2593:) is often used as a power boost for cars. Since each molecule of nitromethane contains an oxidant with relatively high-energy bonds between nitrogen and oxygen, it can burn much hotter than hydrocarbons or oxygen-containing methanol. This is analogous to adding pure oxygen, which also raises the adiabatic flame temperature. This in turn allows it to build up more pressure during a constant volume process. The higher the pressure, the more force upon the piston creating more work and more power in the engine. It stays relatively hot rich of stoichiometry because it contains its own oxidant. However, continual running of an engine on nitromethane will eventually melt the piston and/or cylinder because of this higher temperature.
1852:
2574:
1868:
2566:
869:
2597:
2872:. But the IPCC report actually gives a much less precise statement: "The direct combustion of fuel and oxygen has been practised for many years in the metallurgical and glass industries where burners operate at near stoichiometric conditions with flame temperatures of up to 3500 °C." The temperature may depend on pressure, because at lower pressure there will be more dissociation of the combustion products, implying a lower adiabatic temperature.
2456:
2158:
93:
83:
2185:
1910:
1376:
2612:
will change the composition of the products. There are a number of programs available that can calculate the adiabatic flame temperature taking into account dissociation through equilibrium constants (Stanjan, NASA CEA, AFTP). The following figure illustrates that the effects of dissociation tend to
173:
Note that these are theoretical, not actual, flame temperatures produced by a flame that loses no heat. The closest will be the hottest part of a flame, where the combustion reaction is most efficient. This also assumes complete combustion (e.g. perfectly balanced, non-smoky, usually bluish flame).
139:
of these compounds is roughly proportional to the amount of oxygen consumed, which proportionally increases the amount of air that has to be heated, so the effect of a larger heat of combustion on the flame temperature is offset. Incomplete reaction at higher temperature further curtails the effect
2451:{\displaystyle {\rm {C}}_{\alpha }{\rm {H}}_{\beta }{\rm {O}}_{\gamma }{\rm {N}}_{\delta }+\left({a{\rm {O}}_{\rm {2}}+b{\rm {N}}_{\rm {2}}}\right)\to \nu _{1}{\rm {CO}}_{\rm {2}}+\nu _{2}{\rm {H}}_{\rm {2}}{\rm {O}}+\nu _{3}{\rm {N}}_{\rm {2}}+\nu _{5}{\rm {CO}}+\nu _{6}{\rm {H}}_{\rm {2}}}
143:
Because most combustion processes that happen naturally occur in the open air, there is nothing that confines the gas to a particular volume like the cylinder in an engine. As a result, these substances will burn at a constant pressure, which allows the gas to expand during the process.
20:
2153:{\displaystyle {\rm {C}}_{\alpha }{\rm {H}}_{\beta }{\rm {O}}_{\gamma }{\rm {N}}_{\delta }+\left({a{\rm {O}}_{\rm {2}}+b{\rm {N}}_{\rm {2}}}\right)\to \nu _{1}{\rm {CO}}_{\rm {2}}+\nu _{2}{\rm {H}}_{\rm {2}}{\rm {O}}+\nu _{3}{\rm {N}}_{\rm {2}}+\nu _{4}{\rm {O}}_{\rm {2}}}
1847:
We see that the adiabatic flame temperature of the constant pressure process is lower than that of the constant volume process. This is because some of the energy released during combustion goes, as work, into changing the volume of the control system.
2554:
1679:
1841:
1369:
1491:
1096:
are the internal energy of the reactants and products, respectively. In the constant volume adiabatic flame temperature case, the volume of the system is held constant and hence there is no work occurring:
1169:
965:
135:. The constant-pressure adiabatic flame temperature of such substances in air is in a relatively narrow range around 1,950 °C (2,220 K; 3,540 °F). This is mostly because the
2823:
1536:
1214:
217:
1726:
1254:
1040:
1004:
2471:
1386:
In the case of the constant pressure adiabatic flame temperature, the pressure of the system is held constant, which results in the following equation for the work:
156:
bar and 20 °C), the following table lists the flame temperature for various fuels under constant pressure conditions. The temperatures mentioned here are for a
1094:
1067:
1851:
1544:
1904:
conditions or lean of stoichiometry (excess air). This is because there are enough variables and molar equations to balance the left and right hand sides,
2796:
1734:
1262:
1392:
2939:
2867:
2963:
2691:
2573:
2679:
2820:
35:
is the temperature reached by a flame under ideal conditions. It is an upper bound of the temperature that is reached in actual processes.
1867:
1256:. Because this is a closed system, the mass of the products and reactants is constant and the first law can be written on a mass basis,
1728:. Because this is a closed system, the mass of the products and reactants is the same and the first law can be written on a mass basis:
3009:
2765:
2849:
2740:
2565:
3040:
1103:
2913:
2833:
2562:
Different fuels with different levels of energy and molar constituents will have different adiabatic flame temperatures.
886:
2998:
54:
adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature that results from a complete combustion process that occurs without any
877:
2891:
2614:
2989:
3015:
2605:
2596:
2559:
and use the equilibrium constant for this reaction, we will have enough variables to complete the calculation.
2462:
2163:
Rich of stoichiometry there are not enough variables because combustion cannot go to completion with at least
174:
Several values in the table significantly disagree with the literature or predictions by online calculators.
1042:
are the heat and work transferred from the system to the surroundings during the process, respectively, and
51:
2931:
868:
2858:
2918:
2955:
2695:
55:
1216:. As a result, the internal energy of the products is equal to the internal energy of the reactants:
3035:
2951:
adiabatic flame temperature of hydrogen, methane, propane and octane with oxygen or air as oxidizers
3030:
2661:
2604:
In real world applications, complete combustion does not typically occur. Chemistry dictates that
1499:
1177:
195:
160:
164:
2993:
2549:{\displaystyle {\rm {CO}}_{\rm {2}}+H_{2}\Leftrightarrow {\rm {CO}}+{\rm {H}}_{\rm {2}}{\rm {O}}}
1691:
1219:
1009:
973:
136:
74:
process because no energy is utilized to change the volume of the system (i.e., generate work).
2790:
2609:
39:
19:
1674:{\displaystyle -p\left({V_{P}-V_{R}}\right)=U_{P}-U_{R}\Rightarrow U_{P}+pV_{P}=U_{R}+pV_{R}}
2772:
2179:
needed for the molar balance (these are the most common products of incomplete combustion),
330:
67:
1072:
1045:
2827:
2744:
1496:
Again there is no heat transfer occurring because the process is defined to be adiabatic:
754:
722:
609:
2977:
2741:"North American Combustion Handbook, Volume 1, 3rd edition, North American Mfg Co., 1986"
1901:
1860:
738:
706:
157:
63:
3024:
59:
103:
In daily life, the vast majority of flames one encounters are those caused by rapid
2582:
1836:{\displaystyle H_{P}=H_{R}\Rightarrow m_{P}h_{P}=m_{R}h_{R}\Rightarrow h_{P}=h_{R}}
1364:{\displaystyle U_{P}=U_{R}\Rightarrow m_{P}u_{P}=m_{R}u_{R}\Rightarrow u_{P}=u_{R}}
2850:
Analysis of oxy-fuel combustion power cycle utilizing a pressurized coal combustor
1486:{\displaystyle {}_{R}W_{P}=\int \limits _{R}^{P}{pdV}=p\left({V_{P}-V_{R}}\right)}
2626:
1875:
If we make the assumption that combustion goes to completion (i.e. forming only
537:
108:
1174:
There is also no heat transfer because the process is defined to be adiabatic:
1856:
829:
770:
28:
2613:
lower the adiabatic flame temperature. This result can be explained through
1855:
Adiabatic flame temperatures and pressures as a function of ratio of air to
846:
797:
455:
231:
92:
2899:
82:
1685:
1379:
690:
496:
431:
415:
302:
132:
813:
646:
581:
553:
521:
472:
386:
128:
124:
86:
1900:), we can calculate the adiabatic flame temperature by hand either at
2837:
358:
274:
261:
96:
2595:
2572:
2569:
Constant pressure flame temperature of a number of fuels, with air
2564:
1866:
1850:
1374:
867:
104:
91:
81:
18:
1382:
versus temperature diagram illustrating closed system calculation
2680:
Flame
Temperature Analysis and NOx Emissions for Different Fuels
1871:
Constant volume flame temperature of a number of fuels, with air
674:
178:
Adiabatic flame temperature (constant pressure) of common fuels
112:
1375:
248:
120:
116:
2730:
CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 96th Edition, p. 15-51
2577:
Nitromethane versus isooctane flame temperature and pressure
3006:, program for performing chemical equilibrium calculations.
3003:
2860:
IPCC Special Report on Carbon
Dioxide Capture and Storage
1164:{\displaystyle {}_{R}W_{P}=\int \limits _{R}^{P}{pdV}=0}
872:
First law of thermodynamics for a closed reacting system
2600:
Effects of dissociation on adiabatic flame temperature
3012:- Constant pressure bipropellant adiabatic combustion
2474:
2188:
1913:
1737:
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1547:
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1222:
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1012:
976:
889:
198:
16:
Temperature reached by a flame under ideal conditions
2647:
See under "Tables" in the external references below.
2832:Hsin Chu, Department of Environmental Engineering,
2692:"How hot does magnesium burn? | Reference.com"
960:{\displaystyle {}_{R}Q_{P}-{}_{R}W_{P}=U_{P}-U_{R}}
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50:, depending on how the process is completed. The
2978:Temperature of a blue flame and common materials
2664:. Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media. Sciencing.
2990:Online adiabatic flame temperature calculator
8:
2821:Power Point Presentation: Flame Temperature
2956:"Flame Temperatures for some Common Gases"
2914:Computation of adiabatic flame temperature
176:
152:Assuming initial atmospheric conditions (1
23:Ethanol burning with its spectrum depicted
2868:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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197:
2662:"What Temperatures Do Lighters Burn At?"
656:
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70:. Its temperature is higher than in the
2637:
2581:We can see by the following figure why
3016:Adiabatic Flame Temperature calculator
2795:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2788:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2655:
2653:
1538:. From the first law, we find that,
880:for a closed reacting system we have
7:
2942:from the original on 28 January 2008
2643:
2641:
2999:Adiabatic flame temperature program
2966:from the original on 7 January 2008
2892:"Temperatures in flames and fires"
2890:Babrauskas, Vytenis (2006-02-25).
2541:
2526:
2515:
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2108:
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2043:
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2006:
1984:
1959:
1945:
1931:
1917:
1859:. A ratio of 1 corresponds to the
14:
140:of a larger heat of combustion.
2896:Fire Science and Technology Inc
2660:Libal, Angela (27 April 2018).
2834:National Cheng Kung University
2507:
2299:
2024:
1807:
1761:
1613:
1335:
1289:
1:
2932:"Adiabatic Flame Temperature"
1531:{\displaystyle {}_{R}Q_{P}=0}
1209:{\displaystyle {}_{R}Q_{P}=0}
212:{\displaystyle T_{\text{ad}}}
3010:Flame Temperature Calculator
1684:Recalling the definition of
2919:Adiabatic flame temperature
2461:However, if we include the
1721:{\displaystyle H_{P}=H_{R}}
1249:{\displaystyle U_{P}=U_{R}}
1035:{\displaystyle {}_{R}W_{P}}
999:{\displaystyle {}_{R}Q_{P}}
878:first law of thermodynamics
33:adiabatic flame temperature
3057:
769:
608:
230:
192:
185:
182:
148:Common flame temperatures
2615:Le Chatelier's principle
2463:water gas shift reaction
99:(2,2,4-Trimethylpentane)
2960:The Engineering Toolbox
2936:The Engineering Toolbox
38:There are two types of
3041:Threshold temperatures
2601:
2578:
2570:
2550:
2452:
2154:
1872:
1864:
1837:
1722:
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213:
100:
89:
24:
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1676:
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1166:
1129:
1091:
1089:{\displaystyle U_{P}}
1064:
1062:{\displaystyle U_{R}}
1037:
1001:
962:
871:
214:
111:in materials such as
95:
85:
22:
2870:. 2005. p. 122.
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2186:
1911:
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1500:
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1263:
1220:
1178:
1104:
1073:
1046:
1010:
974:
887:
196:
2884:General information
2856:, MIT, which cites
179:
42:flame temperature:
2902:on 12 January 2008
2826:2011-07-17 at the
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137:heat of combustion
101:
90:
25:
861:
860:
206:
170: = 1).
165:equivalence ratio
72:constant pressure
48:constant pressure
3048:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2950:
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2910:
2908:
2907:
2898:. Archived from
2873:
2871:
2865:
2852:by Jongsup Hong
2847:
2841:
2818:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2771:. Archived from
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2743:. Archived from
2737:
2731:
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2707:
2706:
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2694:. Archived from
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331:Dicyanoacetylene
315:
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180:
155:
68:potential energy
27:In the study of
3056:
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2828:Wayback Machine
2819:
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2766:"Archived copy"
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62:or changes in
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2778:on 2015-09-24
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161:fuel-oxidizer
159:
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78:Common flames
77:
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73:
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61:
60:heat transfer
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
21:
2968:. Retrieved
2959:
2944:. Retrieved
2935:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2895:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2831:
2780:. Retrieved
2773:the original
2760:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2735:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2686:
2606:dissociation
2603:
2583:nitromethane
2580:
2561:
2558:
2460:
2162:
1874:
1846:
1683:
1495:
1385:
1173:
969:
875:
172:
167:
151:
142:
109:hydrocarbons
102:
71:
47:
43:
37:
32:
26:
3036:Temperature
2984:Calculators
2627:Flame speed
538:Natural gas
3031:Combustion
3025:Categories
2970:2008-01-27
2946:2008-01-27
2906:2008-01-27
2782:2013-05-19
2751:2009-12-09
2702:2017-09-17
2633:References
1857:iso-octane
1688:we obtain
830:Phosphorus
771:Anthracite
97:Iso-Octane
29:combustion
2508:⇔
2424:ν
2401:ν
2372:ν
2336:ν
2304:ν
2300:→
2241:δ
2227:γ
2213:β
2199:α
2126:ν
2097:ν
2061:ν
2029:ν
2025:→
1966:δ
1952:γ
1938:β
1924:α
1808:⇒
1762:⇒
1614:⇒
1601:−
1570:−
1549:−
1466:−
1420:∫
1336:⇒
1290:⇒
1131:∫
945:−
910:−
876:From the
847:Zirconium
798:Aluminium
456:Magnesium
232:Acetylene
105:oxidation
40:adiabatic
2964:Archived
2940:Archived
2824:Archived
2791:cite web
2621:See also
2610:kinetics
1686:enthalpy
1380:Enthalpy
691:Kerosene
497:Methanol
432:Hydrogen
416:Gasoline
303:Cyanogen
186:Oxidizer
133:gasoline
125:plastics
2994:Cantera
970:where,
832:(white)
814:Lithium
792:≈6,332
789:≈3,500
647:Toluene
582:Propane
554:Pentane
522:Naphtha
473:Methane
387:Ethanol
129:propane
87:Propane
64:kinetic
2992:using
2925:Tables
2854:et al.
2838:Taiwan
857:7,241
851:Oxygen
841:5,376
835:Oxygen
824:4,420
818:Oxygen
808:6,750
802:Oxygen
786:Oxygen
781:3,957
765:3,943
749:3,817
733:3,815
717:3,820
701:3,801
685:3,596
669:3,760
641:5,301
635:Oxygen
630:3,650
604:3,596
576:3,591
548:3,562
532:4,591
516:3,540
491:3,565
467:3,600
450:4,089
426:3,880
410:3,779
381:3,551
359:Ethane
353:9,010
347:Oxygen
325:8,177
319:Oxygen
297:4,074
275:Butane
269:6,296
262:Oxygen
256:4,532
190:20 °C
154:
131:, and
31:, the
3004:Gaseq
2864:(PDF)
2776:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
1863:ratio
854:4,005
838:2,969
821:2,438
805:3,732
778:2,180
762:2,172
746:2,102
730:2,101
714:2,104
698:2,093
682:1,980
666:2,071
638:2,927
627:2,010
601:1,980
573:1,977
545:1,960
529:2,533
513:1,949
488:1,963
464:1,982
447:2,254
423:2,138
407:2,082
378:1,955
350:4,990
322:4,525
294:2,231
266:3,480
253:2,500
226:(°F)
223:(°C)
188:1 bar
183:Fuel
2797:link
2608:and
2167:and
1887:and
1069:and
1006:and
675:Wood
458:(Mg)
113:wood
56:work
46:and
2585:(CH
775:Air
759:Air
743:Air
727:Air
711:Air
695:Air
679:Air
663:Air
624:Air
619:CCH
598:Air
570:Air
542:Air
526:Air
510:Air
485:Air
461:Air
444:Air
420:Air
404:Air
375:Air
291:Air
249:Air
121:fat
117:wax
107:of
66:or
3027::
2962:.
2958:.
2938:.
2934:.
2894:.
2866:.
2836:,
2830:,
2805:^
2793:}}
2789:{{
2711:^
2670:^
2652:^
2640:^
2617:.
2589:NO
2465:,
2165:CO
1877:CO
621:)
615:CH
564:12
505:OH
501:CH
477:CH
399:OH
285:10
245:)
205:ad
127:,
123:,
119:,
115:,
58:,
2973:.
2949:.
2909:.
2799:)
2785:.
2754:.
2705:.
2591:2
2587:3
2542:O
2534:2
2527:H
2521:+
2516:O
2513:C
2503:2
2499:H
2495:+
2489:2
2482:O
2479:C
2443:2
2436:H
2428:6
2420:+
2415:O
2412:C
2405:5
2397:+
2391:2
2384:N
2376:3
2368:+
2363:O
2355:2
2348:H
2340:2
2332:+
2326:2
2319:O
2316:C
2308:1
2296:)
2289:2
2282:N
2276:b
2273:+
2267:2
2260:O
2254:a
2250:(
2246:+
2235:N
2221:O
2207:H
2193:C
2174:2
2169:H
2145:2
2138:O
2130:4
2122:+
2116:2
2109:N
2101:3
2093:+
2088:O
2080:2
2073:H
2065:2
2057:+
2051:2
2044:O
2041:C
2033:1
2021:)
2014:2
2007:N
2001:b
1998:+
1992:2
1985:O
1979:a
1975:(
1971:+
1960:N
1946:O
1932:H
1918:C
1898:O
1894:2
1889:H
1882:2
1843:.
1829:R
1825:h
1821:=
1816:P
1812:h
1803:R
1799:h
1793:R
1789:m
1785:=
1780:P
1776:h
1770:P
1766:m
1757:R
1753:H
1749:=
1744:P
1740:H
1714:R
1710:H
1706:=
1701:P
1697:H
1667:R
1663:V
1659:p
1656:+
1651:R
1647:U
1643:=
1638:P
1634:V
1630:p
1627:+
1622:P
1618:U
1609:R
1605:U
1596:P
1592:U
1588:=
1584:)
1578:R
1574:V
1565:P
1561:V
1556:(
1552:p
1526:0
1523:=
1518:P
1514:Q
1508:R
1480:)
1474:R
1470:V
1461:P
1457:V
1452:(
1448:p
1445:=
1441:V
1438:d
1435:p
1429:P
1424:R
1416:=
1411:P
1407:W
1401:R
1371:.
1357:R
1353:u
1349:=
1344:P
1340:u
1331:R
1327:u
1321:R
1317:m
1313:=
1308:P
1304:u
1298:P
1294:m
1285:R
1281:U
1277:=
1272:P
1268:U
1242:R
1238:U
1234:=
1229:P
1225:U
1204:0
1201:=
1196:P
1192:Q
1186:R
1159:0
1156:=
1152:V
1149:d
1146:p
1140:P
1135:R
1127:=
1122:P
1118:W
1112:R
1082:P
1078:U
1055:R
1051:U
1028:P
1024:W
1018:R
992:P
988:Q
982:R
953:R
949:U
940:P
936:U
932:=
927:P
923:W
917:R
905:P
901:Q
895:R
660:)
657:8
655:H
653:7
651:C
649:(
617:3
613:(
595:)
592:8
590:H
588:3
586:C
584:(
567:)
562:H
560:5
558:C
556:(
507:)
503:3
499:(
482:)
479:4
475:(
441:)
438:2
436:H
434:(
401:)
397:5
395:H
393:2
391:C
389:(
372:)
369:6
367:H
365:2
363:C
361:(
344:)
341:2
339:N
337:4
335:C
333:(
316:)
313:2
311:N
309:2
307:C
305:(
288:)
283:H
281:4
279:C
277:(
242:2
240:H
238:2
236:C
234:(
201:T
168:φ
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