591:) may be contained with the extracellular region. Since many of these domains have been demonstrated to mediate protein-protein interactions within other proteins, they are believed to play the same role in adhesion GPCRs. Indeed, many ligands have been discovered for adhesion GPCRs (see ligands section). Many of the adhesion GPCR possess long stretches of amino acids with little homology to known protein domains suggesting the possibility of new structural domains being elucidated within their extracellular regions.
462:
79:(GPCR-Autoproteolsis INducing) domain. Crystallographic and experimental data has shown this structurally conserved domain to mediate autocatalytic processing at a GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) proximal to the first transmembrane helix. Autocatalytic processing gives rise to an extracellular (α) and a membrane-spanning (β) subunit, which are associated non-covalently, resulting in expression of a heterodimeric receptor at the cell surface. Ligand profiles and
31:
75:. The defining feature of adhesion GPCRs that distinguishes them from other GPCRs is their hybrid molecular structure. The extracellular region of adhesion GPCRs can be exceptionally long and contain a variety of structural domains that are known for the ability to facilitate cell and matrix interactions. Their extracellular region contains the membrane proximal
393:. As of today, many of the adhesion GPCRs are still orphan receptors and their signalling pathways have not been identified. Research groups are working to elucidate the downstream signaling molecules utilizing several methods, including chemical screens and analysis of second messenger levels in over-expressed cells. Adding drugs
604:
A number of adhesion GPCRs may have important roles within the immune system. In particular, members the EGF-TM7 subfamily which possess N-terminal EGF-like domains are predominantly restricted to leukocytes suggesting a putative role in immune function. The human EGF‑TM7 family is composed of CD97,
432:
to require a GPS for signaling, but cleavage at the GPS site was not necessary. Furthermore, having a shortened 7 transmembrane domain, but with an intact GPS domain, resulted in a loss of signaling. This suggests that having both the GPS and 7 transmembrane domain intact is involved in signaling and
656:
result in an arrest at the promyelinating stage. Schwann cells arise from the neural crest, which migrates to peripheral nerves to form either myelinating or non-myelinating cells. In GPR126 knockouts, these precursor cells develop to the promyelinating stage, where they have wrapped approximately
717:
Hamann, J; Aust, G; Araç, D; Engel, FB; Formstone, C; Fredriksson, R; Hall, RA; Harty, BL; Kirchhoff, C; Knapp, B; Krishnan, A; Liebscher, I; Lin, HH; Martinelli, DC; Monk, KR; Peeters, MC; Piao, X; Prömel, S; Schöneberg, T; Schwartz, TW; Singer, K; Stacey, M; Ushkaryov, YA; Vallon, M; Wolfrum, U;
625:. Details of EMR1, CD97 needed. The adhesion‑GPCR brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) acts as a phosphatidylserine receptor playing a potential role in the binding and clearance of apoptotic cells, and the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria. GPR56 has been shown to a marker for inflammatory
83:
studies have indicated a role for adhesion GPCRs in cell adhesion and migration. Work utilizing genetic models confined this concept by demonstrating that the primary function of adhesion GPCRs may relate to the proper positioning of cells in a variety of organ systems. Moreover, growing evidence
2319:
Ravenscroft, G.; Nolent, F.; Rajagopalan, S.; Meireles, A. M.; Paavola, K. J.; Gaillard, D.; Alanio, E.; Buckland, M.; Arbuckle, S.; Krivanek, M.; Maluenda, J.; Pannell, S.; Gooding, R.; Ong, R. W.; Allcock, R. J.; Carvalho, E. D.; Carvalho, M. D.; Kok, F.; Talbot, W. S.; Melki, J.; Laing, N. G.
325:
A majority of the adhesion GPCRs are orphan receptors and work is underway to de-orphanize many of these receptors. Adhesion GPCRs get their name from their N-terminal domains that have adhesion-like domains, such as EGF, and the belief that they interact cell to cell and cell to extra cellular
449:
Many adhesion GPCRs undergo proteolytic events posttranslationally at highly conserved Cys-rich motifs known as GPCR proteolysis sites (GPS), located next to the first transmembrane region. This site is called the HL-S(T) site. Once this protein is cleaved, the pieces are expressed at the cell
2275:
Kou I, Takahashi Y, Johnson TA, Takahashi A, Guo L, Dai J, Qiu X, Sharma S, Takimoto A, Ogura Y, Jiang H, Yan H, Kono K, Kawakami N, Uno K, Ito M, Minami S, Yanagida H, Taneichi H, Hosono N, Tsuji T, Suzuki T, Sudo H, Kotani T, Yonezawa I, Londono D, Gordon D, Herring JA, Watanabe K, Chiba K,
440:
domain. In a study where the N-terminus was removed up to N342 (the start of the GPS), the receptor became constitutively active and an up regulation of Gα12/13 was seen. When receptors are active, they are ubiquitinated and GPR56 lacking an N-terminus was highly ubiquitinated.
684:
Loss of function mutations have been shown in a number of adhesion GPCRs, including GPR56, GPR126 and VLRG1. Many mutations affect function via decreased cell surface expression or inhibition of autoproteolysis within the GAIN domain. Mutations in GPR56 result in
2369:
Boyden, SE; Desai, A; Cruse, G; Young, ML; Bolan, HC; Scott, LM; Eisch, AR; Long, RD; Lee, CC; Satorius, CL; Pakstis, AJ; Olivera, A; Mullikin, JC; Chouery, E; Mégarbané, A; Medlej-Hashim, M; Kidd, KK; Kastner, DL; Metcalfe, DD; Komarow, HD (18 February 2016).
2230:
Saito, Y; Kaneda, K; Suekane, A; Ichihara, E; Nakahata, S; Yamakawa, N; Nagai, K; Mizuno, N; Kogawa, K; Miura, I; Itoh, H; Morishita, K (Aug 2013). "Maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool in bone marrow niches by EVI1-regulated GPR56".
37:. Members are defined by their unusual hybrid structure in which a large extracellular region often containing known protein modules is coupled to a seven span transmembrane region via a GPCR-Autoproteolsis INducing
419:, an elevation in reporter genes and cAMP was observed. Signaling of the overexpressed GPR133 did not require an N-terminus or GPS cleavage. Missense mutations in the 7TM region resulted in loss of signalling.
2022:
Della Chiesa, M; Falco, M; Parolini, S; Bellora, F; Petretto, A; Romeo, E; Balsamo, M; Gambarotti, M; Scordamaglia, F; Tabellini, G; Facchetti, F; Vermi, W; Bottino, C; Moretta, A; Vitale, M (February 2010).
2276:
Kamatani N, Jiang Q, Hiraki Y, Kubo M, Toyama Y, Tsunoda T, Wise CA, Qiu Y, Shukunami C, Matsumoto M, Ikegawa S (June 2013). "Genetic variants in GPR126 are associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis".
1093:
Fredriksson, R; Lagerström, MC; Lundin, LG; Schiöth, HB (June 2003). "The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints".
487:
One characteristic of adhesion GPCRs is their extended extracellular region. This region is modular in nature, often possessing a variety of structurally defined protein domains and a membrane proximal
326:
matrix. While ligands for many receptors are still not known, researchers are utilizing drug libraries to investigate compounds that can activate GPCRs and using these data for future ligand research.
283:
from a common ancestor. Several fungi have novel adhesion GPCRs that have both short, 2–66 amino acid residues, and long, 312–4202 amino acid residues. Analysis of fungi showed that there were no
100:
The GPCR superfamily is the largest gene family in the human genome containing approximately 800 genes. As the vertebrate superfamily can be phylogenetically grouped into five main families, the
2265:
Singer K., Luo R., Jeong S., Piao X. (2012) GPR56 and the
Developing Cerebral Cortex: Cells, Matrix, and Neuronal Migration. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 10.1007/s12035-012-8343-0
2064:
Peng, YM; van de Garde, MD; Cheng, KF; Baars, PA; Remmerswaal, EB; van Lier, RA; Mackay, CR; Lin, HH; Hamann, J (October 2011). "Specific expression of GPR56 by human cytotoxic lymphocytes".
5182:
2436:
1914:
Park, D; Tosello-Trampont, Annie-Carole; Elliott, Michael R.; Lu, Mingjian; Haney, Lisa B.; Ma, Zhong; Klibanov, Alexander L.; Mandell, JW; Ravichandran, KS (Nov 15, 2007).
59:
with a broad distribution in embryonic and larval cells, cells of the reproductive tract, neurons, leukocytes, and a variety of tumours. Adhesion GPCRs are found throughout
697:
multiplex congenita. Gain of function mutations within the GAIN domain of EMR2 have been shown to result in excessive degranulation by mast cells resulting in vibratory
4648:
397:, while the cells are over-expressing an adhesion GPCR, has allowed the identification of the molecules activating the GPCR and the second messengers being utilized.
84:
implies a role of adhesion GPCRs in tumour cell metastasis. Formal G protein-coupled signalling has been demonstrated for a number for adhesion GPCRs, however, the
3586:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
1879:
Lin, HH; Stacey, M; Hamann, J; Gordon, S; McKnight, AJ (Jul 15, 2000). "Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is closely related to CD97".
1748:
Yona, S; Lin, HH; Dri, P; Davies, JQ; Hayhoe, RP; Lewis, SM; Heinsbroek, SE; Brown, KA; Perretti, M; Hamann, J; Treacher, DF; Gordon, S; Stacey, M (March 2008).
5343:
1504:
Prömel, S; Frickenhaus, M; Hughes, S; Mestek, L; Staunton, D; Woollard, A; Vakonakis, I; Schöneberg, T; Schnabel, R; Russ, AP; Langenhan, T (Aug 30, 2012).
621:
has been shown to be involved in the activation and migration of human neutrophils and upregulated in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
4518:
4908:
4903:
4939:
4284:
2429:
4899:
3685:
3680:
1965:"Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) is a pattern recognition receptor that mediates macrophage binding and engulfment of Gram-negative bacteria"
4923:
4605:
4600:
4595:
3561:
689:
in humans, characterized by abnormal neuronal migration and surface ectopias., Variants of GPR126 have been associated with adolescent idiopathic
686:
622:
4979:
3849:
3676:
4590:
3536:
1150:
1007:
994:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 706. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. pp. 109–20.
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3764:
3576:
3046:
2784:
2779:
2774:
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2764:
2422:
1145:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 706. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. pp. 1–13.
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5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
3339:
3134:
3129:
3124:
2760:
131:
There are 33 human adhesion GPCRs that can be broken down into eight groups, with two independent receptors. Group I consists of
4933:
4928:
3868:
3863:
2944:
2939:
863:
Langenhan, T; Aust, G; Hamann, J (May 21, 2013). "Sticky
Signaling - Adhesion Class G Protein-Coupled Receptors Take the Stage".
5348:
5112:
5019:
3873:
3119:
2874:
2025:"GPR56 as a novel marker identifying the CD56dull CD16+ NK cell subset both in blood stream and in inflamed peripheral tissues"
105:
1963:
Das, S; Owen, KA; Ly, KT; Park, D; Black, SG; Wilson, JM; Sifri, CD; Ravichandran, KS; Ernst, PB; Casanova, JE (Feb 1, 2011).
4968:
4963:
4497:
3738:
3733:
3581:
3430:
3425:
88:
status of many of the receptors still hampers full characterisation of potential signal transduction pathways. In 2011, the
4502:
1704:
Hamann, J; Koning, N; Pouwels, W; Ulfman, LH; van Eijk, M; Stacey, M; Lin, HH; Gordon, S; Kwakkenbos, MJ (October 2007).
5363:
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2530:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2500:
4493:
3060:
3055:
2516:
2496:
821:"Autocatalytic cleavage of the EMR2 receptor occurs at a conserved G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site motif"
357:, but this glycosylation is not necessary for collagen III binding. Collagen III, results in GPR56 to signal through
454:. This process seems to be similar to those found in other auto-proteolytic proteins such as the Ntn hydrolases and
3493:
3488:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3314:
3309:
3282:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3009:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2449:
450:
surface as a heterodimer. This cleavage is thought to happen from within the protein itself, through the conserved
47:
1797:
Matmati, M.; Pouwels, W.; Van
Bruggen, R.; Jansen, M.; Hoek, R. M.; Verhoeven, A. J.; Hamann, J. (February 2007).
1168:"The origin of GPCRs: identification of mammalian like Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Glutamate and Frizzled GPCRs in fungi"
3530:
3525:
3520:
3290:
3176:
3004:
2986:
2967:
2960:
2479:
1606:"The amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) genome contains a highly diversified set of G protein-coupled receptors"
5085:
4954:
4914:
4560:
3484:
3446:
3305:
3094:
3018:
2972:
2462:
496:
the extracellular region extends up to almost 6000 amino acids. Human adhesion GPCRs possess domains including
284:
5358:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3758:
3753:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3516:
3400:
3368:
3363:
3325:
3320:
3231:
2955:
56:
3471:
3466:
3383:
3378:
2977:
2578:
2573:
2073:
1506:"The GPS motif is a molecular switch for bimodal activities of adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors"
428:
309:
92:
was established to facilitate research of the physiological and pathological functions of adhesion GPCRs.
5016:
3854:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3794:
3749:
3646:
3509:
3504:
3456:
3359:
3354:
3141:
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2868:
2863:
2858:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2583:
2568:
2445:
1042:
530:
276:
552:
1555:"The N terminus of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 controls receptor signaling activity"
5066:
4724:
4036:
3859:
3844:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3421:
3374:
3051:
3030:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2414:
2186:
2078:
1976:
1927:
1617:
1458:
1297:
1179:
1057:
662:
658:
563:
720:"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors"
661:
can be detected. In fish this can be rescued by adding forskolin during development, which rescues
353:
and has been narrowed down to a short stretch of amino acids. The N-terminus of GPR56 is naturally
17:
4889:
3824:
3715:
3499:
3462:
2927:
2556:
2488:
906:
Yang, L; Xu, L (April 2012). "GPR56 in cancer progression: current status and future perspective".
770:
Araç, D; Boucard, AA; Bolliger, MF; Nguyen, J; Soltis, SM; Südhof, TC; Brunger, AT (Feb 14, 2012).
626:
415:
can result in receptor activation in the absence of a ligand or agonist. By over expressing GPR133
5108:
4619:
4443:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3479:
2854:
2827:
2564:
2301:
2099:
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2004:
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1535:
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1371:
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1207:
1146:
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941:
Steinert, M; Wobus, M; Boltze, C; Schütz, A; Wahlbuhl, M; Hamann, J; Aust, G (November 2002).
923:
880:
842:
801:
749:
295:
125:
64:
2175:"A G protein-coupled receptor is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination. (2009)"
3769:
3691:
3541:
2391:
2383:
2341:
2333:
2285:
2240:
2202:
2194:
2138:
2130:
2083:
2036:
1994:
1984:
1935:
1916:"BAI1 is an engulfment receptor for apoptotic cells upstream of the ELMO/Dock180/Rac module"
1888:
1851:
1810:
1761:
1717:
1676:
1635:
1625:
1576:
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1525:
1517:
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783:
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731:
408:
5162:
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4047:
3729:
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3436:
2733:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
614:
497:
461:
85:
943:"Expression and regulation of CD97 in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and tumour tissues"
772:"A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis"
609:
in humans). The human-restricted EMR2 receptor, is expressed by myeloid cells including
2190:
1980:
1931:
1621:
1462:
1301:
1183:
1061:
5035:
3895:
3723:
2950:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2704:
2674:
2669:
2396:
2371:
2346:
2321:
2207:
2174:
2143:
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1999:
1964:
1640:
1605:
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1554:
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1505:
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1226:
1202:
1167:
1018:
967:
942:
796:
771:
744:
719:
694:
574:
519:
436:
GPR56 has been shown to be cleaved at the GPS site and then remain associated with the
342:
121:
1348:
Gupte, Amila; Swaminath, Gayathri; Danao, Jay; Tian, Hui; Li, Yang; Wu, Xinle (2012).
958:
676:
may play a role in the interactions between bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cells.
5337:
5090:
4739:
4734:
4729:
3655:
3591:
2659:
2305:
2170:
1838:
Hamann, J; Kwakkenbos, MJ; de Jong, EC; Heus, H; Olsen, AS; van Lier, RA (May 2003).
1783:
1123:
588:
581:
570:
559:
548:
537:
526:
515:
504:
5012:
3410:
3404:
3014:
2999:
2822:
2589:
2322:"Mutations of GPR126 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita"
2103:
892:
652:
641:
354:
334:
1366:
1349:
299:
has revealed that it has only two adhesion GPCRs that showed homology to Ig-hepta/
2119:"Gpr126 is essential for peripheral nerve development and myelination in mammals"
1521:
1471:
1192:
287:
GPCRs, which suggests that they evolved from adhesion GPCRs in a later organism.
999:
819:
Lin, HH; Chang, GW; Davies, JQ; Stacey, M; Harris, J; Gordon, S (Jul 23, 2004).
646:
618:
489:
467:
451:
314:
76:
38:
2337:
1969:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1247:
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1.5 times. Myelination is arrested at the promyelinating stage and in fish no
433:
that the GPS site could act as or be a necessary part of an endogenous ligand.
5314:
5230:
4457:
1749:
1141:
GPCRs; Gene
Repertoire, Phylogeny and Evolution". In Yona S, Stacey M (eds.).
990:
Aust G (2010). "Adhesion-GPCRs in
Tumorigenesis". In Yona S, Stacey M (eds.).
876:
606:
390:
358:
350:
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72:
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2466:
2198:
2041:
2024:
1989:
1571:
1412:
698:
690:
610:
541:
307:
genome is relatively compact and limited with the number of adhesion GPCRs,
109:
60:
2405:
2355:
2297:
2252:
2216:
2152:
2095:
2050:
2008:
1949:
1900:
1892:
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1690:
1649:
1590:
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1490:
1431:
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1329:
1310:
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1211:
1115:
1079:
1027:
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927:
884:
846:
837:
820:
805:
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2387:
1856:
1839:
1766:
1722:
1705:
1681:
1664:
1630:
1107:
787:
735:
5248:
5226:
1840:"Inactivation of the EGF-TM7 receptor EMR4 after the Pan-Homo divergence"
573:). In non-vertebrate species multiple other structural motifs including
508:
455:
280:
117:
2244:
2169:
Monk, KR; Naylor, SG; Glenn, TD; Mercurio, S; Perlin, JR; Dominguez, C;
2087:
1940:
1915:
1815:
1798:
1750:"Ligation of the adhesion GPCR EMR2 regulates human neutrophil function"
4319:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
2134:
291:
1706:"EMR1, the human homolog of F4/80, is an eosinophil-specific receptor"
919:
474:
30:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5176:
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5166:
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3615:
3610:
3605:
3570:
3261:
3084:
3078:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2628:
1799:"The human EGF-TM7 receptor EMR3 is a marker for mature granulocytes"
1553:
Paavola, KJ; Stephenson, JR; Ritter, SL; Alter, SP; Hall, RA (2011).
1447:"Disease-Associated Mutations Prevent GPR56-Collagen III Interaction"
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1056:(6822). International Human Genome Sequencing, Consortium: 860–921.
492:
domain. In the aptly named Very Large G protein-coupled
Receptor 1
404:
386:
382:
378:
279:, arising approximately 1275 million years ago before the split of
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4983:
4785:
4780:
4775:
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4687:
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3600:
3565:
3415:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3113:
3073:
3068:
2991:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2638:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2372:"Vibratory Urticaria Associated with a Missense Variant in ADGRE2"
1350:"Signaling property study of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors"
673:
605:
EMR1 (F4/80 receptor orthologue) EMR2, EMR3 and EMR4 (a probable
493:
460:
423:
338:
330:
272:
256:
252:
236:
232:
144:
140:
136:
132:
101:
29:
2117:
Monk, KR; Oshima, K; Jörs, S; Heller, S; Talbot, WS. (Jul 2011).
1343:
1341:
1339:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4462:
4452:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
3719:
3595:
3089:
585:
578:
567:
556:
545:
534:
523:
512:
501:
374:
362:
304:
228:
224:
220:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
5223:
5010:
4558:
2460:
2418:
255:. Two additional adhesion GPCRs do not fit into these groups:
89:
4487:
437:
1041:
Lander, ES; Linton, LM; Birren; et al. (Feb 15, 2001).
104:
classification system has been proposed, which includes the
1663:
Gordon, S; Hamann, J; Lin, HH; Stacey, M (September 2011).
1604:
Nordström, KJ; Fredriksson, R; Schiöth, HB (Jan 16, 2008).
718:
Wright, MW; Xu, L; Langenhan, T; Schiöth, HB (April 2015).
629:
cell subsets and to be expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
1389:
1387:
1385:
478: mediates autocatalytic cleavage of adhesion GPCRs
1166:
Krishnan A, Almén MS, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB (2012).
1282:"Genome wide survey of G protein-coupled receptors in
1445:
Luo, R; Jin, Z; Deng, Y; Strokes, N; Piao, X (2012).
1396:"Cell Adhesion Receptor GPR133 Couples to Gs Protein"
1137:
Schiöth HB, Nordström KJ, Fredriksson R (2010). "The
1043:"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome"
644:
myelination. Knockouts of this adhesion GPCR in both
349:. The binding of collagen III to GPR56 occurs on the
337:, which is involved in neural migration inhibition.
317:, has considerably more, totaling 29 adhesion GPCRs.
5307:
5241:
5076:
5034:
4880:
4757:
4576:
4429:
4046:
3894:
3887:
3393:
3281:
3274:
3039:
2926:
2917:
2753:
2658:
2555:
2487:
2478:
1227:"The G protein-coupled receptors in the pufferfish
63:and are also found in single-celled colony forming
373:Adhesion GPCRs appear capable to follow standard
275:. They are believed to have evolved from the
2164:
2162:
1743:
1741:
858:
856:
765:
763:
411:. It has been shown that overexpressing GPCRs
2430:
1394:Bohnekamp, Jens; Schöneberg, Torsten (2011).
8:
693:, as well as being responsible for severe
5238:
5220:
5031:
5007:
4573:
4555:
3891:
3278:
2923:
2484:
2475:
2457:
2437:
2423:
2415:
2395:
2345:
2206:
2142:
2077:
2040:
1998:
1988:
1939:
1855:
1814:
1765:
1721:
1680:
1639:
1629:
1580:
1570:
1529:
1480:
1470:
1421:
1411:
1365:
1319:
1309:
1256:
1246:
1201:
1191:
1069:
1017:
966:
836:
795:
743:
669:Bone marrow and hematapoietic stem cells
345:in humans and may play a role in cancer
709:
687:bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
3587:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
1665:"F4/80 and the related adhesion GPCRs"
4591:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
1143:Adhesion-GPCRs: Structure to Function
992:Adhesion-GPCRs: Structure to Function
7:
5344:Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors
1225:Sarkar A, Kumar S, Sundar D (2011).
18:Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors
2376:The New England Journal of Medicine
825:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
377:signaling modes and signal through
27:Class of 33 human protein receptors
2326:American Journal of Human Genetics
1280:Metpally RP, Sowdhamini R (2005).
341:has been shown to be the cause of
71:and unicellular organisms such as
55:) are a class of 33 human protein
25:
947:The American Journal of Pathology
908:Future Oncology (London, England)
4940:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
4900:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
3562:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1844:European Journal of Immunology
1710:European Journal of Immunology
1669:European Journal of Immunology
466:GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing
35:The human adhesion GPCR family
1:
4980:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
3850:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
1367:10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.014
959:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64443-4
2066:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1522:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.015
1472:10.1371/journal.pone.0029818
1193:10.1371/journal.pone.0029817
271:Adhesion GPCRs are found in
5354:G protein-coupled receptors
3765:Prolactin-releasing peptide
2450:G protein-coupled receptors
1000:10.1007/978-1-4419-7913-1_9
48:G protein-coupled receptors
5380:
2338:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.014
2173:; Talbot, WS. (Sep 2009).
1248:10.1186/1471-2105-12-S1-S3
231:. Group VIII consists of
5237:
5219:
5030:
5006:
4572:
4554:
2474:
2456:
877:10.1126/scisignal.2003825
219:. Group VII consists of
167:. Group III consists of
5086:Calcium-sensing receptor
4955:Methuselah-like proteins
2029:International Immunology
1610:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1290:BMC Evolutionary Biology
422:The latrophilin homolog
285:secretin receptor family
267:Non-humans and evolution
199:. Group VI consists of
179:. Group IV consists of
147:. Group II consists of
90:adhesion GPCR consortium
3232:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
3120:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
2199:10.1126/science.1173474
1990:10.1073/pnas.1014775108
1572:10.1074/jbc.m111.247973
1413:10.1074/jbc.C111.265934
724:Pharmacological Reviews
290:Genome analysis of the
191:. Group V consists of
5349:Cell adhesion proteins
5113:Metabotropic glutamate
1893:10.1006/geno.2000.6238
1311:10.1186/1471-2148-5-41
1284:Tetraodon nigroviridis
1096:Molecular Pharmacology
838:10.1074/jbc.M402974200
479:
333:, has a known ligand,
310:Tetraodon nigroviridis
42:
3142:Lysophosphatidic acid
2446:Cell surface receptor
2388:10.1056/NEJMoa1500611
2042:10.1093/intimm/dxp116
1857:10.1002/eji.200323881
1767:10.1096/fj.07-9435com
1723:10.1002/eji.200737553
1682:10.1002/eji.201141715
1631:10.1186/1471-2148-8-9
1108:10.1124/mol.63.6.1256
788:10.1038/emboj.2012.26
736:10.1124/pr.114.009647
464:
313:, another species of
33:
5067:Vomeronasal receptor
4037:Vomeronasal receptor
663:myelin basic protein
659:myelin basic protein
633:Neuronal development
564:Leucine-rich repeats
277:cAMP receptor family
69:Monosiga brevicollis
5364:Signal transduction
4960:Parathyroid hormone
2920:signaling molecules
2245:10.1038/leu.2013.75
2191:2009Sci...325.1402M
2088:10.1189/jlb.0211092
1981:2011PNAS..108.2136D
1941:10.1038/nature06329
1932:2007Natur.450..430P
1816:10.1189/jlb.0406276
1622:2008BMCEE...8....9N
1565:(33): 28914–28921.
1463:2012PLoSO...729818L
1406:(49): 41912–41916.
1302:2005BMCEE...5...41M
1184:2012PLoSO...729817K
1062:2001Natur.409..860L
329:One adhesion GPCR,
5109:Glutamate receptor
4494:Protease-activated
2135:10.1242/dev.062224
1235:BMC Bioinformatics
480:
472:, rat latrophilin
43:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
3883:
3882:
3270:
3269:
2913:
2912:
1229:Takifugu rubripes
1152:978-1-4419-7912-4
1009:978-1-4419-7912-4
920:10.2217/fon.12.27
865:Science Signaling
640:is necessary for
577:, Somatomedin B (
296:Takifugu rubripes
65:choanoflagellates
16:(Redirected from
5371:
5239:
5221:
5032:
5008:
4574:
4556:
3892:
3279:
3177:Lysophospholipid
2924:
2485:
2480:Neurotransmitter
2476:
2458:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2239:(8): 1637–1649.
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2185:(5946): 1402–5.
2166:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2079:10.1.1.1027.7072
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1716:(10): 2797–802.
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1360:(8): 1214–1219.
1345:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1071:10.1038/35057062
1047:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
987:
981:
980:
970:
938:
932:
931:
903:
897:
896:
860:
851:
850:
840:
831:(30): 31823–32.
816:
810:
809:
799:
776:The EMBO Journal
767:
758:
757:
747:
714:
477:
409:adenylyl cyclase
403:signals through
21:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5319:
5303:
5233:
5207:
5094:
5072:
5026:
4994:
4876:
4753:
4568:
4538:
4425:
4042:
3879:
3485:Cholecystokinin
3389:
3266:
3095:Free fatty acid
3035:
2919:
2918:Metabolites and
2909:
2749:
2654:
2551:
2470:
2452:
2443:
2413:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2290:10.1038/ng.2639
2278:Nature Genetics
2274:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2129:(13): 2673–80.
2116:
2115:
2111:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1926:(7168): 430–4.
1913:
1912:
1908:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1803:J. Leukoc. Biol
1796:
1795:
1791:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1241:(Suppl 1): S3.
1224:
1223:
1219:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1010:
989:
988:
984:
940:
939:
935:
905:
904:
900:
862:
861:
854:
818:
817:
813:
769:
768:
761:
716:
715:
711:
707:
682:
671:
635:
615:dendritic cells
602:
597:
485:
473:
447:
371:
323:
269:
128:GPCR families.
98:
86:orphan receptor
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5359:Cell signaling
5356:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5106:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5041:
5039:
5028:
5027:
5011:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4912:
4906:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4491:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4446:
4441:
4439:Adrenomedullin
4435:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3866:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3831:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3517:Formyl peptide
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2989:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2361:
2311:
2267:
2258:
2222:
2158:
2109:
2056:
2014:
1975:(5): 2136–41.
1955:
1906:
1887:(2): 188–200.
1871:
1850:(5): 1365–71.
1830:
1789:
1737:
1696:
1655:
1596:
1545:
1496:
1437:
1381:
1335:
1332:. Art. No. 41.
1272:
1269:. Art. No. S3.
1217:
1158:
1151:
1129:
1102:(6): 1256–72.
1085:
1033:
1008:
982:
953:(5): 1657–67.
933:
898:
852:
811:
782:(6): 1364–78.
759:
708:
706:
703:
695:arthrogryposis
681:
678:
670:
667:
634:
631:
601:
598:
596:
593:
531:Immunoglobulin
520:thrombospondin
484:
481:
446:
443:
370:
367:
343:polymicrogyria
322:
319:
268:
265:
97:
96:Classification
94:
53:adhesion GPCRs
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5376:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:Miscellaneous
3886:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:Anaphylatoxin
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:Prostaglandin
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:Acetylcholine
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:(7): 656–63.
2381:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:(6): 955–61.
2331:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2072:(4): 735–40.
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2035:(2): 91–100.
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:(3): 741–51.
1759:
1755:
1754:FASEB Journal
1751:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1675:(9): 2472–6.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:(2): 321–31.
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:(1): e29818.
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:J. Biol. Chem
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:(1): e29817.
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
983:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:(4): 431–40.
913:
909:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
812:
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
730:(2): 338–67.
729:
725:
721:
713:
710:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
679:
677:
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
654:
649:
648:
643:
639:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:Immune system
599:
594:
592:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
482:
476:
471:
469:
463:
459:
457:
453:
444:
442:
439:
434:
431:
430:
426:was shown in
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
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364:
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352:
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340:
336:
332:
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320:
318:
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302:
298:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
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158:
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146:
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138:
134:
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70:
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54:
50:
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40:
36:
32:
19:
5077:
5044:
5017:Metabotropic
4881:
4766:
4719:
4677:
4643:
4614:
4585:
4577:
4430:
4055:
3904:
3855:Urotensin-II
3795:Somatostatin
3750:Prokineticin
3647:Melanocortin
3350:
3283:Neuropeptide
3222:Oxoglutarate
3064:
3026:Prostacyclin
2995:
2982:
2935:
2823:GHB receptor
2724:
2667:
2379:
2375:
2364:
2329:
2325:
2314:
2284:(6): 676–9.
2281:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2182:
2178:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2032:
2028:
2017:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1809:(2): 440–8.
1806:
1802:
1792:
1757:
1753:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1513:
1510:Cell Reports
1509:
1499:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1403:
1399:
1357:
1354:FEBS Letters
1353:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1142:
1138:
1132:
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1053:
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1036:
991:
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950:
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901:
868:
864:
828:
824:
814:
779:
775:
727:
723:
712:
683:
672:
665:expression.
653:Mus musculus
651:
645:
642:Schwann cell
636:
603:
486:
465:
448:
435:
427:
421:
416:
412:
407:to activate
399:
394:
372:
355:glycosylated
335:collagen III
328:
324:
308:
294:
289:
270:
130:
113:
99:
80:
68:
52:
45:
44:
34:
4725:Latrophilin
3860:Vasopressin
3845:Thyrotropin
3422:Angiotensin
3375:Neurotensin
3052:Cannabinoid
3031:Thromboxane
2123:Development
1559:J Biol Chem
871:(276): r3.
647:Danio rerio
619:neutrophils
452:GAIN domain
361:activating
315:puffer fish
5338:Categories
5315:Smoothened
5308:Smoothened
5231:Smoothened
4890:Calcitonin
3825:Tachykinin
3722:, but not
3716:Nociceptin
3582:Kisspeptin
3500:Endothelin
3463:Bradykinin
3351:Neuromedin
2928:Eicosanoid
2557:Purinergic
2489:Adrenergic
705:References
607:pseudogene
458:proteins.
429:C. elegans
351:N-terminus
347:metastasis
73:Filasterea
5225:Class F:
5024:pheromone
5020:glutamate
4444:Olfactory
3480:Chemokine
3262:Succinate
3047:Bile acid
2855:Melatonin
2828:Histamine
2668:(all but
2660:Serotonin
2565:Adenosine
2467:Rhodopsin
2306:205347099
2171:Moens, CB
2074:CiteSeerX
1296:(1): 41.
699:urticaria
691:scoliosis
611:monocytes
584:), SRCR (
553:Calx-beta
542:Pentraxin
369:Signaling
110:rhodopsin
106:glutamate
61:metazoans
57:receptors
46:Adhesion
5249:Frizzled
5242:Frizzled
5227:Frizzled
5069:, type 2
4975:Secretin
4915:Glucagon
4620:Cadherin
4578:Adhesion
4565:Secretin
3898:, bitter
3745:Oxytocin
3442:Bombesin
3090:Estrogen
2791:Dopamine
2406:26841242
2356:26004201
2320:(2015).
2298:23666238
2253:23478665
2233:Leukemia
2217:19745155
2153:21613327
2096:21724806
2051:20008459
2009:21245295
1950:17960134
1901:10903844
1881:Genomics
1866:12731063
1825:17108056
1784:16235723
1776:17928360
1732:17823986
1691:21952799
1650:18199322
1616:(1): 9.
1591:21708946
1540:22938866
1491:22238662
1451:PLOS ONE
1432:22025619
1376:22575658
1330:16022726
1267:21342560
1212:22238661
1172:PLOS ONE
1139:Adhesion
1124:11203506
1116:12761335
1080:11237011
1028:21618830
977:12414513
928:22515446
885:23695165
847:15150276
806:22333914
754:25713288
509:Cadherin
498:EGF-like
456:hedgehog
445:Cleavage
417:in vitro
413:in vitro
395:in vitro
281:Unikonts
126:secretin
118:Frizzled
114:adhesion
81:in vitro
67:such as
5038:, sweet
5013:Class C
4945:PACAPR1
4561:Class B
3770:Relaxin
3692:Motilin
3577:Ghrelin
3542:Galanin
3275:Peptide
2463:Class A
2397:4782791
2347:4457946
2208:2856697
2187:Bibcode
2179:Science
2144:3109596
2104:2885203
2000:3033312
1977:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1641:2246102
1618:Bibcode
1582:3190698
1531:3776922
1482:3251603
1459:Bibcode
1423:3234928
1321:1187884
1298:Bibcode
1258:3044285
1203:3251606
1180:Bibcode
1058:Bibcode
1019:5389670
968:1850798
893:6958640
797:3321182
745:4394687
680:Disease
589:PF00530
582:PF01033
575:Kringle
571:PF00560
560:PF03160
549:PF00354
538:PF00047
527:PF00090
516:PF00028
505:PF00053
483:Domains
391:Gα12/13
359:Gα12/13
321:Ligands
292:Teleost
41:domain.
5229:&
5158:GPRC6A
4895:CALCRL
4759:Orphan
4048:Orphan
4039:type 1
3730:Orexin
3718:&
3697:Opioid
3437:Apelin
2404:
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1920:Nature
1899:
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1050:Nature
1026:
1016:
1006:
975:
965:
926:
891:
883:
845:
804:
794:
752:
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638:GPR126
623:(SIRS)
562:) and
470:domain
468:(GAIN)
401:GPR133
389:, and
301:GPR116
261:GPR128
251:, and
249:GPR126
245:GPR114
241:GPR112
227:, and
217:GPR116
215:, and
213:GPR115
209:GPR113
205:GPR111
201:GPR110
197:GPR144
193:GPR133
189:CELSR3
187:, and
185:CELSR2
181:CELSR1
177:GPR125
175:, and
173:GPR124
169:GPR123
163:, and
143:, and
124:, and
122:Taste2
39:(GAIN)
5078:Other
5045:TAS1R
5036:Taste
4934:GLP2R
4929:GLP1R
4882:Other
4747:ELTD1
4720:ADGRL
4678:ADGRG
4644:ADGRE
4615:ADGRC
4586:ADGRB
4567:-like
4449:Opsin
4431:Other
3905:TAS2R
3896:Taste
3724:Sigma
3706:Kappa
3701:Delta
3409:C5a (
3394:Other
3040:Other
2968:FPRL1
2936:CysLT
2754:Other
2705:5-HT2
2675:5-HT1
2670:5-HT3
2469:-like
2302:S2CID
2100:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1120:S2CID
1046:(PDF)
889:S2CID
674:GPR56
595:Roles
494:VLGR1
424:LPHN1
339:GPR56
331:GPR56
273:fungi
257:VLGR1
253:GPR64
237:GPR97
233:GPR56
141:LPHN3
137:LPHN2
133:LPHN1
102:GRAFS
5183:RAIG
5091:GABA
4924:GIPR
4671:CD97
4519:SREB
4320:137B
4295:109B
4290:109A
3720:Zeta
3677:MCHR
3457:NMBR
3452:GRPR
3447:BRS3
3085:EBI2
2951:LTB4
2875:TAAR
2725:5-HT
2402:PMID
2352:PMID
2294:PMID
2249:PMID
2213:PMID
2149:PMID
2092:PMID
2047:PMID
2005:PMID
1946:PMID
1897:PMID
1862:PMID
1821:PMID
1772:PMID
1728:PMID
1687:PMID
1646:PMID
1587:PMID
1536:PMID
1487:PMID
1428:PMID
1372:PMID
1326:PMID
1263:PMID
1208:PMID
1147:ISBN
1112:PMID
1076:PMID
1024:PMID
1004:ISBN
973:PMID
924:PMID
881:PMID
843:PMID
802:PMID
750:PMID
650:and
617:and
586:Pfam
579:Pfam
568:Pfam
557:Pfam
546:Pfam
535:Pfam
524:Pfam
513:Pfam
502:Pfam
490:GAIN
475:4DLQ
375:GPCR
363:RhoA
305:Fugu
259:and
229:BAI3
225:BAI2
221:BAI1
195:and
165:EMR4
161:EMR3
157:EMR2
153:EMR1
149:CD97
77:GAIN
5177:179
5172:158
5167:156
5163:GPR
4950:GPR
4871:157
4866:155
4861:144
4856:143
4851:133
4846:128
4841:126
4836:125
4831:124
4826:123
4821:116
4816:115
4811:114
4806:113
4801:112
4796:111
4791:110
4767:GPR
4649:EMR
4488:RRH
4483:RGR
4478:1SW
4473:1MW
4468:1LW
4420:183
4415:182
4410:177
4405:176
4400:174
4395:173
4390:171
4385:162
4380:161
4375:160
4370:153
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4360:151
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4340:146
4335:142
4330:141
4325:139
4315:135
4310:132
4305:120
4300:119
4285:103
4280:101
4056:GPR
3592:MAS
3537:FSH
3405:C3a
3291:B/W
3227:PAF
3079:119
3065:GPR
3061:CB2
3056:CB1
3017:),
2994:),
2973:OXE
2590:P2Y
2579:A2B
2574:A2A
2392:PMC
2384:doi
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2342:PMC
2334:doi
2286:doi
2241:doi
2203:PMC
2195:doi
2183:325
2139:PMC
2131:doi
2127:138
2084:doi
2037:doi
1995:PMC
1985:doi
1973:108
1936:doi
1924:450
1889:doi
1852:doi
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1762:doi
1718:doi
1677:doi
1636:PMC
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1253:PMC
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