87:
81:
85:
77:
53:
76:
431:
an opening for German-Austria – "by virtue of the right of self-determination". Article 18 set the conditions for changes to state boundaries. If such a change was made by means of a law passed altering the constitution (which required a two-thirds majority vote in the
Reichstag), it could be accomplished without the consent of the affected state governments or populations. If the state governments involved agreed to a boundary change, it could become effective by the passage of an ordinary national law (i.e. with a simple majority vote in the Reichstag). Alternatively, a popular referendum could change state boundaries if it was approved by three-fifths of the votes cast and at least half of those eligible to vote, The high bar for changing the configuration of the states reflected the level of resistance to such alterations. Article 18 was suspended for two years after the constitution was approved and came into force only on 10 July 1922.
58:
80:
2406:
60:
70:
50:
68:
439:
93:
63:
32:
689:
447:(such as national defence and foreign relations) were enumerated in Article 6, while Article 7 listed twenty additional areas in which it could legislate (including civil and criminal law, judicial procedure, the press, the right of assembly, commerce and a number of social issues such as "poor relief" and public health). The federal government could also legislate on taxes and revenue "in so far as they are claimed in whole or in part for its purposes" (Article 8). In July 1919, however, Finance Minister
82:
342:
83:
556:
64:
79:
115:
65:
103:
467:, the upper house of the German parliament, represented the interests of the states at the federal level. It could introduce legislation, and its agreement was required on laws passed by the Reichstag. Members of the Reichsrat were appointed by the state government and when they voted were bound by its instructions (
430:
The Weimar
Constitution indirectly fixed the boundaries of the states in their unchanged locations through the statement in Article 2 that "the territory of the Reich consists of the territories of the German states". The article also allowed for new states to be incorporated into Germany – providing
365:
to draft a new constitution for
Germany. Since there was considerable concern about the dominating size of Prussia, which had two-thirds of Germany's area and three-fifths of its population, Preuss suggested that Germany be restructured into 14 constituent states of more equal sizes (one of which was
434:
Every state was required to have a republican constitution (Article 17) with a representative body "elected by universal, equal, direct, and secret suffrage of all German citizens of either sex, according to the principles of proportional representation". As at the national level, the state ministry
49:
446:
Article 12 granted the states the power of legislation in all areas in which the federal government did not make use of its own powers. Within that limitation, national laws took precedence over state laws (Article 13). The seven areas in which the federal government had sole power of legislation
389:
Two additional reform proposals were discussed and rejected during constitutional deliberations. One would have done away with the states altogether – in Preuss' words it would create a "decentralised unitary state with strengthened self-governing bodies". The other reform proposed that the
471:). The number of representatives that a state had in the Reichsrat was determined by population, with every state having at least one representative but none more than 40% of the total. The latter clause limited Prussia's influence, since over 60% of the German population lived in Prussia.
78:
36:
173:
of the
Constitution to use its armed forces against states that did not fulfill their obligations under Germany's laws. The power was used four times during the life of the Republic. In its early years, the Weimar Republic also saw a number of separatist movements and attempts to set up
110:
48:
75:
59:
108:
72:
112:
451:
pushed through a financial reform package that permanently strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states by giving it exclusive financial sovereignty and thus freeing it from dependence on the states as had been the case under the Empire.
38:
43:
168:
created a federal republic with certain basic powers reserved for the federal government, some powers shared between the central government and the states, and the remainder in the hands of the states. The federal government was given the power in
252:
reduced
Germany's size by 65,000 sq km (25,000 sq mi), or about 13% of its former territory. The areas that were lost had about 7 million inhabitants, or 12% of imperial Germany's population. The affected regions, with the exception of
40:
74:
107:
37:
493:§1 In the event of a State not fulfilling the obligations imposed upon it by the Reich Constitution or by the laws of the Reich, the president of the Reich may make use of the armed forces to compel it to do so.
39:
35:
61:
56:
86:
52:
51:
2405:
57:
69:
111:
73:
672:'s government made several unsuccessful attempts in the 1920s to expand the growing city-state by incorporating immediately surrounding areas that were part of Prussia. It was not until the
95:
62:
394:, the Empire's parliamentary body with members appointed by the state governments to represent their interests, be modified to have popularly elected representatives on the model of the
213:(4 kingdoms, 6 grand duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free cities) and one imperial territory. Its federal structure reflected its formation in 1871 under the leadership of the
2295:
106:
84:
42:
2255:
489:
of the Weimar
Constitution, the president of Germany was given broad emergency powers, including the ability to call in the military against a state in breach of federal laws:
101:
2432:
2064:
Der
Artikel 48 der Weimarer Reichsverfassung und seine Anwendung unter der Reichspräsidentschaft Friedrich Eberts im Vergleich zur Reichspräsidentschaft Paul von Hindenburgs
455:
A Supreme
Judicial Court would handle constitutional disagreements between the national and state governments and between individual state governments (Articles 13 and 19).
55:
94:
88:
67:
41:
1899:
71:
664:'s residents voted in favour of joining Prussia 6 June 1926, but since the yes votes did not reach the required three-fifths majority, the referendum failed.
104:
102:
100:
99:
92:
89:
66:
2288:
1525:
2069:
Article 48 of the Weimar
Constitution and its application under the presidency of Friedrich Ebert in comparison to the presidency of Paul von Hindenburg
109:
105:
97:
96:
91:
90:
47:
2602:
114:
113:
1593:
1588:
1548:
2395:
1261:
98:
2597:
2281:
701:
2251:
2076:
1806:
1779:
1748:
2013:
44:
358:
2379:
303:
158:
147:
2354:
2349:
1578:
1081:
1056:
324:) rather than a formal state, which was returned to France from which it had been taken following Prussia's victory in the 1870–1871
386:. Objections came primarily from the states that would have been renamed. Many Germans still felt strong ties to their home states.
157:'s disproportionately large size and influence, but the attempts were unsuccessful. The one significant change was the formation of
1986:
54:
486:
480:
402:
would continue to be appointed by the state governments, although the body had fewer powers overall than the imperial
Bundesrat.
200:
170:
139:
438:
624:
299:
1645:
543:
2374:
2120:
1181:
661:
1932:
1900:"Austrian attempts to unite with Germany from the founding of the republic to the referendums in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921"
2200:
2387:
2147:
1231:
658:'s attempt to separate from Prussia and form an independent state failed on 18 May 1924 due to insufficient voter turnout.
645:
1646:"Approximate German territorial losses, and related loss of resources, following the Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919"
287:) was detached from Germany on 15 November 1920 and turned into a semi-autonomous city-state under the protection of the
2566:
708:
273:
1959:
1583:
760:
398:. After that proposal also failed to pass the National Assembly, it decided that the members of the Weimar Republic's
361:, Germany's immediate post-war revolutionary government, commissioned the liberal political theorist and legal expert
265:
258:
210:
143:
2576:
726:
637:
The Weimar Republic also saw three popular referendums that would have changed state boundaries. All of them failed:
563:
Four changes in state boundaries occurred following the implementation of the Weimar Constitution on 14 August 1919:
2093:
2503:
2495:
2339:
1339:
979:
542:
used the excuse of outbreaks of violence in Prussia to have the national government take control of the state (the
218:
46:
45:
2526:
1874:
1454:
588:
391:
269:
230:
2561:
2551:
2477:
1524:
in 1933 by a series of laws and decrees between 1933 and 1935, and autonomy was replaced by direct rule of the
756:
720:
700:
During the turbulent early years of the Weimar Republic, there were a number of short-lived attempts to set up
693:
596:
379:
696:
with a map of the region. The text reads: "Nowhere is it more beautiful than in the Free State of Bottleneck".
688:
302:
of Germany's constituent states (excluding the city-states, which had no monarchs) were driven out during the
2359:
2334:
1206:
1106:
901:
652:, held a referendum to separate Upper Silesia from Prussia. It failed with 72% no votes on 3 September 1922.
371:
2556:
2521:
1557:
1431:
1028:
738:
714:
649:
584:
292:
17:
2364:
1252:
1131:
604:
535:
245:
192:
153:
Several attempts were made to reorganize the states under the Weimar Republic, particularly because of
2513:
2482:
2462:
2319:
1573:
1408:
926:
803:
572:
249:
234:
315:
2467:
2344:
2262:
2173:
1004:
673:
464:
399:
383:
325:
307:
165:
468:
448:
226:
214:
154:
291:. The Treaty stated that it was to remain separate from both Germany and the newly independent
2449:
2324:
2072:
1802:
1775:
1744:
1730:
1598:
1561:
828:
288:
222:
2062:
268:
was occupied and governed jointly by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a
261:, all had significant non-German speaking populations (primarily Polish, French and Danish).
2571:
2273:
1112:
745:
1530:
539:
517:
498:
311:
175:
127:
1520:
The states of the Weimar Republic were effectively abolished after the establishment of
2472:
2457:
2422:
2227:
1385:
1362:
877:
734:
630:
580:
576:
528:
367:
350:
341:
196:
2032:
349:
as part of the discussions on a new constitution. The 14th state, not shown here, was
2591:
2259:
1460:
641:
362:
346:
206:
131:
1287:
150:, the states abolished their local monarchies and adopted republican constitutions.
1848:
1822:
1553:
1521:
907:
555:
527:, where there was a plan in place to foment a communist revolution in Germany (the
442:
Matthias Erzberger, whose finance reforms weakened the states in the federal system
1187:
763:
by the near convergence of the semi-circular bridgeheads east of the Rhine around
310:(Article 109). The states themselves nevertheless initially all survived into the
1796:
1765:
1734:
1618:
759:(10 January 1919 – 25 February 1923), a bottleneck-shaped area formed during the
505:
in March 1920 against various radical left governments in the region that became
1087:
677:
620:
610:
497:
The power of the president to use military force against a state was known as a
395:
378:
would have remained completely unchanged. Preuss' reform proposal failed in the
241:
135:
1670:
648:
required by the Treaty of Versailles that split the region between Germany and
2542:
2414:
1437:
423:
516:(part of the future Thuringia) when it persisted in its attempts to set up a
1391:
1368:
1267:
985:
834:
568:
506:
126:
were the first-level administrative divisions and constituent states of the
2035:[Weimar Republic 1918–1933: Reichsrat, Functions and Composition].
1036:
280:
2071:] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. pp. 60–61.
1542:
1062:
2427:
2329:
2096:[November Revolution 1918 and Formation of the State 1918/20].
1705:
1536:
1237:
1162:
1010:
960:
955:
947:
853:
764:
669:
655:
614:
2033:"Weimarer Republik 1918–1933. Reichsrat, Aufgaben und Zusammensetzung"
2369:
1414:
1212:
1156:
1137:
932:
882:
859:
809:
600:
524:
284:
279:
In accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, the city of Danzig (now
254:
520:
instead of a parliamentary republic as required by the Constitution
370:, which wished to become part of Germany after the collapse of the
1322:
1316:
768:
680:, that Hamburg was expanded to encompass the full urbanized area.
592:
554:
513:
375:
415:
374:). All would have had at least two million inhabitants, and only
1345:
2277:
2252:
Lebendige Geschichte: Vor 80 Jahren: der Freistaat Flaschenhals
276:
was held in January 1935, the region was returned to Germany.
741:. Both received material and propaganda support from France:
201:
Territorial evolution of Germany § Treaty of Versailles
30:
2254:
Living History: 80 Years Ago: The Free State of Bottleneck
1552:. Many of the states were formally dissolved at the end of
633:
followed Pyrmont to become part of Prussia on 1 April 1929.
345:
Proposal to reorganise Germany into 14 states drawn up by
751:
Palatinate Republic (12 November 1923 – 17 February 1924)
613:, historically closely tied to Gotha, became part of the
130:. The states were established in 1918–1920 following the
737:
of Prussia led to two short-lived republics during the
603:, today the capital of Thuringia, remained part of the
2012:
Altmann, Gerhard; Scriba, Arnulf (13 September 2014).
435:
had to have the confidence of the representative body.
209:(1871–1918) was a federal monarchy made up in 1918 of
2146:
Scheuermann-Peilicke, Wolfgang (14 September 2014).
501:
and was used four times during the Weimar Republic:
2539:
2512:
2494:
2448:
2441:
2413:
2312:
2178:
Gesellschaft fĂĽr Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte
1743:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 189.
1706:"Under the Auspices of the League, Saar Plebiscite"
1534:process. The states continued to formally exist as
1935:[Restructuring of the Reich (1919–1945)].
1774:] (in German). Vienna: LIT Verlag. p. 8.
1772:The Bishopric of Gdansk in Biographical Portraits
411:For the text of the constitutional articles, see
2094:"Novemberrevolution und LandesgrĂĽndung 1918/20"
34:
2016:[The Erzberger Reich Finance Reform].
1695:Article 45–50 with Annex, Treaty of Versailles
1560:, and ultimately re-organised into the modern
551:Boundary changes under the Weimar Constitution
2289:
1673:[The Free City of Danzig: Overview].
1293:States that merged to form Thuringia in 1920
414:
8:
1255:in 1921 Waldeck merged into Prussia in 1929
319:
217:from the combination of the loosely federal
2150:[The "Prussian coup d'Ă©tat" 1932].
1801:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge. p. 199.
2445:
2296:
2282:
2274:
1962:[Reich Reform (Weimar Republic)].
1931:Gelberg, Karl-Ulrich (23 September 2021).
1291:
778:
142:that came with it. They were based on the
18:Administrative divisions of Weimar Germany
1594:Administrative divisions of East Germany
1589:Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany
1540:bodies but from 1934 were superseded by
1526:National Socialist German Workers' Party
687:
437:
340:
240:Following the German Empire's defeat in
1933:"Neugliederung des Reiches (1919–1945)"
1610:
1546:Nazi Party administrative units called
1478:
2014:"Die Erzbergersche Reichsfinanzreform"
1504:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
2123:[The "German October" 1923].
2056:
2054:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1300:
1297:
784:
781:
306:and all royalty abolished by the new
295:, but it was not a sovereign state.
7:
1309:
1306:
1303:
793:
790:
787:
748:(21 October 1923 – 16 November 1923)
475:Federal use of force against a state
337:Early attempts at geographic reforms
178:, but all of them were short lived.
2199:Wulfert, Anja (14 September 2014).
2031:Schröder, Valentin (25 July 2014).
1985:Lilla, Joachim (13 November 2006).
1671:"Die Freie Stadt Danzig: Ăśberblick"
27:Federated German states (1918–1935)
2119:Scriba, Arnulf (3 November 2023).
1960:"Reichsreform (Weimarer Republik)"
1767:Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern
1579:States of the German Confederation
25:
627:, joined Prussia on 1 April 1922.
161:from a number of smaller states.
146:of the German Empire. During the
2603:Lists of subdivisions of Germany
2404:
2203:[Separatist Movements].
711:(8 November 1918 – 6 April 1919)
481:Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)
359:Council of the People's Deputies
237:and a number of smaller states.
2176:[Greater Hamburg Act].
1736:Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt
1644:O'Neill, Aaron (21 June 2022).
625:Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
571:was created on 1 May 1920 from
144:22 states and three city-states
2228:"States of Germany since 1918"
717:(10 January – 4 February 1919)
304:German revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2598:States of the Weimar Republic
2305:States of the Weimar Republic
2205:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2152:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2125:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2121:"Der "deutsche Oktober" 1923"
2018:Deutsches Historisches Museum
124:states of the Weimar Republic
1991:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1964:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1958:John, Anke (19 April 2021).
1937:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1741:Danzig – Biography of a City
794:Population in 1,000 (1925)
733:Separatist movements in the
1795:Kaczorowska, Alina (2010).
1584:States of the German Empire
761:Occupation of the Rhineland
723:(6 April 1919 – 3 May 1919)
406:Federal-state relationships
2619:
2148:"Der "PreuĂźenschlag" 1932"
1904:The World of the Habsburgs
478:
219:North German Confederation
190:
2402:
2092:RaĂźloff, Steffen (2016).
2061:Wallner, Florian (2023).
1764:Samerski, Stefan (2003).
1516:States under Nazi Germany
1455:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
709:People's State of Bavaria
589:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
318:, an imperial territory (
314:. The only exception was
270:League of Nations mandate
1798:Public International Law
757:Free State of Bottleneck
727:WĂĽrzburg Soviet Republic
721:Bavarian Soviet Republic
694:Free State of Bottleneck
380:Weimar National Assembly
176:soviet-style governments
1853:Encyclopedia Britannica
1827:Encyclopedia Britannica
1623:Encyclopedia Britannica
755:Finally, there was the
692:Emergency money of the
623:, formerly part of the
569:Free State of Thuringia
372:Austro-Hungarian Empire
148:revolution of 1918–1919
2201:"Separatistenbewegung"
1987:"Reichsrat, 1919–1934"
1432:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
739:Occupation of the Ruhr
715:Bremen Soviet Republic
702:soviet-style republics
697:
585:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
560:
523:in March 1923 against
512:in April 1920 against
495:
443:
354:
320:
118:
2174:"GroĂź-Hamburg-Gesetz"
2037:Wahlen in Deutschland
1310:Population in 1,000
691:
615:Free State of Bavaria
605:Free State of Prussia
558:
534:in July 1932 against
491:
485:In the controversial
441:
344:
211:25 constituent states
193:Federalism in Germany
182:Historical background
117:
2355:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2350:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1574:Provinces of Prussia
1409:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1251:Pyrmont merged into
1082:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1057:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
573:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
544:Prussian coup d'Ă©tat
382:, which adopted the
250:Treaty of Versailles
2263:Hessischer Rundfunk
2232:World Statesmen.org
1710:Library of Congress
1294:
684:Unrecognized states
676:of 1937, under the
674:Greater Hamburg Act
417:Weimar_constitution
384:Weimar Constitution
332:Weimar Constitution
326:Franco-Prussian War
308:Weimar Constitution
300:22 ruling dynasties
166:Weimar Constitution
1731:Loew, Peter Oliver
1292:
698:
561:
538:, when Chancellor
469:imperative mandate
449:Matthias Erzberger
444:
355:
215:Kingdom of Prussia
140:territorial losses
119:
2585:
2584:
2535:
2534:
2078:978-3-757-84964-1
1823:"Alsace–Lorraine"
1808:978-0-203-84847-0
1781:978-3-825-86284-8
1750:978-3-406-60587-1
1599:States of Germany
1562:states of Germany
1475:
1474:
1284:
1283:
559:Thuringia in 1910
289:League of Nations
244:, the victorious
16:(Redirected from
2610:
2487:
2446:
2408:
2392:
2384:
2375:Schaumburg-Lippe
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:Oxford Reference
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1509:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1295:
1182:Schaumburg-Lippe
779:
746:Rhenish Republic
729:(7–9 April 1919)
662:Schaumburg-Lippe
518:council republic
427:
421:
323:
33:
21:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2541:
2531:
2508:
2490:
2485:
2483:Weimar-Eisenach
2437:
2409:
2400:
2390:
2382:
2308:
2302:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1619:"German Empire"
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1570:
1531:Gleichschaltung
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1480:
1232:Waldeck-Pyrmont
777:
686:
646:1921 plebiscite
553:
540:Franz von Papen
499:Reich execution
483:
477:
461:
413:
408:
339:
334:
316:Alsace–Lorraine
312:Weimar Republic
203:
189:
184:
128:Weimar Republic
120:
116:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2258:2006-03-05 at
2244:
2218:
2191:
2165:
2138:
2111:
2084:
2077:
2050:
2023:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1916:
1891:
1866:
1855:. 2 April 2024
1840:
1814:
1807:
1787:
1780:
1756:
1749:
1722:
1697:
1688:
1662:
1636:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1386:Saxe-Meiningen
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:Saxe-Altenburg
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
991:
988:
983:
975:
974:
972:
969:
966:
963:
958:
952:
951:
944:
941:
938:
935:
930:
922:
921:
919:
916:
913:
910:
905:
897:
896:
894:
891:
888:
885:
880:
874:
873:
871:
868:
865:
862:
857:
849:
848:
846:
843:
840:
837:
832:
824:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
807:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
776:
775:List of states
773:
753:
752:
749:
735:Rhine Province
731:
730:
724:
718:
712:
685:
682:
666:
665:
659:
653:
635:
634:
628:
618:
617:on 1 May 1920.
608:
581:Saxe-Altenburg
577:Saxe-Meiningen
552:
549:
548:
547:
532:
529:German October
521:
510:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
460:
457:
407:
404:
368:German-Austria
351:German-Austria
338:
335:
333:
330:
197:Kleinstaaterei
188:
185:
183:
180:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2527:Sondershausen
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2261:
2260:archive.today
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2226:Cahoon, Ben.
2222:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1850:
1849:"Hugo Preuss"
1844:
1841:
1829:. 31 May 2024
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1625:. 21 May 2024
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Sondershausen
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:
801:
800:
796:
780:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
736:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:
695:
690:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
668:In addition,
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
647:
643:
642:Upper Silesia
640:
639:
638:
632:
629:
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
564:
557:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
503:
502:
500:
494:
490:
488:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
458:
456:
453:
450:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
420:
418:
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
352:
348:
343:
336:
331:
329:
327:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
251:
247:
246:Allied powers
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:German Empire
202:
198:
194:
187:German Empire
186:
181:
179:
177:
172:
167:
162:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:'s defeat in
133:
132:German Empire
129:
125:
19:
2540:Unrecognized
2486:(until 1920)
2391:(until 1929)
2304:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2151:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2097:
2087:
2068:
2063:
2041:. Retrieved
2036:
2026:
2020:(in German).
2017:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1936:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1797:
1790:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:gonschior.de
1674:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1554:World War II
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1522:Nazi Germany
1519:
1453:
1430:
1407:
1384:
1361:
1338:
1315:
1307:Area in km²
1304:Established
1288:gonschior.de
1285:
1260:
1230:
1205:
1180:
1155:
1130:
1105:
1080:
1055:
1035:
1029:
1003:
978:
946:Merged into
925:
900:
852:
827:
802:
791:Area in km²
788:Established
754:
732:
699:
667:
644:, after the
636:
562:
496:
492:
484:
462:
454:
445:
433:
429:
422:– via
416:
410:
409:
388:
356:
297:
278:
263:
239:
204:
163:
152:
123:
121:
2577:WĂĽrzburg SR
2552:Bavarian SR
2514:Schwarzburg
2415:City-states
2396:WĂĽrttemberg
2383:(from 1920)
2307:(1919–1933)
2266:(in German)
2207:(in German)
2180:(in German)
2154:(in German)
2127:(in German)
2100:(in German)
2039:(in German)
1993:(in German)
1966:(in German)
1939:(in German)
1677:(in German)
1262:WĂĽrttemberg
1088:Neustrelitz
678:Nazi regime
611:Saxe-Coburg
509:in May 1920
396:U.S. Senate
363:Hugo Preuss
242:World War I
231:WĂĽrttemberg
136:World War I
2592:Categories
2562:Bottleneck
2543:separatist
2522:Rudolstadt
2478:Saxe-Gotha
2442:Until 1920
2098:Erfurt web
1605:References
1438:Rudolstadt
487:Article 48
424:Wikisource
347:Hugo PreuĂź
321:Reichsland
274:plebiscite
272:. After a
266:Saar Basin
191:See also:
171:Article 48
2557:Bremen SR
2545:movements
2473:Meiningen
2458:Altenburg
2380:Thuringia
2360:Oldenburg
2335:Brunswick
1875:"Prussia"
1392:Meiningen
1369:Altenburg
1268:Stuttgart
1207:Thuringia
1188:BĂĽckeburg
1113:Oldenburg
1107:Oldenburg
986:Darmstadt
908:Brunswick
902:Brunswick
835:Karlsruhe
507:Thuringia
465:Reichsrat
459:Reichsrat
400:Reichsrat
392:Bundesrat
159:Thuringia
2256:Archived
2237:7 August
2211:7 August
2184:7 August
2158:5 August
2131:5 August
2104:5 August
2043:6 August
1997:3 August
1970:3 August
1943:3 August
1909:3 August
1884:3 August
1859:2 August
1833:9 August
1733:(2011).
1715:8 August
1681:1 August
1650:statista
1629:9 August
1568:See also
1543:de facto
1465:1918/20
1442:1918/20
1419:1918/20
1396:1918/20
1373:1918/20
1350:1918/20
1327:1918/20
1301:Capital
1286:Source:
1242:1918/29
1145:291,700
1063:Schwerin
950:in 1920
937:1918/20
785:Capital
257:and the
138:and the
2572:Rhenish
2567:Bavaria
2428:Hamburg
2388:Waldeck
2365:Prussia
2330:Bavaria
1655:31 July
1556:by the
1537:de jure
1528:in the
1508:in 1910
1494:in 1919
1275:19,508
1253:Prussia
1238:Arolsen
1220:11,763
1170:14,986
1163:Dresden
1148:38,120
1132:Prussia
1070:13,127
1011:Detmold
961:Hamburg
956:Hamburg
948:Bavaria
867:75,996
854:Bavaria
842:15,070
765:Koblenz
670:Hamburg
656:Hanover
631:Waldeck
621:Pyrmont
536:Prussia
248:in the
227:Bavaria
155:Prussia
2463:Coburg
2450:Ernest
2433:LĂĽbeck
2423:Bremen
2370:Saxony
2320:Anhalt
2313:States
2075:
1805:
1778:
1747:
1558:Allies
1422:3,610
1415:Weimar
1399:2,468
1376:1,324
1353:1,143
1330:1,415
1298:State
1278:2,580
1245:1,055
1223:1,607
1213:Weimar
1173:4,994
1157:Saxony
1138:Berlin
1120:6,427
1095:2,930
1037:LĂĽbeck
1030:LĂĽbeck
1018:1,215
996:1,347
993:7,692
971:1,153
933:Coburg
927:Coburg
915:3,672
883:Bremen
878:Bremen
870:7,380
860:Munich
845:2,312
817:2,314
810:Dessau
804:Anhalt
797:Notes
782:State
650:Poland
601:Erfurt
525:Saxony
419:
293:Poland
285:Poland
281:Gdańsk
255:Danzig
223:Saxony
199:, and
2504:Reuss
2496:Reuss
2468:Gotha
2345:Lippe
2340:Hesse
2325:Baden
2067:[
1770:[
1739:[
1340:Reuss
1323:Gotha
1317:Gotha
1272:1918
1217:1920
1192:1918
1167:1918
1142:1918
1117:1918
1092:1918
1067:1918
1042:1918
1015:1918
1005:Lippe
990:1918
980:Hesse
965:1918
912:1918
887:1918
864:1919
839:1918
829:Baden
814:1918
769:Mainz
597:Reuss
593:Gotha
514:Gotha
376:Baden
328:.
235:Baden
221:with
2239:2024
2213:2024
2186:2024
2160:2024
2133:2023
2106:2024
2073:ISBN
2045:2024
1999:2024
1972:2024
1945:2024
1911:2024
1886:2024
1861:2024
1835:2024
1803:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1717:2024
1683:2024
1657:2024
1631:2024
1549:Gaue
1468:862
1448:101
1445:941
1425:417
1402:275
1379:216
1356:211
1346:Gera
1333:189
1195:340
1123:545
1098:110
1073:674
1048:128
1045:298
1021:164
968:415
940:562
918:502
893:339
890:258
820:351
767:and
595:and
567:The
463:The
357:The
298:The
264:The
259:Saar
205:The
164:The
122:The
1471:90
1248:56
1198:48
943:74
2594::
2230:.
2053:^
1989:.
1919:^
1902:.
1877:.
1851:.
1825:.
1708:.
1648:.
1621:.
1564:.
1499:^
1481:^
771:.
704::
599:.
591:,
587:,
583:,
579:,
575:,
283:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
195:,
2297:e
2290:t
2283:v
2241:.
2215:.
2188:.
2162:.
2135:.
2108:.
2081:.
2047:.
2001:.
1974:.
1947:.
1913:.
1888:.
1863:.
1837:.
1811:.
1784:.
1753:.
1719:.
1685:.
1659:.
1633:.
607:.
546:)
531:)
426:.
353:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.