to these observations in the notebooks have often been coded by his rewriting certain entries on these behaviours using the
649:, the boisterous behaviour of Adélie penguins was made especially apparent when an individual arrived to defend a group of emperor penguin chicks that were being menaced by a
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Borowicz, Alex; McDowall, Philip; Youngflesh, Casey; Sayre-McCord, Thomas; Clucas, Gemma; Herman, Rachael; Forrest, Steven; Rider, Melissa; Schwaller, Mathew (2 March 2018).
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largely because it supports Adélie penguin colonies, with 751,527 pairs recorded in at least five distinct colonies. In March 2018, a colony of 1.5 million was discovered.
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Adélie penguins usually swim at around 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h). They are able to leap some 3 metres (10 ft) out of the water to land on rocks or ice.
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2008:
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Russell, D. G. D.; Sladen, W. J. L.; Ainley, D. G. (2012). "Dr. George Murray Levick (1876–1956): Unpublished notes on the sexual habits of the Adélie penguin".
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were found to be actively sought-out food items, while they previously had been thought to be only accidentally ingested. Similar preferences were found in the
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598:. "They are extraordinarily like children, these little people of the Antarctic world, either like children or like old men, full of their own importance..."
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Andrzej, Myrcha; Anderzej, Tatur (1991). "Ecological Role of the
Current and Abandoned Penguin Rookeries in the Land Environment of the Maritime Antarctic".
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2932:"Description de plusieurs oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus, provenant de l'expedition autour du monde faite sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelee"
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in 2022, poses a risk to
Antarctic wildlife. Samples from the deceased penguins are under analysis, and the H5 strain has been detected in local
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for 32 to 34 days by the parents taking turns (shifts typically last for 12 days). The chicks remain in the nest for 22 days before joining
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lineage diverged from that of other penguin species some 38 million years ago, roughly 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus
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852:. The discovery significantly illuminates the behaviour of the species whose population some researchers believe to be a bellwether of
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Adélie penguins breed from
October to February on shores around the Antarctic continent. Adélies build rough nests of stones. Two
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The adult Adélie penguin is unlikely to be confused with any other species, but the white-throated immature bird can resemble the
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Others on the mission to the South Pole were more receptive to this element of the Adélies' curiosity. Cherry-Garrard writes:
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3046:"Ancient DNA Enables Timing of the Pleistocene Origin and Holocene Expansion of Two Adélie Penguin Lineages in Antarctica"
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Adélie penguins are identified and weighed each time they cross the automated weighbridge on their way to or from the sea.
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in the world. As of June 2012, he has been the only one to study this particular colony and he observed it for an entire
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352:, two French surgeons who doubled as naturalists on the journey, described the bird for science in 1841, giving it the
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continent, which is the only place where it is found. It is the most widespread penguin species, and, along with the
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One writer observed how the penguin's curiosity could also endanger them, which Scott found a particular nuisance:
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Ritchie, Peter A.; Millar, Craig D.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Baroni, Carlo & Lambert, David M. (February 2004).
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Martínez, Isabel; Christie, David; Jutglar, Francesc; Garcia, Ernest; Sharpe, Christopher J. (4 March 2020).
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always with the most gallant pluck, he comes to be considered as something apart from the ordinary bird..."
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Lescroël, A. L.; Ballard, G.; Grémillet, D.; Authier, M.; Ainley, D. G. (2014). Descamps, Sébastien (ed.).
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2559:"Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot"
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Baker, Allan J.; Pereira, Sergio Luiz; Haddrath, Oliver P. & Edge, Kerri-Ann (7 January 2006).
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2662:"Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling"
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2166:"Antarctic Climate Change: Extreme Events Disrupt Plastic Phenotypic Response in Adélie Penguins"
1974:
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about 19 million years ago, branching from the ancestor of the other two members of the genus (
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2753:"Weather, Microclimate, and Energy Costs of Thermoregulation for Breeding Adélie Penguins"
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collected from an area of the continent which had been named "terre Adélie", French for
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316:, who first discovered this penguin in 1840. Adélie penguins obtain their food by both
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Davis, Lloyd S.; Hunter, Fiona M.; Harcourt, Robert G.; Heath, Sue
Michelsen (1998).
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since the early 1980s, but those declines have been more than offset by increases in
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The first Adélie penguin specimens were collected by crew members of French explorer
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724:(diet varies depending on geographic location) during the chick-rearing season. The
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of the notes he took had been circulated to a selected few bearing the bold header
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1718:"Abrupt recent shift in δC and δN values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica"
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These excretions are crucial in the maintenance of Antarctic ecosystems. Penguin
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1970:
1852:"The explosive physics of pooping penguins: they can shoot poo over four feet"
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2456:"Continental-scale mapping of Adélie penguin colonies from Landsat imagery"
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2399:"Scientists investigate thousands of dead Antarctic penguins for bird flu"
1999:"'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal"
1919:"'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal"
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2624:"NASA satellite images of poop lead researchers to penguin 'supercolony'"
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2225:"Researchers follow Adélie penguin winter migration for the first time"
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304:, is the most southerly distributed of all penguins. It is named after
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2265:"Osmoregulation by Adélie Penguin Chicks on the Antarctic Peninsula"
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on his expedition to Antarctica in the late 1830s and early 1840s.
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2031:"Shock at sexually 'depraved' penguins led to 100-year censorship"
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Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
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The Adélie penguin is one of three species now assigned to the
371:. The bird was later placed in several other genera, including
2845:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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1163:
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bird flu suspected as the cause. The virus, having arrived in
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The legs and feet, which are mostly unfeathered, are pinkish.
404:
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pp. with 23 illustrations, 51 figures, 48 tables, 16 plates.
2910:
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David & Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.).
2751:
Chappell, M. A.; Morgan, K. R.; Butcher, T. L. (June 1990).
2454:
Schwaller, M. R.; Southwell, C. J.; Emmerson, L. M. (2013).
967:
reported more than 532 dead Adélie penguins on Antarctica's
3154:
3036:
The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror
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to make it habitable for bacteria which live in the soils.
2887:
De Roy, Tui; Jones, Mark & Cornthwaite, Julie (2014).
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Hombron, Jacques Bernard & Jacquinot, Honorè (1841).
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This afternoon I saw a most extraordinary site [
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kill many chicks and eat eggs as well. Giant petrels and
2425:"Adelie Penguins thriving amid Antarctica's melting ice"
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with snowy white underparts. It has a conspicuous white
3133:
Adelie penguins at the Polar Conservation Organisation
3106:. In Garcia Borboroglu, Pablo; Boersma, P. Dee (eds.).
3033:
Richardson, John & Gray, John Edward, eds. (1875).
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1195:
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592:, documented details of penguin behaviour in his book
433:, and the other widespread throughout the Antarctic.
1365:
3039:. Vol. I: Mammals, Birds. London: E. W. Janson.
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
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have been identified as an "important bird area" by
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3372:
3346:
3310:
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3251:
3225:
3207:
2095:"Reciprocal Homosexual Mounting in Adélie Penguins
936:Adult Adélie penguins are regularly preyed upon by
3080:
3011:
2974:Antarctic Penguins: A Study of Their Social Habits
2971:
2948:
2888:
2819:
2736:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en
387:, and was also later inadvertently redescribed as
2873:Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database
541:. The penguins are much less common north of the
2912:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins"
2064:The Adélie Penguin: Bellwether of Climate Change
1779:"Penguins Caught Feasting on an Unexpected Prey"
1184:
3110:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
1723:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1103:
1096:
630:
607:
3202:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1500:
1488:
1452:
1440:
1353:
1169:
1017:International Union for Conservation of Nature
952:will occasionally kill adult Adelie penguins.
668:The Adélie penguin is known to feed mainly on
3170:
2995:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2895:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2841:"Material for a Monograph of the Spheniscidæ"
1578:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
492:Upon hatching, the chick is fully covered in
8:
2951:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1881:
1879:
367:, itself named for Dumont d'Urville's wife,
2397:Spring, Jake; Spring, Jake (4 April 2024).
1888:"Penguins now threatened by global warming"
3432:
3177:
3163:
3155:
3108:Penguins: Natural History and Conservation
2306:"The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds"
743:Jellyfish including species in the genera
236:
85:
31:
3102:Trathan, Phil N.; Ballard, Grant (2015).
3061:
2734:
2693:
2598:
2479:
2321:
2280:
2199:
2189:
1753:
1743:
1716:S.D. Emslie; W.P. Patterson (July 2007).
1540:"Penguin chicks rescued by unlikely hero"
844:, the site of the largest Adélie penguin
2343:
2341:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1416:
1338:
1321:
3018:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1259:
1199:
1132:
1068:
907:chloride ions in their cloacal fluids.
897:Adélie penguins are faced with extreme
828:and go out to sea after 50 to 60 days.
3083:A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife
2068:. Columbia University Press. pp.
1464:
1428:
1404:
1389:
1283:
459:indicates the location from which the
3877:Taxa named by Jacques Bernard Hombron
2993:Antarctic Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide
2378:from the original on 25 February 2019
2041:from the original on 23 December 2017
2011:from the original on 25 December 2018
1931:from the original on 25 December 2018
1777:Christie Wilcox (15 September 2017).
1697:"Pygoscelis adeliae (Adelie penguin)"
1653:"Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)"
1632:"Pygoscelis adeliae (Adelie penguin)"
1377:
1211:
312:, who was married to French explorer
296:common along the entire coast of the
7:
3738:432ac2fb-c11b-422d-90bd-beb8b7d08a86
2813:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2235:from the original on 15 October 2011
1886:Eccleston, Paul (11 December 2007).
1612:from the original on 5 November 2018
1514:"Top 10 facts about Adélie penguins"
1301:De Roy, Jones & Cornthwaite 2014
1272:De Roy, Jones & Cornthwaite 2014
590:British Antarctic Expedition of 1910
440:is a compound word, composed of the
3852:IUCN Red List least concern species
2722:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2538:from the original on 5 January 2019
2496:"Climate change winners and losers"
1850:Ouellette, Jennifer (4 July 2020).
1366:Chappell, Morgan & Butcher 1990
1830:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08644.x
1236:Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2022
245:Distribution of the Adélie penguin
25:
3087:. Degerby, Finland: Alula Press.
2636:from the original on 19 June 2018
1898:from the original on 16 June 2018
1808:Taylor, Rowland H. (April 1962).
2955:. London, UK: Christopher Helm.
2666:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
2223:Rejcek, Peter (13 August 2010).
1864:from the original on 7 July 2020
1552:from the original on 14 May 2020
1139:
736:since the late 18th century and
110:
53:
3050:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2936:Annales des sciences naturelles
2818:Cherry-Garrard, Apsley (1922).
2711:BirdLife International (2020).
965:Federation University Australia
3882:Taxa named by Honoré Jacquinot
2826:. London: Constable & Co.
2822:The Worst Journey in the World
2502:. 4 April 2013. Archived from
2304:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1980).
960:also prey on chicks and eggs.
876:Adélie penguins living in the
595:The Worst Journey in the World
1:
2978:. London: William Heinemann.
2460:Remote Sensing of Environment
3303:(or northern little penguin)
2891:Penguins: The Ultimate Guide
2622:May, Ashley (2 March 2018).
2423:Graham, Rex (15 July 2014).
2191:10.1371/journal.pone.0085291
1997:McKie, Robin (9 June 2012).
1917:McKie, Robin (9 June 2012).
1606:The Global Education Project
1185:Hombron & Jacquinot 1841
3405:Northern rockhopper penguin
3400:Southern rockhopper penguin
2839:Coues, Elliott (May 1872).
1155:BirdLife International 2020
618:Chicks in Antarctica, with
3898:
3079:Shirihai, Hadoram (2002).
2970:Levick, G. Murray (1914).
2947:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2583:10.1038/s41598-018-22313-w
1665:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1441:Trathan & Ballard 2015
1354:Trathan & Ballard 2015
1170:Richardson & Gray 1875
1057:Prostitution among animals
1004:, photographed during the
963:In 2024, researchers from
417:diverged. Adélie penguins
383:and the now-defunct genus
3198:: Sphenisciformes ·
3192:
2729:: e.T22697758A157660553.
2481:10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.009
2103:Emu - Austral Ornithology
2060:Ainley, David G. (2002).
1971:10.1017/S0032247412000216
258:
251:
244:
235:
212:
205:
107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
74:
66:
47:
34:
3297:(or little blue penguin)
3010:Reilly, Pauline (1994).
2135:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999).
1235:
512:Distribution and habitat
336:Taxonomy and systematics
324:, with a diet of mainly
3872:Birds described in 1841
3301:White-flippered penguin
3257:(brush-tailed penguins)
2372:Encyclopedia Britannica
2368:"Adélie penguin | bird"
2323:10.1161/01.cir.21.5.955
1745:10.1073/pnas.0608477104
1685:(subscription required)
1477:Scott's Last Expedition
1093:is given on the right:
389:Pygoscelis brevirostris
346:Jacques Bernard Hombron
273:Pygoscelis brevirostris
2678:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260
2531:BirdLife International
2263:Janes, Donald (1997).
2143:. St. Martin's Press.
1673:10.2173/bow.adepen1.01
1117:
1100:
1045:BirdLife International
1012:
928:
873:
805:
794:
783:
635:
625:
612:
578:
565:
527:South Sandwich Islands
448:, meaning "rump", and
407:evidence suggests the
342:Jules Dumont d'Urville
314:Jules Dumont d'Urville
310:Adèle Dumont d'Urville
3785:Paleobiology Database
3395:Erect-crested penguin
3063:10.1093/molbev/msh012
3014:Penguins of the World
2991:Lowen, James (2011).
2350:Polish Polar Research
999:
944:, in particular, and
926:
871:
800:
789:
778:
695:Themisto gaudichaudii
686:Antarctic lanternfish
655:Macronectes giganteus
651:Southern giant petrel
617:
582:Apsley Cherry-Garrard
576:
561:
554:Behaviour and ecology
308:, in turn, named for
247:Nesting sites in red
2526:"BirdLife Data Zone"
1810:"THE ADELIE PENGUIN
1702:Animal Diversity Web
1637:Animal Diversity Web
1000:Adélie penguins and
824:into their juvenile
812:are laid; these are
678:Antarctic silverfish
600:George Murray Levick
3867:Birds of Antarctica
3358:Yellow-eyed penguin
2916:IOC World Bird List
2772:1990Oecol..83..420C
2575:2018NatSR...8.3926B
2472:2013RSEnv.139..353S
2182:2014PLoSO...985291L
1783:National Geographic
1736:2007PNAS..10411666E
1582:on 18 November 2018
1501:Cherry-Garrard 1922
1489:Cherry-Garrard 1922
1453:Cherry-Garrard 1922
1248:Ritchie et al. 2004
1082:Not for Publication
1033:Antarctic Peninsula
1019:to be a species of
761:yellow-eyed penguin
684:(specifically, the
586:Robert Falcon Scott
543:60th parallel south
357:Catarrhactes adeliæ
262:Catarrhactes adeliæ
77:Conservation status
3829:Pygoscelis-adeliae
3547:BirdLife-Australia
3503:pygoscelis-adeliae
3490:Pygoscelis_adeliae
3476:Pygoscelis adeliae
3446:Pygoscelis adeliae
3378:(crested penguins)
3323:Magellanic penguin
3142:. Photo Volcaniaca
2867:Pygoscelis adeliae
2780:10.1007/BF00317570
2715:Pygoscelis adeliae
2563:Scientific Reports
2506:on 2 November 2013
2097:Pygoscelis adeliae
1812:PYGOSCELIS ADELIAE
1657:Birds of the World
1572:"Swimming Answers"
1013:
929:
874:
806:
795:
784:
781:Muséum de Toulouse
765:Magellanic penguin
734:Antarctic fur seal
626:
579:
566:
292:) is a species of
289:Pygoscelis adeliae
216:Pygoscelis adeliae
3839:
3838:
3772:Open Tree of Life
3438:Taxon identifiers
3429:
3428:
3385:Fiordland penguin
3333:Galapagos penguin
3316:(banded penguins)
3288:(little penguins)
3269:Chinstrap penguin
3117:978-0-295-99284-6
3025:978-0-19-553547-1
3002:978-0-691-15033-8
2962:978-1-4081-2501-4
2902:978-0-691-16299-7
2229:The Antarctic Sun
2079:978-0-231-12306-8
1224:Baker et al. 2006
958:snowy sheathbills
942:South polar skuas
801:Stuffed chick at
728:record of fossil
708:and unidentified
574:
506:chinstrap penguin
280:
279:
100:
16:(Redirected from
3889:
3832:
3831:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3516:4A947BE7A06E046E
3506:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3433:
3415:Macaroni penguin
3328:Humboldt penguin
3231:(great penguins)
3179:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3140:"Adelie Penguin"
3121:
3104:"Adélie Penguin"
3098:
3086:
3075:
3065:
3040:
3029:
3017:
3006:
2987:
2977:
2966:
2954:
2943:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2906:
2894:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2860:
2835:
2825:
2814:
2812:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2707:
2697:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2431:. Archived from
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:. 10 June 2012.
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1785:. Archived from
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1730:(28): 11666–69.
1713:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:"Adelie penguin"
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1503:, pp. 83–4.
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:vol. I pp. 92–93
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1120:
1091:English alphabet
1073:
986:emperor penguins
883:Antarctic Circle
700:Cyllopus lucassi
664:Food and feeding
584:, a survivor of
575:
477:
350:Honoré Jacquinot
268:Eudyptes adeliae
240:
218:
115:
114:
94:
89:
88:
57:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3746:Observation.org
3744:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:Chatham penguin
3368:
3363:Waitaha penguin
3342:
3338:African penguin
3306:
3278:
3264:Adélie penguin
3247:
3243:Emperor penguin
3221:
3203:
3188:
3183:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3101:
3095:
3078:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3009:
3003:
2990:
2969:
2963:
2946:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2863:
2838:
2817:
2810:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2710:
2672:(1582): 11–17.
2659:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2282:10.2307/4089249
2262:
2261:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2115:10.1071/MU98015
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1661:Ithaca, NY, USA
1650:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1576:Penguin Science
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1538:Aglietti, Tom.
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1392:, pp. 6–9.
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1101:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1053:
1037:East Antarctica
994:
934:
895:
866:
803:Auckland Museum
773:
670:Antarctic krill
666:
647:Spy in the Snow
568:
556:
531:Balleny Islands
523:South Shetlands
514:
502:
500:Similar species
480:around a black
479:
469:
463:was collected.
436:The genus name
427:gentoo penguins
354:scientific name
338:
302:emperor penguin
264:
246:
231:
220:
214:
201:
198:P. adeliae
164:Sphenisciformes
109:
101:
90:
86:
79:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
43:
36:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3820:
3807:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3742:
3732:
3728:adelie-penguin
3722:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3605:
3592:
3579:
3569:
3556:
3552:adelie-penguin
3543:
3530:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3466:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Snares penguin
3387:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3295:Little penguin
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3274:Gentoo penguin
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3135:
3128:
3127:External links
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3099:
3093:
3076:
3056:(2): 240–248.
3041:
3030:
3024:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2967:
2961:
2944:
2927:
2907:
2901:
2884:
2861:
2851:(2): 170–212.
2836:
2815:
2766:(3): 420–426.
2748:
2708:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2614:
2549:
2517:
2487:
2446:
2435:on 5 June 2016
2415:
2389:
2359:
2337:
2296:
2246:
2215:
2156:
2149:
2127:
2109:(2): 136–137.
2085:
2078:
2052:
2022:
1984:
1942:
1909:
1875:
1842:
1824:(2): 176–204.
1814:AT CAPE ROYDS"
1800:
1769:
1708:
1688:
1643:
1623:
1593:
1563:
1530:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1382:
1380:, p. 196.
1370:
1368:, p. 420.
1358:
1343:
1326:
1305:
1303:, p. 204.
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 198.
1264:
1262:, p. 326.
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1214:, p. 175.
1204:
1189:
1187:, p. 320.
1174:
1159:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1087:Greek alphabet
1067:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1041:Danger Islands
993:
990:
969:Heroína Island
933:
930:
894:
893:Osmoregulation
891:
865:
862:
854:climate change
850:breeding cycle
779:An egg in the
772:
769:
757:little penguin
726:stable isotope
665:
662:
555:
552:
513:
510:
501:
498:
473:
468:
465:
337:
334:
284:Adélie penguin
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
256:
255:
249:
248:
242:
241:
233:
232:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
102:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
71:
64:
63:
52:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
37:
35:Adélie penguin
26:
24:
18:Adelie penguin
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Royal penguin
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3094:951-98947-0-5
3090:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2942:(2): 312–320.
2941:
2938:(in French).
2937:
2933:
2928:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2316:(5): 955–67.
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2275:(3): 488–95.
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:(1): e85291.
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2150:0-312-19239-8
2146:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1892:The Telegraph
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1789:on 2 May 2019
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:, p. 65.
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:, p. 83.
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:, p. 64.
1454:
1449:
1446:
1443:, p. 41.
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:, p. 65.
1430:
1425:
1422:
1419:, p. 65.
1418:
1417:Shirihai 2002
1413:
1410:
1407:, p. 63.
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:, p. 38.
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1341:, p. 63.
1340:
1339:Shirihai 2002
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, p. 64.
1323:
1322:Shirihai 2002
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:, p. 45.
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:, p. 15.
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:, p. 32.
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:, p. 38.
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1021:least concern
1018:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
987:
982:
978:
977:South America
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:giant petrels
943:
939:
938:leopard seals
931:
927:In Antarctica
925:
921:
918:
913:
910:
905:
900:
892:
890:
888:
884:
879:
870:
863:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
829:
827:
823:
820:. The chicks
819:
815:
811:
804:
799:
793:
788:
782:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
747:
741:
739:
738:baleen whales
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:glacial squid
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
661:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
623:
616:
611:
606:
603:
601:
597:
596:
591:
588:'s ill-fated
587:
583:
577:In Antarctica
564:
560:
553:
551:
547:
544:
540:
539:South Georgia
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:South Orkneys
511:
509:
507:
499:
497:
495:
494:down feathers
490:
487:
483:
478:
466:
464:
462:
461:type specimen
458:
455:
454:specific name
451:
447:
443:
442:Ancient Greek
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
285:
274:
271:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
257:
254:
250:
243:
239:
234:
229:
225:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
98:
93:
92:Least Concern
82:
78:
73:
70:, Antarctica
69:
65:
56:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3445:
3373:
3347:
3311:
3283:
3263:
3252:
3238:King penguin
3226:
3216:
3208:
3144:. Retrieved
3107:
3082:
3053:
3049:
3035:
3013:
2992:
2973:
2950:
2939:
2935:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:
2890:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:
2866:
2848:
2844:
2821:
2763:
2759:
2740:. Retrieved
2726:
2720:
2714:
2669:
2665:
2638:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2499:
2490:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2428:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2272:
2268:
2237:. Retrieved
2228:
2218:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2138:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2106:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2063:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2004:The Guardian
2002:
1962:
1959:Polar Record
1958:
1933:. Retrieved
1924:The Guardian
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1891:
1866:. Retrieved
1857:Ars Technica
1855:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1821:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1793:16 September
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1782:
1772:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1700:
1691:
1676:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:the original
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1543:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1279:
1267:
1260:Jobling 2010
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1200:Jobling 2010
1135:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1025:
1014:
1006:
1002:Mount Erebus
962:
935:
914:
896:
875:
858:
834:
830:
807:
750:
744:
742:
703:
699:
693:
667:
659:
654:
646:
645:documentary
640:
636:
631:
627:
621:
608:
604:
593:
580:
548:
535:Scott Island
515:
503:
491:
470:
456:
449:
445:
437:
435:
412:
408:
398:
393:
388:
385:Dasyrhamphus
384:
378:
372:
359:. They used
356:
339:
288:
287:
283:
281:
272:
267:
261:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
174:Spheniscidae
29:
3798:SeaLifeBase
3713:Neotropical
3648:iNaturalist
3470:Wikispecies
3228:Aptenodytes
3138:Roscoe, R.
2742:12 November
2569:(1): 3926.
2382:25 February
2310:Circulation
2239:3 September
1935:13 December
1835:17 November
1556:13 December
1465:Levick 1914
1429:Reilly 1994
1405:Reilly 1994
1390:Reilly 1994
1284:Reilly 1994
1140:Fossilworks
971:, with the
909:Salt glands
838:necrophilia
722:cephalopods
682:lanternfish
467:Description
414:Aptenodytes
365:Adélie Land
306:Adélie Land
40:Pleistocene
3862:Pygoscelis
3846:Categories
3824:Xeno-canto
3349:Megadyptes
3313:Spheniscus
3254:Pygoscelis
2653:References
2466:: 353–64.
2429:Birds News
2356:(1): 3–24.
1616:4 November
1586:6 November
1378:Lowen 2011
1212:Coues 1872
1075:About 100
1009:Expedition
1007:Terra Nova
954:Kelp gulls
842:Cape Adare
792:Antarctica
790:Mating in
720:and other
710:gammariids
563:Cape Adare
438:Pygoscelis
409:Pygoscelis
400:Pygoscelis
380:Pygoscelis
185:Pygoscelis
3422:(extinct)
3365:(extinct)
3285:Eudyptula
2984:a14001400
2760:Oecologia
2629:USA Today
2591:2045-2322
2500:3 News NZ
1979:146584734
1678:18 August
1545:BBC Earth
1127:Citations
1077:pamphlets
917:rookeries
864:Migration
814:incubated
746:Chrysaora
690:amphipods
674:ice krill
643:BBC Earth
423:chinstrap
361:specimens
318:predation
298:Antarctic
228:Jacquinot
192:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
42:to recent
3857:Penguins
3692:22697758
3666:10855125
3614:45512077
3539:22697758
3534:BirdLife
3523:BioLib:
3455:Wikidata
3375:Eudyptes
3186:Penguins
3146:13 April
3072:14595092
2921:27 April
2878:26 April
2832:23009252
2808:Archived
2796:28313017
2704:16519228
2686:25223244
2634:Archived
2609:29500389
2536:Archived
2376:Archived
2332:14443123
2233:Archived
2210:24489657
2170:PLOS ONE
2120:23 March
2039:Archived
2035:The Week
2009:Archived
1965:(4): 1.
1929:Archived
1896:Archived
1862:Archived
1764:17620620
1610:Archived
1550:Archived
1051:See also
887:fast ice
878:Ross Sea
771:Breeding
730:eggshell
622:Explorer
476:eye ring
431:Ross Sea
374:Eudyptes
322:foraging
253:Synonyms
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
68:Hope Bay
3718:adepen1
3640:2481663
3601:adepen1
3575:adepen1
3511:Avibase
3461:Q187958
3218:Species
2857:4624226
2804:9542209
2788:4219355
2768:Bibcode
2695:1560011
2640:4 March
2600:5834637
2571:Bibcode
2542:4 March
2468:Bibcode
2439:16 July
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