860:, but the process was unprecedented. Because Adolf had been elected and crowned, the contemporary understanding was that he had been chosen by God to be the ruler and that the princes were breaking their oath in which they swore loyalty to the king. Therefore, included in the list of charges were some that, at first glance, appear peculiar today, such as the desecration of communion wafers and the simonistic extortion of money. Furthermore, there was no imperial legal procedure for the ousting of the king. Therefore, the princes relied on their right to vote, from which also they derived their right to oust a king. This argument was problematic insofar as the deposition of Frederick II was already a precedent for this case. According to church law, only the pope had the power to depose a king.
594:), pledges of imperial cities and castles, and a sum of 25,000 marks in silver. Furthermore, Adolf promised assistance against specifically listed opponents, but also the general promise that he would not admit any enemy of Siegfried II into his council. After the election, Adolf had to give the archbishop sufficient collateral for the fulfilment of the promise; otherwise he would lose his throne. The last clause is evidence of the fact that at the end of the 13th century, the coronation of the king as the constitutive moment of his rule was still very critical. Adolf promised the archbishop to ask him first for his coronation only after he had raised the agreed collateral.
978:(Hall of Kings). The picture depicts King Adolf with chest armor, a white coat; and wearing an iron crown with an "implied spiked helmet”; in his right hand he holds a sword and in the left a shield with an eagle. It also bears the Latin phrase "Praestat vir sine pecunia quam pecunia sine viro" (Better a man without money than money without a man). Since no contemporary images of the King exist, the portrait is an idealized representation by the artist in the spirit of historicism. It is not based on previous portraits, since Mücke considered other representations, such as the one attributed to Georg Friedrich Christian Seekatz, to be too moderate
805:, however, affected the interests of four of the electors. The Archbishop of Mainz asserted that a part of Thuringia was not an imperial fief, but rather a fief of the Archdiocese of Mainz. Wenceslaus II of Bohemia was not thrilled by the growing power of the emperor on his northern border, especially since Adolf had promised to give him the Margraviate of Meissen. Also, all the electors hoped to profit from the turmoil in Thuringia. In addition to the ostensible return of imperial fiefs to the empire, it can not be ruled out that Adolf was anxious to build a dynastic power base (albeit a small one).
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852:) on 23 June 1298 then led to a lawsuit against the king himself. The archbishop of Cologne and the king of Bohemia had previously authorised the archbishop of Mainz to act in their names. In these proceedings Adolf was charged with numerous crimes, including the continued breach of the peace in Thuringia and the breaking of the promises he had made to the archbishop of Mainz. Adolf was deemed unworthy of his office and had forfeited his royal dignity.
490:
869:
794:. He bought the Landgraviate from Albert in his capacity as king and probably using the payments from England. Legally, it was perfectly acceptable for Adolf to induce the feudal lord to abandon his fief and to bring the land under the empire. Furthermore, he seized the Margraviate of Meissen as an imperial fief, since it had been literally ownerless after the extinction of a collateral line of the
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as early as the coronation of King
Wenceslaus of Bohemia, on 2 June 1297. In January 1298, through the efforts of the archbishop of Mainz, Albert of Habsburg was brought to testify before an imperial court in order to find a compromise between Adolf and Albert. This did not happen; the two came close to battle in the Upper Rhine Valley and the matter was not resolved.
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692:. The disposition of the prestigious insignia and relics of the empire was an additional and important sign for the legitimacy of the reign of the king, but not a mandatory prerequisite. With each new document, Adolf moved a little farther away from his promises, without having to open himself up to breach of contract accusations.
610:, the father of Wenceslaus. Albert would be charged to agree to this arrangement at a court hearing. If Albert would not bend, the decision of the court would be executed by force within a year. Wenceslaus would then recover the lost territories of his father. Gerhard, the Archbishop of Mainz would receive the imperial cities of
647:
575:. Thereupon, the Count Palatine was forced to submit to the majority of the College of Electors. Siegfried therefore proposed to the Elector College to select Adolf of Nassau as king. They were ready to elect him, provided he make extensive concessions to the Electors and follow their political demands.
754:, mediated, therefore, the alliance between Edward I and Adolf for his protection against France. That the alliance was construed by his contemporaries as purely mercenary, and the fact that Adolf did not comply with its obligations, damaged his reputation, but this was initially without consequences.
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for the Duchy. It was named for King Adoph as the most important representative of Walram line of the House of Nassau. Although the Duchy of Nassau was annexed by
Prussia in 1866, Duke Adolf maintained and renewed the Order when he became Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Until today, it is a respected Order
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On 1 May 1298, the archbishop of Mainz invited the king to his court, so that the dispute could be decided there. Archbishop
Gerhard claimed he was authorised to do so as imperial arch-chancellor of Germany, according to an old legal principle. Adolf, as a party to the conflict, could not at the same
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In
February 1298, the situation became alarming for Adolf because Wenceslaus II and Albert of Habsburg put aside their years of disputes over Austria and Styria, and reached an agreement in the event that Adolf was deposed and Albert elected in his place. There may have been a meeting of the electors
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region. Furthermore, Gerhard received financial benefits. Like his counterpart in
Cologne, the Mainz elector also forbade the presence of his opponents in Adolf’s court. In comparison to the benefits which the electors of Mainz, Cologne and Bohemian received, the donations to the Count Palatine and
808:
First, Adolf succeeded in securing his acquisitions diplomatically and provoking the
Margrave of Brandenburg toward active support and the Archbishop of Mainz and the Duke of Saxony toward at least acquiescence of the purchase. Two bloody campaigns against the sons of Albert the Degenerate were
472:
After his election, King Adolf of Nassau would only rarely be in his home country, having transferred the government there to his burgmen. On 17 January 1294, he purchased
Weilburg for 400 pounds from the Bishopric of Worms. He granted Weilburg town privileges on 29 December 1295. He also
669:. Despite the tight specifications, Adolf soon emancipated himself from his Electors and concluded pacts with their opponents. Thus, for example, he confirmed the rights of the nobles and the city of Cologne, who had turned against their ruler, and even extended these rights.
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It is remarkable that Adolf was not excommunicated by the Pope before being deposed. The pope was probably not even included in the deposition procedure. The princes, it is true, did try to formulate their arguments similarly to
Innocent IV’s statement in the deposition of
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To depose Adolf was one thing; it was another to enforce the decision against him. Adolf refused to accept this decision, but the conflict between him and the princely opposition was soon decided on the battlefield. On 2 July 1298 the armies of Adolf and Albert met at the
970:
Probably in the 19th century, the legend arose that Adolf was a count from the
Nuremberg area. This misconception was probably based on confusion with Emich I of Nassau-Hadamar, who after his marriage to Anne of Nuremberg around 1300 was the holder of Kammerstein Castle.
757:
Adolf began recruiting troops in the empire for a war against France. On 31 August 1294, he sent a declaration of war to the French king, alleging that the latter had seized rights and possessions of the empire. King Philip responded contemptuously on 9 March 1295.
695:
Adolf acted as a self-assured ruler in other ways as well. His court was an attraction for all who sought protection from the powerful emerging territorial lords. He held numerous court days. At the beginning of his reign, he renewed the general public peace
809:
necessary to secure the acquisitions and a peace assured the achievements. Two years later, in the summer of 1296, Adolf proudly announced on the invitation to a court day that he had by his actions significantly increased the possessions of the empire.
880:
as the new king. How this election took place is not very clear today, as the chroniclers have little to report. The question is open, for example, whether Albert actually initially did not want to accept the choice, as he would later assert against
448:
Before his election, Adolf’s political activities had been limited to his role as
Bundesgenosse of the Archbishop of Cologne. Adolf had no particular office, but likely became known through his involvement with the Archbishops of Cologne and
597:
The other electors extracted similar concessions from Adolf, but only after the election. Among the most far-reaching were the concessions to King Wenceslaus of Bohemia on 30 June 1292. Adolf promised Wenceslaus to remove the two duchies of
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time act as judge and saw these charges as a provocation given that Albert was raising arms against him, the rightful king. Therefore, the meeting planned for 15 June, at which the dispute was to be resolved, did not take place.
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Hektor Wilhelm von Günderode; Geschichte des Römischen Königs Adolphs nach denen Urkunden und gleichzeitigen Geschichtsschreibern (History of the Roman King Adolph from his Documents and Contemporary Historians);
722:
Also, the recovery and management of imperial property was important to him. He succeeded, through clever marriage policy, to bring former imperial properties back under the control of the emperor.
825:
The electors probably did not plan from the beginning to depose the king, but as events unfolded this result became more inevitable. The reason for the clashes was Adolf’s Thuringia policy. On
1837:
The medieval sources on the death are discussed by Manuel Kamenzin, Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349) (Mittelalter-Forschungen 64), Ostfildern 2020, pp. 332–351. (
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As he had agreed with the Archbishop of Cologne, Adolf remained in his dominion for four months after his election. The archbishop awaited from the king a revision of the results of the
552:
Archbishop Siegfried believed that the Emperor should not receive the crown as an inheritance from his father, but should be freely selected by the College of Electors. He convinced the
1972:
Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters, Historische Porträts von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (The German rulers of the Middle Ages, Historical Portraits of Henry I to Maximilian I)
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1297 the elector of Brandenburg, duke of Saxony, and king of Bohemia joined together to enforce their interests. The elector of Mainz, Gerhard II, was associated with this group.
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Castle destroyed. The feud was settled in 1283, after which the city and the castle were rebuilt. Sonnenberg, along with Idstein, became Adolf’s residence. He granted Idstein
1850:
On the funeral in Rosenthal see Manuel Kamenzin, Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349) (Mittelalter-Forschungen 64), Ostfildern 2020, pp. 430–432 (
2005:
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built a grave monument in the vestibule of the cathedral. Leo von Klenze was commissioned with the design, which shows King Adolf in armor kneeling in prayer.
336:(died after 1313) and they had eight children. Agnes of Isenburg-Limburg, the sister of Imagina, was married to Henry (Heinrich) of Westerburg, the brother of
521:"the Rigorous" promised to choose Albert. Wenceslaus, despite Rudolf's recognition of his electoral vote, refused to support Albert because he would not cede
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In 1841 Duke Adolf of Nassau commissioned a portrait of Adolf by the DĂĽsseldorf painter Heinrich MĂĽcke. In 1843 this painting was hung in the Frankfurt
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1914:(1998). "Das Bildnis König Adolfs von Nassau im Frankfurter Kaisersaal (The Portrait of King Adolf of Nassau in the Frankfurt Hall of Emperors)".
719:. Many of today's historians, however, view it as an innovative way to open up new state revenue sources, as other Western European kings did.
913:. After violent attacks, Adolf fell together with his standard-bearers and a few faithful. Adolf’s army turned to flee and quickly dispersed.
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Johann Geissel; Die Schlacht am Hasenbühl und das Königskreuz zu Göllheim (The Battle of Hasenbühl and the King's Cross of Göllheim); 1835.
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501:(Albrecht) as his successor. He was thwarted, however, by the opposition of the Archbishop of Cologne, Siegfried II of Westerburg, and the
582:, stating that for Adolf to be chosen king he must promise a long list of acknowledgments of possession (including the imperial cities of
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Rudolf I of Habsburg died on 15 July 1291. For many years before his death, Rudolf had tried to secure the election of his eldest son
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Jean Scoos: Orden und Ehrenzeichen in Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866 (Orders and decorations in the Duchy of Nassau 1806–1866), p. 95.
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transferred Adolf’s remains to the Speyer Cathedral, where he was buried next to Albert, who had been murdered in 1308. In 1824,
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because of the electors' preference for a weak king. His power was limited from the outset because of the commitments he made.
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In 1276 or 1277, Adolf followed his father as Count of Nassau. From his father, he inherited the family’s lands south of the
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Gerlich, Alois (1994). "Adolf von Nassau (1292–1298) – Aufstieg und Sturz eines Königs, Herrscheramt und Kurfürstenfronde".
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and was awarded 60 000 pounds sterling, which corresponded to 90 000 gold marks. The pact had been preceded by attempts by
680:. As a clever diplomat, Albert of Habsburg avoided a confrontation with the new king. In exchange for his surrender of the
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A meeting between the archbishop of Mainz, Count Albrecht of Saxony-Wittenberg, and three margraves of Brandenburg (
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from Albert of Habsburg. This was to be done as the previous King Rudolf had removed these territories from King
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A few days before the election, on 27 April 1292, the first of the electors, Archbishop Siegfried issued the
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Deposition of Adolf and Election of Albert, illustration from the Chronicles of the Bishops of WĂĽrzburg
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Herde, Peter (2000). "From Adolf of Nassau to Lewis of Bavaria, 1292–1347". In Jones, Michael (ed.).
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Adolf was the reigning count of a small German state. He was born about 1255 and was the son of
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Das Heilige Römische Reich im Spätmittelalter (The Holy Roman Empire in the Late Middle Ages)
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as one of his major tools of power. He demanded from the spiritual princes a payment, called
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541:. Wenceslaus succeeded in bringing the Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony over to his side:
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429:. King Rudolf awarded him with the Burghauptmannamt (Castle Lordship) of Kalsmunt Castle in
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Albert did not allow the followers of Adolf to bury the body of the fallen king in the
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signed an elector pact on 29 November 1291 that he would vote the same as Wenceslaus;
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1691:"Being Nassau: Nassau Family Histories and Dutch National Identity from 1541 to 1616"
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In 1294, when Adolf’s rule was at its height, he concluded an alliance with the King
700:) of Rudolf I for another ten years, and brought about at least two regional peaces.
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Depiction of Adolf’s death at the Battle of Göllheim, by Master Simon, Koblenz, 1829
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of several rivalling comital houses striving after the Roman-German royal dignity.
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At the start of his reign, Adolf had neither influence nor power, and was elected
1992:
Deutsche Geschichte des Spätmittelalters (German History of the Late Middle Ages)
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Through his uncle, Eberhard I of Katzenelnbogen, Adolf came to the court of King
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1765:"I. Edward I and Adolf of Nassau. A Chapter of Mediaeval Diplomatic History"
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in 1298. He was never crowned by the pope, which would have secured him the
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Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
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630:, the Archbishop of Mainz, in the name of all the electors, elected Adolf
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384:. He also shared ownership of the family homelands around the castles of
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19th-century monument to Adolf from the vestibule of Speyer Cathedral
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Adolf also very quickly broke the promises concerning the Duchies of
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to him. He took the side of the nobles in the core Habsburg areas of
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in 1288. He had hoped to win again greater influence in the city of
533:, with whom Albert was unpopular. Wenceslaus was supported by Duke
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Order and Disorder: The Poor Clares between Foundation and Reform
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282:. He was the first physically and mentally healthy ruler of the
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Part of the image of King Adolf in the Frankfurt Hall of Kings
1023:) (died 2 December 1304), betrothed to Agnes, daughter of
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Wegele, Franz Xaver von (1875). "Adolf, Graf von Nassau".
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and had been occupied by a son of Albert the Degenerate.
618:, which corresponded with the interests of Mainz in the
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Andreas Marchetti: Works on the Deposed Adolf of Nassau
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1970:
Bernd SchneidmĂĽller; Stefan Weinfurter, eds. (2003).
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Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
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2110:(2). Innsbruck: Univ.-Verlag Wagner. Archived from
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The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300–c. 1415
1668:"Menzel (Michael). Die Zeit der Entwürfe 1273–1347"
981:On 8 May 1858, Duke Adolf of Nassau established a
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959:On 29 August 1309, Albert I’s successor, Emperor
876:Following Adolf’s deposition came the election of
1008:and Imagina of Blieskastel. Their children were:
301:He was the second in the succession of so-called
2088:Bibliography of King Adolf of Nassau (1292–1298)
1968:Reinle,Christine (2003). "Adolf von Nassau", in
1063:Rudolf I "the Stammerer", Duke of Upper Bavaria
924:. Therefore, Adolf was initially buried in the
778:, where fighting had erupted between Landgrave
537:, whose family were traditional enemies of the
2278:
992:calls him "a stalwart but necessitous Herr".
774:A little later, Adolf intervened in war-torn
766:of Adolf in the event of an outbreak of war.
8:
2018:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press.
1108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
529:and in their newly acquired territories in
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2263:
2161:
2004:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1854:). On the transfer to Speyer: pp. 453-457.
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1140:
943:and was only later transferred to Speyer.
469:, which was rare at that time for nobles.
395:Around 1280, Adolf became involved in the
29:
20:
1128:Learn how and when to remove this message
850:Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
638:on 24 June by the Archbishop of Cologne.
2031:. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot: 89–92.
1974:(in German). MĂĽnchen: Verlag C.H. Beck.
1406:12. Diether III, Count of Katzenelnbogen
842:Otto IV, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal
1672:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
1631:
290:. Adolf died shortly afterwards in the
1997:
1954:: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
1495:
1429:6. Diether IV, Count of Katzenelnbogen
1387:
1383:
1373:
1265:
1158:
1154:
1144:Ancestors of Adolf, King of the Romans
418:in 1287 and built its fortifications.
274:from 1292 until his deposition by the
35:Small throne seal of King Adolf (1298)
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864:Election of Albert and death of Adolf
623:the Archbishop of Trier were modest.
7:
1514:14. Eberhard III, Count of Eberstein
1106:adding citations to reliable sources
1030:Gerlach I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden
16:Late 13th century King of the Romans
634:(Emperor-Elect). He was crowned in
286:ever to be deposed without a papal
211:Mechthild, Duchess of Upper Bavaria
14:
2046:Literature from Wikimedia Commons
1929:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia
1566:15. Kunigunde of Andechs-Meranien
986:of Merit of the House of Nassau.
983:Military and Civil Order of Merit
493:Portrait by Arnold Montanus, 1662
441:(where he became a vassal of the
266:(c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was the
2856:13th-century Kings of the Romans
2075:
1763:Barraclough, G. (January 1940).
1707:10.1179/155909011X12930363744106
1689:Geevers, Liesbeth (March 2011).
1078:
846:Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg
270:from about 1276 and the elected
253:
294:fighting against his successor
2142:Genealogies of the Middle Ages
2025:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
1039:Walram III of Nassau-Wiesbaden
1006:Gerlach IV of Isenburg-Limburg
485:Election as King of the Romans
1:
2128:"Adolf, King of the Romans".
1481:3. Adelheid of Katzenelnbogen
1057:(before 1280 – 19 June 1323,
711:, for their enfeoffment with
332:Adolf was married in 1270 to
2886:People from Donnersbergkreis
2861:13th-century Roman Catholics
2100:"Adolf von Nassau 1291–1298"
1769:Cambridge Historical Journal
922:Imperial Cathedral of Speyer
443:Counts Palatine of the Rhine
2866:Burials at Speyer Cathedral
1620:German monarchs family tree
1002:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
549:made a similar commitment.
334:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
195:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
2907:
2787:North German Confederation
2703:Confederation of the Rhine
2166:Adolf, King of the Romans
1931:. Routledge. p. 928.
1537:7. Hildegunde of Eberstein
1489:
1458:13. Berchta of Lichtenberg
1385:
1259:
1250:Walram II, Count of Nassau
1225:9. Kunigunde of Ziegenhain
1156:
513:. Only the Count Palatine
457:and Mainz areas. He spoke
360:Mountains. These included
338:Siegfried II of Westerburg
315:Walram II, Count of Nassau
233:Walram II, Count of Nassau
207:Gerlach I, Count of Nassau
2881:Monarchs killed in action
2246:
2237:
2229:
2219:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2164:
2098:Samanek, Vincenz (1948).
2082:Adolph I, Count of Nassau
1781:10.1017/S147469130000370X
1553:
1545:
1520:
1501:
1497:
1464:
1445:
1437:
1412:
1393:
1389:
1351:
1329:
1321:
1293:
1286:Otto I, Count of Guelders
1271:
1267:
1231:
1212:
1204:
1195:Henry II, Count of Nassau
1176:
1169:Walram I, Count of Nassau
1160:
750:. The Count of Flanders,
535:Otto III of Lower Bavaria
433:and a year later that of
348:Career as Count of Nassau
57:5 May 1292 – 23 June 1298
28:
2871:House of Nassau-Weilburg
2755:Archduke John of Austria
1946:Prietzel, Malte (2004).
1639:Newton, Michael (2014).
1025:Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
897:is situated in northern
481:near Wiesbaden in 1296.
2876:Landgraves of Thuringia
1994:(in German). Stuttgart.
893:. The small village of
453:in the politics of the
1990:Thomas, Heinz (1983).
1927:Jeep, John M. (2001).
965:Duke William of Nassau
956:
873:
822:
803:Margraviate of Meissen
801:This purchase and the
688:, and the Lordship of
651:
590:, and the Vogtship of
547:Otto IV of Brandenburg
494:
321:. Adolf’s brother was
106:ca. 1276 – 2 July 1298
1666:Péporté, Pit (2013).
996:Marriage and children
954:
871:
820:
780:Albert the Degenerate
770:Policies in Thuringia
726:Alliance with England
649:
608:Ottokar II of Bohemia
558:Gerard II of Eppstein
492:
342:Archbishop of Cologne
158:2 July 1298 (aged 43)
2768:German Confederation
2722:German Confederation
2114:on 12 September 2018
2084:at Wikimedia Commons
2036:Roest, Bert (2013).
1344:Richardis of Bavaria
1102:improve this section
1051:Imagina, died young.
1044:Adelheid, Abbess of
899:Rhineland-Palatinate
878:Albert I of Habsburg
397:Nassau-Eppstein Feud
325:, who was appointed
2307:Carolingian dynasty
2294:Monarchs of Germany
1922:. Wiesbaden: 73–89.
1916:Nassauische Annalen
1906:. Wiesbaden: 17–78.
1900:Nassauische Annalen
1738:, pp. 515–516.
1312:Matilda of Guelders
1048:, died 26 May 1338.
740:Philip IV of France
732:Edward I of England
663:Battle of Worringen
632:King of the Germans
580:Treaty of Andernach
569:Archbishop of Trier
554:Archbishop of Mainz
543:Albert II of Saxony
327:Archbishop of Trier
2392:Kingdom of Germany
2356:Kingdom of Germany
2207:King of the Romans
1986:, pp. 360–371
1035:Adolf (1292–1294).
957:
891:Battle of Göllheim
883:Pope Boniface VIII
874:
823:
760:Pope Boniface VIII
748:County of Flanders
652:
495:
382:Bishopric of Worms
296:Albert of Habsburg
292:Battle of Göllheim
47:King of the Romans
2833:
2832:
2759:
2758:(Imperial Regent)
2397:Holy Roman Empire
2326:Louis the Younger
2261:
2260:
2247:Succeeded by
2220:Succeeded by
2080:Media related to
2010:, pp. 86 ff.
1652:978-1-61069-286-1
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1138:
1137:
1130:
947:Historical legacy
744:Duchy of Burgundy
628:Frankfurt am Main
626:On 5 May 1292 in
408:Lords of Eppstein
323:Diether of Nassau
284:Holy Roman Empire
261:
260:
2898:
2757:
2316:Louis the German
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2244:1276–1298
2230:Preceded by
2217:1292–1298
2197:Preceded by
2187:
2180:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2093:
2079:
2065:
2056:
2041:
2032:
2019:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1985:
1965:
1942:
1923:
1907:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1636:
1150:
1141:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1082:
1074:
1046:Klarenthal Abbey
938:
911:Donnersbergkreis
752:Guy of Dampierre
682:Imperial Regalia
566:
473:established the
435:Gutenfels Castle
405:
317:and Adelheid of
257:
183:Speyer Cathedral
181:, then moved to
180:
70:Aachen Cathedral
33:
21:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2891:Royal reburials
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2740:
2716:
2697:
2564:Frederick (III)
2395:
2386:
2354:
2345:
2341:Louis the Child
2331:Charles the Fat
2305:
2296:
2291:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2240:Count of Nassau
2235:
2225:
2216:
2212:King of Germany
2209:
2202:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:House of Nassau
2167:
2155:
2145:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2104:Regesta Imperii
2097:
2091:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2013:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1969:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1926:
1910:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1678:(4): 1392–1394.
1665:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1616:
1611:
1370:Adolf of Nassau
1134:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1099:
1083:
1072:
998:
949:
939:in present-day
932:
930:Rosenthal Abbey
909:in present-day
866:
815:
796:House of Wettin
772:
764:excommunication
742:to conquer the
728:
713:regalian rights
703:Adolf used the
644:
560:
503:King of Bohemia
487:
416:town privileges
399:
350:
311:
288:excommunication
276:prince-electors
272:king of Germany
268:count of Nassau
223:House of Nassau
209:
186:
174:
172:Rosenthal Abbey
159:
139:
97:Count of Nassau
68:
44:
42:King of Germany
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2777:Franz Joseph I
2773:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Lothair II/III
2462:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:Regnal titles
2189:
2188:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2125:
2095:
2085:
2071:
2070:External links
2068:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2020:
2011:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1943:
1937:
1924:
1908:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:, p. 140.
1874:
1865:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1828:, p. 519.
1818:
1816:, p. 518.
1806:
1804:, p. 517.
1794:
1775:(3): 225–262.
1755:
1753:, p. 516.
1740:
1728:
1695:Dutch Crossing
1681:
1658:
1651:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1547:
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1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
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1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
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1519:
1516:
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1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
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1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1017:
1016:), died young.
1004:, daughter of
997:
994:
990:Thomas Carlyle
948:
945:
903:Kaiserslautern
865:
862:
814:
811:
771:
768:
727:
724:
643:
640:
486:
483:
349:
346:
319:Katzenelnbogen
310:
307:
280:imperial title
259:
258:
251:
247:
246:
244:Katzenelnbogen
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
204:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Frederick III
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:German Empire
2803:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:German Empire
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Ferdinand III
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Maximilian II
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Frederick III
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2106:(in German).
2105:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:(in German).
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:3-406-50958-4
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1961:3-534-15131-3
1957:
1953:
1950:(in German).
1949:
1944:
1940:
1938:0-8240-7644-3
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1918:(in German).
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:(in German).
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
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1815:
1810:
1807:
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1759:
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1700:
1696:
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1662:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1643:
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1632:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
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1590:
1588:
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1580:
1578:
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1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1129:
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1118:December 2020
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1087:This section
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1081:
1076:
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1064:
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984:
979:
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953:
946:
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942:
936:
931:
928:monastery of
927:
923:
919:
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912:
908:
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843:
838:
834:
830:
828:
819:
812:
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806:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:and his sons
781:
777:
769:
767:
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761:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
723:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:feudal system
701:
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675:
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664:
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656:Rex Romanorum
648:
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519:Upper Bavaria
516:
512:
510:
509:Václav/Wenzel
504:
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491:
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356:River in the
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27:
22:
19:
2653:Ferdinand IV
2643:Ferdinand II
2613:Maximilian I
2590:
2573:
2543:
2531:
2516:Henry (VIII)
2514:
2500:Frederick II
2455:Conrad (III)
2447:
2440:
2374:
2351:East Francia
2302:East Francia
2238:
2210:(informally
2205:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2136:(in German).
2131:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2107:
2103:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2015:
1991:
1971:
1947:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1912:Even, Pierre
1903:
1899:
1877:
1868:
1863:Even (1998).
1859:
1846:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1731:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1645:. ABC-CLIO.
1641:
1634:
1369:
1124:
1115:
1100:Please help
1088:
1020:
1013:
999:
988:
980:
975:
973:
969:
958:
917:
915:
887:
875:
858:Frederick II
854:
839:
835:
831:
824:
807:
800:
788:Theodoric IV
773:
756:
729:
721:
708:
702:
697:
694:
686:Windic March
671:
660:
655:
653:
625:
596:
577:
551:
508:
507:Wenceslaus (
496:
471:
455:Middle Rhine
447:
420:
394:
351:
331:
312:
300:
263:
262:
242:Adelheid of
67:24 June 1292
18:
2851:1298 deaths
2846:1255 births
2808:(1871–1918)
2789:(1867–1871)
2770:(1850–1866)
2748:(1848/1849)
2736:Ferdinand I
2724:(1815–1848)
2705:(1806–1813)
2673:Charles VII
2623:Ferdinand I
2505:Henry (VII)
2480:Frederick I
2156:(in German)
2146:(in German)
2092:(in German)
2064:(in German)
2055:(in German)
1701:(1): 4–19.
1061:), married
1000:He married
933: [
698:Landfrieden
561: [
400: [
303:count-kings
175: [
111:Predecessor
76:Predecessor
2840:Categories
2825:William II
2712:Napoleon I
2693:Francis II
2688:Leopold II
2668:Charles VI
2581:Wenceslaus
2569:Charles IV
2475:Henry (VI)
2470:Conrad III
2399:(962–1806)
2394:within the
2304:during the
2255:Walram III
2118:7 February
1892:Literature
1882:Roest 2013
1826:Herde 2000
1814:Herde 2000
1802:Herde 2000
1751:Herde 2000
1736:Herde 2000
1626:References
1059:Heidelberg
976:Kaisersaal
941:Kerzenheim
926:Cistercian
813:Deposition
620:Thuringian
616:Nordhausen
612:MĂĽhlhausen
573:Bohemund I
479:Klarenthal
412:Sonnenberg
390:Laurenburg
380:under the
372:, and the
63:Coronation
45:(formally
2815:William I
2796:William I
2731:Francis I
2683:Joseph II
2678:Francis I
2658:Leopold I
2633:Rudolf II
2618:Charles V
2603:Albert II
2598:Sigismund
2554:Henry VII
2510:Conrad IV
2431:Henry III
2426:Conrad II
2358:(919–962)
2353:(911–919)
2309:(843–911)
2250:Gerlach I
2233:Walram II
2000:cite book
1952:Darmstadt
1789:2051-9818
1723:159720302
1715:0309-6564
1089:does not
1070:Ancestors
961:Henry VII
918:Kaiserdom
827:Pentecost
784:Frederick
776:Thuringia
709:Lehnsware
690:Pordenone
539:Habsburgs
523:Carinthia
477:abbey of
406:with the
362:Wiesbaden
329:in 1300.
250:Signature
141:Wiesbaden
125:Robert VI
121:Successor
115:Walram II
86:Successor
2663:Joseph I
2638:Matthias
2559:Louis IV
2549:Albert I
2539:Rudolf I
2485:Henry VI
2436:Henry IV
2421:Henry II
2416:Otto III
2365:Conrad I
2321:Carloman
2223:Albert I
2200:Rudolf I
2040:. Brill.
1614:See also
1021:Ruprecht
1019:Robert (
1014:Heinrich
901:between
895:Göllheim
746:and the
734:against
588:Duisburg
584:Dortmund
515:Louis II
475:Clarisse
427:Habsburg
423:Rudolf I
378:Weilburg
374:Vogtship
370:fiefdoms
161:Göllheim
90:Albert I
80:Rudolf I
2575:GĂĽnther
2533:Alfonso
2527:Richard
2522:William
2495:Otto IV
2460:Henry V
2449:Hermann
2411:Otto II
2370:Henry I
2158:. (PDF)
1110:removed
1095:sources
1055:Matilda
1012:Henry (
792:Lusatia
674:Austria
667:Cologne
600:Austria
531:Austria
431:Wetzlar
366:Idstein
185:in 1309
149:Germany
2586:Rupert
2490:Philip
2442:Rudolf
2406:Otto I
2382:Otto I
2376:Arnulf
2336:Arnulf
2252:&
2182:
2179:c 1255
1978:
1958:
1935:
1852:online
1839:online
1787:
1721:
1713:
1649:
920:, the
736:France
717:simony
678:Styria
636:Aachen
604:Styria
527:Swabia
499:Albert
465:, and
463:French
459:German
386:Nassau
358:Taunus
340:, the
309:Family
239:Mother
229:Father
191:Spouse
167:Burial
103:Tenure
2592:Jobst
2544:Adolf
2184:Died:
2177:Born:
2061:1779.
1719:S2CID
937:]
907:Worms
642:Reign
592:Essen
565:]
467:Latin
451:Mainz
437:near
404:]
368:, as
264:Adolf
218:House
202:Issue
179:]
145:Hesse
54:Reign
24:Adolf
2186:1298
2120:2009
2006:link
1976:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1785:ISSN
1711:ISSN
1647:ISBN
1342:11.
1284:10.
1093:any
1091:cite
905:and
848:and
786:and
676:and
614:and
602:and
586:and
511:) II
439:Kaub
388:and
364:and
354:Lahn
155:Died
138:1255
135:Born
1920:109
1904:105
1777:doi
1703:doi
1368:1.
1310:5.
1248:2.
1193:4.
1167:8.
1104:by
790:of
517:of
445:).
425:of
376:in
2842::
2214:)
2154:.
2144:.
2102:.
2090:.
2002:}}
1998:{{
1783:.
1771:.
1767:.
1743:^
1717:.
1709:.
1699:35
1697:.
1693:.
1676:91
1674:.
1670:.
935:de
885:.
844:,
571:,
563:de
556:,
505:,
461:,
402:de
392:.
344:.
298:.
177:de
147:,
143:,
2286:e
2279:t
2272:v
2148:.
2138:.
2124:.
2122:.
2108:6
2094:.
2029:1
2008:)
1984:.
1964:.
1941:.
1841:)
1791:.
1779::
1773:6
1725:.
1705::
1655:.
1131:)
1125:(
1120:)
1116:(
1112:.
1098:.
1065:.
1041:.
1032:.
696:(
49:)
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