898:, a Ukrainian surgeon who had emigrated to the United States in 1965, reported on the clinical use of the "adjustable silicone gastric band" (ASGB) via open surgery. Kuzmak, who from the early 1980s had been searching for a simple and safe restrictive procedure for severe obesity, modified his original silicone non-adjustable band, which he had been using since 1983, by adding an adjustable portion. His clinical results showed improved weight loss and reduced complication rates compared with his original non-adjustable band. Kuzmak's major contributions were the application of Mason's teachings about VBG to the development of the gastric band, the volume of the pouch, the need to overcome staple line disruption, the ratification of the use of silicone and the essential element of adjustability.
431:(DS)), gastric banding does not require cutting or removing any part of the digestive system. It is removable, requiring only a laparoscopic procedure to remove the band, after which the stomach usually returns to its normal pre-banded size so it is not unusual for a person to gain weight after having a band removed. However, it is not entirely reversible as adhesions and tissue scarring are inevitable. Unlike those who have procedures such as RNY, DS, or BPD, it is unusual for gastric band patients to experience any nutritional deficiencies or malabsorption of micro-nutrients. Calcium supplements and Vitamin B12 injections are not routinely required following gastric banding (as is often the case with RNY, for example).
843:
necessary to perform the procedure (surgeon's fee, surgical assistant fee, hospital/operating room fee, anesthesiologist fee and the device fee for the gastric band itself). Some practices also bundle a set duration of post-operative follow-up visits for filling and unfilling the gastric band as necessary (e.g., as many fills/unfills as necessary for anywhere from three to 13 months following surgery, depending on the practice), which as a standalone service costs between $ 15 and $ 300 per office visit. Most practices do not include within their quoted fees the cost of preoperative care and testing or any potential complications that may arise.
262:, depending on their design. When the band is inflated with saline solution, it places pressure around the outside of the stomach. This decreases the size of the passage between the pouch created from the upper part of the stomach and the lower stomach and further restricts the movement of food. Over the course of several visits to the doctor, the band is filled until the optimal restriction has been achieved – neither so loose that hunger is not controlled, nor so tight that food cannot move through the digestive system. The number of adjustments required is an individual experience and cannot be accurately predicted.
158:
740:
while most of the RNY patients drop the weight faster in the beginning, some studies have found that LAGB patients will have the same percentage of excess weight loss and comparable ability to keep it off after only a couple of years. The procedure tends to encourage better eating habits which, in turn, helps in producing long term weight stability. However, with greater experience and longer patient follow up, several studies have found suboptimal weight loss and high complication rates for the gastric band.
725:
806:
use of X-ray control (fluoroscopy). In these cases, the doctor assesses the patient's weight loss and potential reflex symptoms described by the patient, such as heartburn, regurgitation, or chest pain. From this information, the doctor decides whether a band adjustment is necessary. Adjustments are often indicated if a patient has regained weight, if weight loss has leveled off, or if the patient has a distinct feeling that food is difficult to move through the stomach.
798:. When swallowed, the fluid is clearly shown on X–ray and is observed as it travels down the esophagus and through the restriction caused by the band. The radiologist is then able to see the level of restriction in the band and to assess if there are potential or developing issues of concern. These may include dilation of the esophagus, an enlarged pouch, prolapsed stomach (when part of the stomach moves into the band where it does not belong), erosion or migration.
226:. It gives the surgeon a good view of the key structures in the abdominal cavity. A few additional small incisions are made in the abdomen. The surgeon watches the video monitor and works through these small incisions using instruments with long handles to complete the procedure. The surgeon creates a small, circular tunnel behind the stomach, inserts the gastric band through the tunnel, and locks the band around the stomach.
271:
826:
there is little or no restriction in the band. Thus a proper post-op diet and a good after-care plan are essential to success. A recent study found that patients who did not change their eating habits were 2.2 times more likely to be unsuccessful than those who did, and that patients who had not increased their physical activity were 2.3 times more likely to be unsuccessful than those who did.
290:. Neither band has been approved by the FDA. The Midband was the first to market in 2000. In order to preserve the gastric wall in event of rubbing, the device contains no sharp edges or irregularities. It is also opaque to x-rays, making it easy to locate and adjust. The Heliogast band entered the market in 2003. The device features a streamlined band to ease insertion during the operation.
810:
these cases, a fluoroscope will generally be used. It is more common practice for the band not to be filled at surgery, although some surgeons choose to place a small amount in the band at the time of surgery. The stomach tends to swell following surgery and it is possible that too great a restriction would be achieved if filled at that time.
981:. Special articulating instruments and access ports make it unnecessary to place trocars externally for triangulation, thus allowing the creation of a small, solitary portal of entry into the abdomen. The SPL technique has been used to perform many types of surgery, including adjustable gastric banding and
490:(PBing). Productive Burping is not to be considered normal. The patient should consider eating less, eating more slowly and chewing food more thoroughly. Occasionally, the narrow passage into the larger, lower part of the stomach might also become blocked by a large portion of unchewed or unsuitable food.
809:
Clinical visits for regular fill adjustments generally take only about one to two minutes. However, for some patients, this type of fill is not possible because of issues such as partial rotation of the port or excess tissue above the port presenting difficulty in determining its precise location. In
917:
In 1992, Forsell, who fully owned the patent, was in contact with surgeons in
Switzerland, Italy and Germany who began to implant the SAGB with the laparoscopic technique. In 1994, Dr. Forsell presented the SAGB at an international workshop for bariatric surgery in Sweden, and from then on, the SAGB
833:
Support groups exist for gastric-banding patients. Some mix RNY and gastric-bypass patients with gastric-banding patients. Some gastric-band patients have criticized this approach because, while many of the underlying issues related to obesity are the same, the needs and challenges of the two groups
816:
No accurate number of adjustments required can be given. The amount of saline/isotonic solution needed in the band varies from patient to patient. There are a small number of people who find that they do not need a fill at all and have sufficient restriction immediately following surgery. Others may
518:
In two reported cases, prompted by patients' reporting an absence of appetite suppression and of weight loss, investigation revealed that the band had not enclosed the stomach at all, instead enclosing only perigastric fat, with the effect that the passage of food was not restricted at all. In these
177:
According to the
American Society for Metabolic Bariatric Surgery, bariatric surgery is not an easy option for obesity sufferers. It is a drastic step, and carries the usual pain and risks of any major gastrointestinal surgical operation. However, gastric banding is the least invasive surgery of its
874:
All of these early attempts at restriction using meshes, bands and clips showed a high failure rate because of difficulty achieving correct stomal diameter, stomach slippage, erosion, food intolerance, intractable vomiting and pouch dilatation. Despite these difficulties, silicone was identified as
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The early 1980s saw further developments, with Kolle (Norway), Molina & Oria (U.S.), Naslund (Sweden), Frydenberg (Australia) and
Kuzmack (U.S.) implanting non-adjustable gastric bands made from a variety of materials, including marlex mesh, dacron vascular prosthesis, silicone covered mesh and
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Under some circumstances, fluid is removed from the band prior to further investigation and reevaluation. In other cases, further surgery may be required, such as removal of the band, should gastric erosion or a similar complication be detected. Some health practitioners adjust the band without the
442:
It is important to note that, in order to maintain their weight reduction, patients must carefully follow post-operative guidelines relating to diet, exercise, and band maintenance. Weight regain is possible with any weight loss procedure, including the more radical procedures that initially result
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The placement of the band creates a small pouch at the top of the stomach. This pouch holds approximately ½ cup of food, whereas the typical stomach holds about 6 cups of food. The pouch fills with food quickly, and the band slows the passage of food from the pouch to the lower part of the stomach.
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applied for a patent for the SAGB within
Scandinavian countries. In late March, Dr. Hallberg presented his idea of the "balloon band" at the Swedish Surgical Society and started to use the SAGB in a controlled series of 50 procedures. At the time, laparoscopic surgery was uncommon and Dr. Hallberg
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A long-term, post-gastric-band surgery diet should consist of normal healthy food that is solid in nature and requires ample chewing to achieve a paste consistency prior to swallowing. This texture will maximise the effect of the band, in contrast to easier wet foods, such as soups, casseroles and
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The patient may be prescribed a liquid-only diet, followed by mushy foods and then solids. This is prescribed for a varied length of time and each surgeon and manufacturer varies. Some may find that before their first fill, they are still able to eat fairly large portions, because before the fill,
739:
The average gastric banding patient loses 500 grams to a kilogram (1–2 pounds) per week consistently, but heavier patients often lose faster in the beginning. This comes to roughly 22 to 45 kilograms (49 to 99 pounds) the first year for most band patients. It is important to keep in mind that
514:
If the band does not surround the vertical (esophagus-to-duodenum) axis of the stomach but instead surrounds only a non-vertical (horizontal or diagonal) axis of the stomach, as by encircling only a side or portion of a side of the stomach, then the restriction on food passage will be less, weight
438:
Typically, patients who undergo adjustable gastric banding procedures lose less weight over the first 3.5 years than those who have RNY gastric bypass, BPD, or DS surgeries. Although other procedures appear to result in greater weight loss than adjustable gastric banding in the short term, results
398:
If considering pregnancy, ideally the patient should be in optimum nutritional condition prior to, or immediately following, conception; deflation of the band may be required prior to a planned conception. Deflation should also be considered should the patient experience morning sickness. The band
747:
concluded "LAGB has been shown to produce a significant loss of excess weight while maintaining low rates of short-term complications and reducing obesity-related comorbidities. LAGB may not result in the most weight loss but it may be an option for bariatric patients who prefer or who are better
278:
In the U.S. market, one adjustable gastric band is currently approved by the FDA: Lap-Band. The Lap-Band System obtained FDA approval in 2001. The
Realize Band lost FDA approval in 2016. The device comes in five different sizes and has undergone modification over the years. The latest models, the
402:
It is highly advised to take extra precautions during intercourse after surgery, as rapid weight loss increases fertility. Effective birth control methods must be used at all times to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Two factors have been pointed out by experts that may help explain this increase in
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as an accredited outpatient bariatric center in the U.S. The first outpatient lap-band procedure in the U.S. was performed at the AIGB True
Results Surgery Center of Richardson, Texas in 2003, and since that time, AIGB True Results has performed more than 30,000 outpatient lap-band procedures.
254:
solution into a small access port placed just under the skin. A specialized non-coring needle is used to avoid damage to the port membrane and prevent leakage. There are many port designs (such as high profile and low profile), and they may be placed in varying positions based on the surgeon's
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Adjustable gastric-band surgery costs about $ 15,000 in the United States, although state-specific averages range from about $ 10,500 (Colorado and Texas) to over $ 33,000 (Alaska). Services included in these costs vary by surgical clinic and hospital, but most practices include all services
149:(FDA) expanded approval of adjustable gastric bands to patients with a BMI between 30 and 40 and one weight-related medical condition, such as diabetes or high blood pressure. However, an adjustable gastric band may be used only after other methods such as diet and exercise have been tried.
524:
Problems with the port and/or the tube connecting port and band – The port can "flip over" so that the membrane can no longer be accessed with a needle from the outside (this often goes hand in hand with a tube kink, and may require repositioning as a minor surgical procedure under local
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respectively. This meta-analysis also found that median life-expectancy was 9.3 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received bariatric surgery as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5.1 years longer for obese adults without diabetes.
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Erosion – The band may slowly migrate through the stomach wall. This will result in the band moving from the outside of the stomach to the inside. This may occur silently but can cause severe problems. Urgent treatment may be required if there is any internal leak of gastric contents or
938:
was the first to apply an adjustable band (the Kuzmak ASGB device) by the laparoscopic approach. Over the next few years, the Kuzmak ASGB was modified to make it suitable for laparoscopic implantation, eventually emerging as the modern lap band. This landmark innovation was driven by
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in rapid weight loss. The
National Institutes of Health recommendation for weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds (½ to 1 kilogram) per week, and an average banded patient may lose this amount. This is variable based on the individual and their personal circumstances, motivation, and mobility.
29:
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Body Mass Index above 40, or those who are 100 pounds (7 stone/45 kilograms) or more over their estimated ideal weight, according to the
National Institutes of Health, or those with a BMI between 30 and 40 with co-morbidities that may improve with weight loss (type 2
233:(minimally invasive) bariatric surgery patients found that they felt better, spent more time doing recreational and physical activities, benefited from enhanced productivity and economic opportunities, and had more self-confidence than they did prior to surgery.
170:(PYY). It does not decrease gastric emptying time. The individual achieves sustained weight loss by choosing healthy food options, limiting food intake and volume, reducing appetite, and progress of food from the top portion of the stomach to the lower portion
165:
The inflatable band is placed around the upper part of the stomach to create a smaller stomach pouch. This slows and limits the amount of food that can be consumed at one time, thus giving the opportunity for the sense of satiety to be met with the release of
190:
is stapled or removed, and the patient's intestines are not re-routed, they can continue to absorb nutrients from food normally. Gastric bands are made entirely of biocompatible materials, so they are able to stay in the patient's body without causing harm.
1950:
Molina M, Oria HE. Gastric segmentation: a new, safe, effective, simple, readily revised and fully reversible surgical procedure for the correction of morbid obesity (abstract 15). In: 6th
Bariatric Surgery Colloquium; Iowa City, IA: June 2–3,
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Separately, but in parallel with Kuzmak, Hallberg and
Forsell in Stockholm, Sweden also developed an adjustable gastric band. After further work and modifications this eventually became known as the Swedish Adjustable Gastric Band (SAGB).
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complication rates. One caution with LAGB is the uncertainty about whether the low complication rate extends past three years, given a possibility of increased band-related complications (e.g., erosion, slippage) requiring re-operation".
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so that the radiologist can assess the placement of the band, the port, and the tubing that runs between the port and the band. The patient is given a small cup of liquid containing a clear or white radio-opaque fluid similar to
943:, Cadière, Favretti and O’Brien, and the Inamed Development Company engineered the device. The first human laparoscopic implantation of the newly developed lap band was performed by Belachew and le Grand on 1 September 1993 in
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anaesthesia); the port may get disconnected from the tube or the tube may be perforated in the course of a port access attempt (both would result in loss of fill fluid and restriction, and likewise require a minor operation).
871:, among others. In addition, Bashour developed the "gastro-clip", a 10.5 cm polypropylene clip with a 50cc pouch and a fixed 1.25 cm stoma, which was later abandoned because of its high rates of gastric erosion.
507:
Slippage – An unusual occurrence in which the lower part of the stomach may prolapse through the band causing an enlarged upper pouch. In severe instances this can cause an obstruction and require an urgent operation to
482:
Some studies reveal there is a decrease in adjustable gastric banding surgeries due to the increased risk of reoperation, compared to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) bariatric procedures.
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says the procedure offers an effective, reversible, long-term solution for weight loss as long as patients get good follow-up care and are willing to carefully control the way they eat. This study was supported by
1735:"Association of metabolic-bariatric surgery with long-term survival in adults with and without diabetes: a one-stage meta-analysis of matched cohort and prospective controlled studies with 174 772 participants"
1468:
Courcoulas, Anita; Coley, R. Yates; Clark, Jeanne M.; McBride, Corrigan L.; Cirelli, Elizabeth; McTigue, Kathleen; Arterburn, David; Coleman, Karen J.; Wellman, Robert; Anau, Jane; Toh, Sengwee (2020-03-01).
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from the study by Maggard suggest that this difference decreases significantly over time. Gastric banding patients lose an average of 47.5% of their excess weight, according to a meta analysis by Buchwald.
890:
Early research on the concept of band “adjustability” can be traced back to the early work of G. Szinicz (Austria) who experimented with an adjustable band, connected to a subcutaneous port, in animals.
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is that the entire stomach is full, and this sensation helps the person to be hungry less often, feel full more quickly and for a longer period of time, eat smaller portions, and lose weight over time.
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However, not all patients are suitable for laparoscopy. Patients who are extremely obese, who have had previous abdominal surgery, or have complicating medical problems may require the open approach.
959:. In 1993, Broadbent in Australia and Catona in Italy implanted non-adjustable (Molina-type) gastric bands by laparoscopy. In 1994, the first international laparoscopic-band workshop was held in
1733:
Syn, Nicholas L.; Cummings, David E.; Wang, Louis Z.; Lin, Daryl J.; Zhao, Joseph J.; Loh, Marie; Koh, Zong Jie; Chew, Claire Alexandra; Loo, Ying Ern; Tai, Bee Choo; Kim, Guowei (2021-05-15).
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to create a work space for the surgeon. Then a small laparoscopic camera is placed through the incision into the abdomen. The camera sends a picture of the stomach and abdominal cavity to a
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are very different, as are their early rates of weight loss. Some gastric-band recipients feel that the procedure is a failure when they see that RNY patients generally lose weight faster.
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Nguyen NT, Hinojosa MW, Smith BR, Reavis KM (2008). "Single laparoscopic incision transabdominal (SLIT) surgery-adjustable gastric banding: a novel minimally invasive surgical approach".
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the best-tolerated material, with far fewer adhesions and tissue reactions occurring than with other materials. Nevertheless, adjustability became a primary goal of these early pioneers.
789:
Correct and sensitive adjustment of the band is imperative for weight loss and the long-term success of the procedure. Adjustments (also called "fills") may be performed using an X-ray
1319:, Monkhouse, S., Johnson, A., Bates, S., Sawyer, L., Lord, K., Morgan, J. Departments of Surgery, Endocrinology and Dietetics, Southmead Hospital, Bristol. UK. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
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988:
In 2003, the American Institute of Gastric Banding (AIGB) True Results opened the first outpatient surgery center using advanced laparoscopic technology to be recognized by the
856:
At the end of the 1970s, Wilkinson developed several surgical approaches with a common aim to limit food intake without disrupting the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract.
399:
may remain deflated during pregnancy and once breast feeding is completed, or if bottle feeding, the band may be gradually re-inflated to aid postpartum weight loss as needed.
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Many health practitioners make the first adjustment between four and six weeks post-operatively to allow the stomach time to heal. After that, fills are performed as needed.
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Szinicz G, Müller L, Erhart W, Roth FX, Pointner R, Glaser K (1989). ""Reversible gastric banding" in surgical treatment of morbid obesity—results of animal experiments".
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Comprehension of the risks and benefits of the procedure and willingness to comply with the substantial lifelong dietary restrictions required for long-term success.
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As patients lose weight, their bands will need adjustments, or "fills", to ensure comfort and effectiveness. The gastric band is adjusted by introducing a
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Variation of outcome in weight loss with band volume adjustments under clinical and radiological control following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
1471:"Interventions and Operations 5 Years After Bariatric Surgery in a Cohort From the US National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network Bariatric Study"
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As with many developments in approaches to weight loss, some public figures have affected public opinion and increased awareness of gastric banding:
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and usually results in a shorter hospital stay, faster recovery, smaller scars, and less pain than open surgical procedures. Because no part of the
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has transformed the field of bariatric surgery and made the gastric band a more appealing option for the surgical management of obesity. In 1992,
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Lap-Band AP-L and Lap-Band AP-S, feature a standardized injection port sutured into the skin and fill volumes of 14 mL and 10 mL respectively.
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Mechanical malfunctions – port leakage, cracking of the kink-resistant tubing or disruption of the tubing connection from the port to the band
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One commonly reported occurrence for banded patients is regurgitation of non-acidic swallowed food from the upper pouch, commonly known as
1112:
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The development of the modern adjustable gastric band is a tribute both to the vision and persistence of the early pioneers, particularly
1244:"Public Service Announcement regarding Discontinuation of the Ethicon Endo-Surgery Curved Adjustable Gastric Band (Realize/Swedish/SAGB)"
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Bashour SB, Hill RW (1985). "The gastro-clip gastroplasty: an alternative surgical procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity".
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preference, but are always attached (through sutures, staples, or another method) to the muscle wall in and around the diaphragm.
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Predictive Factors of Outcome After Gastric Banding: A Nationwide Survey on the Role of Center Activity and Patients' Behavior
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Belachew M, Legrand M, Vincent V, Lismonde M, Le Docte N, Deschamps V (1998). "Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding".
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A 10-year experience with laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obesity: high long-term complication and failure rates
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Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. (2004). "Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Cadiere GB, Favretti F, Bruyns J, et al. Gastroplastie par celiovideoscopie:technique. J Celio Chir 1994;10:27-31.
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1569:, San Diego; UCSD Medical Center, Center for the Treatment of Obesity; San Diego, CA: 2007. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
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Age between 18 and 55 years (although there are doctors who will work outside these ages, some as young as 12).
1680:"CADTH: Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding for Weight Loss in Obese Adults: Clinical and Economic Review"
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into lapband safety, prompted by recent patient deaths after lapband surgeries at clinics affiliated with the
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Näslund E, Granström L, Stockeld D, Backman L (1994). "Marlex Mesh Gastric Banding: A 7-12 Year Follow-up".
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Catona A, Gossenberg M, La Manna A, Mussini G (1993). "Laparoscopic Gastric Banding: preliminary series".
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In 1978 Wilkinson and Peloso were the first to place, by open procedure, a non-adjustable band (2 cm
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reaction to materials contained in the band or who have exhibited a pain intolerance to implanted devices
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Metabolic Surgery Expected to Play Bigger Role in Treating Type 2 Diabetes And Other Metabolic Diseases
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procedure in which the surgeon operates almost exclusively through a single entry point, typically the
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Cadière GB, Bruyns J, Himpens J, Favretti F (1994). "Laparoscopic gastroplasty for morbid obesity".
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would be implanted laparoscopically. During this time, the SAGB was manufactured by Swedish company
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was associated with 59% and 30% reduction in all-cause mortality among obese adults with or without
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Kuzmak LI (1986). "Silicone gastric banding: a simple and effective operation for morbid obesity".
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speaking at an event in October 2015, Christie underwent lap-band stomach surgery in February 2013.
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Broadbent R, Tracey M, Harrington P (1993). "Laparoscopic Gastric Banding: a preliminary report".
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smoothies, which pass through the band quickly and easily resulting in greater caloric intake.
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802:-type symptoms may indicate too great a restriction, and further assessment may be required.
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and a sustained collaborative effort on the part of bio-engineers, surgeons and scientists.
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Pregnancy after Lap-Band Surgery: Management of the Band to Achieve Healthy Weight Outcomes
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1669:. Columbia University Center for Metabolic and Weight Loss Surgery. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
1218:, Center for Metabolic and Weight Loss Surgery; New York, NY: 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
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In general, gastric banding is indicated for people for whom all of the following apply:
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Wilkinson LH, Peloso OA (1981). "Gastric (reservoir) reduction for morbid obesity".
1387:"Lap-Band Surgery: Procedure, Diet, Benefits, Side Effects, & More - Healthroid"
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1040:– Surgeon, Professor Physical Activity. LapBand failed and subsequently in 2020 had
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1591:, American Society of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, 200. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
1351:, American Society of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
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The following are the adverse effects of gastric banding as documented by the FDA.
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Gastric banding is usually not recommended for people with any of the following:
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3286:
3249:
3117:
3112:
3097:
2961:
2848:
2831:
2809:
2799:
2703:
2031:
Frydenberg HB (1991). "Modification of Gastric Banding, Using a Fundal Suture".
1001:
In 2012 there was a request for a congressional investigation by members of the
931:
790:
349:
312:
119:
115:
111:
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1974:
1604:
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The surgical insertion of an adjustable gastric band is often referred to as a
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2448:
2401:
2141:
2124:
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728:
374:
167:
110:(BMI) of 40 or greater—or between 35 and 40 in cases of patients with certain
1941:
Kolle K. Gastric banding (abstract). OMGI 7th Congress, Stockholm,1982;145:37
1758:
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3290:
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3004:
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650:
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or other conditions which may make them poor surgical candidates in general.
171:
2456:
2433:"Single incision laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SILS): a novel technique"
2409:
2366:
2323:
2220:
2052:
1982:
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need significant adjustments to the maximum that the band is able to hold.
282:
Two other adjustable gastric bands are in use outside of the United States—
2271:
2263:
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2017:
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Fewer life-threatening complications (see complications table for details)
335:
If the surgery or treatment represents an unreasonable risk to the patient
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FDA Approval: LAP-BAND Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) System - P000008
868:
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640:
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408:
367:
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123:
88:
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issues also do not occur since intestines are not removed or re-routed.
61:
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2177:
960:
948:
634:
242:
As the upper part of the stomach registers as full, the message to the
219:
187:
96:
92:
447:
Benefits of gastric banding when compared to other bariatric surgeries
311:, high cholesterol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obstructive
3455:
3019:
964:
860:
795:
660:
581:
321:
Failure of medically supervised dietary therapy (for about 6 months).
515:
loss will be reduced, and a painful kink in the stomach may result.
3224:
978:
956:
952:
748:
suited to undergo less invasive and reversible surgery with lower
723:
655:
645:
612:
269:
243:
156:
1362:"Lap Band Surgery Helps Bremerton Girl Be 'The Kid I Want To Be'"
218:(a gas that occurs naturally in the body) is introduced into the
1872:
Wilkinson LH (1980). "Reduction of gastric reservoir capacity".
665:
131:
2618:
519:
cases, the patients experienced no additional adverse symptoms.
511:
Malposition of the band (rare with experienced practitioners):
210:(typically less than 1.25 cm or 0.5 in.) is made near the
2529:"House members call for probe into Lap-Band safety, marketing"
1409:. Obesity Surgery. 2001 Feb;11(1):59-65. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
944:
914:, started performing the open technique to implant the SAGB.
2004:
Frydenberg HB (1985). "The surgical management of obesity".
1807:. Annals of Surgery. 2007;6:1034–1039. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
470:
No malabsorption issues (because no intestines are bypassed)
344:
Inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as
1268:
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding: Surgical Technique
1107:
1105:
2609:
1607:. Obesity Surgery. 2006;16: 829-835. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
1310:
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding Using the Midband
1290:
452:
Lower mortality rate: only 1 in 1000 versus 1 in 250 for
383:
People with severe learning or cognitive disabilities or
1638:"Christie reveals secret stomach surgery to lose weight"
1794:. Obesity Surgery. 2010;20:13–18. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
1213:
Surgical Procedures & Innovations: Gastric Bandings
756:
Researcher Paul O’Brien, MD, of Melbourne, Australia's
1328:
Dr. Jacob Haiavy and Dr. John Olsofka (25 May 2021).
951:, followed on 8 September by Cadière and Favretti in
768:
A meta-analysis of 174,772 participants published in
258:
Adjustable gastric bands hold between 4 and 12 cc of
1706:"Lap-Band Shown Effective for Long-Term Weight Loss"
1248:
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
1115:. University of California San Diego. Archived from
419:
Unlike more open forms of weight loss surgery (e.g.
3518:
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46:
38:
21:
102:Adjustable gastric band surgery is an example of
178:kind and is completely reversible, with another
2431:Saber AA, Elgamal MH, Itawi EA, Rao AJ (2008).
1528:Bariatric Surgery Complications and Emergencies
2581:Sharon Osbourne candid about colorectal cancer
1582:Brief History and Summary of Bariatric Surgery
3270:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
2630:
2123:Oria, Horacio E.; Doherty, Cornelius (2007).
2072:
2070:
1786:
1784:
1619:"Another patient dies after Lap-Band surgery"
1599:
1597:
1577:
1575:
963:and the first involving the SAGB was held in
8:
1636:Palmeri, Tara; DeFalco, Beth (May 7, 2013).
1436:Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity
1226:
1224:
1156:
1154:
1130:
1128:
1126:
863:mesh) around the upper part of the stomach.
91:device placed around the top portion of the
1233:, fda.gov 2001-06-05. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
765:Inc., which markets a gastric band system.
709:An inability to maintain proper restriction
3408:
3220:
2917:
2677:
2668:
2637:
2623:
2615:
2610:American Society for Lap-Band Patient Info
1874:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1851:Average Cost of Lap Band Surgery By Region
1554:Maggard M, Shugarman L, Suttorp M, et al.
1434:Maggard M, Shugarman L, Suttorp M, et al.
847:History and development of gastric banding
556:Erosion of the band into the gastric lumen
161:Illustration of adjustable gastric banding
27:
2140:
1502:
1442:. 2005;142:547-559. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
415:Comparison with other bariatric surgeries
99:, intended to decrease food consumption.
3076:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
3233:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
2587:, 2003-11-14. Retrieved on May 30, 2007
2125:"Farewell to a Pioneer: Lubomyr Kuzmak"
1058:
2512:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2505:
1803:Chevallier J, Paita M, Rodde-Dunet M.
1790:Cherian P, Tentzeris V, Sigurdsson A.
1617:Pfeifer, Stuart (September 23, 2011).
568:Infection of the fluid within the band
18:
1728:
1726:
1148:. 2009;08-4006. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
467:Adjustable without additional surgery
458:No cutting or stapling of the stomach
338:Untreated endocrine diseases such as
182:. Gastric banding is performed using
33:Diagram of an adjustable gastric band
7:
2788:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
2600:NIH statistics on weight and obesity
1921:10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380170082014
1825:. bariatricguide.org. Archived from
1135:Bariatric Surgery for Severe Obesity
571:Bulging of the port through the skin
500:Gastritis (irritated stomach tissue)
394:Special considerations for pregnancy
145:In February 2011, the United States
73:laparoscopic adjustable gastric band
2837:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
2645:Tests and procedures involving the
2555:"Britton admits to stomach surgery"
2527:Pfeifer, Stuart (20 January 2012).
1823:Bariatric Surgery Information Guide
1667:Surgical procedures and innovations
1603:Suter M, Calmes J, Paroz A, et al.
1458:2005;05-5213. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
1419:Can weight loss increase fertility?
1007:1-800-GET-THIN advertising campaign
324:History of obesity (up to 5 years).
106:designed for obese patients with a
57:
3275:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
2605:Medical Journal of Australia study
2542:"She floats like a butterfly, too"
1704:Boyles, Salynn (18 January 2013).
1526:Herron, Daniel M. (8 March 2016).
411:, which is produced by fat cells.
206:or band placement. First, a small
198:Placement via laparoscopic surgery
136:hypertension (high blood pressure)
14:
2166:Research in Experimental Medicine
553:Esophageal dilatation/dysmotility
407:) and reduction in the excess of
1291:MĂ©dical Innovation DĂ©veloppement
1280:MĂ©dical Innovation DĂ©veloppement
1092:"Most Popular E-mail Newsletter"
785:Band adjustments and weight loss
454:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
421:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
3066:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
114:that are known to improve with
2773:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
2724:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
2209:The British Journal of Surgery
1:
3155:Lower gastrointestinal series
2899:Upper gastrointestinal series
1751:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2
1456:National Institutes of Health
1405:Dixon J, Dixon M, O’Brien P.
1201:National Institutes of Health
1146:National Institutes of Health
493:Other complications include:
403:fertility: reversal of PCOS (
3421:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
3140:Double-contrast barium enema
2967:Partial ileal bypass surgery
2844:Esophagogastric dissociation
1819:"Lap Band vs Gastric Bypass"
1197:Laparoscopic gastric banding
990:American College of Surgeons
550:Band slippage/pouch dilation
147:Food and Drug Administration
3238:Bioartificial liver devices
3165:Transrectal ultrasonography
2006:Australian Family Physician
1440:Annals of Internal Medicine
1364:. July 2007. Archived from
821:Post-surgical diet and care
715:Losing weight after surgery
3595:
3160:Small-bowel follow-through
3028:Abdominoperineal resection
2887:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
2359:10.1381/096089293765559610
2316:10.1381/096089293765559791
2045:10.1381/096089291765561088
1975:10.1381/096089294765558494
1854:, Bariatric Surgery Source
1487:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5470
1423:Discovery Fit & Health
1315:February 23, 2011, at the
1067:"Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes"
536:Documented adverse effects
16:Inflatable silicone device
3520:Clinical prediction rules
3426:Intraperitoneal injection
3130:Abdominal ultrasonography
3038:Total mesorectal excision
2957:Intestine transplantation
2747:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
2729:High resolution manometry
2719:Esophageal motility study
2653:
2544:, thinforlife.med.nyu.edu
2449:10.1007/s11695-008-9646-0
2402:10.1007/s11695-008-9705-6
2142:10.1007/s11695-007-9036-z
1587:November 3, 2010, at the
1270:, thinforlife.med.nyu.edu
1025:Khaliah Ali (daughter of
936:Prof. Guy-Bernard Cadière
425:Biliopancreatic diversion
405:polycystic ovary syndrome
266:Types of adjustable bands
58:
26:
3375:Pancreas transplantation
3033:Lower anterior resection
2714:Esophageal pH monitoring
2656:Digestive system surgery
2252:World Journal of Surgery
1567:University of California
1556:LAP BAND Diet Guidelines
1452:Aim for a Healthy Weight
1347:August 27, 2010, at the
1175:10.1001/jama.292.14.1724
433:Gastric dumping syndrome
361:cardiopulmonary diseases
3469:Inguinal hernia surgery
3385:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
2768:Adjustable gastric band
2709:Impedance–pH monitoring
1425:. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
1300:. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
1203:. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
1113:"Gastric Band/Lap Band"
971:Single-port laparoscopy
930:The advent of surgical
910:and his assistant, Dr.
838:Cost of gastric banding
591:Gastroesophageal reflux
545:Band- and port-specific
478:Potential complications
22:Adjustable gastric band
3499:Exploratory laparotomy
3314:Hepatoportoenterostomy
2778:Gastric bypass surgery
2647:human digestive system
2221:10.1002/bjs.1800811042
2012:(10): 1017–8, 1020–2.
1042:gastric bypass surgery
1038:Professor Chris Oliver
973:(SPL) is an advanced,
736:
275:
162:
3474:Femoral hernia repair
3260:Liver transplantation
2854:Nissen fundoplication
2531:– via LA Times.
2264:10.1007/s002689900499
1886:10.1093/ajcn/33.2.515
727:
273:
160:
3071:Rubber band ligation
3010:Hartmann's operation
2079:Contemporary Surgery
1745:(10287): 1830–1841.
926:The laparoscopic era
852:Non-adjustable bands
673:Incisional infection
385:emotionally unstable
294:Surgical indications
274:Realize and Lap-Band
229:Clinical studies of
184:laparoscopic surgery
75:, commonly called a
3579:Implants (medicine)
3446:Peritoneal dialysis
3265:Portal hypertension
3170:Virtual colonoscopy
3145:Endoanal ultrasound
3061:Anorectal manometry
3056:Anal sphincterotomy
3000:Colonic polypectomy
2795:Collis gastroplasty
1909:Archives of Surgery
1532:Springer Publishing
1216:Columbia University
1011:Southern California
905:In early 1985, Dr.
772:in 2021 found that
461:Short hospital stay
180:"keyhole" operation
87:, is an inflatable
2940:Jejunoileal bypass
2783:Sleeve gastrectomy
2178:10.1007/BF01856030
1880:(2 Suppl): 515–7.
1561:2011-04-27 at the
1296:2016-01-17 at the
1285:2015-11-01 at the
1140:2015-03-30 at the
983:sleeve gastrectomy
975:minimally invasive
737:
488:Productive Burping
276:
204:lap band procedure
163:
140:metabolic syndrome
3574:Bariatric surgery
3561:
3560:
3506:Rapid urease test
3482:
3481:
3398:
3397:
3390:Puestow procedure
3352:Cholescintigraphy
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3198:Stool guaiac test
3108:Capsule endoscopy
2930:Bariatric surgery
2907:
2906:
2822:Gastroenterostomy
2763:Bariatric surgery
1623:Los Angeles Times
1195:Lee C, Zieve, D.
774:bariatric surgery
758:Monash University
745:systematic review
565:Port displacement
528:Internal bleeding
153:Working principle
104:bariatric surgery
69:
68:
3586:
3543:Child–Pugh score
3510:Urea breath test
3409:
3370:Frey's procedure
3347:Cholecystography
3221:
2918:
2753:Nasogastric tube
2678:
2669:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2488:. Archived from
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2467:. Archived from
2428:
2422:
2421:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2204:
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2197:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2093:
2087:
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2074:
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2028:
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2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1958:
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1778:
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1721:
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1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1682:. Archived from
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1633:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1579:
1570:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1523:
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1506:
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1416:
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1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1330:Lap band surgery
1326:
1320:
1307:
1301:
1277:
1271:
1265:
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1258:
1256:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1228:
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1193:
1187:
1186:
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1149:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1069:. Archived from
1063:
879:Adjustable bands
706:Band intolerance
698:Abnormal healing
142:, among others.
62:edit on Wikidata
31:
19:
3594:
3593:
3589:
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3587:
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3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3548:Ranson criteria
3514:
3478:
3450:
3394:
3356:
3325:Cholangiography
3321:Medical imaging
3304:Cholecystostomy
3299:Cholecystectomy
3281:
3202:
3174:
3086:Medical imaging
3080:
3042:
3014:
2976:
2972:Strictureplasty
2947:Bowel resection
2935:Duodenal switch
2903:
2874:Medical imaging
2868:
2733:
2664:Digestive tract
2658:
2649:
2643:
2596:
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2579:
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2548:
2540:
2536:
2526:
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2521:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:"Archived copy"
2481:
2480:
2476:
2443:(10): 1338–42.
2437:Obesity Surgery
2430:
2429:
2425:
2396:(12): 1628–31.
2390:Obesity Surgery
2387:
2386:
2382:
2347:Obesity Surgery
2344:
2343:
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2304:Obesity Surgery
2301:
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2201:
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2158:
2129:Obesity Surgery
2122:
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2033:Obesity Surgery
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2003:
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1998:
1963:Obesity Surgery
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1589:Wayback Machine
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1563:Wayback Machine
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1534:. p. 119.
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1169:(14): 1724–37.
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1048:Sharon Osbourne
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999:
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881:
854:
849:
840:
823:
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778:type 2 diabetes
722:
717:
712:
695:
631:
629:Body as a whole
578:
547:
538:
480:
449:
429:Duodenal Switch
417:
396:
354:Crohn's disease
296:
268:
260:saline solution
239:
200:
155:
108:body mass index
65:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3592:
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3553:Milan criteria
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3404:Abdominopelvic
3400:
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3387:
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3380:Pancreatectomy
3377:
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3257:
3252:
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3243:Liver dialysis
3240:
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3227:
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3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
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3201:
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3195:
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3188:Fecal fat test
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3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2913:Lower GI tract
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2894:Barium swallow
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2864:Schilling test
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2758:Gastric lavage
2755:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Heller myotomy
2696:
2690:
2688:
2675:
2673:Upper GI tract
2666:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2594:External links
2592:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2546:
2534:
2519:
2474:
2471:on 2012-07-13.
2423:
2380:
2337:
2294:
2285:
2242:
2199:
2156:
2115:
2098:Texas Medicine
2088:
2066:
2023:
1996:
1953:
1943:
1934:
1899:
1864:
1840:
1809:
1796:
1780:
1722:
1696:
1671:
1659:
1648:on May 8, 2013
1628:
1609:
1593:
1571:
1547:
1540:
1518:
1481:(3): 194–204.
1460:
1444:
1427:
1411:
1398:
1378:
1353:
1334:
1321:
1302:
1272:
1260:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1188:
1150:
1122:
1119:on 2010-08-13.
1101:
1083:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1030:
1018:
1015:
998:
995:
927:
924:
896:Lubomyr Kuzmak
885:Lubomyr Kuzmak
880:
877:
853:
850:
848:
845:
839:
836:
822:
819:
786:
783:
733:Chris Christie
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:
707:
704:
699:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
630:
627:
626:
625:
623:Diverticulosis
620:
615:
609:
604:
599:
593:
588:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:Port site pain
560:
557:
554:
551:
546:
543:
542:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
526:
522:
521:
520:
516:
509:
505:
501:
498:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:Quick recovery
462:
459:
456:
448:
445:
416:
413:
395:
392:
389:
388:
381:
373:Dependency on
371:
364:
357:
342:
340:hypothyroidism
336:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
295:
292:
267:
264:
238:
235:
216:Carbon dioxide
199:
196:
154:
151:
128:osteoarthritis
67:
66:
59:
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3591:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Hernia repair
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Fecal pH test
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:Sigmoidoscopy
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Pyloromyotomy
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Esophagectomy
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2495:on 2012-02-16
2491:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:(9): 955–63.
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:(3): 269–73.
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1829:on 2013-09-05
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:Denos, Matt.
1813:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1686:on 2007-10-22
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1647:
1643:
1642:New York Post
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1541:9783319271149
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1368:on 2007-11-13
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:. 2011-02-17.
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1073:on 2013-10-14
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:U.S. Congress
996:
994:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
925:
923:
921:
915:
913:
912:Peter Forsell
908:
903:
899:
897:
892:
888:
886:
878:
876:
872:
870:
864:
862:
857:
851:
846:
844:
837:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
801:
797:
792:
784:
782:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
759:
754:
751:
750:perioperative
746:
741:
734:
730:
726:
720:Effectiveness
719:
714:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
696:
693:Miscellaneous
692:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:Incision pain
675:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
535:
530:
527:
523:
517:
513:
512:
510:
506:
502:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
484:
477:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
455:
451:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
400:
393:
391:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
334:
333:
332:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
310:
306:
301:
300:
299:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
272:
265:
263:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
236:
234:
232:
227:
225:
224:video monitor
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
192:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
169:
159:
152:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:comorbidities
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
63:
54:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3441:Paracentesis
3255:Liver biopsy
3150:Enteroclysis
3135:Defecography
2990:Appendectomy
2767:
2584:
2576:
2565:. Retrieved
2563:. 2008-05-31
2558:
2549:
2537:
2522:
2497:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2477:
2469:the original
2440:
2436:
2426:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2353:(2): 207–9.
2350:
2346:
2340:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2215:(10): 1524.
2212:
2208:
2202:
2172:(1): 55–60.
2169:
2165:
2159:
2135:(2): 141–2.
2132:
2128:
2118:
2104:(10): 36–8.
2101:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2039:(3): 315–7.
2036:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1937:
1915:(5): 602–5.
1912:
1908:
1902:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1856:, retrieved
1850:
1848:Quinlan, J,
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1822:
1812:
1799:
1742:
1738:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1699:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:the original
1674:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1641:
1631:
1622:
1612:
1550:
1527:
1521:
1478:
1475:JAMA Surgery
1474:
1463:
1447:
1430:
1414:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1356:
1337:
1324:
1305:
1275:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1250:. 2017-01-18
1247:
1238:
1208:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1117:the original
1095:
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1061:
1033:Fern Britton
1027:Muhammad Ali
1020:
1000:
987:
969:
929:
920:ATOS Medical
916:
907:Dag Hallberg
904:
900:
893:
889:
882:
873:
865:
858:
855:
841:
832:
828:
824:
815:
812:
808:
804:
788:
767:
755:
742:
738:
688:Pancreatitis
618:Constipation
539:
492:
485:
481:
441:
437:
418:
401:
397:
390:
330:
309:hypertension
297:
281:
277:
257:
249:
240:
231:laparoscopic
228:
212:belly button
203:
201:
193:
176:
164:
144:
101:
84:
80:
76:
72:
70:
3431:Laparoscopy
3287:Gallbladder
3250:Hepatectomy
3180:Stool tests
3118:Proctoscopy
3113:Enteroscopy
3098:Colonoscopy
2982:Large bowel
2962:Jejunostomy
2922:Small bowel
2849:Hill repair
2832:Gastrostomy
2810:Billroth II
2800:Gastrectomy
2704:Sialography
2310:(1): 63–7.
1332:Healthroid.
932:laparoscopy
791:fluoroscope
685:Gall stones
679:Blood clots
598:obstruction
350:esophagitis
313:sleep apnea
120:sleep apnea
116:weight loss
39:Other names
3568:Categories
3494:Laparotomy
3436:Omentopexy
3413:Peritoneum
3048:Anal canal
2827:Gastropexy
2805:Billroth I
2567:2008-06-01
2560:BBC Online
2499:2012-02-17
1858:30 October
1715:16 January
1690:2007-09-24
1392:2021-05-29
1372:2007-07-18
1254:2021-01-04
1077:2012-08-06
1054:References
770:The Lancet
729:New Jersey
670:Chest pain
497:Ulceration
427:(BPD) and
168:peptide YY
118:, such as
3291:bile duct
3216:Accessory
3094:Endoscopy
3005:Colostomy
2995:Colectomy
2952:Ileostomy
2882:Endoscopy
2815:Roux-en-Y
2686:Esophagus
2585:USA Today
1775:234345414
1759:1474-547X
1495:2168-6254
1096:USA Today
1017:Awareness
894:In 1986,
731:Governor
682:Hair loss
651:Infection
635:Abdominal
611:Abnormal
602:Dysphagia
576:Digestive
531:Infection
504:bleeding.
284:Heliogast
237:Mechanics
172:digestion
95:to treat
3362:Pancreas
3103:Anoscopy
2508:cite web
2465:38896014
2457:18688685
2418:35445891
2410:18830779
2375:24296890
2367:10757923
2332:30354540
2324:10757907
2237:45837033
2194:27797621
2151:72483689
2061:21093576
2053:10775933
1983:10742785
1767:33965067
1585:Archived
1559:Archived
1513:31940024
1345:Archived
1313:Archived
1294:Archived
1283:Archived
1183:15479938
1138:Archived
941:Belachew
869:Gore-Tex
763:Allergan
702:Alopecia
641:Asthenia
607:Diarrhea
586:vomiting
409:estrogen
368:allergic
305:diabetes
208:incision
124:diabetes
89:silicone
77:lap-band
48:ICD-9-CM
42:Lap band
2739:Stomach
2280:3076317
2272:9717421
2229:7820493
2186:2711037
2110:4060078
2085:: 13–8.
2018:3936462
1991:8853792
1929:7235951
1894:7355831
1504:6990709
961:Belgium
949:Belgium
584:and/or
423:(RNY),
387:people.
375:alcohol
359:Severe
288:Midband
220:abdomen
188:stomach
97:obesity
93:stomach
3456:Hernia
3020:Rectum
2463:
2455:
2416:
2408:
2373:
2365:
2330:
2322:
2278:
2270:
2235:
2227:
2192:
2184:
2149:
2108:
2059:
2051:
2016:
1989:
1981:
1927:
1892:
1833:19 May
1773:
1765:
1757:
1739:Lancet
1652:May 7,
1538:
1511:
1501:
1493:
1181:
997:Safety
965:Sweden
861:Marlex
800:Reflux
796:barium
661:Hernia
613:stools
582:Nausea
346:ulcers
252:saline
81:A band
3538:UKELD
3487:Other
3225:Liver
2493:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2461:S2CID
2414:S2CID
2371:S2CID
2328:S2CID
2276:S2CID
2233:S2CID
2190:S2CID
2147:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1987:S2CID
1771:S2CID
1710:WebMD
979:navel
957:Italy
953:Padua
656:Fever
646:Death
596:Stoma
379:drugs
244:brain
138:, or
83:, or
60:[
53:44.95
3533:PELD
3528:MELD
3335:MRCP
3309:ERCP
2514:link
2453:PMID
2406:PMID
2363:PMID
2320:PMID
2268:PMID
2225:PMID
2182:PMID
2106:PMID
2049:PMID
2014:PMID
1979:PMID
1951:1983
1925:PMID
1890:PMID
1860:2014
1835:2013
1763:PMID
1755:ISSN
1717:2017
1654:2013
1536:ISBN
1509:PMID
1491:ISSN
1179:PMID
1163:JAMA
666:Pain
637:pain
508:fix.
286:and
132:GERD
85:LAGB
3340:PTC
2682:SGs
2445:doi
2398:doi
2355:doi
2312:doi
2260:doi
2217:doi
2174:doi
2170:189
2137:doi
2041:doi
1971:doi
1917:doi
1913:116
1882:doi
1747:doi
1743:397
1499:PMC
1483:doi
1479:155
1171:doi
1167:292
1009:in
945:Huy
377:or
366:An
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