754:
198:
801:, one of Rhemen's divisions retreated, resulting in the surrender of around 7,000 troops. Recognising the demoralised state and incapacity for further resistance within XIII Corps, Rhemen conveyed to Pflanzer-Baltin that the battle was lost. The Russian advance pushed the Seventh Army, which lost 57% of its strength, back to the Carpathian's foothills. In July 1916 Rhemen was dismissed from his command. He was replaced by Lieutenant Field Marshal Maximilian Csicserics von Bacsány, as the new commanding general of XIII Corps. Rhemen commanded the Habsburg XIII Corps from 12 October 1912 until July 1916.
704:
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680:, Potiorek launched a second Habsburg invasion into Serbia, near the confluence of the Drina and Sava, with an offensive by the Fifth Army's VIII and XIII Corps. By the third week of September, after sustaining heavy losses, both sides settled into trench warfare. On 20 October Potiorek announced the end of the offensive. Military historian Mark Clodfelter reports 40,000 Austro-Hungarian casualties and 30,000 for the Serbian army during this second invasion attempt. Two Austrian corps sustained nearly 30,000 casualties, while one Serbian division suffered 6,000.
867:, promising to bring "order and justice". Shortly after Rhemen's nomination, Tisza expressed concerns about Rhemen's connections in Croatia in a letter to the emperor: "'I ask His Majesty to note that despite General Rhemen's excellent personal qualities, I also harbour reservations due to his relationships in Croatia. I respectfully submit that, in the interest of preventing further disruptions, it would be highly desirable for Hungarians to be appointed to both positions, individuals of non-Slavic origin with no ties to South Slavic communities."
845:
634:, forcing a withdrawal and blocking key routes. Ordered to continue alone after the 21st Division's destruction, XIII Corps, along with IV Corps, intensified its push eastward. On 18 August, XIII Corps attacked again, with the 36th capturing a strategic hill. However, Serbian counterattacks forced a withdrawal towards Loznica. With VIII Corps retreating, XIII Corps defended its flank, allowing orderly withdrawal across the Drina. By 24 August, all Austro-Hungarian forces had evacuated Serbia, marking the end of the campaign.
36:
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692:. On 3 December, a massive Serbian counteroffensive recaptured Valjevo by 7 December. Serbian forces then targeted XIII Corps along the Kolubara. Despite orders to hold, XIII Corps, stretched thin, suffered heavy losses. Panic ensued on 7 December when a bridge collapsed during retreat. By mid-December, Habsburg forces retreated across the Sava, evacuating Belgrade before the Serbs reentered their city on 15 December.
470:. On 12 October 1912, he assumed command of XIII Corps, and the Agram (Zagreb) Military District. His promotion was part of the Dual Monarchy's policy, which mandated that a German general take command of the corps and commissariat in Zagreb. On 28 June 1914, at the Zagreb railway station, he informed General
683:
On 6 November, Potiorek launched a general offensive, commencing the third
Habsburg invasion. XIII Corps now part of the Sixth Army, joined XV Corps in a frontal assault on the Serbian 3rd Army, while other units encircled the Second and Third Armies. By the next day, Serbian forces began withdrawing
769:
in mid-January 1915. A component of Army Group
Pflanzer-Baltin, XIII Corps participated in the First Carpathian Offensive (23 January – 26 February 1915) with its two divisions, the 36th Infantry Division and the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division. On 8 May 1915, Army Group Pflanzer-Baltin became the
739:
who conducted an investigation into Austro-Hungarian crimes shortly after they took place, reported that in northwestern Serbia, the
Habsburg troops ruthlessly massacred thousands of civilians with unparalleled brutality. On 13 August, Potiorek ordered all units to seize hostages, carry out reprisal
878:
of males capable of bearing arms, starting from the age of seventeen. Many fled into the woods where they were pursued by military expeditions. Those suspected of encouraging others to flee were subjected to summary court martial and executed. Within two months, 16,000 Serbs were sent to internment
887:
bands. Under Rhemen's order, villages found to have aided
Serbian rebels,to have aided Serbian rebels faced the internment of their entire male population.. Individuals suspected of assisting the rebels, directly or indirectly, or found in possession of weapons, were subject to summary execution.
820:
question. In addition Rhemen's fluency in Serbo-Croatian, acquired through his service in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and in
Croatia, made him a qualified candidate for leadership positions in the region. Following the defeat of the Serbian army and the occupation of Serbia in July 1916, the high
744:
partisan raids. Some of those crimes were committed by the 42nd Home Guard
Division around Zvornik, but also by other units in towns and villages such as Krupanj and Zavlaka, where groups of peasant men, women, and children were shot after being tied together. Rhemen allegedly justified these
699:
retreat into
Austria-Hungary marked the end of the campaign. The Serbian campaign was a terrible defeat for the dual monarchy, as its 450,000 troops faced off against a small peasant army that unexpectedly defended its homeland successfully. The campaign resulted in 273,804 Austro-Hungarian
630:, the 36th Division suffered heavy losses. The 42nd Division, crossing the Drina, followed by Bosniak militia members who began pillaging and burning villages, faced resistance but managed to advance to Krupanj before clashing with Serbian forces. On 15 August, XIII Corps engaged the
841:, with Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe serving as his Chief of Staff. Salis-Seewis had previously served under Rhemen, during the First Serbian Campaign, as commander of the 36th Division's 71st infantry Brigade and later the 42nd Home Guard Division, replacing Sarkotić.
607:, using Rhemen's XIII Corps (33,000 men and 114 cannons) and VIII Corps. Serbian fortifications made crossing difficult, and by evening, half of XIII Corps was still in Bosnia. The 36th Division was the only unit to successfully cross between
753:
879:
camps, and by the year's end, the number reached 70,000, leading to a significant labor shortage in the MGG/S. Rhemen's request to the AOK for more prisoners of war as a labour force was denied. In early 1917, during the
2153:"Die Theresianische Militär-Akademie zu Wiener-Neustad : und ihre Zöglinge von der Gründung der Anstalt bis auf unsere Tage : Svoboda, Johann : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive"
815:
In early 1915, Rhemen was considered as a replacement for the civilian governor of
Croatia to lead a crackdown on nationalist movements. Officer of German origin like him were deemed the most impartial to deal with the
459:), the seat of the Sanjak's administration. On 20 October 1908, the Austro-Hungarian troops left Plevlje. On 14 March 1909 Rhemen was appointed commander of the 34th Infantry Division stationed in Temeschwar (today
3617:
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On 28 October 1918, as the
Serbian army and Allied forces closed in on occupied Serbia, Rhemen departed from the region along with his staff and Baron Kuhn, the representative of the
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against the
Serbian population. Civilian deaths took place in the Mačva region, the Jadar valley, at Loznica and Lešnica, and in the contested areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Historian
2810:
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2848:
855:
The removal of Salis-Seewis, whom the Hungarians considered too lenient toward the Serb population, came about following recommendations by Hungarian Prime Minister
345:(Generaloberst) in the army in 1917. Following the collapse of the monarchy, he retired from service in December 1918. He died in Austria in 1932 at the age of 76.
397:, Lower Austria in 1872. He graduated from the academy in 1876 with the rank of lieutenant and joined the 14th Infantry Regiment. In 1881, he was promoted to
3199:
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to avoid encirclement. The Fifth Army captured Valjevo on 15 November, prompting Potiorek to order XIII Corps to pursue the retreating Serbs towards the
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as its official language of command, rather than German or Hungarian. Additionally, within XIII Corps were the 36th Infantry Division, led by
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One of Rhemen's initial actions was to commence the deportation of Serbs who had previously been politically active or associated with the
2505:
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Regiment alone reported over eight hundred casualties, while the Croatian 16th Regiment reported 54 officers and 1,004 men as casualties.
3532:
3229:
3016:
896:
731:
reported that the Austro-Hungarian Army perpetrated atrocities, including the execution of peasant men, women, and children. Professor
700:
casualties, including 28,000 dead, 122,000 wounded, and 40,000 missing. The Serbs lost 22,000 dead, 91,000 wounded, and 19,000 missing.
560:). With its two infantry divisions and a separate infantry brigade, the XIII Corps totalled 33,000 personnel and 114 artillery pieces.
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Hostages were to be taken, and if no men could be found, women could also be taken as hostages. On 1 May 1917, he was promoted to
3052:
3035:
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758:
3527:
2581:"When the Fighting Stops: The Austro-Hungarian Experience with Military Government in Occupied Territories During World War I."
928:
2332:. Carnegie-Stiftung f. internat. Frieden : Abt. f. Volkswirtschaft u. Geschichte (in German). Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky A.G.
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409:
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2423:"M. Hakan Yavuz and Isa Blumi Ed., War and Nationalism: The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913, and Their Sociopolitical Implications"
703:
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On 14 August, XIII Corps launched an assault on Serbian positions, resulting in significant casualties. Despite capturing
3272:
2870:
2489:(in German). Verlag der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Austrian Academy of Sciences). 1988. p. 113.
860:
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451:, the following year, he became brigade commander of the Austro-Hungarian occupation troops stationed in Plevlje (today
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atrocities by referring to the Serbs "a culturally backward people", making it difficult to adhere to the laws of war.
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322:
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river heights. By 2 December, with the Serbian 1st Army withdrawing southeast, the Fifth Army entered an abandoned
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lost 600 officers and 23,000 soldiers. XIII Corps' two divisions each reported over three thousand casualties, the
568:
524:
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390:
330:
314:
172:
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439:. Additionally, under the terms of the treaty, Austria-Hungary was granted the right to maintain garrisons in the
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2259:
War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia
884:
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318:
262:
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402:
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XIII Corps, designated as a Croatian corps, comprised several notable units. Among them was the renowned
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3000:
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2134:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed
649:
362:
295:
203:
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892:. In 1918, a Serbian woman attempted to shoot him, but his staff adjutant prevented her from doing so.
564:
567:, (Balkan Armed Forces) the force assembled to attack Serbia and Montenegro was established by adding
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132:
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537:(AOK). The XIII Corps, regarded as one of Austria-Hungary's finest units, was stationed in Zagreb.
88:
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577:. The force was placed under the supreme command of Bosnia-Herzegovina's military governor,
398:
334:
267:
499:
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3134:
2682:"Croats in the Carpathian Winter War and the Breakthrough near Gorlice and TarnĂłw in 1915"
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Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten
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443:(referred to by the Ottomans as Sanjak Plevlje), which it administered jointly with the
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Rhemen retired from military service on 1 December 1918. he died on 11 January 1932 in
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432:
76:
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2771:
A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire
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Claudius Czibulka, stationed in Zagreb, and the 13th Infantry Brigade based in Esseg (
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After the unsuccessful Serbian campaign, Rhemen's XIII Corps was redeployed to the
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Fall of the Double Eagle: The Battle for Galicia and the Demise of Austria-Hungary
833:(MGG/S) on 6 July 1916. The appointment came in effect through a decree issued by
533:(Balkan Task Force), a formation assigned to the Balkan front, established by the
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883:, a mass uprising against the occupation, he ordered "ruthless extermination" of
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hangings, and engage in arson as part of a punitive strategy, in retaliation for
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2788:
2757:"Der General der k.u.k. Armee und Geheime Rat Maximilian Csicserics von Bacsány"
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585:. Mobilisation orders for the invasion of Serbia were received on 26 July 1914.
516:
257:
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The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918: Volume 1
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and began administering the region according to regulations established by the
428:
in 1905, initially served as commander of the 72nd Infantry Brigade in Zagreb.
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908:
875:
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Potiorek ordered the attack to begin on 12 August. Positioned along the lower
456:
149:
2166:"The Austro-Hungarian Occupation Regime in Serbia and Its Break-Down in 1918"
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447:. On 23 November 1906, Rhemen assumed command of the 9th Mountain Brigade in
309:
settled in Austria, Rhemen became a professional soldier in 1876. During the
1868:
912:
724:
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460:
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in 1899, when he assumed the role of chief of staff of XIII Corps in Agram,
358:
161:
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863:. Rhemen's appointment signalled the onset of a stricter regime during the
408:
Upon graduating from the War School, Rhemen was promoted to captain in the
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2004:
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708:
689:
685:
452:
448:
353:
Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld was born on 22 December 1855, in
2542:
2451:[History of the Military Cross of Merit in the first world war]
2016:
544:, commonly known as the Devil's Division and commanded by Croat officer
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1947:
1945:
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Kerchnawe, H.; Mitzka, R.; Sobotka, F.; Leidl, H.; Krauss, A. (1928).
603:
river in Bosnia, the Fifth Army was to encircle the Serbian centre at
3166:
2003:
Allgemeine schweizerische Militärzeitschrift, ETH-Bibliothek (1968).
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During the invasions, the Austro-Hungarian troops committed numerous
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crossed into Habsburg territory, invading the Hungarian territory of
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The First World War: and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918
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781:, Ukraine, as part of the Seventh Army under the command of General
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3159:
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3128:
3118:
2519:"Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914"
843:
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Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War
911:, Austria, and was buried in the war cemetery on 14 January, in
2792:
1808:
548:. The 42nd Infantry Division, was the only unit allowed to use
357:, Germany. The son of Eberhard Freiherr von Rhemen, a captain (
290:(22 December 1855 – 11 January 1932), sometimes referred to as
2651:
Yugoslavs, the Austro-Hungarian Army, and the First World War
757:
XIII. Corps' Baron Rhemen and Hermann von Colar, Governor of
2981:
2973:
2964:
2241:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge University Press.
2005:"Feldzeugmeister Johann Ulrich Graf SalisSeewis (1862–1940)"
2217:
Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans during World War I
1361:
1359:
1089:
2662:
The Legacy of Serbia's Great War: Politics and Remembrance
2460:
Rauchensteiner, M.; GĂĽttel-Bellert, A.; Kay, A.J. (2014).
2280:
The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918
2092:
Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914
1562:
1053:
1051:
2741:. Modern War Studies Series. University Press of Kansas.
2602:
The Monopoly of Violence: Why Europeans Hate Going to War
2506:"Occupation during and after the War (South East Europe)"
2050:
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918
1711:
1709:
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Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf: Architect of the Apocalypse
1951:
1738:
1736:
1498:
1496:
1102:
1100:
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1038:
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313:, he served as commander of XIII Corps, attached to the
2717:
European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
2510:
International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)
2434:
Nationalbibliothek, Ă–sterreichische (15 January 1932).
2308:
The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1): 1914–16
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615:, while the 42nd marched south along the Drina towards
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Austria-Hungarian troops hanging Serbian civilians in
2406:. Central European studies. Purdue University Press.
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Bischof, G.; Karlhofer, F.; Williamson, S.R. (2014).
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1790:
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993:
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Blood on the Snow: The Carpathian Winter War of 1915
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The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe
1975:
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Recipients of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
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2436:"ANNO, Danzers Armee-Zeitung, 1932-01-15, Seite 1"
2032:(in Hungarian). Argumentum. 2010. pp. 53–54.
1963:
859:and pressure from Imperial Foreign Minister Count
1869:Allgemeine schweizerische Militärzeitschrift 1968
985:Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950
381:, followed by two years at a military college in
2626:. Studies in Central European Histories. Brill.
2483:Rhemen zu Barensfeld, Adolf Frh. von (1855–1932)
923:Rhemen is a recipient of the Grand Cross of the
2849:Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer BĂĽrgerkorps
2699:. World War I: Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
2589:"Die k. k. bzw. k. u. k. Generalität 1816–1918"
2340:Pandora's Box: A History of the First World War
401:and later completed studies at the War School (
1987:
1022:
389:from 1870 to 1872. He then he enrolled at the
2804:
2364:. History (Bloomsbury). Bloomsbury Academic.
1809:Rauchensteiner, GĂĽttel-Bellert & Kay 2014
1443:
482:, heir to the Habsburg throne, and his wife,
333:. From 1916 to 1918, he held the position of
8:
1174:
572:
528:
298:, known for his commanding roles during the
3379:Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
3322:Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
2665:. Making Sense of History. Berghahn Books.
433:Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina
3073:
2811:
2797:
2789:
2654:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
1431:
34:
20:
1574:
1550:
1392:
1365:
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1230:
1186:
1057:
480:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
16:Austro-Hungarian army officer (1855–1932)
1844:
1820:
1766:
1563:Bischof, Karlhofer & Williamson 2014
1118:
1106:
1042:
951:
849:Austro-Hungarian zone of occupied Serbia
825:AOK) decided to appoint Rhemen military
498:
412:. He then advanced to major in 1894 and
56:Austro-Hungarian-occupied zone of Serbia
2529:(2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 159–195.
2137:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers.
2026:A Nagy Háború osztrák–magyar tábornokai
1754:
1742:
1727:
1715:
1676:
1538:
1007:
944:
519:, Rhemen's XIII Corps, was part of the
288:Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld
3200:Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten
2449:"Acta Historcia Hungarica Turiciensia"
2421:Moumdjian, Garabet K (19 April 2019).
2283:. Modern Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1502:
1487:
1162:
1150:
925:Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen
831:Military General Governorate of Serbia
339:Military General Governorate of Serbia
68:6 July 1916 – 28 October 1918
3259:FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina
2164:Dimitrije Djordjević (January 2018).
1856:
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1688:
1652:
1622:
1586:
1526:
1419:
1218:
865:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
811:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
789:, Rhemen's corps participated in the
294:, was a German senior officer in the
7:
3483:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria
3184:Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von KomarĂłw
1936:
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329:, where XIII Corps served under the
3533:Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
3230:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen
2696:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia
2074:. University of New Orleans Press.
503:Headquarters of XIII Army Corps in
341:, ultimately attaining the rank of
321:. Later, he was transferred to the
3220:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
2693:Tucker, S.; Roberts, P.M. (2006).
2680:Tominac, Nikola (13 August 2021).
2504:Ristović, Milan (8 October 2014).
837:on 26 July 1916. Rhemen succeeded
14:
3613:Theresian Military Academy alumni
3603:Austrian people of German descent
3443:Archduke Joseph August of Austria
3273:Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky
3210:Supreme Commander of the Imperial
2587:Antonio Schmidt-Brentano (2007).
874:. Following this, he ordered the
799:Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa
668:). On 14 September, supported by
542:42nd Home Guard Infantry Division
3268:FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld
2071:1914 Austria Hungary The Origins
1072:
777:XIII Corps was headquartered in
664:, capturing the town of Semlin (
466:In 1910, Rhemen was promoted to
196:
40:Colonel General Adolf von Rhemen
3528:Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield
3192:Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin
2763:(in German). 30 September 2004.
2686:Journal of Contemporary History
2564:. Potomac Books, Incorporated.
2311:. Men-at-Arms. Bloomsbury USA.
2305:Jung, P.; Pavlovic, D. (2003).
929:Order of Philip the Magnanimous
648:On 6 September 1914, bowing to
637:During that first invasion the
424:). Rhemen attained the rank of
405:) in Vienna from 1882 to 1884.
3518:Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel
3400:Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels
3391:Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
3334:Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
2915:Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops
643:25th Royal Croatian Home Guard
1:
3240:Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza
2820:Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces
2403:Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918
1952:Antonio Schmidt-Brentano 2007
535:Austro-Hungarian High Command
331:Austro-Hungarian Seventh Army
2343:. Harvard University Press.
2199:. Indiana University Press.
2116:. Harvard University Press.
373:. Rhemen attended school in
3373:Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
3367:VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
3316:Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
3310:VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
3292:Arthur Arz von StrauĂźenburg
3278:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
3141:Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ă„ltere)
2920:Imperial and Royal Dragoons
2891:Imperial and Royal Infantry
2517:Schindler, John R. (2002).
2382:July 1914: Countdown to War
805:Military governor of Serbia
785:. During its deployment in
717:Austro-Hungarian war crimes
472:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
3639:
3385:Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
3328:Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
2925:Imperial and Royal Hussars
2844:Imperial Austrian Landwehr
2579:Dr. Tamara Scheer (2006).
808:
592:
476:Chief of the General Staff
391:Theresian Military Academy
173:Theresian Military Academy
3593:Austro-Hungarian generals
3423:Archduke Eugen of Austria
2962:
2930:Imperial and Royal Uhlans
2859:Royal Croatian Home Guard
2535:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa
2262:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2220:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
2095:. 23 cm. Bloomsbury USA.
2053:. Yale University Press.
1976:Dimitrije Djordjević 2018
1833:Dimitrije Djordjević 2018
1444:Tucker & Roberts 2006
851:under General von Rhemen.
365:, his family hailed from
278:
106:
61:
45:
33:
3513:Viktor Dankl von Krasnik
3137:(FZM) Arthur Maximilian
2720:. Taylor & Francis.
2558:Schindler, J.R. (2015).
1175:Jung & Pavlovic 2003
783:Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin
554:Lieutenant field marshal
523:, which, along with the
468:lieutenant field marshal
3433:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
3404:Adm Maximilian Njegovan
3344:Adm Maximilian Njegovan
3264:Franz Freiherr von John
3113:Franz Freiherr von John
2735:Tunstall, G.A. (2010).
2447:Pandula Attila (2015).
2131:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
1964:Nationalbibliothek 1932
839:Johann von Salis-Seewis
595:Serbian Campaign (1914)
490:First World War service
263:Serbian Campaign (1914)
3212:and Royal Armed Forces
3173:General der Infanterie
3125:General der Kavallerie
2986:
2978:
2969:
2854:Royal Hungarian Honvéd
2196:The Brusilov Offensive
852:
835:Emperor Franz Joseph I
762:
761:, on 18 February 1916.
720:
713:First Serbian Campaign
589:First Serbian campaign
573:
529:
512:
431:In the summer of 1878
319:First Serbian Campaign
237:34th Infantry Division
2985:
2977:
2968:
2881:Military Intelligence
2834:Austro-Hungarian Army
2648:Spence, R.B. (1981).
2620:Sondhaus, L. (2021).
2605:. Faber & Faber.
2400:Mitrović, A. (2007).
2379:McMeekin, S. (2013).
2337:Leonhard, J. (2020).
2277:Herwig, H.H. (2014).
1090:Kerchnawe et al. 1928
847:
756:
706:
593:Further information:
581:(Lieutenant General)
502:
495:Command of XIII Corps
363:Austro-Hungarian Army
349:Early life and career
296:Austro-Hungarian Army
243:72nd Infantry Brigade
210:Years of service
204:Austro-Hungarian Army
3468:Karol Durski-Trzaska
3428:Franz Rohr von Denta
3408:RAdm Franz von Holub
3396:Grand Adm Anton Haus
3339:Grand Adm Anton Haus
3109:Feldmarschalleutnant
2761:University of Vienna
2599:Sheehan, J. (2014).
2193:Dowling, T. (2008).
2178:10.2298/balc1546079s
2110:Calic, M.J. (2019).
2047:Bassett, R. (2015).
1780:University of Vienna
903:Retirement and death
697:Balkanstreitkräfte's
574:Minimalgruppe Balkan
530:Minimalgruppe Balkan
441:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
240:9th Mountain Brigade
133:Grand Duchy of Baden
3478:Tadeusz Rozwadowski
3301:Commanders-in-Chief
3286:Blasius von Schemua
3121:Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
2714:Tucker, S. (2018).
2256:Hall, R.C. (2014).
2235:Gumz, J.E. (2014).
2089:Buttar, P. (2016).
2017:10.5169/seals-44481
1988:Pandula Attila 2015
1667:, pp. 147–148.
670:observation balloon
515:At the outbreak of
410:General staff Corps
307:German noble family
89:Johann Salis-Seewis
2987:
2979:
2970:
2864:42nd Inf. Division
2768:Wawro, G. (2014).
2659:Tomić, A. (2024).
2214:Fried, M. (2014).
853:
795:Russian Ninth Army
791:Brusilov offensive
763:
721:
715:of 1914, numerous
639:Balkanstreitkräfte
565:Balkanstreitkräfte
513:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3438:Svetozar Boroević
3349:Adm MiklĂłs Horthy
3101:Ministers for War
2781:978-0-465-08081-6
2748:978-0-7006-1858-3
2727:978-1-135-68425-9
2706:978-1-85109-879-8
2672:978-1-80539-234-7
2633:978-90-04-47578-6
2612:978-0-571-32031-8
2571:978-1-61234-804-9
2473:978-3-205-79370-0
2413:978-1-55753-476-7
2392:978-1-84831-609-6
2371:978-1-4725-8004-7
2358:Lyon, J. (2015).
2350:978-0-674-24480-1
2318:978-1-84176-594-5
2290:978-1-4725-1081-5
2269:978-1-61069-031-7
2248:978-1-107-68972-5
2227:978-1-137-35901-8
2206:978-0-253-00352-2
2144:978-1-4766-2585-0
2123:978-0-674-98392-2
2102:978-1-4728-1318-3
2081:978-3-902936-35-6
2060:978-0-300-21310-2
2039:978-963-446-585-0
823:Armeeoberkommando
563:On 25 July 1914,
282:
281:
52:Military Governor
3630:
3523:Stjepan Sarkotić
3508:Maximilian Ronge
3473:Gheorghe Flondor
3463:Georg Dragičević
3225:Francis Joseph I
3127:(GdK) Alexander
3086:Francis Joseph I
3074:
2896:Alpine companies
2813:
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2799:
2790:
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2252:
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2189:
2160:
2159:. 25 March 2023.
2157:Internet Archive
2148:
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949:
897:Foreign Ministry
881:Toplica uprising
827:governor-general
767:Carpathian Front
759:Austrian Galicia
749:Carpathian Front
658:Serbian 1st Army
632:Serbian 3rd Army
576:
546:Stjepan Sarkotić
532:
399:first lieutenant
335:Governor General
268:Carpathian Front
202:
200:
199:
179:Military service
146:
126:22 December 1855
125:
123:
111:Personal details
97:
85:
66:
38:
28:Adolf von Rhemen
21:
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3633:
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3629:
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3627:
3608:1910s in Serbia
3573:
3572:
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3562:
3553:Georg von Trapp
3548:Giovanni Luppis
3458:GĂĽnther Burstyn
3411:
3359:
3353:
3302:
3296:
3250:
3244:
3211:
3204:
3162:von Krieghammer
3135:Feldzeugmeister
3117:FML Franz Kuhn
3095:
3065:
3053:Luftfahrtruppen
3040:
3036:Danube Flotilla
3030:Seefliegerkorps
2988:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2822:
2817:
2782:
2774:. Basic Books.
2767:
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2503:
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2480:
2474:
2466:. Böhlau Wien.
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1432:Clodfelter 2017
1430:
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958:
950:
946:
937:
921:
905:
890:colonel general
813:
807:
787:Eastern Galicia
751:
678:Danube flotilla
597:
591:
579:Feldzeugmeister
497:
492:
486:, in Sarajevo.
437:Berlin Congress
395:Wiener Neustadt
369:established in
367:German nobility
351:
343:Colonel general
311:First World War
300:First World War
285:Colonel General
274:
246:
234:XIII Army Corps
222:Colonel General
197:
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187:Austria-Hungary
148:
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143:11 January 1932
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3543:Franz von Keil
3540:
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3498:Oskar Potiorek
3495:
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3144:FZM Ferdinand
3142:
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2950:Grenz infantry
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2523:War in History
2514:
2501:
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2472:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2385:. Icon Books.
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2149:
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2086:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2021:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1978:, p. 132.
1968:
1956:
1941:
1939:, p. 203.
1924:
1922:, p. 220.
1912:
1900:
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1871:, p. 441.
1861:
1859:, p. 174.
1849:
1847:, p. 203.
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1825:
1813:
1811:, p. 732.
1801:
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1615:
1613:, p. 149.
1603:
1601:, p. 272.
1591:
1589:, p. 269.
1579:
1577:, p. 191.
1575:Schindler 2002
1567:
1565:, p. 131.
1555:
1553:, p. 190.
1551:Schindler 2002
1543:
1541:, p. 473.
1531:
1529:, p. 332.
1519:
1517:, p. 222.
1507:
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1424:
1422:, p. 267.
1409:
1407:, p. 180.
1397:
1395:, p. 178.
1393:Schindler 2002
1385:
1383:, p. 161.
1370:
1368:, p. 123.
1366:Schindler 2015
1355:
1353:, p. 150.
1343:
1341:, p. 174.
1339:Schindler 2002
1331:
1329:, p. 144.
1319:
1317:, p. 143.
1307:
1305:, p. 140.
1295:
1293:, p. 139.
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1269:, p. 127.
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1235:
1233:, p. 160.
1231:Schindler 2002
1223:
1208:
1206:, p. 125.
1191:
1189:, p. 166.
1187:Schindler 2002
1179:
1167:
1165:, p. 304.
1155:
1140:
1138:, p. 114.
1123:
1121:, p. 139.
1111:
1094:
1079:
1077:, p. 210.
1062:
1060:, p. 212.
1058:Moumdjian 2019
1047:
1030:
1024:Theresianische
1012:
989:
987:, p. 113.
956:
943:
942:
941:
936:
933:
920:
917:
904:
901:
872:intelligentsia
861:Stephan Burián
806:
803:
750:
747:
729:Geoffrey Wawro
674:river monitors
590:
587:
583:Oskar Potiorek
550:Serbo-Croatian
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192:Branch/service
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:War cemetery,
158:
154:
153:
147:(aged 76)
141:
137:
136:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:Hermann Kövess
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
77:Franz Joseph I
74:
70:
69:
59:
58:
47:
46:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3635:
3624:
3623:German barons
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3559:
3558:Janko Vuković
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:MiklĂłs Horthy
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
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3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Josip Jelačić
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
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3418:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:Naval Section
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3252:General Staff
3249:Chiefs of the
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3197:Generaloberst
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:Feldmarschall
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:FZM Heinrich
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2967:
2957:
2956:Stormtroopers
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:StandschĂĽtzen
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Rank insignia
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
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2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2496:3-7001-1483-4
2492:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:(in German).
2010:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1910:, p. 99.
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 98.
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 97.
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:Mitrović 2007
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:Ristović 2014
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:, p. 96.
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:Leonhard 2020
1763:
1760:
1757:, p. 73.
1756:
1751:
1748:
1745:, p. 65.
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1679:, p. 59.
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1221:, p. 34.
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:, p. 64.
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Sondhaus 2021
1115:
1112:
1109:, p. 59.
1108:
1107:Tunstall 2010
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:, p. 67.
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:, p. 16.
1044:
1043:Mitrović 2007
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:, p. 23.
953:
952:McMeekin 2013
948:
945:
939:
938:
934:
932:
930:
927:, and of the
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
902:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
812:
804:
802:
800:
797:. During the
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
760:
755:
748:
746:
743:
738:
737:criminologist
734:
730:
726:
718:
714:
711:. During the
710:
705:
701:
698:
693:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Petar Bojović
651:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:Gornji Dobrić
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
531:
526:
522:
518:
510:
506:
501:
494:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Ottoman state
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
426:major general
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Lower Austria
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Eastern Front
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
277:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
253:
249:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:Resting place
155:
151:
142:
138:
134:
130:
118:
114:
109:
105:
102:
99:
93:
90:
87:
81:
78:
75:
71:
65:
60:
57:
53:
48:
44:
37:
32:
25:Generaloberst
22:
19:
3493:Artur Phleps
3358:Heads of the
3283:Generalmajor
3175:(GdI) Franz
3169:von Pitreich
3051:
3028:
3001:Kriegsmarine
2999:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2907:
2900:
2770:
2760:
2737:
2716:
2695:
2685:
2661:
2650:
2637:. Retrieved
2622:
2601:
2560:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2482:
2462:
2442:(in German).
2439:
2427:Academia.edu
2426:
2402:
2381:
2360:
2339:
2328:
2307:
2294:. Retrieved
2279:
2258:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2169:
2156:
2133:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2049:
2025:
2008:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1779:
1774:
1762:
1755:Dowling 2008
1750:
1743:Dowling 2008
1728:Tominac 2021
1723:
1716:Tominac 2021
1696:
1684:
1677:Sheehan 2014
1672:
1660:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1539:Bassett 2015
1534:
1522:
1510:
1483:
1439:
1427:
1400:
1388:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1182:
1177:, p. 7.
1170:
1158:
1114:
1073:
1023:
947:
922:
906:
894:
869:
857:István Tisza
854:
818:South Slavic
814:
776:
772:Seventh Army
764:
722:
696:
694:
682:
647:
638:
636:
625:
598:
562:
539:
514:
478:, about the
465:
463:, Romania).
430:
407:
403:Kriegsschule
352:
305:Born into a
304:
292:Baron Rhemen
291:
287:
283:
251:Battles/wars
145:(1932-01-11)
96:Succeeded by
63:
18:
3588:1947 deaths
3583:1902 births
3503:Alfred Redl
3448:Franz Böhme
3303:of the Navy
3158:GdK Edmund
3151:FZM Rudolf
3012:Battleships
2943:Schutzkorps
2909:Kaiserjäger
2839:Common Army
2009:E-Periodica
1503:Tucker 2018
1488:Buttar 2016
1163:Buttar 2016
1151:Spence 1981
1008:Tibor Balla
915:, Austria.
733:R. A. Reiss
719:took place.
569:Second Army
517:World War I
317:during the
258:World War I
84:Preceded by
3577:Categories
3416:Commanders
3131:von Koller
3070:Leadership
2871:First Army
1857:Fried 2014
1701:Wawro 2014
1689:Wawro 2014
1653:Wawro 2014
1623:Calic 2019
1587:Wawro 2014
1527:Wawro 2014
1420:Wawro 2014
1219:Tomić 2024
935:References
909:Rekawinkel
876:internment
809:See also:
735:, a Swiss
725:war crimes
652:pressure,
525:Sixth Army
521:Fifth Army
457:Montenegro
383:St. Pölten
315:Fifth Army
184:Allegiance
164:, Austria.
150:Rekawinkel
122:1855-12-22
3235:Charles I
3179:Schönaich
3091:Charles I
3045:Air Force
2902:Feldjäger
2551:145488166
2186:131723850
2170:Balcanica
1937:Gumz 2014
1920:Gumz 2014
1908:Gumz 2014
1896:Gumz 2014
1884:Gumz 2014
1797:Gumz 2014
1665:Lyon 2015
1638:Lyon 2015
1611:Lyon 2015
1599:Hall 2014
1515:Lyon 2015
1476:Lyon 2015
1461:Lyon 2015
1405:Lyon 2015
1381:Lyon 2015
1351:Lyon 2015
1327:Lyon 2015
1315:Lyon 2015
1303:Lyon 2015
1291:Lyon 2015
1279:Lyon 2015
1267:Lyon 2015
1255:Lyon 2015
1243:Lyon 2015
1204:Lyon 2015
1136:Lyon 2015
940:Citations
913:Pressbaum
821:command (
742:Komitadji
676:from the
621:Ljubovija
527:, formed
461:Timisoara
361:) in the
359:Hauptmann
213:1872–1918
169:Education
162:Pressbaum
152:, Austria
135:, Germany
64:In office
3177:Freiherr
3160:Freiherr
3153:Freiherr
3146:Freiherr
3129:Freiherr
3119:Freiherr
3078:Emperors
3059:Aircraft
3017:Cruisers
2886:Weaponry
2543:26014058
2296:27 March
779:Kolomyya
690:Belgrade
686:Kolubara
453:Pljevlja
449:Sarajevo
228:Commands
3022:U-Boats
2639:8 March
1997:Sources
919:Honours
885:Chetnik
829:of the
617:Zvornik
613:Lesnica
609:Loznica
605:Valjevo
509:Croatia
418:Croatia
414:colonel
379:Bohemia
375:Budweis
371:Austria
355:Rastatt
337:of the
327:Galicia
129:Rastatt
73:Monarch
54:of the
3167:Ritter
3111:(FML)
2778:
2745:
2724:
2703:
2669:
2630:
2609:
2568:
2549:
2541:
2493:
2470:
2410:
2389:
2368:
2347:
2315:
2287:
2266:
2245:
2224:
2203:
2184:
2141:
2120:
2099:
2078:
2057:
2036:
662:Syrmia
650:Allied
558:Osijek
505:Zagreb
484:Sophie
474:, the
422:Zagreb
201:
3389:VAdm
3383:VAdm
3377:VAdm
3371:VAdm
3332:VAdm
3326:VAdm
3320:VAdm
3314:VAdm
3155:Merkl
3148:Bauer
3007:Ranks
2592:(PDF)
2547:S2CID
2539:JSTOR
2487:(PDF)
2453:(PDF)
2182:S2CID
2030:(PDF)
709:MaÄŤva
666:Zemun
601:Drina
3290:GdI
3271:FZM
3262:FML
3182:GdI
3139:Graf
2993:Navy
2827:Army
2776:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2641:2024
2628:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2440:ANNO
2408:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2298:2024
2285:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1782:2004
1074:CSWG
1026:2023
695:The
672:and
619:and
611:and
218:Rank
140:Died
116:Born
50:2nd
2531:doi
2174:doi
2013:doi
656:'s
571:to
393:in
325:in
3579::
2759:.
2684:.
2545:.
2537:.
2525:.
2521:.
2508:.
2438:.
2425:.
2180:.
2172:.
2168:.
2155:.
2007:.
1944:^
1927:^
1876:^
1789:^
1735:^
1708:^
1645:^
1630:^
1495:^
1468:^
1451:^
1412:^
1373:^
1358:^
1211:^
1194:^
1143:^
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