Toa Payoh ritual murders - Knowledge (XXG)

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owner of the flat, Adrian Lim, approached the inspector and introduced himself, informing Pereira that he was living there with his wife, Tan Mui Choo, and a girlfriend, Hoe Kah Hong. Permitted by Lim to search his flat, the police found traces of blood. Lim initially tried to pass the stains off as candle wax, but when challenged claimed they were chicken blood. After the police found slips of paper written with the dead children's personal details, Lim tried to allay suspicions by claiming that Ghazali had come to his flat seeking treatment for a bleeding nose. He removed hair from under a carpet and tried to flush it down the toilet, but the police stopped him; forensics later determined the hair to be Ng's. Requesting a background check on Lim, Pereira received word from local officers that the medium was currently involved in a rape investigation. Lim overheard them and became agitated, raising his voice at the law enforcers. Hoe also started getting agitated. Their actions further raised the investigators' suspicions that the trio were deeply involved in the murders. The police collected the evidence, sealed the flat as a crime scene, and took Lim and the two women in for questioning.

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answered those that agreed with his stance, and refused to comment on the others. When challenged on the veracity of his latest confession, he claimed that he was bound by religious and moral duty to tell the truth. Knight, however, countered that Lim was inherently a dishonest man who had no respect for oaths. Lim had lied to his wife, his clients, the police, and psychiatrists. Knight claimed Lim's stance in court was an open admission that he willingly lied in his earlier statements. Tan and Hoe were more cooperative, answering the questions posed by the court. They denied Lim's story, and vouched for the veracity of the statements they had given to the police. They told how they had lived in constant fear and awe of Lim; believing he had supernatural powers, they followed his every order and had no free will of their own. Under Knight's questioning, however, Tan admitted that Lim had been defrauding his customers, and that she had knowingly helped him to do so. Knight then got Hoe to agree that she was conscious of her actions at the time of the murders.

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Ghazali, and she reportedly wept a few times while speaking to the reporters. The mother of three also told the paper that when she received news of Ghazali being killed, she was so full of grief that she had to be sedated, and often, for the next 34 years until 2014, she suffered from frequent fainting spells. Daliah said that her family members tried to persuade her to let go of the past, but she said she could not and told them they would never understand the anguish she had over her son's demise. One of Daliah's four grandchildren, a 19-year-old student, also said in the interview that he only get to know about the connection of his family to his uncle Ghazali when ten years prior, his mother told him about her brother Ghazali as they were watching a television crime show which re-enacted the Adrian Lim murders. He stated he was angered at the way his uncle died and regarded Adrian Lim and Lim's two women as monsters. Daliah similarly expressed that she never forgave the three murderers for taking away her son's life.

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Ang Yiau Hua admitted that they were Lim's sources for drugs, and had provided the trio sleeping pills and sedatives without question on each consultation. The police and forensics teams gave their accounts of their investigations; Inspector Suppiah, the investigating officer-in-charge, read out the statements the defendants had made during their remand. In these statements Lim stated that he had killed for revenge, and that he had sodomised Ng. The accused had also confirmed in their statements that each was an active participant in the murders. There were many contradictions among these statements and the confessions made in court by the accused, but Judge Sinnathuray declared that despite the conflicting evidence, "the essential facts of this case are not in dispute". Lim's involvement in the crimes was further evidenced by Fung Joon Yong, a witness who vouched that just after midnight on 7 February 1981, at the ground floor of Block 12, he saw Lim and a woman walk past him carrying a dark-skinned boy.

1007:. He also said that only an unsound mind would dump the bodies close to his home when his plan was to distract the police. Dr Chee Kuan Tsee said that Lim was "purposeful in his pursuits, patient in his planning and persuasive in his performance for personal power and pleasure". In Dr Chee's opinion, Lim had indulged in sex because through his role as a medium he obtained a supply of women who were willing to go to bed with him. Furthermore, his belief in Kali was religious in nature, not delusional. Lim's use of religion for personal benefit indicated full self-control. Lastly, Lim had consulted doctors and freely taken sedatives to alleviate his insomnia, a condition which, according to Dr Chee, sufferers from manic depression fail to recognise. 1000:

thought she appeared well during her follow-up checks (16 July 1980 – 31 January 1981), Dr Chee evaluated she was well at the time of the killings. Dr Chee claimed that were Hoe as severely impaired by her condition as Dr Nagulendran described, she would have been unable to work. But she had continued her factory work. Dr Chee also believed that a mentally ill person is more likely to resist being controlled than a healthy person can, and concluded that he did not think that Hoe was controlled by Lim. Dr Chee did not appear to have made any links between his diagnosis and Hoe's history of abuse at Tan's hands (including being regularly tortured and witnessing Tan kill her husband).

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that he disregarded Tan's abuse though he continued to insist that Tan was mentally sound during the killings. He felt if she was mentally unsound, she would have becoming increasingly neglectful of her personal appearance but instead had skincare and slimming treatments. Dr Chee did not link this with how Lim's perverse demands for Tan to look youthful, even forcing her into depraved acts such as copulating with her own younger brother. Dr Chee also alleged that Tan was happy with Lim providing her with "nice clothes, cosmetics, and whatever she needed", although it was already established that Lim had forced Hoe into prostitution and controlled all earnings that Tan was bringing in.

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acts could not have been done by a deluded person. Urging the judges to consider the ramifications of their verdict, Knight said: "My Lords, to say that Lim was less than a coward who preyed on little children because they could not fight back; killed them in the hope that he would gain power or wealth and therefore did not commit murder, is to make no sense of the law of murder. It would lend credence to the shroud of mystery and magic he has conjured up his practices and by which he managed to frighten, intimidate and persuade the superstitious, the weak and the gullible into participating in the most lewd and obscene acts."

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physically abused for years without any intervention from the police. There has also been no mention about how Tan's younger siblings who were sexually abused and sexually and financially exploited, were provided state support. There has been no discussion or investigation as to why the system failed the young people, and what must be done to prevent such things from happening again. Despite the trial findings, there has been no public follow-up on what happened to the dozens of victims that Lim had scammed and assaulted over at least eight years, and how Lim was able to get away with his crimes for nearly a decade.

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long time to fall asleep. Lim decided to tie up the boy as a precaution; however, the boy awoke and struggled. He was then knocked out. After drawing his blood, they proceeded to drown their victim. Ghazali struggled, vomiting and losing control of his bowels as he died. Blood kept streaming from his nose after his death. While Tan stayed behind to clean the flat, Lim and Hoe disposed of the body. The three tried to clean as much bloodstains as they could before sunrise. The police followed a trail of blood leading from Ghazali to the flat, and arrested the three.

1215:. The 1991 production had substantial foreign involvement; most of the cast and crew were American or British. The script was locally written and intended to explore the "psyche of the three main characters". The director, however, focused on sex and violence, and the resulting film was jeered by the audience at its midnight screening. Its 16-day run brought in $ 130,000 (US$ 75,145), and a reporter called it "more bizarre than the tales of unnatural sex and occult practices associated with the Adrian Lim story". The second film, 1997's 444:; his most effective gimmick, known as the "needles and egg" trick, duped many to believe that he had supernatural abilities. After blackening needles with soot from a burning candle, Lim carefully inserted them into a raw egg and sealed the hole with powder. In his rituals, he passed the egg several times over his client while chanting and asked her to crack open the egg. Unaware that the egg had been tampered with, the client would be convinced by the sight of the black needles that evil spirits were harassing her. 895:

events that led to the crimes. Other evidence — the blood samples, religious objects, drugs, and the notes with Ng and Ghazali's names — conclusively proved the defendants' involvement. Knight had no eyewitnesses to the murders; his evidence was circumstantial, but he told the court in his opening statement, "What matters is that did intentionally suffocate and drown these two innocent children, causing their deaths in circumstances which amount to murder. And this we will prove beyond all reasonable doubt."

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laced with Dalmadorm. After Agnes became groggy and fell asleep, Lim sexually abused her. They pricked her finger and each of them took a sip. When Agnes went to the toilet, they killed her there. "I immersed her head in the tub of water. Lim stepped on Agnes' body while Catherine held her legs," said Hoe. Finally, Lim used his electro-shock therapy device to "make doubly sure that she was dead". They stuffed her body in a bag and dumped it near the lift at Block 11.

985:, who was Cashin's associate during the case, said that in the 1980s, "People on the Government side (the Woodbridge) saw it as an almost defensive mechanism to disagree everything with the private psychiatrists". He also pointed out that it was difficult to even find private psychiatrists to testify in court. A senior psychiatrist in private practice Wong Yip Chong was the only one to do so and Dr Nagulendran came along later. 1149:, who was Cashin's associate during the case, said that in the 1980s, "People on the Government side (the Woodbridge) saw it as an almost defensive mechanism to disagree everything with the private psychiatrists". He also pointed out that it was difficult to even find private psychiatrists to testify in court; Wong Yip Chong was the only one to do so and Dr Nagulendran came along later. 1047:, Sinnathuray and Chua decided that Tan was an "artful and wicked person", and a "willing to loathsome and nefarious acts". The judges found Hoe to be "simple" and "easily influenced". Although she suffered from schizophrenia, they opined that she was in a state of remission during the murders, hence she should bear full responsibility for her actions. 193:

panned both films for indulging in gratuitous sex and violence, and the movies performed poorly at the box office. The actions and behaviour of the three killers were studied by academics in the criminal psychology field, and the rulings set by the courts became local case studies for diminished responsibility.

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21 years after the trio were executed, Nathan Isaac, the former lawyer of Hoe Kah Hong, died on 10 January 2009, 14 days short of his 72nd birthday. Isaac was survived by his wife, four sons and two grandsons; one of his sons recalled his father's experience of defending Hoe during the trial. Isaac's

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The prosecution started its closing speech by drawing attention to the "cool and calculating" manner in which the children were killed. Knight also argued that the accused could not have shared the same delusion, and only brought it up during the trial. The "cunning and deliberation" displayed in the

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Both Dr Nagulendran and Dr Chee agreed that Hoe suffered from schizophrenia before she met Lim. After abuse from Tan, which included frequent electric shocks, Hoe's condition worsened to the point that she beat her mother and poured urine on her mother. On the other hand, since the Woodbridge doctors

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On 13 April, Lim took the stand. He maintained that he was the sole perpetrator of the crimes. He denied that he raped Lucy Lau or Ng, claiming that he made the earlier statements only to satisfy his interrogators. Lim was selective in answering the questions the court threw at him; he verbosely

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On 6 February, 10-year-old Ghazali was at a playground with two cousins when Hoe approached him, asking for help to collect some things from a friend's house. Ghazali agreed to help, and followed her into a taxi. That was the last time he was seen alive. At the flat, Ghazali was drugged but he took a

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In June 1977, Lim and Tan registered their marriage. Lim was extremely abusive towards Tan, regularly torturing her with electric shocks, beatings, threats, and lies. Lim sexually exploited and financially abused Tan: he forced her into becoming a prostitute and a stripper, and took her earnings. She

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Lim used his fake powers to threaten and intimidate his female partners. He also used various types of abuse, such as isolation from family members and threats, to control the women and keep them trapped. Lim was extremely physically violent towards his partners; he would slam their heads against the

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at the Subordinate Court hearings, but could not continue to do so when the case was moved to the High Court; Singapore law requires that for capital crimes the accused must be defended by a legal professional. Thus Howard Cashin was appointed as Lim's lawyer, although his job was complicated by his

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13 years later, and Justice Frederick Arthur Chua, who was at the time the longest serving judge in Singapore. Knight continued to build his case on the evidence gathered by detective work. Photographs of the crime scenes, together with witness testimonies, would help the court to visualise the

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On 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng was waiting at the Church of Risen Christ in Toa Payoh for her sister when Hoe took her. Lim had told Hoe that Agnes would grow up to be evil like Hoe's mother and cast spells on others unless she was killed. The trio gave Agnes food and drink that was

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Loh sought out his wife at Lim's flat and Lim, under the pretext of asking Loh to observe Hoe getting treatment, murdered Loh. Lim convinced Loh to participate in an electro-shock therapy. Lim applied a large voltage to Loh, electrocuting him to death, while Hoe was stunned into unconsciousness. Loh

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At 20 years old, she was referred by a coworker to Lim for help with depression and other ailments. Tan started visiting him regularly. In 1975, Lim, then 33 years old, insisted that the 21-year-old moved into his flat, where he was then living with his then-wife and two children. The wife moved out

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The police found a scattered trail of blood that led to the seventh floor of Block 12. Stepping into the common corridor from the stairwell, Inspector Pereira noticed an eclectic mix of religious symbols (a cross, a mirror, and a knife-blade) on the entrance of the first flat (unit number 467F). The

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Also, in the aftermath of the case, Lim's flat became vacant from the day he was arrested. For six years, there was no one living in it given the traditional Asians' fear of haunted places at the crime scenes that involved unnatural deaths or murder. It was only in 1987 when a Catholic family moved

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as their spiritual counsellor. Tan was already known to Sister Gerard who operated the vocational centre that Tan attended as a youth. In 1983, Sister Gerard reached out to Tan who wrote, "Sister, how could you love me after what I have done?", signing off as a "black sheep". The nun converted both

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After Knight had presented the prosecution evidence the court heard testimonies on the personalities and character flaws of the accused, from their relatives and acquaintances. Details of their lives were revealed by one of Lim's "holy wives". Private medical practitioners Dr. Yeo Peng Ngee and Dr.

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called on 58 witnesses and arrayed 184 pieces of evidence before the magistrate. While Tan and Hoe denied the charges of murder, Lim pleaded guilty and claimed sole responsibility for the acts. The magistrate decided that the case against the accused was sufficiently strong to be heard at

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Lau later filed a police report. Lim was arrested on charges of rape, and Tan for abetting him. When out on bail, Lim told Hoe to lie that she was present at the apartment when the rape happened but did not see any crime committed. This failed to stop the police enquiries; Lim and Tan had to extend

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Lim's torture extended to Tan's younger siblings. Lim forced Tan's younger sister into having sex with him and Tan, and forced the girl into prostitution too. Demanding Tan to have sex with younger males to preserve her youth, Lim pressured her into having sex with her 16-year-old brother regularly

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Claiming he had supernatural powers to solve their problems through rituals, he used the pretext of a massage to sexually assault his female clients. He would have the woman strip together with him, and would massage her body — including her genitals — with Phragann's idol, and proceed to rape her.

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in Block 11, less than a kilometre (five-eighths of a mile) from the church. The girl had been smothered to death and the body was found naked. The investigation revealed injuries to her genitals and semen in her rectum. Although the police launched an intensive investigation, questioning more than

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Lim made Hoe find suitable victims. Hoe brought in three children separately on three occasions but Lim rejected them. The first of the three, a 10-year-old Indian girl, was rejected by Lim due to her race and that one of the gods he worshipped is Hindu; the second girl, a Chinese girl residing in

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Revelations from the trial had cast Lim as evil incarnate in the minds of Singaporeans. Some citizens could not believe that anyone would willingly defend such a man. They called Cashin to voice their anger; a few even issued death threats against him. On the other hand, the case boosted Knight's

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to appeal for her, and the court again assigned Isaac to Hoe. The lawyers asked the appeal court to reconsider the mental states of their clients during the murders, charging that the trial judges in their deliberations had failed to consider this point. The Court of Criminal Appeal reached their

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On 25 May 1983, crowds massed outside the building, waiting for the outcome of the trial. Due to limited seating, only a few were allowed inside to hear Justice Sinnathuray's delivery of the verdict, which took 15 minutes. The two judges were not convinced that the three defendants were

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The prosecution's expert witness Dr Chee Kuan Tsee -a psychiatrist at Woodbridge Hospital- believed that Tan was happy with the material lifestyle that Lim gave her and did not have the impression that Tan had an unhappy married life. Later during cross-examination by J.B. Jeyaretnam, he admitted

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charges against him. To derail police investigations, Lim decided to kill children and also sexually assaulted the girl victim. The women were forced to assist him. The three of them were arrested after the police found a trail of blood leading from the body of the boy to their flat. Although the

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The murders were masterminded by Adrian Lim, a self-styled healer who pretended to have supernatural powers and scammed people for years before the murders. He had also been sexually assaulting female clients, often preying on younger women from impoverished backgrounds. He married one such woman

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interviewed Ghazali's mother, 66-year-old Daliah Aim, who agreed to speak about her son's death after 36 years since Ghazali's murder. Daliah told the reporters that even till today, she remained heartbroken over her eldest child's death and could not get over the unfortunate fate that befell on

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where he worked for 14 years. For three years, he installed and serviced Rediffusion sets as an electrician before being promoted to bill collector. In April 1967, Lim married his childhood sweetheart with whom he had two children. He converted to Catholicism for his marriage. Lim and his family

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Even in prison, Lim was hated; his fellow prisoners abused and treated him as an outcast. In the years that followed the crime, memories remained fresh among those who followed the case. Journalists deemed it the most sensational trial of the 80s, being "the talk of a horrified city as gruesome

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Reports of the trio's deeds and the court proceedings were closely followed and remained prominent in the Singaporean consciousness for several years. Twice, movie companies tried to capitalise on the sensation generated by the murders by producing motion pictures based on the killings; critics

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As of 2021, there still has been no public discussion about whether the two women, who suffered torture and other abuses for years leading up to the killings, should indeed have been held fully responsible. There has been no investigation, at least none made public, about how Tan and Hoe were

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He was, and still is, one of the few voices in Singapore pointing out how Singapore's society and system, by believing that domestic violence is a private family matter, had enabled the extreme domestic violence in this case to go unchecked. All royalties from the 1989 edition went to suicide

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To make Hoe one of his "holy wives", Lim started isolating Hoe from her family through lies, intimidation and abuse. He made up an array of bewildering lies, claiming: she was an illegitimate child; her family were immoral people who practised infidelity; her husband Loh would force her into

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In late 1980 he was arrested and charged with raping Lucy Lau Kok Huang, a door-to-door cosmetic salesgirl, who had met Lim when she was promoting beauty products to Tan. On 19 October, Lim told Lau that a ghost was haunting her, but he could exorcise it with his sex rituals. Lau was

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In 1973, Lim started part-time practice as a spirit medium. Lim usually preyed on vulnerable girls and women, often much younger than him, with little education and were from abusive or impoverished background. He rented a room where he attended to the women—most of whom were

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order. The prosecution's expert, however, refuted testimonies and argued that all three individuals were in full control of their mental faculties when they planned and carried out the murders. The judges agreed with the prosecution's case and sentenced the trio to death. While on

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would help him escape the rape charge and other issues. Lim pretended to be possessed by Kali, and told Tan and Hoe that the goddess wanted them to kill children to wreak vengeance on Lau. He also told them that Phragann demanded that he have sex with their female victims.

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The trial on the Toa Payoh ritual murders was closely followed by the populace of Singapore. Throngs of people constantly packed the grounds of the courts, hoping to catch a glimpse of Adrian Lim and to hear the revelations first-hand. Canon Frank Lomax, Vicar of

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Lim used a small figurine of Phragann in his rituals, and wore it around his waist during sex. The two main sources differed in their naming of this object. Alan John referred to it as Pragngan, while Narayanan Govindan Kutty cited the police reports, calling it

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wall, kick them and pull their hair. He also tortured them by electrocuting them. He coerced an 18-year-old student Christina Chong as well as Tan into prostitution. Between 1979 and 1981, he took about $ 120,000 from Chong after forcing her into the sex trade.

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on the scene deemed the cause of death as drowning, and found on the boy suffocation marks similar to those on Ng. Like Ng, his body was left naked. There were no signs of sexual assault. There were burns on the boy's back and a puncture on his arm. Traces of a

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to reshuffle the schedule. The Toa Payoh ritual murders episode was replaced by a less sensational episode as the opener and pushed back into a later timeslot for more mature viewers, marking the horrific nature of the crimes committed by Lim, Tan, and Hoe.

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son stated that his father was saddened for not successfully saving Hoe from the gallows, as he believed that Hoe was misled and manipulated into committing the murders by Lim, and felt that Hoe did not deserve the death penalty like Lim did.

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Cashin declared that Lim was a normal man until his initiation into the occult, and that he was clearly divorced from reality when he entered the "unreasonable world of atrociousness", acting on his delusions to kill children in Kali's name.

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based on that used on mental patients. After placing his client's feet in a tub of water and attaching wires to her temples, Lim passed electricity through her. The shocks, he assured her, would cure headaches and drive away evil spirits.

409:) was the eldest son of a low-income family. Described at the trial by his sister as a hot-tempered boy, he dropped out of Anglo-Chinese School. He worked in a variety of jobs, including as an informant for the Singapore government agency 816:, a sedative, into a glass of milk and offered it to her, claiming it had holy properties. Lau became groggy after drinking it, which allowed Lim to rape her. For the next few weeks, he continued to abuse her by using drugs or threats. 1023:

Isaac concluded, " schizophrenic mind accepted that if the children were killed, they would go to heaven and not grow up evil like her mother and others." Isaac criticised Dr Chee for failing to accept Hoe's symptoms as schizophrenia.

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At 17 years old, Tan lost her grandmother, the only family member whom she was close to and was devoted to. Estranged from family, and young with little education and skills, the teenager started working at a bar to earn a living.

429:, dance hostesses, and prostitutes—introduced to him by his landlord. Lim's customers also included superstitious men and elderly women, whom he cheated only of cash. Lim continued these actions up until his arrest in 1981. 1171:

that the gory and sexually explicit reports of Lim's crimes could have a corrupting effect on the young. Others welcomed the open reporting, considering it helpful in raising public awareness of the need for vigilance of crime.

235:), a student of Holy Innocents Chinese Girl School, disappeared. She was last seen by her sister and friend at a Toa Payoh church where she was attending religious classes. Hours later, the child was found in a bag outside a 140:

as his "holy wife"—a term he used to manipulate women into having sex with him. Lim subjected them to extensive physical, mental and financial abuse, as well as sexual torture,for years before instigating the killings.

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reaffirmed the decision of their trial counterparts, noting that as finders of facts, judges have the right to discount medical evidence in the light of evidence from other sources. Tan and Hoe's further appeals to London's

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Jeyaretnam pointed out that Tan had depression for a long time. On top of that, she was living in fear of Lim who had abused not just her but her family members too. These made it hard for her to feel able to say no to Lim.

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for the murders of the two children. The trio were subjected to further interrogations by the police, and to medical examinations by prison doctors. On 16–17 September, their case was brought to the court for a

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into the flat. The neighbourhood area originally resided by Lim itself was also redeveloped over the years and while the flat remained there, its neighbouring infrastructure were replaced with newer, taller buildings.

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their bail, in person, at the police station every fortnight. Lim described this as an inconvenience. He also could not accept that he was accused of rape as he saw himself as a "ladies' man" who was adored by women.

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accounts of sexual perversion, the drinking of human blood, spirit possession, exorcism and indiscriminate cruelty unfolded during the 41-day hearing". Fifteen years from the trial's conclusion, a poll conducted by

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Clementi, was also rejected because she was too skinny. Lim panicked when he saw the third target call a friend, and the girl had also told Lim that the friend she was calling had seen her walking away with Hoe.

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in Block 12, Toa Payoh Lorong 7, had been performing noisy rituals in the middle of the night. The residents complained several times to the authorities, but the rituals would always resume after a short time.

160:, arguing that the accused were mentally ill and could not be held entirely responsible for the killings. Their experts, doctors and psychologists, analysed the defendants and concluded that they had exhibited 1054:, which was the only available punishment allowed for murder under Singapore law at that time. The two women did not react to their sentences. Lim beamed and cried, "Thank you, my Lords!" as he was led out. 1271:. The paperback edition of the book was published and first hit the bookshelves in end-June 2017. The paperback edition first entered the ST bestseller list on 8 August 2017, a month after its publication. 4020: 799:

She continued having follow-up checks at Woodbridge Hospital. Because she did not complain and did not show symptoms at the sessions, she was assessed as being in remission at the time of the killings.

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Lim then instructed Hoe that he wanted a boy next, and to find someone with money so he could collect ransom before the murder. Hoe said she chose Ghazali as he resembled her late husband Loh.

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The week before the execution date, Lim joined in, asking for repentance. He asked Australian priest Father Brian Doro for absolution. In their final days, all three of them received a

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reported that 30 per cent of its respondents had picked the Toa Payoh ritual murders as the most horrible crime, despite the paper's request to vote only for crimes committed in 1998.

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Lim continued his trade, tricking more women into giving him money and sex. He would use Tan and Hoe to help convince the women. At the time of his arrest, he had 40 "holy wives".

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Lim's flat (highlighted in red) was in Block 12 (right), Toa Payoh Lorong 7. By 2008, the neighbouring Blocks 10 and 11 (centre and left) had been replaced with taller structures.

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The 41-day trial was the second longest to have been held in the courts of Singapore at the time. None of the defendants denied their guilt. Their appointed counsels pleaded

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and later pronounced dead. After the sentences were carried out, the three murderers were given a short Catholic funeral mass by Father Doro, and cremated on the same day.

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re-enacted the Adrian Lim murders, and the re-adaptation aired as the third episode of the show's second season; the episode had a second segment which also featured the

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Hoe was deeply affected by Loh's death. She fell into depression; she started hearing voices and having hallucinations of Loh. At the end of May she was admitted to the

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prostitution. Hoe eventually underwent a mock wedding with Lim who declared her as his "holy wife". Three months after first meeting Lim, Hoe moved in with him and Tan.

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Dr Wong believed that Lim was mentally ill at the time of the crimes. He said that Lim's voracious sexual appetite and deluded belief in Kali were characteristics of a

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for her defence. Hoe had to accept the court's offer of counsel, receiving Nathan Isaac as her defender. Since his arrest, Lim had refused legal representation. He

4211:"What murderer Adrian Lim's wife Catherine Tan Mui Choo told Death Row counsellor Sister Gerard Fernandez: 'Sister, how could you love me after what I have done?'" 770:

In 1979, her mother brought 24-year-old Hoe and her sisters to get treatment from Lim. Lim used his usual tricks to convince them that he had supernatural powers.

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dramatized the counselling of Catherine Tan Mui Choo and Hoe Kah Hong by Sister Gerard Fernandez while on death row and the final moments before their execution.

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and "Phragann", which Lim described as a Siamese sex god, were among the spiritual entities he called on in his rituals. Lim deceived his clients with several

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and started appropriate treatments. By the first week of July, Hoe was discharged. Hoe moved back in with Lim, who would torture her with electric shocks.

1267:. The book was borne out of collaboration between the Singapore Police Force and the newspaper itself. The e-book was edited by ST News Associate editor 620:

went into further depression, experiencing suicidal thoughts and a sense of worthlessness. Lim made Tan convince young female clients to sleep with him.

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Frustrated, Lim plotted to distract the police with a series of child murders. Moreover, he believed that sacrifices of children to the Hindu goddess

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rejected the role for the lack of "redeeming factors" in the murderer. On the television, the murder case would have been the opening episode for

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Tan, with Lim's and the police's permission, used $ 10,000 of the $ 159,340 (US$ 4,730 of US$ 75,370) seized from the trio's flat to engage

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client's refusal to cooperate. The three lawyers decided not to dispute that their clients had killed the children. Acting on a defence of

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lived in rented rooms until his 1970 purchase of a three-room flat—a seventh floor unit (unit number 467F) of Block 12, Toa Payoh.

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Knight described that Tan helped with the killings because "she loved ", and that Hoe was misled and did not have a mental illness.

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The High Court was convened in the Supreme Court Building on 25 March 1983. Presiding over the case were two judges: Justice

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They found Lim to be "abominable and depraved" in carrying out his schemes. Viewing her interviews with the expert witnesses as

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prevention agency Samaritans of Singapore, royalties from the 2016 edition, went to domestic violence prevention agency Pave.

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Even in the short period of time interacting with Lim for the trial, Choo, Cashin and Wong found Lim volatile and difficult.

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took in $ 500,000 (US$ 289,017) for its first four days. Exchange rate of 1.73 is derived from a 12-month average for 1991.

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Lim made Hoe lie to the police that Loh was electrocuted when switching on a faulty electric fan. The coroner recorded an

737: 570: 382: 218: 1376:, and Ang was suspended for three months. Yeo, however, successfully reapplied for his restoration in the following year. 4364: 3608:"So grief-stricken, I had to be sedated: Woman breaks silence 35 years after son killed by infamous murderer Adrian Lim" 2665: 857: 1062:

Lim accepted his punishment and gave up his right to appeal, but the women appealed against their sentences. Tan hired

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Both doctors were disciplined for their actions by the Singapore Medical Council in 1990; Yeo was struck off the

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Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text: Urban Landscapes, Cultural Documents and Interpretative Experiences

3639: 1051: 4228: 1129:. Lim smiled throughout his last walk to the gallows. At 6 am in that same morning, the trio were executed by 608:

Lim quit his Rediffusion job and became a full-time medium. He enjoyed brisk business, at one point receiving

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called "Uncle Willie" and prayed to gods of various religions despite his Catholic baptism. The Hindu goddess

3425: 1373: 1114: 4152:"Singapore / U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate: Singapore Dollars to One U.S. Dollar (Jan-1981 – May-2008 )" 3127: 1223:

declined on the basis that Adrian Lim was too unique a personality for an actor to portray accurately, and

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During the 1990s, the local film industry made two movies based on the murder case, the first of which was

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case name suggested ritualistic murders, the defendants said they did not conduct prayers, burning of

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in 1981. On 25 January, the body of a nine-year-old girl was found at a block of public housing

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Books, which covered the murders and the trial, were quickly bought by the public on their release.

4171: 891: 862: 648: 481: 293: 1263:, which included the Adrian Lim murders as one of the top 25 crimes that shocked the nation since 4374: 4039: 4005: 3722: 3452: 3227: 3104:"Short film about nun who counselled death-row inmates part of project to promote giving culture" 1044: 903: 248: 4021:"Guilty As Charged: Adrian Lim and his 2 'holy' wives kidnapped, tortured and killed 2 children" 3163:

The Way that Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirit Mediums in Penang, Malaysia

1363:

The exchange rate is 2.11, based on averaging the 12 months of the exchange rates for 1981.

3193:"The Urban and the Urbane: Modernization, Modernism, and the Rebirth of the Singaporean Cinema" 1079: 4287: 3634: 3583: 3558: 3546: 3525: 3517: 3501: 3481: 3456: 3444: 3429: 3400: 3373: 3354: 3329: 3302: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3231: 3200: 3192: 3171: 1979: 1255: 1167: 1126: 920: 887: 812:

unconvinced, and Lim decided to drug and rape her instead. Lim secretly mixed two capsules of

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Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia: The Hong Kong and Singapore Experience

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Dr R. Nagulendran, a consultant psychiatrist, testified that Tan was mentally impaired by

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from the President of Singapore to no avail. Lim did not seek any pardons. The three were

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the High Court. Lim, Tan, and Hoe remained in custody while investigations continued.

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The Global Dynamics of News: Studies in International News Coverage and News Agenda

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in 1984. He was later found guilty of corruption and convicted seven years later.

1118:

women to Catholicism. Tan began to spend hours in prayer, while Hoe was baptized.

17: 4248:"The heinous crime that shook the nation - The Adrian Lim Murders | | True Crime" 3323: 3292: 243:

On 7 February, the body of ten-year-old Ghazali bin Marzuki, a student from

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The murder case was heard in Courtroom No. 4 of the old Supreme Court Building.

865:. To prove that there was a case against the accused, Deputy Public Prosecutor 4247: 3084: 1229: 1220: 813: 699: 532: 344: 202: 150: 4320: 4307: 624:

for over one year. He also forced her into having sex with another teenager.

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Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity

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On the afternoon of 24 January 1981, nine-year-old Agnes Ng Siew Heok (

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career. He handled more high-profile cases, and became the director of the

963:—Court transcript illustrating the court's frustration with Lim's behaviour 4154:. Republic of South Africa: Department: Trade and Industry. Archived from 3987:"Guilty As Charged: Shocking crimes that have shaken Singapore since 1965" 1125:. On 25 November 1988, the trio were given their last meal and led to the 755: 687: 588: 520: 400: 332: 253: 240:

250 people around the crime scene, they failed to obtain any leads.

236: 128:, and two weeks later, the body of a ten-year-old boy was found nearby. 1130: 426: 186: 745: 705: 578: 538: 390: 350: 226: 182: 792:

for psychiatric treatment. Psychologists diagnosed her condition as

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28 years after the executions of the killers, on 25 November 2016,

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Lim refused to see a counsellor for most of his time on death row.

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Guilty as Charged: 25 Crimes that Have Shaken Singapore Since 1965

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Guilty As Charged: 25 Crimes That Have Shaken Singapore Since 1965

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Two days after their arrest, Lim, Tan and Hoe were charged in the

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You can see now, my Lord, how difficult it is with this witness.

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with their children a few days later, and divorced Lim in 1976.

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Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore

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All three defendants were found guilty of murder and received

153:, ringing of bells, or any other rituals during the killings. 3223:

Final Notes from a Great Island: A Farewell Tour of Singapore

2490: 2488: 2475: 2473: 2448: 2446: 2444: 3679:"Action against docs in Adrian Lim case: Diagnose the delay" 1067:

decision in August 1986. The appeal judges which consist of

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The Privy Council gave a similar ruling in their review of

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No, no, no, Adrian Lim, you can't keep saying that to me.

3738:"'Sister, how could you love me after what I have done?'" 1107:, the trio were counselled by Catholic priests and nuns. 2876: 3445:"Singapore's Model of Development: Is It Transferable?" 3422:

Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore

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Unholy Trinity: The Adrian Lim 'Ritual' Child Killings

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journalist Alan John wrote about the case in his book

3328:. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. 1947: 1945: 1943: 1574: 1572: 3368:

Millet, Raphael (2006). "From Survival to Revival".

919:, or up to 10 years in jail for a reduced charge of 4172:"The Toa Payoh Ritual Murders 40 Years On (Part 2)" 3789:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. S2.1 3766:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. S2.2 3704:"Guilty As Charged: 25 crimes that shook Singapore" 3551:

Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control

3322:Kok Lee Peng; Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee (1994). 3291:Kok Lee Peng; Cheng, Molly; Chee Kuan Tsee (1990). 1898: 1253:In July 2015, Singapore's national daily newspaper 712: 697: 683: 673: 655: 641: 634: 545: 530: 516: 506: 488: 474: 467: 357: 342: 328: 318: 300: 282: 275: 90: 73: 63: 45: 37: 3047: 1503: 977:Battle of the government and private psychiatrists 616:2,838–3,311) a month from a single client. 4087:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. B3 3973:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 16 3927:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 25 3904:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 16 3881:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. S3 3858:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 15 3812:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 26 3690:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 12 3665:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 32 3518:"Needs and Community Services in Housing Estates" 1293:In November 2023, another Singaporean crime show 144:In 1980, Lim drugged and raped a woman who filed 4110:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 6 4064:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 1 3962:Tan Ooi Boon; Lim Seng Jin (20 September 1998). 3950:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 2 3835:. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. p. 8 3547:"The Managed, Middle-class, Multiracial Society" 2888: 890:, who would deliver judgment on serial murderer 3582:. Selangor, Malaysia: Oxford University Press. 3578:Uhde, Jan; Uhde, Yvonne (2000). "The Revival". 3389:"A Matrix Model for Framing News Media Reality" 2824:"Remembering My Father, Nathan Isaac 1937-2009" 935: 4099:Yaw Yan Chong; Ang, Dave (10 September 1991). 3353:. Singapore: Aequitas Management Consultants. 1398:In comparison, the 1996 box-office comedy hit 728:Born on 10 September 1955, Hoe Kah Hong ( 561:Born in 1953 or 1954, Catherine Tan Mui Choo ( 3128:"Inside Crime Scene 狮城奇案之罪案现场 S2 Black Magic" 3011: 2999: 2237: 2111: 1434: 1422: 27:1981 series of murders and rapes in Singapore 8: 2733: 2721: 2652: 2625: 2518: 2494: 2479: 2452: 2435: 1963: 1698: 32: 4133:"The Tao Payoh ritual murders in Singapore" 416:In 1962, he joined the cable radio company 4027:. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17 3993:. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15 3964:"Law enforcer got a taste of own medicine" 3710:. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11 3627:"Trials that rocked Singapore in the '80s" 3420:Quah, Stella (1987). "Sense of Security". 1810: 767:In 1978, Hoe married Benson Loh Ngak Hua. 631: 464: 272: 31: 4055:"Man who lured wife to her murder hanged" 3524:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 3276:. Marshall Cavendish International Asia. 2963: 2261: 373:Born on 6 January 1942, Adrian Lim ( 3160:DeBernadi, Jean (2006). "Introduction". 3071: 2987: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2900: 760: 593: 405: 4360:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult 4270:Singapore Infopedia: Adrian Lim Murders 3255:. Singapore: Times Book International. 3195:. In Goh, Robbie; Yeoh, Brenda (eds.). 2769: 1806: 1804: 1415: 1346: 1095:Final days and hanging of the murderers 4430:Violence against children in Singapore 4405:Singaporean people convicted of murder 4192:"Singapore's most bizarre murder case" 4037: 4003: 3895:"Adrian Lim trailer too 'horrific'..." 3755:Khor, Christine (13 September 1989a). 3720: 3606:Alkhatib, Shaffiq (25 November 2016). 3299:National University of Singapore Press 2975: 2877:Tan Ooi Boon & Lim Seng Jin (1998) 3372:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. 2852: 2798: 2757: 2225: 2159: 2039: 1991: 1934: 1783: 1710: 1686: 1662: 1650: 1602: 1551: 1527: 1040:mentally volatile during the crimes. 7: 4420:20th-century executions by Singapore 4101:"Jack: No prisoner liked Adrian Lim" 3778:Khor, Christine (16 October 1989b). 2840: 2810: 2745: 2709: 2694: 2682: 2640: 2613: 2601: 2586: 2571: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2506: 2464: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2249: 2213: 2198: 2183: 2171: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1975: 1951: 1922: 1910: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1795: 1771: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1674: 1638: 1626: 1614: 1590: 1578: 1563: 1539: 1515: 1458: 1446: 4425:Violence against women in Singapore 4053:Vijayan, K. C. (14 December 2002). 3918:"Defence that's too tough to prove" 3035: 3023: 2912: 2864: 2273: 874:Judiciary, prosecution, and defence 41:24 January 1981 and 6 February 1981 4019:The Straits Times (15 May 2016b). 3985:The Straits Times (14 May 2016a). 3654:Davie, Sandra (24 November 1989). 3349:Kutty, Narayanan Govindan (1989). 3059: 448:Lim's treatments also included an 256:were later detected in his blood. 25: 4282:Abdul Samad, Abdul Hafiz (2017). 1336:List of major crimes in Singapore 888:Thirugnana Sampanthar Sinnathuray 432:Lim had learned the trade from a 137: 133: 4190:John, Alan (17 February 2016a). 3939:Tan Ooi Boon (7 October 1997b). 3893:Tan, Jeanmarie (24 April 2002). 3870:Low, Calvin (19 December 1998). 3826:"Actor gives up Adrian Lim role" 3757:"Big sweep by Singaporean works" 3736:John, Alan (21 February 2016b). 3677:Fernandez, Ivan (25 June 1990). 3625:Davidson, Ben (2 January 1990). 3580:Latent Images: Film in Singapore 2786:Straits Times (Overseas edition) 201:For several years Adrian Lim, a 4370:Child sexual abuse in Singapore 4286:. Straits Times Press Pte Ltd. 3916:Tan Ooi Boon (20 April 1997a). 3553:. Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: 3199:. Singapore: World Scientific. 3102:hermesauto (30 November 2018). 2782:"Three hanged for cult murders" 1311:Capital punishment in Singapore 4209:John, Alan (13 January 2019). 4170:Foo Kim Leng (21 April 2021). 3847:Lim, Trudy (10 October 1991). 2889:Yaw Yan Chong & Ang (1991) 1389:, a 1989 British murder trial. 750: 741: 733: 583: 574: 566: 395: 386: 378: 231: 222: 214: 1: 3941:"Justice Sinnathuray retires" 3849:"Adrian Lim doc back at work" 3824:Lee Yin Luen (4 June 1996b). 3500:. Singapore: Heinemann Asia. 3480:. Singapore: Heinemann Asia. 3351:Adrian Lim's Beastly Killings 2666:"Guilty! Death for all three" 1194:Commercial Affairs Department 990:reactive psychotic depression 4380:People murdered in Singapore 4355:February 1981 events in Asia 3801:Lee Yin Luen (9 May 1996a). 3702:Ho, Olivia (8 August 2017). 3325:Mental Disorders and the Law 2734:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 2722:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 2653:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1994) 2626:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1994) 2519:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 2495:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 2480:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 2453:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 1964:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 1699:Kok, Cheng & Chee (1990) 1163:St. Andrew's Anglican Church 923:not amounting to murder (or 411:Internal Security Department 177:, the women appealed to the 4415:Executed Singaporean people 4350:January 1981 events in Asia 4076:Yap, Sonny (15 July 1995). 3191:Guneratne, Anthony (2003). 1269:Abdul Hafiz bin Abdul Samad 1259:published an e-book titled 1091:met with similar failures. 915:but be sentenced to either 4446: 4410:Executed Singaporean women 4178:. Singapore Academy of Law 3451:. London, United Kingdom: 3397:Greenwood Publishing Group 1316:Andrew Road triple murders 659:25 November 1988 (aged 33) 492:25 November 1988 (aged 35) 304:25 November 1988 (aged 46) 189:on 25 November 1988. 181:in London and pleaded for 136:and took on another woman 4385:Child murder in Singapore 4345:1981 murders in Singapore 4229:"The Trial Of Adrian Lim" 4044:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4010:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3727:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3520:. In Hodge, Peter (ed.). 3168:Stanford University Press 3048:The Straits Times (2016a) 1504:The Straits Times (2016b) 1052:mandatory death sentences 909:diminished responsibility 722: 693: 555: 526: 367: 338: 245:Henry Park Primary School 164:, and depressions of the 158:diminished responsibility 4390:Deaths from asphyxiation 4131:Capital Punishment U.K. 3640:Singapore Press Holdings 3391:. In Abbas Malek (ed.). 3220:Humphreys, Neil (2006). 3085:"Sister by Chai Yee Wei" 2399:, pp. 164–165, 203. 1265:its independence in 1965 1137:Commentaries years later 1087:and Singapore President 1058:Appeals from Tan and Hoe 114:Toa Payoh ritual murders 33:Toa Payoh ritual murders 3426:Oxford University Press 1115:Sister Gerard Fernandez 83:Ghazali bin Marzuki, 10 4137:Capital Punishment U.K 3516:Thung Syn Neo (1977). 3496:Sit Yin Fong (1989b). 3476:Sit Yin Fong (1989a). 3424:. Selangor, Malaysia: 2988:Uhde & Uhde (2000) 2952:Uhde & Uhde (2000) 2940:Uhde & Uhde (2000) 2928:Uhde & Uhde (2000) 1899:Capital Punishment U.K 1246: 960: 883: 645:10 September 1955 469:Catherine Tan Mui Choo 4321:1.33694°N 103.85722°E 4235:. Season 1. Episode 1 3803:"Too evil to explore" 3545:Trocki, Carl (2006). 3443:Rowen, Henry (1998). 3387:Naren Chitty (2000). 2828:Singapore Law Gazette 1331:Oriental Hotel murder 1244: 1005:mild manic depression 927:) instead of murder. 881: 450:electro-shock therapy 418:Rediffusion Singapore 249:Forensic pathologists 80:Agnes Ng Siew Heok, 9 4400:Capital murder cases 4257:– via YouTube. 4242:– via meWATCH. 3012:Lee Yin Luen (1996a) 3000:Lee Yin Luen (1996b) 2387:, pp. 168, 198. 2238:Tan Ooi Boon (1997a) 2112:Tan Ooi Boon (1997b) 1449:, pp. 187, 202. 1435:Sit Yin Fong (1989b) 1423:Sit Yin Fong (1989a) 1321:Kovan double murders 1299:Stirling Road murder 1282:The 2018 short film 945:Justice Sinnathuray: 678:Execution by hanging 511:Execution by hanging 323:Execution by hanging 4365:Murder in Singapore 4317: / 4078:"Of human interest" 3656:"Father Brian Doro" 3512:(court transcripts) 3498:Was Adrian Lim Mad? 3492:(court transcripts) 3270:John, Alan (2016). 3251:John, Alan (1989). 2930:, pp. 109–110. 2843:, pp. 116–118. 2788:. 26 November 1988. 2616:, pp. 224–225. 2436:Foo Kim Leng (2021) 2423:, pp. 202–203. 2411:, pp. 180–181. 2375:, pp. 157–158. 2351:, pp. 154–156. 2339:, pp. 132–133. 2252:, pp. 107–116. 1872:, pp. 170–171. 1786:, pp. 113–114. 1530:, pp. 166–167. 1387:Walton v. the Queen 1045:admissions of guilt 951:He is your witness. 892:John Martin Scripps 863:committal procedure 790:Woodbridge Hospital 730:traditional Chinese 674:Cause of death 649:Colony of Singapore 612:6,000–7,000 ( 563:traditional Chinese 507:Cause of death 482:Colony of Singapore 375:traditional Chinese 319:Cause of death 294:Straits Settlements 211:traditional Chinese 34: 4395:Deaths by drowning 4326:1.33694; 103.85722 4250:. 25 November 2019 3872:"You, Q & eh?" 3453:Taylor and Francis 3228:Marshall Cavendish 1653:, pp. 86, 89. 1629:, pp. 18, 34. 1295:Inside Crime Scene 1247: 1011:Closing statements 884: 778:was 25 years old. 738:simplified Chinese 571:simplified Chinese 383:simplified Chinese 219:simplified Chinese 18:Adrian Lim murders 4085:The Straits Times 4062:The Straits Times 4025:The Straits Times 3991:The Straits Times 3971:The Straits Times 3948:The Straits Times 3925:The Straits Times 3787:The Straits Times 3764:The Straits Times 3742:The Straits Times 3708:The Straits Times 3663:The Straits Times 3635:The Straits Times 3612:The Straits Times 3283:978-981-4634-50-2 3108:The Straits Times 3091:. 1 January 2019. 2760:, pp. 14–15. 2724:, pp. 73–74. 2670:The Straits Times 2312:, pp. 56–60. 2288:, pp. 61–70. 2090:, pp. 51–52. 2078:, pp. 95–97. 2066:, pp. 92–94. 1925:, pp. 46–48. 1913:, pp. 43–45. 1798:, pp. 33–35. 1774:, pp. 29–31. 1750:, pp. 26–27. 1689:, pp. 46–47. 1677:, pp. 19–20. 1665:, pp. 30–31. 1641:, pp. 12–13. 1617:, pp. 17–19. 1256:The Straits Times 1177:The Straits Times 1168:The Straits Times 1145:In 2021, Justice 1131:long drop hanging 981:In 2021, Justice 921:culpable homicide 917:life imprisonment 858:Subordinate Court 726: 725: 559: 558: 442:confidence tricks 371: 370: 110: 109: 16:(Redirected from 4437: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4297: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4150:Economagic.com. 4146: 4144: 4143: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3593: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3511: 3491: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3439: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3383: 3370:Singapore Cinema 3364: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3287: 3266: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2964:Guneratne (2003) 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2569: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2439: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2262:Fernandez (1990) 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1405: 1396: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1374:Medical Register 1370: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1165:, complained to 1113:Tan and Hoe had 964: 904:defended himself 900:J. B. Jeyaretnam 762: 752: 743: 735: 713:Criminal penalty 702: 632: 595: 585: 576: 568: 546:Criminal penalty 535: 465: 407: 397: 388: 380: 358:Criminal penalty 347: 273: 233: 224: 216: 35: 21: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4335: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4281: 4278: 4276:Further reading 4266: 4261: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4181: 4179: 4169: 4161: 4159: 4149: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4065: 4057: 4052: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3976: 3974: 3966: 3961: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3869: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3823: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3800: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3777: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3754: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3693: 3691: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3643: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3577: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3544: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3515: 3508: 3495: 3488: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3442: 3436: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3395:. Connecticut: 3386: 3380: 3367: 3361: 3348: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3321: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3290: 3284: 3269: 3263: 3250: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3219: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3150: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3072:Alkhatib (2016) 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2901:Davidson (1990) 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1542:, pp. 7–8. 1538: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518:, pp. 2–3. 1514: 1510: 1502: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437:, p. xiii. 1433: 1429: 1425:, p. xiii. 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1326:Murder of Nonoi 1307: 1181:Unholy Trinity. 1158: 1139: 1127:hangman's noose 1097: 1060: 1037: 1013: 979: 966: 962: 933: 876: 854: 826: 806: 698: 684:Criminal status 669: 660: 651: 646: 637: 630: 531: 517:Criminal status 502: 493: 484: 479: 470: 463: 406:lam4 bou2 lung4 343: 329:Criminal status 314: 305: 296: 287: 278: 271: 266: 199: 124:in the town of 106: 86: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4299: 4298: 4293:978-9814642996 4292: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4264:External links 4262: 4260: 4259: 4244: 4225: 4206: 4187: 4167: 4147: 4127: 4124:Online sources 4120: 4119: 4104:(fee required) 4096: 4081:(fee required) 4073: 4058:(fee required) 4050: 4016: 3982: 3967:(fee required) 3959: 3944:(fee required) 3936: 3921:(fee required) 3913: 3898:(fee required) 3890: 3875:(fee required) 3867: 3852:(fee required) 3844: 3829:(fee required) 3821: 3806:(fee required) 3798: 3783:(fee required) 3775: 3760:(fee required) 3752: 3733: 3699: 3682:(fee required) 3674: 3659:(fee required) 3651: 3630:(fee required) 3622: 3602: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3575: 3563: 3542: 3530: 3513: 3506: 3493: 3486: 3473: 3461: 3440: 3434: 3417: 3405: 3384: 3378: 3365: 3359: 3346: 3334: 3319: 3307: 3288: 3282: 3273:Unholy Trinity 3267: 3261: 3248: 3236: 3217: 3205: 3188: 3176: 3166:. California: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3119: 3094: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2990:, p. 115. 2980: 2968: 2966:, p. 172. 2956: 2954:, p. 114. 2944: 2942:, p. 110. 2932: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2815: 2813:, p. 229. 2803: 2791: 2773: 2770:YouTube (2019) 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2712:, p. 228. 2699: 2697:, p. 227. 2687: 2685:, p. 226. 2675: 2672:. 26 May 1983. 2657: 2645: 2643:, p. 225. 2630: 2618: 2606: 2604:, p. 221. 2591: 2589:, p. 220. 2576: 2574:, p. 219. 2559: 2557:, p. 218. 2547: 2545:, p. 209. 2535: 2533:, p. 204. 2523: 2511: 2509:, p. 202. 2499: 2484: 2469: 2457: 2440: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 155. 2353: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 121. 2314: 2302: 2300:, p. 198. 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2228:, p. 155. 2218: 2216:, p. 127. 2203: 2201:, p. 117. 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1968: 1956: 1939: 1937:, p. 111. 1927: 1915: 1903: 1886: 1884:, p. 171. 1874: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1814: 1811:Economagic.com 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1593:, p. 162. 1583: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1520: 1508: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1391: 1378: 1365: 1356: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1286:by film-maker 1157: 1154: 1138: 1135: 1123:Holy Communion 1096: 1093: 1059: 1056: 1036: 1033: 1012: 1009: 978: 975: 959: 958: 952: 942: 934: 932: 929: 875: 872: 853: 850: 825: 822: 805: 802: 761:ho4 gaa1 fung6 724: 723: 720: 719: 714: 710: 709: 703: 695: 694: 691: 690: 685: 681: 680: 675: 671: 670: 661: 657: 653: 652: 647: 643: 639: 638: 635: 629: 626: 594:can4 mui4 zyu1 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 543: 542: 536: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513: 508: 504: 503: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 476: 472: 471: 468: 462: 459: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 348: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 315: 306: 302: 298: 297: 288: 286:6 January 1942 284: 280: 279: 276: 270: 267: 265: 262: 198: 195: 116:took place in 108: 107: 105: 104: 101: 98: 94: 92: 88: 87: 85: 84: 81: 77: 75: 71: 70: 68:Ritual murders 65: 61: 60: 47: 43: 42: 39: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4442: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4158:on 2009-02-14 4157: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4109: 4108:The New Paper 4102: 4097: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3903: 3902:The New Paper 3896: 3891: 3880: 3879:The New Paper 3873: 3868: 3857: 3856:The New Paper 3850: 3845: 3834: 3833:The New Paper 3827: 3822: 3811: 3810:The New Paper 3804: 3799: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3765: 3758: 3753: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3689: 3688: 3687:The New Paper 3680: 3675: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3641: 3638:. Singapore: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3599:News articles 3591: 3589:0-19-588714-X 3585: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3564:0-415-26385-9 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3533: 3531:962-209-022-2 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3507:9971-64-192-5 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3487:9971-64-191-7 3483: 3479: 3474: 3464: 3462:0-415-16520-2 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3435:0-19-588854-5 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3408: 3406:1-56750-462-0 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3379:981-4155-42-X 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3360:981-00-0931-3 3356: 3352: 3347: 3337: 3335:9971-69-188-4 3331: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3310: 3308:9971-69-138-8 3304: 3300: 3297:. Singapore: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3262:9971-65-205-6 3258: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3237:981-261-318-8 3233: 3229: 3226:. Singapore: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3208: 3206:981-238-283-6 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3179: 3177:0-8047-5292-3 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978:, p. 96. 2977: 2976:Millet (2006) 2972: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2801:, p. 14. 2800: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736:, p. 74. 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2655:, p. 94. 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2628:, p. 53. 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521:, p. 71. 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2497:, p. 45. 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2482:, p. 73. 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467:, p. 33. 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455:, p. 72. 2454: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2186:, p. 51. 2185: 2180: 2177: 2174:, p. 67. 2173: 2168: 2165: 2162:, p. 28. 2161: 2156: 2153: 2150:, p. 56. 2149: 2144: 2141: 2138:, p. 55. 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2102:, p. 52. 2101: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2054:, p. 94. 2053: 2048: 2045: 2042:, p. 45. 2041: 2036: 2033: 2030:, p. 84. 2029: 2024: 2021: 2018:, p. 61. 2017: 2012: 2009: 2006:, p. 49. 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966:, p. 44. 1965: 1960: 1957: 1954:, p. 48. 1953: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1860:, p. 32. 1859: 1854: 1851: 1848:, p. 34. 1847: 1842: 1839: 1836:, p. 36. 1835: 1830: 1827: 1824:, p. 37. 1823: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1762:, p. 28. 1761: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1701:, p. 70. 1700: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1605:, p. 80. 1604: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1581:, p. 10. 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 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