218:, the blood pressure decreased. He proposed that the ergotoxine caused "selective paralysis of motor myoneural junctions" (i.e. those tending to increase the blood pressure) hence revealing that under normal conditions that there was a "mixed response", including a mechanism that would relax smooth muscle and cause a fall in blood pressure. This "mixed response", with the same compound causing either contraction or relaxation, was conceived of as the response of different types of junctions to the same compound.
20:
172:
156:
226:, Professor of Pharmacology at Medical College of Georgia, published a paper concerning adrenergic nervous transmission. In it, he explicitly named the different responses as due to what he called α receptors and β receptors, and that the only sympathetic transmitter was adrenaline. While the latter conclusion was subsequently shown to be incorrect (it is now known to be noradrenaline), his receptor nomenclature and concept of
234:, and thereby promulgate the role played by α and β receptor sites in the adrenaline/noradrenaline cellular mechanism. These concepts would revolutionise advances in pharmacotherapeutic research, allowing the selective design of specific molecules to target medical ailments rather than rely upon traditional research into the efficacy of pre-existing herbal medicines.
243:
186:
By the turn of the 19th century, it was agreed that the stimulation of sympathetic nerves could cause different effects on body tissues, depending on the conditions of stimulation (such as the presence or absence of some toxin). Over the first half of the 20th century, two main proposals were made to
221:
This line of experiments were developed by several groups, including DT Marsh and colleagues, who in
February 1948 showed that a series of compounds structurally related to adrenaline could also show either contracting or relaxing effects, depending on whether or not other toxins were present. This
554:
Epinephrine (adrenaline) reacts with both α- and β-adrenoreceptors, causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. Although α receptors are less sensitive to epinephrine, when activated at pharmacologic doses, they override the vasodilation mediated by β-adrenoreceptors because there are
2769:
Prischich, Davia; Gomila, Alexandre M. J.; Milla-Navarro, Santiago; Sangüesa, Gemma; Diez-Alarcia, Rebeca; Preda, Beatrice; Matera, Carlo; Batlle, Montserrat; Ramírez, Laura; Giralt, Ernest; Hernando, Jordi; Guasch, Eduard; Meana, J. Javier; de la Villa, Pedro; Gorostiza, Pau (2020). "Adrenergic
583:
Smooth muscle behavior is variable depending on anatomical location. Smooth muscle contraction/relaxation is generalized below. One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle. Increased cAMP will promote relaxation in smooth muscle,
567:, resulting in overall dilation with increased sympathetic stimulation. At lower levels of circulating epinephrine (physiologic epinephrine secretion), β-adrenoreceptor stimulation dominates since epinephrine has a higher affinity for the β
213:
explored the effects of adrenaline (which he called adrenine at the time), injected into animals, on blood pressure. Usually, adrenaline would increase the blood pressure of these animals. Although, if the animal had been exposed to
2093:(decreased motility), veins (vasodilation of blood vessels), especially those to skeletal muscle (although this vasodilator effect of norepinephrine is relatively minor and overwhelmed by α adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction)
3657:
Hieble JP, Bylund DB, Clarke DE, Eikenburg DC, Langer SZ, Lefkowitz RJ, Minneman KP, Ruffolo RR (June 1995). "International Union of
Pharmacology. X. Recommendation for nomenclature of alpha 1-adrenoceptors: consensus update".
2349:
receptor. There was a subtype known as C, but it was found to be identical to one of the previously discovered subtypes. To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Before June 1995 α
8870:
3772:
206:, who interpreted many experiments to then propose that there were two neurotransmitter substances, which they called sympathin E (for 'excitation') and sympathin I (for 'inhibition').
559:
receptors than β-adrenoreceptors. The result is that high levels of circulating epinephrine cause vasoconstriction. However, the opposite is true in the coronary arteries, where β
6124:
109:
3579:
Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES (December 2000). "The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system".
8336:
7274:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
3471:
Kamalakkannan G, Petrilli CM, George I, et al. (2008). "Clenbuterol increases lean muscle mass but not endurance in patients with chronic heart failure".
3765:
8206:
2911:
Elliott J (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction".
8596:
8591:
1578:, thus changing the calcium content in a cell. This triggers all other effects, including a prominent slow after depolarizing current (sADP) in neurons.
8627:
7972:
6117:
8587:
7373:
7368:
6080:
222:
again supported the argument that the muscles had two different mechanisms by which they could respond to the same compound. In June of that year,
8611:
8293:
8288:
8283:
7249:
3758:
8667:
7537:
7364:
6062:
6053:
3381:"Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function"
8278:
7224:
6044:
3699:
3514:
3145:
1547:
9036:
7452:
7264:
6734:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6110:
49:
stimulates cells to increase energy production and utilization. The membrane the receptor is bound to in cells is shown with a gray stripe.
3077:
3530:
Santulli G, Lombardi A, Sorriento D, Anastasio A, Del
Giudice C, Formisano P, Béguinot F, Trimarco B, Miele C, Iaccarino G (March 2012).
8265:
6914:
6071:
8170:
7139:
2646:
2997:"Excitatory actions of noradrenaline and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb"
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
7027:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6448:
2745:
2321:
2301:
1249:
145:
2394:
Cannon WB, Rosenbluth A (31 May 1933). "Studies On
Conditions Of Activity In Endocrine Organs XXVI: Sympathin E and Sympathin I".
8621:
8616:
7556:
7551:
6632:
6627:
2316:
8800:
8707:
7561:
6807:
6562:
3247:"Convergence of major physiological stimuli for renin release on the Gs-alpha/cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway"
2296:
8656:
8651:
8185:
7426:
7421:
7269:
7118:
7113:
6089:
3094:
Moro C, Tajouri L, Chess-Williams R (2013). "Adrenoceptor function and expression in bladder urothelium and lamina propria".
1392:
1227:
1101:
917:
9031:
8190:
5080:
3428:
Kline WO, Panaro FJ, Yang H, Bodine SC (2007). "Rapamycin inhibits the growth and muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol".
543:
1469:α receptors have actions in common, but also individual effects. Common (or still receptor unspecified) actions include:
8647:
6987:
6982:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6035:
878:
874:
870:
631:
627:
623:
8181:
6748:
6743:
6204:
6184:
4914:
4464:
4204:
3792:
1751:
1730:
1518:
1403:
1238:
863:
616:
423:
409:
368:
346:
339:
332:
287:
265:
258:
251:
90:
7181:
7176:
7032:
7022:
7017:
7002:
6997:
6970:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6697:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6137:
4369:
2882:"Functional studies of the first selective beta 3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes"
2245:
2065:
2000:
1849:
1346:
1185:
1050:
489:
482:
475:
113:
82:
62:
7218:
7213:
7208:
6978:
6864:
6692:
6674:
6655:
6648:
6167:
2948:"Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat"
2825:"Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility"
1772:
receptor, causing less NE release from the presynaptic neuron. This decreases the effect of NE. There are also α
8773:
8642:
8602:
8248:
7172:
7134:
6993:
6782:
6706:
6660:
6150:
4387:
1532:
926:
818:
704:
117:
5035:
3296:"Ghrelin secretion stimulated by {beta}1-adrenergic receptors in cultured ghrelinoma cells and in fasted mice"
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7446:
7441:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7338:
7204:
7088:
7056:
7051:
7013:
7008:
6919:
6643:
1932:
1602:
846:
599:
191:
There were (at least) two different types of neurotransmitters released from sympathetic nerve terminals, or
7159:
7154:
7071:
7066:
6665:
6266:
6261:
4800:
4492:
4482:
4053:
3810:
3726:
2306:
2124:
2029:
effect), and rate of relaxation of the myocardium, by increasing calcium ion sequestration rate (positive
1818:
1809:
1575:
1483:
685:
199:
8704:
7542:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7482:
7437:
7334:
7197:
7192:
7144:
7047:
7042:
6829:
6713:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6271:
6256:
6133:
4999:
4775:
4418:
2041:
1571:
1555:
609:
242:
3849:
2519:
Marsh DT, Pelletier MH, Rose CA (Feb 1948). "The comparative pharmacology of the N-alkyl-arterenols".
112:
have these receptors, and the binding of a catecholamine to the receptor will generally stimulate the
8754:
8412:
7724:
7547:
7532:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7109:
7062:
6739:
6718:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6102:
5658:
3307:
3163:"Abundance and stability of complexes containing inactive G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins"
1984:
1635:
959:
747:
1414:
8577:
7512:
7403:
7187:
7150:
6615:
6244:
5337:
5203:
4679:
4585:
3982:
3888:
1266:
98:
4714:
4694:
2472:"On the action of ergotoxine; with special reference to the existence of sympathetic vasodilators"
1768:
on, for example, norepinephrine (NE). When NE is released into the synapse, it feeds back on the α
8796:
8307:
8131:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7167:
6542:
6515:
6252:
3784:
3453:
2571:
1647:
604:
210:
203:
2881:
3074:
3045:
575:
adrenoreceptor, producing vasodilation followed by decrease of peripheral vascular resistance.
194:
There were (at least) two different types of detector mechanisms for a single neurotransmitter.
171:
19:
8662:
8606:
8252:
7982:
7977:
7432:
7129:
6478:
5768:
5743:
5663:
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4156:
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3588:
3561:
3510:
3488:
3445:
3410:
3335:
3276:
3194:
3141:
3111:
3057:
3046:"Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: biochemical and pharmacological correlations"
3026:
2977:
2928:
2893:
2862:
2844:
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2797:
2751:
2741:
2709:
2701:
2660:
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2642:
2563:
2528:
2501:
2452:
1898:
1872:
1814:
1765:
1388:
1223:
1097:
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753:
132:, increases heart rate, mobilizes energy, and diverts blood flow from non-essential organs to
29:
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4749:
4002:
7457:
7379:
7229:
5738:
5302:
5145:
4944:
4522:
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4274:
3835:
3629:
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3437:
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3392:
3325:
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2836:
2787:
2779:
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1536:
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1498:
1473:
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1381:
1231:
1216:
1090:
1010:
906:
785:
674:
657:
527:
386:
375:
353:
328:
305:
294:
272:
247:
223:
3532:"Age-related impairment in insulin release: the essential role of β(2)-adrenergic receptor"
3230:
3213:
1671:
blood vessels of ciliary body and (stimulation of dilator pupillae muscles of iris causes
8850:
8637:
8446:
7735:
7417:
7384:
7124:
6421:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
4536:
3844:
3354:
3081:
2148:
2139:
2109:
1955:
1908:
1684:
1567:
1543:
1372:
1210:
1003:
939:
763:
681:
669:
133:
3690:
Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ (2007). "Chapter 11: Noradrenergic transmission".
3311:
534:
binding thus causes a rise in the intracellular concentration of the second messenger (G
8723:
7583:
7411:
6638:
6431:
6426:
6416:
6392:
6362:
6357:
5648:
5317:
5282:
5003:
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4422:
4287:
4007:
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3531:
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3271:
3246:
3189:
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3021:
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2824:
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2447:
2422:
2263:
2171:
2144:
2100:
2014:
1876:
1734:
1688:
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1656:
1563:
1358:
1286:
1201:
1109:
1066:
887:
732:
636:
401:
320:
177:
155:
70:
3405:
3380:
9025:
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8427:
8422:
8417:
7343:
7279:
6347:
5798:
5638:
5322:
5266:
5223:
4884:
4808:
4674:
4613:
4502:
4391:
4303:
4057:
3977:
3972:
3916:
3903:
3716:
2924:
2696:
2679:
2591:
2559:
2407:
2224:
2190:
2078:
1942:
1892:
1855:
1834:
1594:
1586:
1479:
1206:
1130:
1041:
896:
717:
712:
649:
364:
283:
66:
42:
3457:
3441:
3294:
Zhao TJ, Sakata I, Li RL, Liang G, Richardson JA, Brown MS, et al. (Sep 2010).
8700:
7098:
7092:
6702:
6687:
6510:
6277:
5823:
5808:
5753:
5248:
5070:
5015:
5007:
4979:
4939:
4858:
4824:
4639:
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4395:
4279:
4148:
4124:
4084:
2575:
2487:
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2018:
1967:
1915:
1845:
1721:
1626:
1610:
1447:
1354:
1310:
1281:
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1193:
1176:
1139:
1125:
1072:
1058:
1015:
944:
891:
836:
826:
790:
770:
644:
404:. There are two main groups of adrenoreceptors, α and β, with 9 subtypes in total:
397:
316:
78:
3721:
3107:
546:(PKA), which mediates some of the intracellular events following hormone binding.
3750:
3484:
1776:
receptors on the nerve terminal membrane of the post-synaptic adrenergic neuron.
5948:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5803:
5778:
5763:
5748:
5713:
5698:
5678:
5673:
5643:
5623:
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5528:
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5402:
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4600:
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4565:
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4507:
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4254:
4249:
4209:
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4164:
4134:
4129:
4104:
4079:
4073:
4038:
3997:
3992:
3957:
3942:
3937:
3883:
3873:
3854:
3815:
2022:
1971:
1904:
1696:
1661:
1362:
1332:
1327:
1296:
1197:
1161:
1076:
1062:
1030:
964:
883:
854:
742:
722:
692:
640:
381:, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of
300:, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of
161:
74:
3731:
3300:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1817:
in the neuronal synapses - presynaptic inhibition of norepinephrine release in
9002:
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6013:
6003:
5993:
5978:
5973:
5958:
5938:
5933:
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5903:
5888:
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5733:
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4028:
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3825:
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2181:
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2086:
2030:
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1652:
1438:
1433:
1337:
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1291:
1271:
1260:
1156:
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1120:
989:
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800:
727:
539:
496:
393:
382:
312:
301:
2848:
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2755:
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5963:
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4354:
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4264:
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4214:
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4061:
4048:
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4033:
4023:
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3320:
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1301:
1171:
1080:
1035:
1020:
954:
810:
805:
780:
775:
737:
653:
416:
230:, remains. In 1954, he was able to incorporate his findings in a textbook,
136:. These effects together tend to increase physical performance momentarily.
129:
38:
3643:
3592:
3565:
3492:
3449:
3339:
3280:
3198:
3115:
3030:
2866:
2809:
2783:
2567:
2532:
2505:
2456:
1945:– prevent sudden death related to this condition, which is often caused by
385:
activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. The β receptor couples to
304:
activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. The β receptor couples to
3671:
3414:
3061:
3012:
2981:
2932:
2897:
2713:
2680:"Interaction Between α and β-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Cardiovascular Effects"
584:
while promoting increased contractility and pulse rate in cardiac muscle.
8936:
8914:
5893:
5883:
5833:
5708:
5693:
5688:
5498:
5463:
5458:
5432:
5407:
5274:
5164:
5130:
5011:
4909:
4899:
4879:
4850:
4836:
4780:
4754:
4739:
4621:
4551:
4440:
4430:
4314:
4160:
4144:
4088:
3924:
3859:
3179:
2963:
2209:
2165:
2135:
2090:
1980:
1961:
1946:
1824:
1798:
1792:
1490:
1151:
1025:
979:
934:
900:
795:
665:
121:
3624:
228:
two different types of detector mechanisms for a single neurotransmitter
8007:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
5988:
5968:
5943:
5838:
5563:
5488:
4929:
4497:
4445:
4399:
2792:
2269:
2228:
2154:
2128:
2082:
2048:
1788:
1489:
Subtype unspecific α agonists (see actions above) can be used to treat
1376:
1322:
1166:
1084:
994:
831:
696:
661:
531:
360:
279:
3547:
3509:. United States of America: MCGraw-Hill Education. 2018. p. 148.
3396:
2840:
33:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8845:
8790:
8785:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8582:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8220:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8126:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7967:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7258:
6949:
6772:
6766:
6336:
6331:
6321:
6316:
5258:
4605:
4487:
3908:
2284:
2201:
2118:
1975:
1936:
1704:
1700:
1641:
1621:
1606:
102:
3608:"Short-term tocolytics for preterm delivery - current perspectives"
8985:
8676:
8671:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8434:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8215:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8136:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7288:
7253:
7103:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6909:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6801:
6761:
6756:
6679:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6326:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
3694:(6th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 169–170.
2656:
2037:
1692:
1614:
1497:
secretion). Subtype unspecific α antagonists can be used to treat
1494:
327:
The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are
246:
The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are
215:
77:(adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like
2546:
Ahlquist RP (Jun 1948). "A study of the adrenotropic receptors".
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8358:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8150:
8140:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7407:
7283:
6777:
4689:
2205:
1631:
1598:
125:
8911:
8698:
8246:
6148:
6106:
3754:
2208:– reduce bronchial smooth muscle contraction thus dilating the
8175:
2025:
effect), stroke volume (by enhancing contractility – positive
3741:
3736:
209:
The second hypothesis found support from 1906 to 1913, when
3136:
Fitzpatrick D, Purves D, Augustine G (2004). "Table 20:2".
899:
mixed effects, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) inhibition,
3379:
Large V, Hellström L, Reynisdottir S, et al. (1997).
3084:
M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning
Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
3044:
Schmitz JM, Graham RM, Sagalowsky A, Pettinger WA (1981).
2641:. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. pp. 54, 129–134.
1901:– increase cardiac output thus redistributing blood volume
3050:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2521:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1531:
protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Upon activation, a
3355:"Adrenergic and Cholinergic Receptors in Blood Vessels"
2740:(8th ed.). United Kingdom: Elsevier. p. 179.
2081:
relaxation throughout many areas of the body, e.g. in
1958:– reduce peripheral sympathetic hyper-responsiveness
1888:
Subtype unspecific β agonists can be used to treat:
1664:(although minor relative to the relaxing effect of β
8995:
8929:
8764:
8722:
8568:
8445:
8264:
8117:
7734:
7582:
7575:
7081:
6969:
6962:
6727:
6614:
6605:
6441:
6346:
6243:
6175:
6166:
5441:
5043:
5034:
4768:
4475:
4463:
4016:
3803:
3791:
3732:
2913:
Journal of
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2736:Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2016).
1724:– decrease blood pressure by decreasing peripheral
3606:Haas DM, Benjamin T, Sawyer R, Quinney SK (2014).
2593:Pharmacology in medicine: a collaborative textbook
2590:
3245:Kim SM, Briggs JP, Schnermann J (February 2012).
2880:Nisoli E, Tonello C, Landi M, Carruba MO (1996).
1895:– increase cardiac output acutely in an emergency
1869:– relax penile smooth muscles and ease blood flow
1848:– decrease blood pressure-raising actions of the
3727:Adrenoceptors - IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology
1617:. Other areas of smooth muscle contraction are:
1764:protein. It is a presynaptic receptor, causing
6118:
3766:
3473:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
8:
2639:The adrenergic receptors in the 21st century
2033:effect), which aids in increasing heart rate
120:, which is triggered by experiences such as
3140:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer.
2995:Smith RS, Weitz CJ, Araneda RC (Aug 2009).
359:, which results in increased intracellular
278:, which results in increased intracellular
8926:
8908:
8719:
8695:
8261:
8243:
7579:
6966:
6611:
6172:
6163:
6145:
6125:
6111:
6103:
5040:
4472:
3800:
3773:
3759:
3751:
2197:(see actions above) can be used to treat:
1841:(see actions above) can be used to treat:
400:contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and
319:contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and
3633:
3623:
3555:
3404:
3329:
3319:
3270:
3229:
3188:
3178:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3020:
2971:
2856:
2791:
2695:
2495:
2446:
1935:– reduce heart rate and hence increasing
1737:within the prostate thus easing urination
2423:"On some physiological actions of ergot"
2283:, but are limited by the side effect of
2279:agonists could theoretically be used as
2186:involved in brain - immune communication
1830:decreases peripheral vascular resistance
586:
241:
18:
3612:International Journal of Women's Health
2946:Sagrada A, Fargeas MJ, Bueno L (1987).
2772:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2770:modulation with photochromic ligands".
2386:
2335:
2021:effect), conduction velocity (positive
1554:), which in turn causes an increase in
542:. Downstream effectors of cAMP include
198:The first hypothesis was championed by
7275:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
3231:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770
2684:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
116:(SNS). The SNS is responsible for the
8279:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
3385:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2823:Tesmer JJ, et al. (2012-09-21).
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
1548:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
1527:-adrenoreceptors are members of the G
7:
3251:Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
3214:"How do heart failure patients die?"
3161:Qin K, Sethi PR, Lambert NA (2008).
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
16:Class of G protein-coupled receptors
3075:Circulation & Lung Physiology I
2341:
2339:
2017:by increasing heart rate (positive
841:Typical and atypical antipsychotics
664:& sphincter contraction of the
128:-causing situations. This response
3218:European Heart Journal Supplements
2548:The American Journal of Physiology
1914:Subtype unspecific β antagonists (
660:in the skin, mucosa and abdominal
563:response is greater than that of α
538:inhibits the production of cAMP)
14:
3507:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
3212:Ørn S, Dickstein K (2002-04-01).
2322:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
2302:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2
1566:(DAG). The former interacts with
146:History of catecholamine research
8628:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
2925:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x
2697:10.1097/00005344-198608004-00004
2560:10.1152/ajplegacy.1948.153.3.586
2408:10.1152/ajplegacy.1933.104.3.557
2317:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
474:β receptors are subdivided into
408:α receptors are subdivided into
374:, on the other hand, couples to
293:, on the other hand, couples to
232:Drill's Pharmacology in Medicine
170:
154:
8588:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
6081:Monoamine metabolism modulators
3442:10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2006
2297:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
1929:thus stabilizing heart function
7250:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2488:10.1113/jphysiol.1913.sp001592
2439:10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001148
2396:American Journal of Physiology
2114:uptake of potassium into cells
1:
8668:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
7538:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
6063:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
6036:Receptor/signaling modulators
3737:Theory of receptor activation
3430:Journal of Applied Physiology
3108:10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.011
1875:– enhance mood by increasing
544:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
3692:Rang and Dale's Pharmacology
3485:10.1016/j.healun.2008.01.013
2738:Rang and Dale's pharmacology
2678:Zwieten, Van; A, P. (1986).
396:activity, resulting in e.g.
392:and increases intracellular
315:activity, resulting in e.g.
311:and increases intracellular
9037:G protein-coupled receptors
7453:Prolactin-releasing peptide
6138:G protein-coupled receptors
5146:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4523:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4370:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3836:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3717:Alpha receptors illustrated
1752:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
1731:benign prostate hyperplasia
1519:Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
1505:caused by norepinephrine).
63:G protein-coupled receptors
9053:
6072:Monoamine releasing agents
3001:Journal of Neurophysiology
2246:Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
2243:
2231:smooth muscle contractions
2170:thickened secretions from
2066:Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
2063:
2051:secretion from the stomach
2001:Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
1998:
1964:– reduce number of attacks
1850:sympathetic nervous system
1749:
1516:
345:or β-adrenoreceptors. The
264:or β-adrenoreceptors. The
143:
114:sympathetic nervous system
97:, which are used to treat
8925:
8907:
8718:
8694:
8260:
8242:
6162:
6144:
6026:
4388:Tricyclic antidepressants
3359:Cardiovascular Physiology
3263:10.1007/s10157-011-0494-1
2637:Perez, Dianne M. (2006).
2476:The Journal of Physiology
2427:The Journal of Physiology
1925:– decrease the output of
1801:release from the pancreas
1760:receptor couples to the G
1597:, including those of the
1371:, promotes relaxation of
608:
603:
598:
595:
592:
589:
571:adrenoreceptor than the α
187:explain this phenomenon:
65:that are targets of many
8774:Calcium-sensing receptor
8643:Methuselah-like proteins
3722:The Adrenergic Receptors
2597:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1918:) can be used to treat:
1668:receptor on bronchioles)
1585:receptor mainly involve
1533:heterotrimeric G protein
118:fight-or-flight response
6920:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
6808:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
4801:Atypical antipsychotics
4054:Atypical antipsychotics
3660:Pharmacological Reviews
3581:Pharmacological Reviews
3321:10.1073/pnas.1011116107
1933:coronary artery disease
1603:gastrointestinal system
1589:contraction. It causes
1546:(PLC). The PLC cleaves
495:. All 3 are coupled to
37:) shown binding
8801:Metabotropic glutamate
5000:Typical antipsychotics
4483:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4419:Typical antipsychotics
2886:Molecular Pharmacology
2784:10.1002/anie.202010553
2309:(Cholinergic receptor)
2307:Acetylcholine receptor
2125:detrusor urinae muscle
2085:(bronchodilation, see
1862:can be used to treat:
1717:can be used to treat:
1576:sarcoplasmic reticulum
1484:gastrointestinal tract
593:Agonist potency order
422:coupled receptor) and
324:
200:Walter Bradford Cannon
50:
6830:Lysophosphatidic acid
6134:Cell surface receptor
6090:Monoamine neurotoxins
3013:10.1152/jn.91093.2008
2042:juxtaglomerular cells
1679:Actions also include
1636:arrector pili muscles
1556:inositol triphosphate
1040:Typical and atypical
245:
22:
9032:Adrenergic receptors
8755:Vomeronasal receptor
7725:Vomeronasal receptor
5659:Dichloroisoprenaline
3742:Desensitization of β
3224:(Suppl D): D59–D65.
3180:10.1096/fj.08-105775
2964:10.1136/gut.28.8.955
2829:ACS Chemical Biology
2470:Dale HH (Jun 1913).
2421:Dale HH (May 1906).
2217:– increase cellular
1985:intraocular pressure
960:Chloroethylclonidine
748:Chloroethylclonidine
550:Roles in circulation
73:(noradrenaline) and
55:adrenergic receptors
8648:Parathyroid hormone
6608:signaling molecules
5338:Phenylpropanolamine
5204:Ethylnorepinephrine
4680:Phenylpropanolamine
4586:Ethylnorepinephrine
3983:Phenylpropanolamine
3889:Ethylnorepinephrine
3782:Adrenergic receptor
3625:10.2147/IJWH.S44048
3312:2010PNAS..10715868Z
2117:relax non-pregnant
1419:-adrenergic agonist
1267:Bitolterol mesylate
1254:-adrenergic agonist
1114:-adrenergic agonist
1083:effects, increased
99:high blood pressure
8797:Glutamate receptor
8182:Protease-activated
3080:2011-07-26 at the
2254:receptor include:
2074:receptor include:
2009:receptor include:
1783:receptor include:
1703:reabsorption from
1648:urethral sphincter
1478:decreased flow of
1263:(Albuterol in USA)
433:coupled receptor)
325:
211:Henry Hallett Dale
204:Arturo Rosenblueth
51:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9010:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
7571:
7570:
6958:
6957:
6601:
6600:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6039:
6022:
6021:
5769:Iodocyanopindolol
5744:Hydroxytertatolol
5664:Dihydroalprenolol
5277:
5269:
5261:
5178:
5030:
5029:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4560:
4542:Dihydroergotamine
4459:
4458:
4292:hydroxynefazodone
4157:dihydroergotamine
3927:
3919:
3911:
3868:
3701:978-0-443-06911-6
3548:10.2337/db11-1027
3516:978-1-259-64115-2
3397:10.1172/JCI119854
3147:978-0-87893-725-7
2841:10.1021/cb3003013
2835:(11): 1830–1839.
2589:Drill VA (1954).
2281:weight-loss drugs
1899:circulatory shock
1815:negative feedback
1791:release from the
1766:negative feedback
1695:; secretion from
1462:
1461:
1389:adenylate cyclase
1224:adenylate cyclase
1098:adenylate cyclase
914:adenylate cyclase
684:(PLC) activated,
555:more peripheral α
458:has 3 subtypes: α
440:has 3 subtypes: α
367:contraction. The
286:contraction. The
9044:
8927:
8909:
8720:
8696:
8262:
8244:
7580:
6967:
6865:Lysophospholipid
6612:
6173:
6168:Neurotransmitter
6164:
6146:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6104:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6030:
5739:Hydroxycarteolol
5303:Methoxyphenamine
5275:
5267:
5262:-DOPA (levodopa)
5259:
5176:
5150:-methyldopamine)
5041:
4945:Phenoxybenzamine
4622:
4614:
4609:-DOPA (levodopa)
4606:
4558:
4527:-methyldopamine)
4473:
4285:Phenylpiperazine
4275:Phenoxybenzamine
3925:
3917:
3912:-DOPA (levodopa)
3909:
3866:
3850:Dexisometheptene
3840:-methyldopamine)
3801:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3705:
3676:
3675:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3306:(36): 15868–73.
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3024:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2795:
2778:(7): 3625–3631.
2766:
2760:
2759:
2733:
2718:
2717:
2699:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2634:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2374:
2343:
2250:Actions of the β
2070:Actions of the β
2005:Actions of the β
1923:heart arrhythmia
1779:Actions of the α
1726:vasoconstriction
1591:vasoconstriction
1581:Actions of the α
1568:calcium channels
1503:vasoconstriction
1499:pheochromocytoma
1474:vasoconstriction
1011:Phenoxybenzamine
1004:Alpha-2 blockers
927:Alpha-2 agonists
849:(H1 antagonists)
786:Phenoxybenzamine
764:Alpha-1 blockers
752:Adrenoswitches (
705:Alpha-1 agonists
658:vasoconstriction
587:
528:adenylyl cyclase
511:also couple to G
329:receptor ligands
248:receptor ligands
224:Raymond Ahlquist
174:
158:
41:(yellow) on its
36:
9052:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9007:
8991:
8921:
8895:
8782:
8760:
8714:
8682:
8564:
8441:
8256:
8226:
8113:
7730:
7567:
7173:Cholecystokinin
7077:
6954:
6783:Free fatty acid
6723:
6607:
6606:Metabolites and
6597:
6437:
6342:
6239:
6158:
6140:
6131:
6101:
6096:
6018:
5437:
5026:
4764:
4537:Dexmedetomidine
4468:
4455:
4288:antidepressants
4012:
3845:Desglymidodrine
3796:
3787:
3779:
3745:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3689:
3685:
3683:Further reading
3680:
3679:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3391:(12): 3005–13.
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3123:
3102:(1): 211.e1–7.
3093:
3092:
3088:
3082:Wayback Machine
3073:
3069:
3043:
3042:
3038:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2721:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2602:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2293:
2278:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2194:
2172:salivary glands
2149:gluconeogenesis
2140:skeletal muscle
2110:skeletal muscle
2073:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2040:secretion from
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1956:hyperthyroidism
1909:bronchodilation
1886:
1859:
1838:
1804:contraction of
1782:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1714:
1685:gluconeogenesis
1667:
1644:(when pregnant)
1584:
1561:
1553:
1544:phospholipase C
1540:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1501:(they decrease
1493:(they decrease
1467:
1418:
1407:
1400:
1385:
1373:detrusor muscle
1350:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1220:
1211:bronchodilation
1189:
1113:
1094:
1054:
940:Dexmedetomidine
910:
867:
754:photoswitchable
689:
682:phospholipase C
678:
670:urinary bladder
620:
596:Agonist action
581:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
537:
525:
521:
514:
510:
506:
500:
493:
486:
479:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:
427:
420:
413:
390:
379:
372:
363:and subsequent
357:
350:
343:
336:
309:
298:
291:
282:and subsequent
276:
269:
262:
255:
240:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
166:
165:
164:
159:
148:
142:
134:skeletal muscle
105:, for example.
94:
86:
61:are a class of
48:
28:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9050:
9048:
9040:
9039:
9034:
9024:
9023:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9005:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8933:
8931:
8923:
8922:
8912:
8905:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8868:
8862:
8857:
8848:
8843:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8794:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8770:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8729:
8727:
8716:
8715:
8699:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8674:
8665:
8660:
8654:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8600:
8594:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8451:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8270:
8268:
8258:
8257:
8247:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8218:
8213:
8204:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8179:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8134:
8129:
8127:Adrenomedullin
8123:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7740:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7589:
7587:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7559:
7554:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7524:
7519:
7510:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7480:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7415:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7382:
7377:
7371:
7362:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7332:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7247:
7241:
7236:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7211:
7205:Formyl peptide
7202:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7185:
7179:
7170:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7157:
7148:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7045:
7036:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6991:
6985:
6975:
6973:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6862:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6759:
6746:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6677:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6636:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6560:
6554:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6410:
6404:
6399:
6390:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6275:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6211:
6202:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6160:
6159:
6149:
6142:
6141:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Dexpropranolol
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5318:Norepinephrine
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Levosalbutamol
5280:
5272:
5270:-Phenylalanine
5264:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5004:chlorpromazine
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4840:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4760:Xylometazoline
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:Norepinephrine
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4617:-Phenylalanine
4611:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4423:chlorpromazine
4416:
4411:
4385:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4082:
4077:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4008:Xylometazoline
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Norepinephrine
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3920:-Phenylalanine
3914:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3711:External links
3709:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3649:
3598:
3587:(4): 595–638.
3571:
3542:(3): 692–701.
3522:
3515:
3498:
3463:
3420:
3371:
3345:
3286:
3237:
3204:
3153:
3146:
3121:
3086:
3067:
3036:
3007:(2): 1103–14.
2987:
2938:
2903:
2872:
2815:
2761:
2746:
2719:
2670:
2648:978-1588294234
2647:
2600:
2581:
2554:(3): 586–600.
2538:
2511:
2482:(3): 291–300.
2462:
2433:(3): 163–206.
2413:
2402:(3): 557–574.
2385:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2264:adipose tissue
2251:
2244:Main article:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:-release from
2174:
2168:
2158:
2151:
2145:glycogenolysis
2142:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2101:adipose tissue
2094:
2071:
2064:Main article:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2015:cardiac output
2006:
1999:Main article:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1930:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:norepinephrine
1870:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1802:
1795:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1750:Main article:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:smooth muscles
1728:
1712:
1689:adipose tissue
1681:glycogenolysis
1677:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:lamina propria
1650:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1582:
1564:diacylglycerol
1559:
1551:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1517:Main article:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1365:
1359:norepinephrine
1352:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Metaproterenol
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:norepinephrine
1191:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1069:
1067:norepinephrine
1056:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:antipsychotics
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
999:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
921:
908:
904:
894:
888:norepinephrine
881:
865:
860:
859:
858:
857:
847:Antihistamines
843:
842:
839:
834:
829:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
759:
758:
757:
750:
745:
740:
735:
733:Xylometazoline
730:
725:
720:
715:
699:
687:
676:
672:
647:
637:Norepinephrine
634:
618:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
594:
591:
580:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
548:
535:
526:are linked to
523:
519:
516:
515:
512:
508:
504:
498:
491:
484:
477:
472:
471:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
430:
425:
418:
411:
402:glycogenolysis
388:
377:
370:
355:
348:
341:
334:
321:glycogenolysis
307:
296:
289:
274:
267:
260:
253:
239:
236:
196:
195:
192:
178:Norepinephrine
176:
169:
168:
167:
160:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:Main article:
141:
138:
130:dilates pupils
92:
84:
71:norepinephrine
67:catecholamines
46:
27:adrenoceptor (
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9049:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8906:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8756:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8367:
8364:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7576:Miscellaneous
7574:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:Anaphylatoxin
7087:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6666:Prostaglandin
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6604:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:Acetylcholine
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:Serotonergics
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:Dopaminergics
6041:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Levobetaxolol
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Cyanopindolol
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:Orciprenaline
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Hexoprenaline
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Esmirtazapine
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4809:brexpiprazole
4806:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Oxymetazoline
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Apraclonidine
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:amitriptyline
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4304:triazoledione
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:Beta blockers
4083:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:brexpiprazole
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Phenylephrine
3976:
3974:
3973:Oxymetazoline
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3904:Isometheptene
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3673:
3669:
3666:(2): 267–70.
3665:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:(4): 457–61.
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3173:(8): 2920–7.
3172:
3168:
3167:FASEB Journal
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:(4): 308–17.
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2747:9780702053627
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2527:(2): 108–20.
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2345:There is no α
2342:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2225:preterm birth
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:smooth muscle
2077:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:of the kidney
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:heart failure
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:beta blockers
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:heart failure
1891:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1767:
1753:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:blood vessels
1592:
1588:
1587:smooth muscle
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1480:smooth muscle
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:Beta blockers
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:Beta blockers
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:for example)
1212:
1208:
1207:Smooth muscle
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:Beta blockers
1136:
1132:
1131:Noradrenaline
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
928:
922:
919:
916:inactivated,
915:
911:
905:
902:
898:
897:Smooth muscle
895:
893:
889:
885:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
861:
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
848:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
820:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
765:
760:
755:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Phenylephrine
716:
714:
713:Noradrenaline
711:
710:
709:
708:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
683:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:contraction,
651:
650:Smooth muscle
648:
646:
642:
638:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
615:
614:
611:
606:
601:
588:
585:
578:
576:
549:
547:
545:
541:
533:
529:
502:
494:
487:
480:
473:
453:
435:
434:
428:
421:
414:
407:
406:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
380:
373:
366:
365:smooth muscle
362:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
299:
292:
285:
284:smooth muscle
281:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
244:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
219:
217:
212:
207:
205:
201:
193:
190:
189:
188:
179:
173:
163:
157:
147:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
88:
80:
79:beta blockers
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:adrenoceptors
56:
44:
43:extracellular
40:
35:
31:
21:
8765:
8732:
8705:Metabotropic
8569:
8454:
8407:
8365:
8331:
8302:
8273:
8118:
7743:
7592:
7543:Urotensin-II
7483:Somatostatin
7438:Prokineticin
7335:Melanocortin
7038:
6971:Neuropeptide
6910:Oxoglutarate
6752:
6714:Prostacyclin
6683:
6670:
6623:
6511:GHB receptor
6412:
6355:
6176:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6043:
6032:
6031:
5824:Metipranolol
5809:Levomoprolol
5754:Idropranolol
5249:Isoprenaline
5147:
5071:Arformoterol
5016:thioridazine
5008:fluphenazine
4980:Spiroxatrine
4940:Phentolamine
4859:tandospirone
4825:paliperidone
4715:Tasipimidine
4695:Rezatomidine
4640:Medetomidine
4524:
4435:thioridazine
4427:fluphenazine
4408:trimipramine
4396:clomipramine
4280:Phentolamine
4149:acetergamine
4125:Corynanthine
3837:
3781:
3691:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3506:
3501:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3436:(2): 740–7.
3433:
3429:
3423:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3358:
3353:Klabunde R.
3348:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3257:(1): 17–24.
3254:
3250:
3240:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3138:Neuroscience
3137:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3070:
3056:(2): 400–6.
3053:
3049:
3039:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2958:(8): 955–9.
2955:
2951:
2941:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2737:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2638:
2592:
2584:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2274:
2258:increase of
2249:
2215:hyperkalemia
2189:
2069:
2019:chronotropic
2004:
1968:stage fright
1913:
1887:
1854:
1846:hypertension
1833:
1778:
1755:
1722:hypertension
1709:
1697:sweat glands
1678:
1627:vas deferens
1611:renal artery
1580:
1542:, activates
1522:
1488:
1468:
1445:
1412:
1355:Isoprenaline
1308:
1282:Levalbuterol
1277:Isoprenaline
1247:
1209:relaxation (
1194:Isoprenaline
1177:Vortioxetine
1137:
1126:Isoprenaline
1107:
1073:chronotropic
1059:Isoprenaline
1016:Phentolamine
1001:
945:Medetomidine
924:
923:
892:isoprenaline
845:
844:
837:Trimipramine
827:Clomipramine
816:
815:
791:Phentolamine
771:Acepromazine
761:
702:
701:
645:isoprenaline
582:
553:
517:
398:heart muscle
326:
317:heart muscle
231:
227:
220:
208:
197:
185:
107:
58:
54:
52:
8413:Latrophilin
7548:Vasopressin
7533:Thyrotropin
7110:Angiotensin
7063:Neurotensin
6740:Cannabinoid
6719:Thromboxane
5949:Spirendolol
5924:Propranolol
5919:Propafenone
5914:Pronethalol
5804:Levobunolol
5779:Isoxaprolol
5764:Indopanolol
5749:ICI-118,551
5714:Eugenodilol
5699:Ersentilide
5679:Draquinolol
5674:Diprafenone
5644:Dalbraminol
5624:Cicloprolol
5599:Carpindolol
5584:Butofilolol
5529:Bornaprolol
5474:Alprenoxime
5442:Antagonists
5403:Tulobuterol
5398:Tretoquinol
5393:Terbutaline
5353:Ractopamine
5348:Prenalterol
5254:Isoxsuprine
5239:Indacaterol
5209:Eugenodilol
5199:Etilevodopa
5184:Epinephrine
5175:Droxidopa (
5155:Dipivefrine
5126:Clenbuterol
4970:Setiptiline
4960:Rauwolscine
4935:Pardoprunox
4925:Mirtazapine
4890:Fenmetozole
4833:risperidone
4796:Atipamezole
4769:Antagonists
4725:Tiamenidine
4720:Tetryzoline
4700:Rilmenidine
4665:Naphazoline
4601:Guanoxabenz
4576:Epinephrine
4566:Etilevodopa
4557:Droxidopa (
4547:Dipivefrine
4508:Brimonidine
4378:maprotiline
4255:Pardoprunox
4250:Niguldipine
4210:Mepiprazole
4185:Hydroxyzine
4175:Etoperidone
4165:nicergoline
4135:Domesticine
4130:Dapiprazole
4105:eugenodilol
4080:Benoxathian
4074:risperidone
4039:Anisodamine
4017:Antagonists
3998:Tiamenidine
3993:Tetryzoline
3958:Naphazoline
3943:Methoxamine
3938:Metaraminol
3884:Etilevodopa
3874:Epinephrine
3865:Droxidopa (
3855:Dipivefrine
3816:Amidephrine
2892:(1): 7–14.
2793:2434/778579
2361:was named α
2353:was named α
2153:stimulates
2023:dromotropic
1972:tachycardia
1951:arrhythmias
1905:anaphylaxis
1884:β receptors
1860:antagonists
1827:aggregation
1715:antagonists
1662:bronchioles
1572:endoplasmic
1465:α receptors
1391:activated,
1363:epinephrine
1333:ICI-118,551
1328:Propranolol
1297:Terbutaline
1226:activated,
1198:epinephrine
1162:Propranolol
1100:activated,
1077:dromotropic
1063:epinephrine
1031:Atipamezole
965:Brimonidine
903:activation
884:Epinephrine
855:Hydroxyzine
743:Metaraminol
723:Methoxamine
641:epinephrine
610:Antagonists
352:couples to
271:couples to
162:Epinephrine
75:epinephrine
9026:Categories
9003:Smoothened
8996:Smoothened
8919:Smoothened
8578:Calcitonin
7513:Tachykinin
7410:, but not
7404:Nociceptin
7270:Kisspeptin
7188:Endothelin
7151:Bradykinin
7039:Neuromedin
6616:Eicosanoid
6245:Purinergic
6177:Adrenergic
6014:Xipranolol
6004:Toliprolol
5994:Tiprenolol
5979:Tienoxolol
5974:Tertatolol
5959:Sulfinalol
5939:Soquinolol
5934:Ronactolol
5909:Procinolol
5904:Primidolol
5889:Penbutolol
5869:Pacrinolol
5864:Oxprenolol
5859:Nipradilol
5829:Metoprolol
5819:Mepindolol
5814:Medroxalol
5784:Isamoltane
5774:Iprocrolol
5734:Flusoxolol
5724:Falintolol
5704:Esatenolol
5654:Diacetolol
5634:Cloranolol
5614:Celiprolol
5609:Carvedilol
5589:Capsinolol
5574:Butaxamine
5569:Bupranolol
5559:Bunitrolol
5539:Bucindolol
5534:Brefonalol
5524:Bopindolol
5519:Bisoprolol
5514:Bevantolol
5494:Arotinolol
5479:Amosulalol
5469:Alprenolol
5449:Acebutolol
5428:Zilpaterol
5413:Vilanterol
5388:Solabegron
5383:Salmeterol
5378:Salbutamol
5363:Reproterol
5358:Procaterol
5343:Pirbuterol
5328:Oxyfedrine
5313:Mirabegron
5308:Methyldopa
5298:Melevodopa
5288:Lubabegron
5244:Isoetarine
5229:Higenamine
5219:Formoterol
5194:Etilefrine
5189:Etafedrine
5170:Dopexamine
5160:Dobutamine
5141:Denopamine
5136:Corbadrine
5116:Carmoterol
5111:Carbuterol
5101:Broxaterol
5096:Bitolterol
5086:Bambuterol
5076:Arotinolol
5066:Arbutamine
5056:Alifedrine
5051:Abediterol
4995:Tolazoline
4985:Sunepitron
4975:Spegatrine
4965:Rotigotine
4905:Ketanserin
4895:Fluparoxan
4875:Cirazoline
4870:Buflomedil
4855:ipsapirone
4843:Azapirones
4829:quetiapine
4821:olanzapine
4817:lurasidone
4791:Aptazapine
4786:Amesergide
4735:Tolonidine
4730:Tizanidine
4710:Talipexole
4705:Romifidine
4660:Moxonidine
4650:Methyldopa
4645:Melevodopa
4635:Lofexidine
4596:Guanfacine
4581:Etilefrine
4571:Ergotamine
4532:Detomidine
4518:Corbadrine
4414:Trimazosin
4404:imipramine
4365:Tolazoline
4360:Tiodazosin
4350:Tamsulosin
4345:Talipexole
4335:Spegatrine
4320:Quinazosin
4296:nefazodone
4270:Phendioxan
4260:Pelanserin
4245:Niaprazine
4240:Neldazosin
4230:Naftopidil
4225:Moxisylyte
4195:Ketanserin
4180:Fenspiride
4153:ergotamine
4115:Buflomedil
4101:carvedilol
4097:arotinolol
4093:amosulalol
4070:quetiapine
4066:olanzapine
4029:Ajmalicine
3988:Synephrine
3968:Octopamine
3948:Methyldopa
3933:Melevodopa
3899:Indanidine
3879:Etilefrine
3831:Corbadrine
3826:Cirazoline
3785:modulators
2657:2005008529
2381:References
2268:relax the
2182:mast cells
2162:sphincters
2087:salbutamol
2031:lusitropic
1927:sinus node
1873:depression
1823:increased
1806:sphincters
1797:increased
1787:decreased
1653:urothelium
1439:Mirabegron
1434:Solabegron
1338:Paroxetine
1318:Butoxamine
1292:Salmeterol
1272:Formoterol
1261:Salbutamol
1157:Bisoprolol
1147:Metoprolol
1121:Dobutamine
1087:secretion
990:Guanfacine
985:Tizanidine
975:Lofexidine
970:Detomidine
950:Romifidine
801:Tamsulosin
728:Cirazoline
695:, rise in
331:to either
250:to either
238:Categories
216:ergotoxine
95:) agonists
91:alpha-2 (α
87:) agonists
8913:Class F:
8712:pheromone
8708:glutamate
8132:Olfactory
7168:Chemokine
6950:Succinate
6735:Bile acid
6543:Melatonin
6516:Histamine
6356:(all but
6348:Serotonin
6253:Adenosine
6155:Rhodopsin
6033:See also:
6009:Xibenolol
5999:Tolamolol
5984:Tilisolol
5964:Talinolol
5954:SR 59230A
5929:Ridazolol
5899:Practolol
5879:Pamatolol
5874:Pafenolol
5854:Nifenalol
5849:Nebivolol
5844:Nadoxolol
5794:Landiolol
5789:Labetalol
5759:Indenolol
5729:Flestolol
5719:Exaprolol
5684:Ecastolol
5669:Dilevalol
5629:Cinamolol
5619:Cetamolol
5604:Carteolol
5594:Carazolol
5579:Butidrine
5554:Bufuralol
5549:Bufetolol
5544:Bucumolol
5509:Betaxolol
5504:Befunolol
5484:Ancarolol
5454:Adaprolol
5418:Xamoterol
5373:Ritodrine
5368:Rimiterol
5333:PF-610355
5293:Mabuterol
5278:-Tyrosine
5234:Ibopamine
5214:Fenoterol
5121:Cimaterol
5106:Buphenine
5091:Befunolol
5061:Amibegron
5022:Yohimbine
4990:Terguride
4955:Piribedil
4950:Piperoxan
4920:Mianserin
4865:BRL-44408
4847:buspirone
4813:clozapine
4805:asenapine
4745:Vatinoxan
4685:Piperoxan
4655:Mivazerol
4630:Ibopamine
4625:-Tyrosine
4591:Guanabenz
4513:Clonidine
4451:Zolertine
4382:mianserin
4374:amoxapine
4355:Terazosin
4340:Spiperone
4330:Silodosin
4325:Quinidine
4310:Piperoxan
4300:trazodone
4265:Perlapine
4235:Nantenine
4220:Monatepil
4215:Metazosin
4200:L-765,314
4190:Indoramin
4169:terguride
4145:Ergolines
4140:Doxazosin
4120:Bunazosin
4109:labetalol
4062:clozapine
4049:Atiprosin
4044:Anisodine
4034:Alfuzosin
4024:Abanoquil
3953:Midodrine
3928:-Tyrosine
3894:Ibopamine
3821:Buspirone
3746:receptors
3618:: 343–9.
2849:1554-8929
2802:1433-7851
2756:903083639
2706:0160-2446
2690:: S21-8.
2260:lipolysis
2227:– reduce
2219:potassium
2178:histamine
2160:contract
2157:secretion
2106:anabolism
2097:lipolysis
2047:increase
2036:increase
2027:inotropic
2013:increase
1983:– reduce
1970:– reduce
1947:ischemias
1879:secretion
1867:impotence
1673:mydriasis
1455:SR 59230A
1429:Amibegron
1395:up (also
1369:lipolysis
1302:Ritodrine
1230:up (also
1172:Nebivolol
1081:inotropic
1071:Positive
1036:Trazodone
1021:Yohimbine
955:Clonidine
890:>>
811:Trazodone
806:Terazosin
781:Doxazosin
776:Alfuzosin
756:agonists)
738:Midodrine
654:mydriasis
643:>>
600:Mechanism
590:Receptor
83:beta-2 (β
39:carazolol
8937:Frizzled
8930:Frizzled
8915:Frizzled
8757:, type 2
8663:Secretin
8603:Glucagon
8308:Cadherin
8266:Adhesion
8253:Secretin
7586:, bitter
7433:Oxytocin
7130:Bombesin
6778:Estrogen
6479:Dopamine
5894:Pindolol
5884:Pargolol
5834:Moprolol
5709:Esprolol
5694:Ericolol
5689:Epanolol
5499:Atenolol
5464:Afurolol
5459:Adimolol
5433:Zinterol
5408:Vibegron
5165:Dopamine
5131:Colterol
5044:Agonists
5012:loxapine
4910:Lisuride
4900:Idazoxan
4880:Efaroxan
4851:gepirone
4837:zotepine
4781:Adimolol
4755:Xylazine
4740:Urapidil
4552:Dopamine
4476:Agonists
4441:Urapidil
4431:loxapine
4315:Prazosin
4161:lisuride
4089:adimolol
3860:Dopamine
3804:Agonists
3644:24707187
3593:11121511
3566:22315324
3536:Diabetes
3493:18374884
3458:14292004
3450:17068216
3340:20713709
3281:22124804
3199:18434433
3116:23200975
3078:Archived
3031:19474170
2867:22882301
2810:33103317
2665:58729119
2568:18882199
2533:18903395
2506:16993202
2457:16992821
2291:See also
2240:receptor
2210:bronchus
2195:agonists
2176:inhibit
2166:GI tract
2136:arteries
2091:GI tract
2060:receptor
1995:receptor
1981:glaucoma
1962:migraine
1839:agonists
1825:platelet
1810:GI-tract
1799:glucagon
1793:pancreas
1746:receptor
1733:– relax
1593:in many
1513:receptor
1491:rhinitis
1425:L-796568
1367:Enhance
1152:Atenolol
1026:Idazoxan
980:Xylazine
935:Agmatine
901:platelet
796:Prazosin
666:GI tract
605:Agonists
579:Subtypes
501:proteins
122:exercise
8726:, sweet
8701:Class C
8633:PACAPR1
8249:Class B
7458:Relaxin
7380:Motilin
7265:Ghrelin
7230:Galanin
6963:Peptide
6151:Class A
5989:Timolol
5969:Tazolol
5944:Sotalol
5839:Nadolol
5564:Bunolol
5489:Arnolol
5423:XP21279
5002:(e.g.,
4930:NAN-190
4845:(e.g.,
4803:(e.g.,
4750:XP21279
4498:Amitraz
4446:WB-4101
4421:(e.g.,
4400:doxepin
4390:(e.g.,
4372:(e.g.,
4290:(e.g.,
4147:(e.g.,
4087:(e.g.,
4056:(e.g.,
4003:XP21279
3672:7568329
3635:3971910
3557:3282797
3415:9399946
3331:2936616
3308:Bibcode
3272:3482793
3190:2493464
3096:Urology
3062:6270306
3022:2724365
2982:2889649
2973:1433140
2933:9280371
2898:8569714
2858:3500392
2714:2427848
2576:1518772
2497:1420444
2448:1465771
2285:tremors
2270:bladder
2229:uterine
2155:insulin
2134:dilate
2129:bladder
2083:bronchi
2049:ghrelin
1808:of the
1789:insulin
1377:bladder
1375:in the
1323:Timolol
1167:Timolol
1085:amylase
995:Amitraz
832:Doxepin
697:calcium
662:viscera
532:Agonist
503:, but β
140:History
45:site. β
8917:&
8846:GPRC6A
8583:CALCRL
8447:Orphan
7736:Orphan
7727:type 1
7418:Orexin
7406:&
7385:Opioid
7125:Apelin
5179:-DOPS)
4561:-DOPS)
4488:4-NEMD
3869:-DOPS)
3698:
3670:
3642:
3632:
3591:
3564:
3554:
3513:
3491:
3456:
3448:
3413:
3406:508512
3403:
3338:
3328:
3279:
3269:
3197:
3187:
3144:
3114:
3060:
3029:
3019:
2980:
2970:
2931:
2896:
2865:
2855:
2847:
2808:
2800:
2754:
2744:
2712:
2704:
2663:
2655:
2645:
2574:
2566:
2531:
2504:
2494:
2455:
2445:
2221:intake
2202:asthma
2123:relax
2119:uterus
1976:tremor
1939:supply
1937:oxygen
1705:kidney
1642:uterus
1622:ureter
1613:) and
1607:kidney
1562:) and
1402:, see
1237:, see
691:, and
103:asthma
8766:Other
8733:TAS1R
8724:Taste
8622:GLP2R
8617:GLP1R
8570:Other
8435:ELTD1
8408:ADGRL
8366:ADGRG
8332:ADGRE
8303:ADGRC
8274:ADGRB
8255:-like
8137:Opsin
8119:Other
7593:TAS2R
7584:Taste
7412:Sigma
7394:Kappa
7389:Delta
7097:C5a (
7082:Other
6728:Other
6656:FPRL1
6624:CysLT
6442:Other
6393:5-HT2
6363:5-HT1
6358:5-HT3
6157:-like
4493:6-FNE
3811:6-FNE
3454:S2CID
3364:5 May
2572:S2CID
2330:Notes
2038:renin
1756:The α
1693:liver
1687:from
1615:brain
1495:mucus
1357:>
1200:>
1196:>
1065:>
1061:>
920:down
639:>
522:and G
507:and β
466:and α
448:and α
110:cells
108:Many
69:like
8871:RAIG
8779:GABA
8612:GIPR
8359:CD97
8207:SREB
8008:137B
7983:109B
7978:109A
7408:Zeta
7365:MCHR
7145:NMBR
7140:GRPR
7135:BRS3
6773:EBI2
6639:LTB4
6563:TAAR
6413:5-HT
5081:BAAM
4915:mCPP
4776:1-PP
4690:PS75
4205:mCPP
3696:ISBN
3668:PMID
3640:PMID
3589:PMID
3562:PMID
3511:ISBN
3489:PMID
3446:PMID
3411:PMID
3366:2015
3336:PMID
3277:PMID
3195:PMID
3142:ISBN
3112:PMID
3058:PMID
3027:PMID
2978:PMID
2929:PMID
2894:PMID
2863:PMID
2845:ISSN
2806:PMID
2798:ISSN
2752:OCLC
2742:ISBN
2710:PMID
2702:ISSN
2661:OCLC
2653:LCCN
2643:ISBN
2564:PMID
2529:PMID
2502:PMID
2453:PMID
2371:1A/D
2369:or α
2206:COPD
2204:and
2147:and
2131:wall
1974:and
1699:and
1691:and
1683:and
1655:and
1632:hair
1599:skin
1574:and
1550:(PIP
1393:cAMP
1228:cAMP
1102:cAMP
1079:and
918:cAMP
819:TCAs
668:and
540:cAMP
488:and
429:(a G
394:cAMP
383:cAMP
313:cAMP
302:cAMP
202:and
126:fear
101:and
89:and
53:The
34:2rh1
8865:179
8860:158
8855:156
8851:GPR
8638:GPR
8559:157
8554:155
8549:144
8544:143
8539:133
8534:128
8529:126
8524:125
8519:124
8514:123
8509:116
8504:115
8499:114
8494:113
8489:112
8484:111
8479:110
8455:GPR
8337:EMR
8176:RRH
8171:RGR
8166:1SW
8161:1MW
8156:1LW
8108:183
8103:182
8098:177
8093:176
8088:174
8083:173
8078:171
8073:162
8068:161
8063:160
8058:153
8053:152
8048:151
8043:150
8038:149
8033:148
8028:146
8023:142
8018:141
8013:139
8003:135
7998:132
7993:120
7988:119
7973:103
7968:101
7744:GPR
7280:MAS
7225:FSH
7093:C3a
6979:B/W
6915:PAF
6767:119
6753:GPR
6749:CB2
6744:CB1
6705:),
6682:),
6661:OXE
6278:P2Y
6267:A2B
6262:A2A
3630:PMC
3620:doi
3552:PMC
3544:doi
3481:doi
3438:doi
3434:102
3401:PMC
3393:doi
3389:100
3326:PMC
3316:doi
3304:107
3267:PMC
3259:doi
3226:doi
3185:PMC
3175:doi
3104:doi
3054:219
3017:PMC
3009:doi
3005:102
2968:PMC
2960:doi
2952:Gut
2921:doi
2853:PMC
2837:doi
2788:hdl
2780:doi
2692:doi
2556:doi
2552:153
2492:PMC
2484:doi
2443:PMC
2435:doi
2404:doi
2400:104
2365:, α
2357:. α
2262:in
2164:of
2138:to
2127:of
2108:in
2099:in
2089:),
1949:or
1819:CNS
1762:i/o
1570:of
1558:(IP
1482:in
1104:up
693:DAG
462:, α
444:, α
415:(a
124:or
57:or
30:PDB
9028::
8986:10
8842:))
8710:/
8703::
8607:GR
8474:98
8469:97
8464:64
8459:56
8251::
7963:92
7958:88
7953:87
7948:85
7943:84
7938:83
7933:82
7928:81
7923:78
7918:75
7913:68
7908:65
7903:63
7898:62
7893:61
7888:55
7883:52
7878:50
7873:45
7868:44
7863:42
7858:39
7853:37
7848:35
7843:34
7838:33
7833:32
7828:31
7823:27
7818:26
7813:25
7808:23
7803:22
7798:21
7793:20
7788:19
7783:18
7778:17
7773:15
7768:12
7718:60
7713:50
7708:46
7703:45
7698:43
7693:42
7688:41
7683:40
7678:39
7673:38
7668:31
7663:30
7658:20
7653:19
7648:16
7643:14
7638:13
7633:10
7557:1B
7552:1A
7399:Mu
7329:X4
7324:X3
7319:X2
7314:X1
7289:1L
7160:B2
7155:B1
7106:))
7059:))
6994:FF
6769:))
6762:55
6757:18
6751:,
6707:FP
6684:EP
6671:DP
6557:1C
6552:1B
6547:1A
6536:H4
6531:H3
6526:H2
6521:H1
6504:D5
6499:D4
6494:D3
6489:D2
6484:D1
6473:M5
6468:M4
6463:M3
6458:M2
6453:M1
6422:5A
6337:14
6332:13
6327:12
6322:11
6317:10
6272:A3
6257:A1
6235:β3
6230:β2
6225:β1
6205:α2
6185:α1
6153::
6136::
5014:,
5010:,
5006:,
4857:,
4853:,
4849:,
4835:,
4831:,
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