1530:
cancer for which few effective treatments exist. In most cases, CNS involvement occurs after metastatic dissemination to the bones, liver and/or lungs has already occurred; for that reason, many patients already have refractory, terminal breast cancer by the time they are diagnosed with brain metastases. The diagnosis of brain metastases from breast cancer relies mainly on patient-reported symptoms and neuroimaging. The role of imaging in patients with suspected brain metastases is a very good modality to aid in diagnosis. According to Weil et al., 2005, neuroimaging such as
Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) prove to be very effective in the diagnosis of brain and central nervous system metastases.
31:
1590:
providing similar benefits. Adjuvant radiotherapy follows surgical resection; this combined approach has been shown to prolong median survival up to 12 months, depending on the factors noted above. There is evidence that surgery may be useful in select patients with recurrent brain metastases. Mean survival from diagnosis of a brain metastasis varies between studies, ranging from 2 to 16 months (depending on involvement of the CNS, the extent of the extra-cranial metastatic disease, and the treatment applied). The mean 1-year survival is estimated at 20%. Improvements in the treatment of brain metastases are clearly needed.
809:; it plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix essential for metastasis. Tumor cells use MMP-2 secreted by bone marrow fibroblasts (BMFs). MMP-2 is stored in an inactive conformation in association with the cell surface (or extracellular matrix) of BMFs. Inactive MMP-2 present on the surface of BMFs is displaced by breast-cancer cells. Cancer cells can then use the proteinase to facilitate tissue invasion, which requires the degradation of
1282:
therapies. For example, patients may find hypnosis, massage, meditation, relaxation techniques, tai chi or yoga to be helpful for issues such as stress, pain, nausea, and difficulty sleeping. Gentle exercise and a healthy diet can contribute to overall well-being and quality of life. Some early research suggests that women who refrain from eating for at least 13 hours overnight are less likely to have a cancer recurrence, possibly due to differences in
1181:. Spinal-cord compression is an oncological emergency, as untreated spinal cord compression may cause permanent paralysis or death. In breast cancer, spinal-cord compression occurs when a bone metastasis or spinal metastasis begins to push on the spinal cord, resulting in inflammation and, if untreated, spinal cord injury. Radiotherapy is an important component of therapy for cord compression secondary to metastatic breast cancer, along with
1340:
1132:
1092:
1473:
1309:"Complementary medicine can be quite useful when used in addition to all physician-prescribed cancer therapies,” says Dr. Park. “However, what is harmful is when patients believe that they can use it to replace surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy, or if it is used without the knowledge of their cancer physicians."
956:
1033:
metastases provides direct feedback on the effectiveness of the treatment and often a number of chemotherapy agents are tried sequentially to determine one that works. Adding one or more chemotherapy drugs to an established regimen in women with metastatic breast cancer gives greater tumour shrinkage on imaging but also increased toxicity.
1053:. In women with metastatic breast cancer, taxane-containing chemotherapy regimens appear to improve survival and tumour shrinkage and decrease time to progression. Taxanes are associated with increased risk of neuro-toxicity and less nausea and vomiting when contrasted to non-taxane containing regimens.
1589:
may provide a nearly equivalent outcome, compared with surgery followed by whole brain-irradiation. Surgery tends to reduce symptoms quickly and prolong life, with an improved quality of life. Multiple metastases (up to three) may be removed surgically with a risk similar to that of a single lesion,
1529:
are reported in 10–15% of patients with metastatic breast cancer; in large autopsy studies, up to 40% of women who died of metastatic breast cancer were reported to have at least one brain metastasis. CNS metastases are often viewed by patients and doctors as a late complication of metastatic breast
1277:
can disrupt the body’s metabolism and cause dangerous weight loss. People should be aware that foods, vitamins, and other treatments may interfere with the effectiveness of surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. It is essential that patients work with their doctors and openly discuss possible effects
1318:
Treatment of metastatic breast cancer is currently an active area of research. Several medications are in development or in phase I/II trials. Typically, new medications and treatments are first tested in metastatic cancer before trials in primary cancer are attempted. Another area of research aims
1020:
and so on. Although the occasional patient with metastatic breast cancer benefits from surgical resection of an isolated metastasis and most patients receive radiotherapy (often for palliation alone) during the course of their disease, the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma typically involves
1079:
Platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens are known to be effective for treating a variety of different cancer types. In women with metastatic breast cancer who do not have triple negative disease, there is little or no survival benefit and excess toxicity from platinum-based regimens. However, in
1253:
that are claimed to achieve healing effects similar to scientifically-tested medical approaches, but lack scientific evidence to support those claims. Approaches that are considered alternative therapies when applied to cancer treatment include vitamin therapies, homeopathic treatments, extreme
1083:
Antitumour antibiotics are also used in metastatic breast cancer. Antitumour antibiotics work to prevent cancer cells multiplying by damaging them or stop cell growth. A meta-analysis has demonstrated that women taking antitumour antibiotics as part of their regimen had an advantage in time to
60:
Metastatic breast cancer cells frequently differ from the preceding primary breast cancer in properties such as receptor status. The cells have often developed resistance to several lines of previous treatment and have acquired special properties that permit them to metastasize to distant sites.
1304:
compared the survival of those who used complementary cancer treatments and those who used only the medical cancer treatments recommended by their doctors. They found that those who used complementary treatments during cancer treatment were more likely to refuse some of the conventional cancer
1032:
is one of the most important components of therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Therapy of choice is based on three variables; 1. the extent, pattern and aggressiveness at first presentation. 2. what stage of menopause the patient is at. 3. What receptor hormone the tumour has. Observation of
1236:
considered in patients who have three or more sites of painful bone metastases who cannot be treated with external-beam radiotherapy. In some patients with estrogen-receptor-positive breast carcinoma metastatic to the bone only, external-beam radiotherapy followed by tamoxifen or another anti-
1235:
which is injected into the bloodstream, is under investigation for the treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer; there is evidence that it can relieve pain for up to three months after its administration. It is unknown whether or not it can prevent pathologic fracture, but it should be
1281:
While there is no evidence that any alternative treatments will cure cancer, there are treatments that may alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for patients. When integrated into a broader medical treatment plan, these are sometimes referred to as "complementary" or "integrative"
1036:
Combination chemotherapy is often used in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Research suggests no difference in overall survival time between sequential single agent chemotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Sequential single agent chemotherapy may have a more positive effect on
1203:
Brain metastases. Brain metastases occur in up to 10–15% of breast-cancer patients, and often (but not always) occur late in the disease. They require urgent treatment; brain metastases may progress rapidly, and can suddenly produce life-threatening complications such as
1305:
treatments their doctors recommended, resulting in a higher risk of dying as compared to those who used no complementary treatments at all. Those most likely to choose complementary treatments were young, affluent, well-educated women with private insurance.
1569:≥70) fare best; older patients with a Karnofsky performance status below 70 do poorly. Effective treatments for brain metastases from breast cancer exist, although symptomatic therapy alone may be chosen for those with poor performance status.
107:
cells to certain tissues. The targeting by cancer cells of specific organs is probably regulated by chemo-attractant factors and adhesion molecules produced by the target organ, along with cell-surface receptors expressed by the tumor cells.
1196:. Typically, pain from liver metastases responds to chemotherapy and analgesia. However, in cases when chemotherapy is contraindicated or the liver metastases are refractory to chemotherapy (and pain medication fails to provide appropriate
2257:
Costelloe CM, Rohren EM, Madewell JE, Hamaoka T, Theriault RL, Yu TK, Lewis VO, Ma J, Stafford RJ, Tari AM, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT (June 2009). "Imaging bone metastases in breast cancer: techniques and recommendations for diagnosis".
1297:
Patients have been shown to face a greater risk of mortality if they refuse or delay scientifically-proven treatments in favor of alternative therapies. This is also true in the case of complementary therapies. A study published in
1075:
targets only cancerous cells. It works by only releasing its toxic payload when triggered by a protein found in the cancerous cells in HER2+ breast cancer. It has extremely low side effects using this target therapy method.
1044:
is approved for patients with metastatic breast cancer who either relapsed within six months of adjuvant chemotherapy or failed to respond to combination chemotherapy. This has a higher response rate than solvent-based
56:
Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
913:
by stimulating their growth better than other types of cancer. This interaction is dynamic and reciprocal, since cancer cells modify the environment they encounter. Tumor embolus = seed and Target organ = soil.
817:
and interstitial connective tissue. MMP-2 is unlike other MMP's as its activity is modulated by metalloproteases called tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP) and membrane type 1 MMP (Korhmann et at. 2009)
1240:
may be sufficient to control disease, at least temporarily. In most cases, however, the combination of radiotherapy and hormonal therapy is not enough to maintain disease control, and chemotherapy is needed.
84:, with the most common site being the bone. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer depends on location of the metastatic tumors and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological, and hormonal therapy.
2054:
Vlodavsky I, Goldshmidt O, Zcharia E, Atzmon R, Rangini-Guatta Z, Elkin M, Peretz T, Friedmann Y (April 2002). "Mammalian heparanase: involvement in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and normal development".
1200:
of liver metastasis-related pain), radiotherapy should be considered; it may relieve pain and shrink the metastases, and perhaps extend survival in a subset of patients with a good response to radiotherapy.
344:
Most of these processes require a delicate balance between the functions of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) or metalloprotease-disintegrins (ADAMs) and natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (
2019:
Shaffrey ME, Mut M, Asher AL, Burri SH, Chahlavi A, Chang SM, Farace E, Fiveash JB, Lang FF, Lopes MB, Markert JM, Schiff D, Siomin V, Tatter SB, Vogelbaum MA (August 2004). "Brain metastases".
1016:. Those steps which have a good clinical window are the best targets for therapy. Each event in metastasis is highly regulated and requires a synergistic activation of different ECM proteins,
1021:
the use of systemic therapy. There is no sufficient evidence on the benefits and risks of breast surgery associated with systemic treatment for women diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer.
1231:
and pathologic fracture. Radiotherapy is indicated to prevent pathologic fracture; it is also part of postoperative treatment following repair of a pathologic fracture. Strontium 89, a
1577:
has not been found to be effective in the treatment of brain metastases from breast cancer, due to the inability of most chemotherapeutic agents to penetrate the blood–brain barrier.
99:
and regulatory extra-cellular matrix (ECM) peptides) components. Organ-specific anatomic considerations also influence metastasis; these include blood-flow patterns from the primary
508:
chains of HSPGs, which have an extensive network with several proteins on the cell surface and ECM. The basic HSPG structure consists of a protein core to which several linear
1174:
Radiotherapy is used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The most common reasons for a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma to be treated with radiotherapy are:
1166:
or another anti-estrogen drug unless there are liver metastases, significant lung involvement, rapidly progressive disease or severe symptoms requiring immediate palliation.
481:. Integrin-mediated tumor cell adhesion to ECM proteins can trigger signal transduction and cause upregulation of gene expression, increased tyrosine phosphorylytion of the
1573:
are crucial to the treatment of brain metastases from any source (including the breast), and are effective in reducing peri-tumoral edema and providing symptomatic relief.
61:
Metastatic breast cancer can be treated, sometimes for many years, but it cannot be cured. Distant metastases are the cause of about 90% of deaths due to breast cancer.
540:(VEGFs) and prevents them from inactivation. HS chains function as low-affinity co-receptors which promote dimerization of FGFs, aids in the sequestration of the
1278:
of any treatment they are considering. Alternative and complementary therapies are not regulated by the U.S. federal government and may lack quality controls.
2655:
Garsa, Adam; Jang, Julie K.; Baxi, Sangita; Chen, Christine; Akinniranye, Olamigoke; Hall, Owen; Larkin, Jody; Motala, Aneesa; Newberry, Sydne (2021-06-09).
698:(a cell-surface adhesion molecule) is important for tumor attachment, cell-to-cell communication between the breast tumor cells and the environment in bone,
1050:
771:, potent bone resorptive agents) and stimulating bone resorption. After the breast-cancer cells have left the primary tumor, they interact with the bone
576:
and stimulates tumor-cell proliferation. It is hypothesised that TNC stimulates invasion via up-regulation of MMP-1 expression through activation of the
1049:(15% vs 8%). Abraxane can also deliver a 49% higher dose of medication than solvent-based paclitaxel; however, the side effects are severe and include
926:(bone scan) is very sensitive and is recommended as the first imaging study in asymptomatic individuals with suspected breast-cancer metastases. X-ray
779:
formation and bone resorption. Apart from the breast tumor cells, the resident stromal cells also contribute to tumor survival. Growth factors such as
1675:
1490:
1444:
tumors in mice. Such therapies, targeted to specific cell types, is hoped to be useful in the future to develop better treatments to prevent or treat
2725:
1620:
1699:"Overall survival differences between patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory breast cancer presenting with distant metastasis at diagnosis"
30:
2885:
723:
345:
1647:
667:
over-expression alters the proteolytic balance of the cells to greater matrix degradation and increased invasive properties of breast cancer.
127:
Metastatic breast cancer to the brain causes the following symptoms: persistent, progressively worsening headache, visual changes, seizures,
2802:
1565:
Of all brain-metastatic patients, those with a controlled extra-cranial tumor, age less than 65 years and a favorable general performance (
1789:
1012:
is a complex and interconnected multi-step process. Each step in the process is a potential target for therapies to prevent or reduce
537:
241:
The cell must survive the transit into the new environment, until it ultimately arrests in the microvasculature of the secondary site.
942:
may be considered for cases of abnormal radionuclide uptake on bone scan, when radiography does not give an acceptably clear result.
2830:
1512:
1394:. Some instances where nanoprobes are used to target specific tumor cells (based on the organ to which they have metastasized) are:
996:
544:(GFs) and causes activation of the signaling tyrosine kinase receptors even under low circulating concentrations of growth factors.
1294:
metabolism. As yet, the effects of nutrition and exercise on cancers are not well understood and some theories are controversial.
2195:
Bos PD, Zhang XH, Nadal C, Shu W, Gomis RR, Nguyen DX, Minn AJ, van de Vijver MJ, Gerald WL, Foekens JA, Massagué J (June 2009).
1223:
Bone metastases. The bones are a very common site of metastatic disease from breast cancer, and bone metastases can cause severe
577:
2776:
1205:
142:
Metastatic disease to the liver causes jaundice, elevated liver enzymes, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting
1494:
435:
can contribute to the metastatic process. Some of these proteins are discussed here in relation to breast-cancer metastasis.
1080:
women with metastatic triple negative breast cancer, there may be a moderate survival benefit from platinum-based regimens.
2750:
978:
152:
Other nonspecific systemic symptoms of metastatic breast cancer include fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and poor appetite.
1566:
635:
expression in tumor cells contributes to metastasis by upregulating MMP-1 and MMP-19. MMP-19 cleaves components of the
407:
ECM-tumor cell interactions play a critical role in each of the events of the metastatic cascade. Interactions of the
296:(MMPs). Degradation of the extracellular matrix begins the process of metastasis. The cell develops structures called
935:
788:
772:
265:
1896:
486:
1220:
from breast cancer, as it halts tumor progression quickly and can induce a response in the majority of patients.
1084:
progression and tumour shrinkage, but also increased side effect such as cardiotoxicity, leukopenia and nausea.
901:
through non-fenestrated capillaries, complemented by specific enhancers of BBB-crossing and brain colonization.
360:
systems in cancer cells, to equip them with the tools necessary to degrade the extracellular matrix and release
974:
784:
581:
533:
827:
195:
1483:
1209:
1178:
1072:
780:
756:
368:
1375:
Scheduling of drug treatments and combination treatment can have substantial impact on treatment efficacy.
120:
Metastatic disease to the bone causes severe, progressive pain, and, less commonly, pathological fracture,
2954:
2110:"Cancer cell-associated fibronectin induces release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 from normal fibroblasts"
889:
Cell-surface sialylation has been implicated in cell–to-cell interactions, and over-expression of a brain
806:
573:
334:
293:
199:
2577:"Impact of Vitamin B12 on outcome of Early Stage Luminal A and B Breast Cancer, single center experience"
2824:
2496:
1578:
1402:
1068:
931:
930:
is recommended if there is abnormal radionuclide uptake from the bone scan and in assessing the risk of
923:
861:
at the secondary site with the help of a hyaluronate matrix ligand or by its cytoplasmic attachments to
752:
482:
136:
116:
The symptoms produced by metastatic breast cancer vary by the location of the metastases. For instance:
897:
in organ-specific metastatic interactions. Breast-cancer metastasis to the brain involves mediators of
1812:
568:(TNC) is up-regulated in metastatic breast cancer. TNC is an adhesion-modulating extracellular matrix
2208:
2092:
1586:
1582:
1250:
50:
1319:
to find combination treatments that provide higher efficacy with reduced toxicity and side effects.
1232:
966:
512:(HS) chains are covalently O-linked; this acts as an assembly of different ECM proteins, including
277:
2109:
805:
MMP-2 is the main metalloprotease secreted by breast-cancer cells or induced in the adjacent bone
2697:
1771:
1437:
1391:
853:
by binding to specific extracellular matrix components. A proposed mechanism for the function of
396:
45:, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of
2930:
2867:
2637:
2588:
2557:
2477:
2425:
2373:
2324:
2275:
2234:
2177:
2121:
2072:
2036:
2001:
1952:
1846:
1763:
1728:
1162:
For estrogen-receptor-positive metastatic breast carcinoma the first line of therapy is often
909:
The "seed and soil" hypothesis states that specific organs harbor metastases from one type of
890:
814:
810:
225:
92:
88:
1581:
may provide a median survival of 4 to 5 months, which can be further extended by months with
168:
have bone metastases Very often bone metastases can be successfully managed for a long time.
2920:
2912:
2857:
2810:
2660:
2627:
2619:
2547:
2539:
2467:
2459:
2415:
2407:
2363:
2355:
2314:
2306:
2267:
2224:
2216:
2167:
2159:
2064:
2028:
1991:
1983:
1942:
1934:
1836:
1828:
1755:
1718:
1710:
1625:
1462:
1274:
1217:
1064:
866:
640:
333:
Degradation of the ECM is facilitated by MMPs, so cells can move across tissues into nearby
2576:
155:
Sometimes people with metastatic breast cancer do not have any notable changes or symptoms.
2096:
1570:
1410:
1182:
846:
826:
The brain is a unique organ for metastasis, since the breast-tumor cells have to pass the
719:
585:
556:
scaffold of the endothelial BM, thereby releasing angiogenic growth factors from the ECM.
509:
505:
315:
254:
1553:
2212:
2925:
2900:
2632:
2607:
2552:
2527:
2526:
Egger SJ, Willson ML, Morgan J, Walker HS, Carrick S, Ghersi D, Wilcken N (June 2017).
2472:
2447:
2420:
2395:
2394:
Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MH, Wilcken N (December 2013).
2368:
2343:
2319:
2294:
2229:
2196:
2172:
2147:
1996:
1971:
1947:
1922:
1841:
1824:
1723:
1698:
1017:
553:
470:
392:
2916:
2396:"Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer"
2271:
1921:
Macedo F, Ladeira K, Pinho F, Saraiva N, Bonito N, Pinto L, Goncalves F (March 2017).
1339:
1131:
1091:
17:
2948:
1600:
1449:
1414:
1300:
1228:
898:
894:
850:
768:
764:
541:
447:
408:
388:
384:
365:
361:
327:
319:
268:, or “niche” interactions with local factors promoting tumor-cell growth, survival,
244:
235:
187:
183:
165:
46:
1775:
675:
The primary extracellular matrix components and cell-surface receptors which aid in
2623:
2543:
2463:
2411:
2359:
2310:
1615:
1574:
1425:
cells. It was found that nanoprobes reduced brain-metastatic tumors in mice by 98%.
1383:
1029:
842:
703:
636:
608:
569:
549:
450:
432:
308:
269:
1697:
Fouad TM, Kogawa T, Liu DD, Shen Y, Masuda H, El-Zein R, et al. (July 2015).
383:. This in turn, upregulates the signaling pathways necessary to provide increased
2575:
Shaaban, Saeed M.; Gaber, Zeinab; Semary, Samah; Dewidar, Ahmad M. (2023-03-31).
2032:
1871:
795:) are implicated in the development and progression of metastatic breast cancer.
64:
Breast cancer can metastasize anywhere in body but primarily metastasizes to the
1472:
1418:
1406:
1398:
1386:
is being studied, and there are several developments involving the targeting of
1270:
1186:
1056:
927:
858:
727:
660:
529:
513:
466:
443:
416:
353:
349:
297:
289:
247:
to a distant site : The cell then invades into the BM of the target tissue.
2815:
2606:
Lord S, Ghersi D, Gattellari M, Wortley S, Wilcken N, Simes J (October 2004).
1714:
1605:
1526:
1445:
1429:
1197:
1193:
1046:
1013:
1009:
934:, and is recommended as the initial imaging study in patients with bone pain.
776:
731:
715:
711:
699:
676:
589:
565:
545:
501:
474:
428:
273:
191:
179:
73:
53:. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV.
42:
2592:
1987:
695:
238:
of the circulatory system: the cell enters the bloodstream or lymph channels.
2163:
1433:
1328:
1266:
1258:
1163:
893:
in breast-cancer cells is a mechanism highlighting the role of cell-surface
857:
is to regulate the adhesion of circulating cancer cells in the brain to the
760:
644:
612:
525:
301:
2934:
2871:
2664:
2641:
2561:
2481:
2446:
Ghersi D, Willson ML, Chan MM, Simes J, Donoghue E, Wilcken N (June 2015).
2429:
2377:
2344:"Addition of drug/s to a chemotherapy regimen for metastatic breast cancer"
2328:
2279:
2238:
2181:
2125:
2076:
2068:
2040:
2005:
1956:
1938:
1850:
1759:
1732:
2862:
2845:
2108:
Saad S, Gottlieb DJ, Bradstock KF, Overall CM, Bendall LJ (January 2002).
1767:
1746:
Lee YT (July 1983). "Breast carcinoma: pattern of metastasis at autopsy".
2844:
Johnson, Skyler B.; Park, Henry S.; Gross, Cary P.; Yu, James B. (2018).
2656:
1610:
1549:
1237:
1213:
1060:
1041:
792:
742:
692:
683:
664:
656:
652:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
604:
593:
521:
478:
462:
458:
454:
424:
412:
357:
121:
96:
87:
Typical environmental barriers in a metastatic event include physical (a
2608:"Antitumour antibiotic containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer"
2220:
1832:
596:
in the ECM and influence tumor cell migration in cartilaginous tissues.
1497: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1291:
1283:
1262:
874:
648:
517:
420:
330:, so they are readily available to cells not in direct physical contact
146:
132:
461:, fibrin and heparan sulphate proteoglycans(HSPGs). Several different
49:
where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the
2899:
Weil RJ, Palmieri DC, Bronder JL, Stark AM, Steeg PS (October 2005).
2342:
Butters DJ, Ghersi D, Wilcken N, Kirk SJ, Mallon PT (November 2010).
1543:
1441:
1422:
1387:
1287:
939:
910:
878:
738:
707:
490:
211:
145:
Metastatic breast cancer to the lung or pleura causes chronic cough,
128:
104:
532:. HSPGs are prominent components of blood vessels. to HS stabilizes
2846:"Use of Alternative Medicine for Cancer and Its Impact on Survival"
1261:, an extract derived from apricot kernels, exposes the patient to
1257:
Some alternative treatments are harmful or even life-threatening.
870:
862:
380:
376:
305:
229:
219:
176:
100:
81:
77:
29:
2293:
Tosello G, Torloni MR, Mota BS, Neeman T, Riera R (March 2018).
1224:
885:
Sialyl transferase (glycosylation modifications of gangliosides)
854:
838:
372:
288:
Cell-cell and cell-ECM matrix adhesion, motility, and localised
69:
65:
260:
Progressive colonization, forming a life-threatening metastasis
1466:
1334:
1126:
1086:
949:
2659:(Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
627:-overexpressing cells develop large numbers of invadopodia;
264:
The potential of a tumor cell to metastasize depends on its
95:
and low pH) and biological (immune surveillance, inhibitory
2751:"Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Breast Cancer"
2528:"Platinum-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer"
1413:, thus reducing its activity. Chemically bonded iron-oxide
759:
on tumor cells, inducing cell proliferation and release of
469:. Fibronectin-integrin interactions are important in tumor
340:
Regulated receptor cleavage to modulate migratory signaling
2886:"News: Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division"
2197:"Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain"
2497:"Kadcyla - Chemotherapy Drug Information - Chemocare.com"
2448:"Taxane-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer"
2089:
1040:
Taxanes are very active in metastatic breast cancer, and
2901:"Breast cancer metastasis to the central nervous system"
2146:
Nathoo N, Chahlavi A, Barnett GH, Toms SA (March 2005).
1440:) has slowed down the growth and invasion of aggressive
2777:"Alternative cancer treatments: 10 options to consider"
1351:
1249:
Some patients with metastatic breast cancer opt to try
1143:
1103:
250:
Proliferation of the cancer cell at the metastatic site
210:
The main steps involved in the metastatic cascade of a
2120:(1). American Association for Cancer Research: 283–9.
1585:. Several non-randomized studies have suggested that
1533:
Symptoms of brain metastases from breast cancer are:
135:, behavioral and personality changes, and increased
1371:
Scheduling of drug treatments and impact on results
2803:"Could fasting or ketone diets help quash cancer?"
1897:"Breast Cancer - Metastatic - Symptoms and Signs"
1811:Suva LJ, Griffin RJ, Makhoul I (September 2009).
1561:deficits in sensation, motor function, and speech
164:Roughly 70% of all patients living with advanced
2252:
2250:
2248:
1813:"Mechanisms of bone metastases of breast cancer"
1540:changes in mental status, cognition and behavior
1254:diets, chiropractic treatment and acupuncture.
1216:. Radiotherapy is essential in the treatment of
186:patients with metastatic properties Many of the
1331:, a combined tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor.
1307:
615:and other RGD ligands and is a co-receptor for
607:is a cell-surface disulfide-linked homodimeric
2850:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1976:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
619:. Brain-metastatic breast-tumor cells express
485:, and activation and nuclear translocation of
2698:"Natural Cancer 'Cures': What Are the Risks?"
2295:"Breast surgery for metastatic breast cancer"
198:, hence allowing for tumor recurrence in the
91:), chemical (reactive oxygen species or ROS,
8:
1059:is also active in metastatic breast cancer.
977:. There might be a discussion about this on
477:and cell proliferation by signaling through
218:Cell division and growth within the primary
34:Common sites of metastasis for breast cancer
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2612:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2532:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2452:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2400:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2348:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2299:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1670:
1668:
1245:"Alternative" and "complementary" therapies
300:, which are highly concentrated in several
1051:chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
775:and secrete osteolytic factors capable of
651:(entactin) and other ECM proteins such as
548:expressed by cancer cells participates in
284:Extracellular matrix degradation in cancer
2924:
2861:
2814:
2801:von Bubnoff, Andreas (January 29, 2021).
2726:"Complementary and Integrative Therapies"
2631:
2551:
2471:
2419:
2367:
2318:
2228:
2171:
1995:
1946:
1840:
1722:
1513:Learn how and when to remove this message
997:Learn how and when to remove this message
2720:
2718:
1621:Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
592:over-expression can significantly alter
552:and neovascularization by degrading the
228:, or BM) and the tissue surrounding the
1638:
1417:were coated with about 20 molecules of
1071:, was approved in February 2013. This
751:Metastatic breast-cancer cells excrete
149:, abnormal chest X-ray, and chest pain.
2822:
1972:"New developments in brain metastases"
1676:"Secondary (metastatic) breast cancer"
1273:. Severe dietary restrictions such as
1063:was approved in the US in Nov 2010. A
724:extracellular signal-regulated kinases
352:is an important mechanism to maintain
224:Invasion of the primary tumor border (
2657:Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases
2521:
2519:
2517:
2441:
2439:
2389:
2387:
922:In the detection of bone metastases,
706:. Integrin-mediated adhesion between
124:over the affected bone, and swelling.
7:
1703:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
1548:cranial neuropathy, which may cause
1495:adding citations to reliable sources
538:vascular endothelial growth factors
356:. There is increased expression of
2696:Moriarty, Colleen (July 1, 2019).
2581:Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal
2148:"Pathobiology of brain metastases"
1271:life-threatening allergic reaction
1123:Tamoxifen and other anti-estrogens
631:is localized in these structures.
572:. It is highly expressed in tumor
524:, heparin-binding growth factors,
25:
2905:The American Journal of Pathology
1457:Central nervous system metastases
1421:and targeted to brain-metastatic
588:, II, III, VII and X. Therefore,
1970:Berghoff AS, Preusser M (2018).
1471:
1338:
1130:
1090:
954:
799:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
1482:needs additional citations for
1206:increased intracranial pressure
830:(BBB) to form micrometastases.
403:Extracellular matrix components
379:and MMP-19 are observed in the
2624:10.1002/14651858.cd003367.pub2
2544:10.1002/14651858.cd003374.pub4
2464:10.1002/14651858.cd003366.pub3
2412:10.1002/14651858.cd008792.pub2
2360:10.1002/14651858.cd003368.pub3
2311:10.1002/14651858.CD011276.pub2
1923:"Bone Metastases: An Overview"
1379:Nanotherapies using nanoprobes
841:(a cell-surface transmembrane
734:differentiation and survival.
457:and other ECM components like
371:. MMP-2 is upregulated in the
1:
2917:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61180-7
2829:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2272:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70088-9
2152:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1401:(a chemical derived from the
822:Mechanism in brain metastasis
671:Mechanisms in bone metastases
2033:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2004.06.001
1790:"Metastatic cancer overview"
1748:Journal of Surgical Oncology
1567:Karnofsky performance status
865:-associated proteins of the
2021:Current Problems in Surgery
1525:Clinically symptomatic CNS
1037:progression-free survival.
375:, and increased levels of
276:. This is explained by the
2971:
2677:http url www.emedicine.net
2495:Cancer, Cleveland Clinic.
2057:Seminars in Cancer Biology
1648:"Metastatic Breast Cancer"
1460:
1405:) binds to MMP-2 to cause
789:transforming growth factor
304:and have a highly dynamic
103:and the homing ability of
2816:10.1146/knowable-012821-2
2730:Susan G. Komen Foundation
1876:National Cancer Institute
1792:. Canadian Cancer Society
1715:10.1007/s10549-015-3436-x
1323:Experimental medications:
813:associated with vascular
534:fibroblast growth factors
487:mitogen-activated protein
257:inside the secondary site
190:therapies (like targeted
2095:January 6, 2008, at the
1988:10.1177/1756286418785502
1817:Endocrine-Related Cancer
905:Seed and soil hypothesis
785:fibroblast growth factor
730:, which in turn induces
582:interstitial collagenase
326:Proteolytic cleavage of
194:) fail to penetrate the
39:Metastatic breast cancer
2164:10.1136/jcp.2003.013623
1210:herniation of the brain
1179:Spinal cord compression
1073:antibody-drug conjugate
781:epidermal growth factor
294:matrix metalloproteases
292:are mediated mainly by
2665:10.23970/ahrqepccer242
2069:10.1006/scbi.2001.0420
1939:10.4081/oncol.2017.321
1760:10.1002/jso.2930230311
1314:Experimental therapies
1311:
932:pathological fractures
200:central nervous system
182:is observed in 10% of
41:, also referred to as
35:
18:Advanced breast cancer
1579:Whole-brain radiation
1403:deathstalker scorpion
1251:alternative therapies
924:skeletal scintigraphy
755:(LPA) which binds to
753:lysophosphatidic acid
483:focal adhesion kinase
137:intracranial pressure
33:
2260:The Lancet. Oncology
1982:: 1756286418785502.
1678:. Breast Cancer Care
1587:stereotactic surgery
1583:stereotactic surgery
1491:improve this article
967:confusing or unclear
845:) is a receptor for
702:bone resorption and
395:, invasion, cancer-
51:axillary lymph nodes
2863:10.1093/jnci/djx145
2221:10.1038/nature08021
2213:2009Natur.459.1005B
1872:"Metastatic Cancer"
1833:10.1677/ERC-09-0012
1558:vomiting and nausea
1233:radiopharmaceutical
975:clarify the section
938:or the combination
828:blood–brain barrier
439:Fibrinogen-Integrin
196:blood–brain barrier
1537:new-onset headache
1438:gold nanoparticles
1428:Nanotherapy using
1350:. You can help by
1142:. You can help by
1102:. You can help by
815:basement membranes
623:in large amounts.
397:cell proliferation
36:
2807:Knowable Magazine
1523:
1522:
1515:
1368:
1367:
1275:macrobiotic diets
1160:
1159:
1120:
1119:
1007:
1006:
999:
891:sialyltransferase
811:connective tissue
453:that can bind to
226:basement membrane
89:basement membrane
16:(Redirected from
2962:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2406:(12): CD008792.
2391:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2354:(11): CD003368.
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2207:(7249): 1005–9.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2105:
2099:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1927:Oncology Reviews
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1844:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:Hopkins medicine
1646:John’s Hopkins.
1643:
1626:Phyllodes tumour
1518:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1475:
1467:
1463:Brain metastasis
1363:
1360:
1342:
1335:
1218:brain metastases
1155:
1152:
1134:
1127:
1115:
1112:
1094:
1087:
1065:targeted therapy
1002:
995:
991:
988:
982:
958:
957:
950:
773:microenvironment
641:collagen type IV
580:pathway. MMP-1 (
564:The ECM protein
266:microenvironment
21:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2821:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2757:. July 15, 2020
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2618:(4): CD003367.
2605:
2604:
2600:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2538:(8): CD003374.
2525:
2524:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2458:(6): CD003366.
2445:
2444:
2437:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2305:(3): CD011276.
2292:
2291:
2287:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2114:Cancer Research
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:Wayback Machine
2088:
2084:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1596:
1571:Corticosteroids
1519:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1488:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1411:metalloprotease
1381:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1348:needs expansion
1316:
1247:
1183:corticosteroids
1172:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1140:needs expansion
1125:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1100:needs expansion
1027:
1003:
992:
986:
983:
972:
959:
955:
948:
920:
907:
887:
847:hyaluronic acid
836:
824:
720:phosphorylation
673:
611:which binds to
602:
586:collagen type I
562:
520:, interstitial
510:heparin sulfate
506:heparin sulfate
499:
441:
405:
316:metalloprotease
286:
272:, invasion and
255:micrometastasis
253:Formation of a
208:
206:Pathophysiology
174:
162:
114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2891:
2877:
2856:(1): 121–124.
2836:
2793:
2768:
2742:
2714:
2679:
2670:
2647:
2598:
2567:
2513:
2487:
2435:
2383:
2334:
2285:
2244:
2187:
2138:
2100:
2082:
2046:
2027:(8): 665–741.
2011:
1962:
1913:
1888:
1863:
1825:Bioscientifica
1803:
1781:
1738:
1689:
1664:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1521:
1520:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1426:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1315:
1312:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1221:
1201:
1190:
1171:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:September 2011
1097:
1095:
1026:
1023:
1018:growth factors
1005:
1004:
987:September 2011
962:
960:
953:
947:
944:
919:
916:
906:
903:
886:
883:
849:, involved in
835:
832:
823:
820:
803:
802:
800:
749:
748:
746:
690:
689:
687:
672:
669:
601:
598:
561:
558:
554:polysaccharide
542:growth factors
498:
495:
471:cell migration
440:
437:
404:
401:
399:and survival.
393:cell migration
362:growth factors
342:
341:
338:
331:
328:growth factors
314:Mechanisms of
285:
282:
262:
261:
258:
251:
248:
242:
239:
233:
222:
207:
204:
173:
170:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
150:
143:
140:
125:
113:
110:
27:Type of cancer
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2967:
2956:
2955:Breast cancer
2953:
2952:
2950:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:(4): 913–20.
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2703:
2702:Yale Medicine
2699:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2501:Chemocare.com
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:(6): 606–14.
2265:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:(3): 237–42.
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:(3): 175–80.
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(2): 407–16.
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:breast cancer
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1503:December 2015
1496:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:This section
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1450:breast cancer
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:nanoparticles
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1346:This section
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:JAMA Oncology
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:hypercalcemia
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1138:This section
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1098:This section
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
998:
990:
980:
979:the talk page
976:
970:
968:
963:This section
961:
952:
951:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
915:
912:
904:
902:
900:
899:extravasation
896:
895:glycosylation
892:
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1878:. 2015-05-12
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1651:
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1616:chemotherapy
1575:Chemotherapy
1564:
1554:Bell's palsy
1532:
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1500:
1489:Please help
1484:verification
1481:
1390:cells using
1384:Nanomedicine
1382:
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1352:adding to it
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704:angiogenesis
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637:basal lamina
609:glycoprotein
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570:glycoprotein
563:
550:angiogenesis
530:lipoproteins
500:
473:, invasion,
451:glycoprotein
442:
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343:
313:
309:cytoskeleton
287:
280:hypothesis.
270:angiogenesis
263:
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2781:Mayo Clinic
2131:January 15,
1796:8 September
1436:(coated on
1419:chlorotoxin
1407:endocytosis
1399:Chlorotoxin
1187:laminectomy
1057:Vinorelbine
928:radiography
859:endothelium
745:interaction
741:cell-blood
728:osteoclasts
712:osteoclasts
661:fibronectin
536:(FGFs) and
514:fibronectin
467:fibronectin
444:Fibronectin
417:fibronectin
411:cells with
354:homeostasis
350:proteolysis
298:invadopodia
290:proteolysis
232:by the cell
74:lymph nodes
72:, regional
2755:The Bridge
1933:(1): 321.
1907:2019-10-28
1901:Cancer.Net
1882:2019-05-06
1856:15 January
1827:: 703–13.
1682:22 October
1633:References
1606:metastasis
1527:metastases
1461:See also:
1446:metastasis
1430:antibodies
1392:nanoprobes
1198:palliation
1194:metastases
1047:paclitaxel
1014:metastasis
1010:Metastasis
969:to readers
787:(FGF) and
777:osteoclast
732:osteoclast
716:metastases
710:cells and
700:osteoclast
686:signalling
677:metastasis
590:tenascin C
584:) cleaves
566:tenascin C
546:Heparanase
526:chemokines
502:Heparanase
497:Heparanase
475:metastasis
429:hyaluronan
318:action in
274:metastasis
214:cell are:
192:antibodies
180:metastasis
43:metastases
2593:2957-6067
1657:6 January
1434:herceptin
1359:June 2016
1329:sorafenib
1267:Bee venom
1259:Amygdalin
1164:tamoxifen
946:Treatment
761:cytokines
757:receptors
645:laminin 5
613:integrins
522:collagens
479:integrins
463:integrins
455:integrins
425:collagens
413:integrins
369:receptors
322:involve:
302:proteases
97:cytokines
2949:Category
2935:16192626
2872:28922780
2642:15495049
2562:28643430
2506:21 March
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2430:24347031
2378:21069675
2329:29542106
2280:19482249
2239:19421193
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2093:Archived
2077:12027584
2041:15354117
2006:30034538
1957:28584570
1851:19443538
1776:21869121
1733:26017070
1611:neoplasm
1594:See also
1550:diplopia
1238:estrogen
1214:seizures
1061:Eribulin
1042:abraxane
881:family.
743:platelet
718:induces
714:in bone
693:Integrin
684:Integrin
665:endoglin
657:aggrecan
653:tenascin
639:such as
633:Endoglin
629:endoglin
625:Endoglin
621:endoglin
617:TGF-beta
605:Endoglin
600:Endoglin
594:collagen
560:Tenascin
518:laminins
504:cleaves
465:bind to
459:collagen
421:laminins
358:protease
122:erythema
112:Symptoms
2926:1603675
2786:29 June
2761:29 June
2735:29 June
2707:29 June
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1948:5444408
1842:2914697
1768:6345937
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1409:of the
1292:glucose
1284:insulin
1263:cyanide
1069:Kadcyla
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875:radixin
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940:PET-CT
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879:moesin
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791:beta (
739:Cancer
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335:stroma
212:cancer
129:nausea
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871:ezrin
863:actin
793:TGF-β
679:are:
381:brain
377:MMP-1
346:TIMPs
306:actin
230:tumor
220:tumor
177:Brain
172:Brain
101:tumor
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70:lungs
2931:PMID
2868:PMID
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2788:2021
2763:2021
2737:2021
2709:2021
2638:PMID
2616:2021
2589:ISSN
2558:PMID
2508:2017
2478:PMID
2456:2015
2426:PMID
2404:2021
2374:PMID
2352:2021
2325:PMID
2303:2018
2276:PMID
2235:PMID
2178:PMID
2133:2010
2122:PMID
2073:PMID
2037:PMID
2002:PMID
1953:PMID
1858:2010
1847:PMID
1798:2014
1764:PMID
1729:PMID
1684:2013
1659:2021
1552:and
1225:pain
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855:CD44
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