221:
3461:
3509:
3497:
3485:
84:(AE) refers to any unexpected and inappropriate occurrence at the time a drug is used, whether or not the event is associated with the administration of the drug. An ADR is a special type of AE in which a causative relationship can be shown. ADRs are only one type of medication-related harm. Another type of medication-related harm type includes not taking prescribed medications, known as
41:
3473:
845:
696:
ADEs. Nearly 8 in 1,000 adults aged 65 years or older experienced one of the four most common ADEs (steroids, antibiotics, opiates/narcotics, and anticoagulants) during hospitalization. A study showed that 48% of patients had an adverse drug reaction to at least one drug, and pharmacist involvement
680:
Medication related harm (MRH) is common after hospital discharge in older adults, but methodological inconsistencies between studies and a paucity of data on risk factors limits clear understanding of the epidemiology. There was a wide range in incidence, from 0.4% to 51.2% of participants, and 35%
287:
includes how genes can predict potential adverse drug reactions. However, pharmacogenomics is not limited to adverse events (of any type), but also looks at how genes may impact other responses to medications, such as low/no effect or expected/normal responses (especially based on drug metabolism).
659:
setting. Approximately 2.8% of all ADEs present on admission and 4.4% of ADEs that originated during a hospital stay were caused by a sedative or hypnotic drug. A second study by AHRQ found that in 2011, the most common specifically identified causes of adverse drug events that originated during
719:
in 2013-2014. From this article, an estimated prevalence of adverse drug events that were presented to the emergency department (ED) was 4 events out of every 1000 people. This article reported that 57.1% of these adverse drug events presented to the ED were in females. As well, out of all of the
152:
Other types of adverse drug reactions are Type C, Type D, Type E, and Type F. Type C was categorized for chronic adverse drug reactions, Type D for delayed adverse drug reactions, Type E for withdrawal adverse drug reactions, and Type F for failure of therapy as an adverse drug reaction. Adverse
192:
Severity is a measure of the intensity of the adverse event in question. The terms "severe" and "serious", when applied to adverse events, are technically very different. They are easily confused but can not be used interchangeably, requiring care in usage. Seriousness usually indicates patient
574:
to a specific agent often proves difficult, unless the event is found during a clinical study or large databases are used. Both methods have difficulties and can be fraught with error. Even in clinical studies, some ADRs may be missed as large numbers of test individuals are required to find a
555:, the Venulet algorithm and the WHO causality term assessment criteria. Each have pros and cons associated with their use and most require some level of expert judgement to apply. An ADR should not be labeled as 'certain' unless the ADR abates with a
1829:
2536:
2513:
676:
and opiates/narcotics compared to those treated in urban nonteaching hospitals. Those treated in private, nonprofit hospitals had higher rates of most ADE causes compared to patients treated in public or private, for-profit hospitals.
2978:
964:
380:
Protein binding interactions are usually transient and mild until a new steady state is achieved. These are mainly for drugs without much first-pass liver metabolism. The principal plasma proteins for drug binding are:
3712:
1223:
867:
611:, where individuals can report adverse drug events. Healthcare professionals, consumers, and the pharmaceutical industry can all submit information to this system. For health products marketed in
540:(P-gp) efflux pump inhibitor, which when given with apixaban (a substrate for P-gp) will lead to increased absorption of apixaban, resulting in the same adverse effects as with CYP3A4 inhibition.
111:
Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant
1938:
2839:
681:
to 59% of harm was preventable. Medication related harm incidence within 30 days after discharge ranged from 167 to 500 events per 1,000 individuals discharged (17–51% of individuals).
1860:
Curry SC, O'Connor AD, Graeme KA, Kang AM (2019). "Chapter 13: Neurotransmitters and
Neuromodulators". In Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Smith SW, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS (eds.).
518:, which when combined with other medications that utilize the same proteins can lead to either toxic or sub-therapeutic adverse effects. One example of this is a patient taking a
182:
Disability — significant, persistent, or permanent change, impairment, damage or disruption in the patient's body function/structure, physical activities or quality of life.
575:
specific adverse drug reaction, especially for rare ADRs. Psychiatric ADRs are often missed as they are grouped together in the questionnaires used to assess the population.
2744:
747:
2394:
551:
assessment is used to determine the likelihood that a drug caused a suspected ADR. There are a number of different methods used to judge causation, including the
1414:
Phillips KA, Veenstra DL, Oren E, Lee JK, Sadee W (November 2001). "Potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing adverse drug reactions: a systematic review".
2832:
2696:
742:
807:
153:
drug reactions can also be categorized using time-relatedness, dose-relatedness, and susceptibility, which collectively are called the DoTS classification.
3793:
1720:
644:
1966:
2132:
563:
of the onset of the suspected ADR is important, as another substance or factor may be implicated as a cause; co-prescribed medications and underlying
3738:
3547:
2825:
2805:
3798:
2749:
149:
Types A and B were proposed in the 1970s, and the other types were proposed subsequently when the first two proved insufficient to classify ADRs.
619:
called The Canada
Vigilance Program is responsible for surveillance. Both healthcare professionals and consumers can report to this program. In
3643:
2609:
484:
1331:"Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel"
3743:
3717:
3577:
2998:
1869:
1390:
1261:
1055:
3648:
2103:
3707:
3676:
3638:
3587:
3315:
3003:
2072:
3108:
2284:
2184:
608:
3863:
3813:
556:
265:
insufficiency, may alter drug metabolism. Resources are available that report changes in a drug's metabolism due to disease states.
536:, which results in elevated blood concentrations of apixaban and greater risk of serious bleeds. Additionally, Clarithromycin is a
3823:
3658:
3592:
3101:
2479:
Incidence of adverse drug reactions in human immune deficiency virus-positive patients using highly active antiretroviral therapy
1542:
704:
concluded that the cost of the 50-100 million preventable error-related adverse drug events would be between US$ 18–115 billion.
624:
3597:
123:), and they are therefore predictable. They are dose-related and usually mild, although they may be serious or even fatal (e.g.
3818:
127:
from warfarin). Such reactions are usually due to inappropriate dosage, especially when drug elimination is impaired. The term
3921:
3582:
1736:
3853:
3722:
3128:
2739:
88:. Non-adherence to medications can lead to death and other negative outcomes. Adverse drug reactions require the use of a
3843:
1071:
Iasella CJ, Johnson HJ, Dunn MA (February 2017). "Adverse Drug
Reactions: Type A (Intrinsic) or Type B (Idiosyncratic)".
3889:
3868:
3540:
3325:
3134:
1656:
DeVane CL (2002). "Clinical significance of drug binding, protein binding, and binding displacement drug interactions".
1224:"ICH E2A Clinical safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting — Scientific guideline"
968:
604:
353:
162:
74:" because side effects can be beneficial as well as detrimental. The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as
2383:
1188:
2973:
2775:
2770:
999:
918:
138:
846:
International
Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
276:
are more likely to experience adverse effects, and that they are less likely to be able to reliably report symptoms.
2260:
Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A (2006). "Characteristics of
Adverse Drug Events Originating During the Hospital Stay, 2011".
3858:
3439:
2602:
1717:
3833:
3828:
3210:
3118:
3023:
3013:
2916:
2047:
875:
596:
588:
3572:
3392:
3008:
2993:
2923:
2901:
2722:
2559:
2158:
488:
291:
Abnormal drug metabolism may be due to inherited factors of either Phase I oxidation or Phase II conjugation.
3848:
3808:
3533:
3320:
2911:
2650:
782:
205:
2234:
Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Bae J, Encinosa W (2006). "Origin of
Adverse Drug Events in U.S. Hospitals, 2011".
1621:
Evans WE, McLeod HL (February 2003). "Pharmacogenomics--drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects".
912:
583:
Many countries have official bodies that monitor drug safety and reactions. On an international level, the
431:
or adverse effects. One example of this is multiple medications administered concurrently that prolong the
307:
or due to drug interactions. Tables are available to check for drug interactions due to P450 interactions.
3838:
3653:
3407:
3387:
3096:
2953:
2717:
564:
70:
or may result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "
3748:
3362:
3330:
3084:
3074:
2733:
2595:
752:
627:(TGA) conducts postmarket monitoring of therapeutic products. In the UK, a monitoring system called the
444:
315:
311:
124:
20:
1278:
701:
1683:
Benet LZ, Hoener BA (March 2002). "Changes in plasma protein binding have little clinical relevance".
1121:
Aronson JK (2002). "Drug therapy". In
Haslett C, Chilvers ER, Boon NA, Colledge NR, Hunter JA (eds.).
720:
adverse drug events presented to the emergency department documented in this article, 17.6% were from
607:(FDA) is responsible for monitoring post-marketing studies. The FDA has a reporting system called the
3926:
3620:
3489:
3477:
3357:
1497:
787:
712:
85:
2285:"Incidence of Medication-Related Harm in Older Adults After Hospital Discharge: A Systematic Review"
3884:
3691:
3501:
3444:
3352:
3305:
3179:
3018:
2635:
2540:
1988:
Holvey C, Connolly A, Taylor D (August 2010). "Psychiatric side effects of non-psychiatric drugs".
1381:
Roden DM, Van Driest SL, Brunton LL, Knollmann BC (2023). "Pharmacogenetics and
Pharmacogenomics".
767:
3508:
913:"Clarifying adverse drug events: a clinician's guide to terminology, documentation, and reporting"
220:
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3686:
3414:
3367:
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2315:
1958:
1764:
1708:
943:
812:
632:
628:
476:
472:
464:
456:
452:
1106:
Rawlins MD, Thompson JW (1977). "Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions.". In Davies DM (ed.).
337:
which conjugated some drugs to facilitate excretion may affect the metabolism of drugs such as
3916:
3753:
3681:
3465:
3397:
3377:
3271:
3113:
3044:
2780:
2727:
2570:
2457:
2364:
2307:
2265:
2239:
2028:
2005:
1919:
1865:
1811:
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1700:
1665:
1638:
1600:
1523:
1466:
1431:
1396:
1386:
1360:
1257:
1170:
1088:
1051:
1028:
935:
552:
331:
299:
Phase I reactions include metabolism by cytochrome P450. Patients have abnormal metabolism by
116:
76:
1794:
Kim J, Parish AL (September 2017). "Polypharmacy and
Medication Management in Older Adults".
931:
3372:
3226:
2943:
2481:
2447:
2439:
2354:
2346:
2299:
1997:
1950:
1909:
1901:
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1590:
1513:
1505:
1458:
1423:
1350:
1342:
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1080:
1018:
1008:
927:
515:
500:
412:
284:
1888:
Mar PL, Gopinathannair R, Gengler BE, Chung MK, Perez A, Dukes J, et al. (June 2022).
3607:
3513:
3340:
3246:
3195:
3053:
2686:
508:
436:
319:
300:
2163:
Australian
Government Department of Health and Aged Care Therapeutic Goods Administration
145:. These reactions can be due to particular elements within the person or the environment.
2485:
2478:
1501:
1305:"MATCH-D Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health conditions during Dementia"
193:
outcome (such as negative outcomes including disability, long-term effects, and death).
141:: Type B reactions are not dose-dependent and are not predictable, and so may be called
3668:
3169:
2988:
2983:
2849:
2801:
2655:
2645:
2452:
2427:
2359:
2334:
1914:
1889:
1518:
1485:
1355:
1330:
1023:
994:
761:
757:
592:
537:
526:
504:
480:
365:
196:
In adverse drug reactions, the seriousness of the reaction is important for reporting.
2545:
1165:
1140:
427:
Two or more drugs that contribute to the same mechanism in the body can have additive
3910:
3765:
3424:
3079:
2660:
2640:
2553:
2549:
721:
716:
693:
669:
616:
600:
530:
262:
258:
166:
81:
2319:
1962:
1939:"An Investigation of Disagreement in Causality Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions"
1768:
947:
3630:
3615:
3174:
3089:
2948:
2938:
2880:
2875:
2785:
2712:
2681:
2630:
2426:
Shehab N, Lovegrove MC, Geller AI, Rose KO, Weidle NJ, Budnitz DS (November 2016).
1937:
Davies EC, Rowe PH, James S, Nickless G, Ganguli A, Danjuma M, et al. (2011).
1737:"Revisiting the significance of warfarin protein-binding displacement interactions"
1712:
1449:
Goldstein DB (February 2003). "Pharmacogenetics in the laboratory and the clinic".
792:
772:
448:
416:
369:
346:
106:
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable
2817:
2001:
1772:
1013:
672:. Patients treated in urban teaching hospitals had higher rates of ADEs involving
475:
in certain cases and individuals). Some of the medications that can contribute to
240:
2564:
3564:
3231:
3205:
3200:
2906:
2896:
2665:
2526:
777:
432:
393:
342:
268:
The Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia (
229:
129:
71:
1807:
1509:
3760:
3429:
3382:
3310:
3236:
3153:
3123:
3069:
2928:
2530:
2522:
2428:"US Emergency Department Visits for Outpatient Adverse Drug Events, 2013-2014"
1905:
1400:
1156:
1084:
802:
725:
673:
665:
560:
523:
361:
89:
63:
2979:
Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
2575:
2209:
1550:
1427:
1329:
Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C (October 2016).
3770:
3434:
3402:
2933:
2443:
1696:
620:
571:
548:
468:
460:
338:
225:
2461:
2368:
2311:
2269:
2243:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2032:
2009:
1923:
1815:
1760:
1704:
1669:
1642:
1604:
1527:
1470:
1435:
1364:
1174:
1092:
1032:
939:
2350:
959:
957:
66:. ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a
40:
3525:
3283:
3048:
1634:
1595:
1578:
797:
729:
689:
656:
652:
648:
533:
428:
400:
273:
209:
112:
1462:
3241:
3028:
2104:"Questions and Answers on FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)"
1954:
661:
451:. Another example of additive effects for adverse drug reactions is in
440:
385:
269:
120:
2303:
1830:"Drug-Induced Prolongation of the QT Interval and Torsades de Pointes"
1752:
1346:
1141:"Joining the DoTS: new approach to classifying adverse drug reactions"
2517:
685:
612:
519:
511:
304:
236:
2505:
2264:. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
2238:. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
965:"Why You Need to Take Your Medications as Prescribed or Instructed"
2382:
Ebel T, George K, Larsen E, Neal E, Shah K, Shi D (October 2012).
2185:"Yellow Card Scheme looks to the future at 50th anniversary forum"
1282:
529:, as well as another medication metabolized by CYP3A4 such as the
233:
219:
208:
cause systemic effects, although they are administered locally as
3713:
Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated Churg–Strauss syndrome
2384:"Strength in unity:The promise of global standards in healthcare"
2262:
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs
2236:
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs
2870:
1484:
Hakkola J, Hukkanen J, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O (November 2020).
1383:
Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics
837:
708:
67:
3529:
2821:
2591:
2587:
2283:
Parekh N, Ali K, Page A, Roper T, Rajkumar C (September 2018).
1125:(19th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Science. pp. 147–163.
188:
Requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage
1486:"Inhibition and induction of CYP enzymes in humans: an update"
584:
1304:
692:
than males in 2011, while male patients had a higher rate of
635:
was set up to surveil medications and other health products.
2127:
2125:
559:
protocol (stopping and starting the agent in question). The
232:. Other causes were excluded with extensive investigations.
1543:"The Flockhart Cytochrome P450 Drug-Drug Interaction Table"
711:(JAMA) in 2016 reported adverse drug event statistics from
2335:"Adverse drug reactions: a potential role for pharmacists"
2210:"Information | Making medicines and medical devices safer"
655:
were a leading source for adverse drug events seen in the
684:
In the U.S., females had a higher rate of ADEs involving
169:
as one when the patient outcome is one of the following:
212:, since a fraction escapes to the systemic circulation.
1549:. Indiana University School of Medicine. Archived from
467:(though therapeutic doses of one agent that increases
2048:"The WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring"
1541:
Flockhart DA, Thacker D, McDonald C, Desta Z (2021).
2495:
1890:"Drug Interactions Affecting Oral Anticoagulant Use"
1048:
A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
3877:
3786:
3779:
3731:
3700:
3667:
3629:
3606:
3563:
3292:
3264:
3219:
3188:
3162:
3146:
3062:
3037:
2966:
2889:
2863:
2856:
2794:
2758:
2705:
2674:
2623:
2499:
2255:
2253:
62:) is a harmful, unintended result caused by taking
33:
2745:Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States
911:
748:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
1730:
1728:
1616:
1614:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1134:
1132:
709:The Journal of the American Medical Association
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
1123:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1110:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10.
988:
986:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
257:Various diseases, especially those that cause
3541:
2833:
2697:Prescription drug prices in the United States
2603:
1894:Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology
1855:
1853:
1851:
1376:
1374:
743:Alleged problems in the drug approval process
8:
1735:Sands CD, Chan ES, Welty TE (October 2002).
910:Nebeker JR, Barach P, Samore MH (May 2004).
808:The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics
1883:
1881:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
3794:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
3783:
3548:
3534:
3526:
3484:
2860:
2840:
2826:
2818:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2496:
2292:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
993:Coleman JJ, Pontefract SK (October 2016).
832:
830:
645:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
39:
30:
2451:
2358:
1913:
1594:
1517:
1354:
1164:
1022:
1012:
697:helps to pick up adverse drug reactions.
318:) may affect metabolism of drugs such as
133:may be applied to minor type A reactions.
3739:Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome
1385:(14th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1050:. Great Britain: CRC Press. p. 62.
932:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00009
16:Harmful, unintended result of medication
3799:Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption
2750:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
2339:The British Journal of General Practice
2073:"Pharmacovigilance: post-authorisation"
1139:Aronson JK, Ferner RE (November 2003).
826:
459:). If medications that cause increased
403:are due to changes in protein binding.
3644:Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation
1685:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
868:"Adverse Drug Reaction (Code C142385)"
179:Hospitalization (initial or prolonged)
3744:Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome
3718:Methotrexate-induced papular eruption
3578:Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome
2999:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
7:
3649:Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes
3472:
1990:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
1796:The Nursing Clinics of North America
1256:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
842:Guideline For Good Clinical Practice
463:levels are combined, they can cause
3708:Adverse reaction to biologic agents
3677:Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis
3639:Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema
3588:Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones
3316:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
3004:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
2108:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
1862:Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies
1623:The New England Journal of Medicine
1583:The New England Journal of Medicine
1451:The New England Journal of Medicine
1193:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
1189:"What is a Serious Adverse Event?"
1108:Textbook of adverse drug reactions
609:FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
303:due to either inheriting abnormal
272:) criteria warns that people with
14:
3864:HIV disease-related drug reaction
3814:Drug-related gingival hyperplasia
2400:from the original on 19 June 2022
1547:Division of Clinical Pharmacology
557:challenge-dechallenge-rechallenge
360:may affect the metabolism of the
224:Adverse drug reaction leading to
3824:Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
3659:Exudative hyponychial dermatitis
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3102:Inner ear decompression sickness
1577:Weinshilboum R (February 2003).
660:hospital stays in the U.S. were
625:Therapeutic Goods Administration
3819:Drug-induced lichenoid reaction
3496:
2675:Economic and financial concerns
1579:"Inheritance and drug response"
522:(CYP3A4) inhibitor such as the
119:of the drug (e.g., nausea from
3583:Urticarial erythema multiforme
1864:(11th ed.). McGraw Hill.
872:Enterprise Vocabulary Services
419:, especially in older adults.
228:(drug-induced hepatitis) with
1:
3854:Linear IgA bullous dermatosis
3723:Adverse reaction to cytokines
3336:environmental skin conditions
3129:High-altitude pulmonary edema
2740:Political abuse of psychiatry
2002:10.12968/hmed.2010.71.8.77664
1741:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1014:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-5-481
631:was established in 1964. The
48:A rash due to a drug reaction
3890:Serum sickness-like reaction
3869:Photosensitive drug reaction
3326:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
3135:High-altitude cerebral edema
2025:Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu
969:Food and Drug Administration
605:Food and Drug Administration
499:Some medications can either
399:Some drug interactions with
163:Food and Drug Administration
3598:Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction
3348:frictional/traumatic/sports
2974:Chronic radiation keratosis
2776:Hospital-acquired infection
2771:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
2159:"How we regulate medicines"
2046:Uppsala Monitoring Centre.
1658:Psychopharmacology Bulletin
919:Annals of Internal Medicine
647:(AHRQ) found that in 2011,
567:may be factors in the ADR.
3943:
3859:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
3440:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
2393:. McKinsey & Company.
2133:"Canada Vigilance Program"
1808:10.1016/j.cnur.2017.04.007
1510:10.1007/s00204-020-02936-7
916:. Improving patient care.
18:
3834:Drug-induced pigmentation
3829:Drug-induced nail changes
3455:
3211:Space adaptation syndrome
3119:Chronic mountain sickness
3024:Radiation recall reaction
3014:Radiation-induced morphea
2917:Warm water immersion foot
2333:Yeung EY (October 2015).
2077:European Medicines Agency
1906:10.1161/CIRCEP.121.007956
1335:Internal Medicine Journal
1231:European Medicines Agency
1157:10.1136/bmj.327.7425.1222
1085:10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.005
876:National Cancer Institute
668:, opiates/narcotics, and
597:European Medicines Agency
589:Uppsala Monitoring Centre
538:permeability glycoprotein
489:tricyclic antidepressants
248:Abnormal pharmacokinetics
47:
38:
3844:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
3573:Penicillin drug reaction
3393:Weathering nodule of ear
3009:Radiation-induced keloid
2994:Radiation-induced cancer
2924:Non-freezing cold injury
2902:Immersion foot syndromes
2723:Compulsory sterilization
1428:10.1001/jama.286.18.2270
1073:Clinics in Liver Disease
995:"Adverse drug reactions"
707:An article published in
206:ocular antihypertensives
19:Not to be confused with
3849:Injection site reaction
3809:Drug-induced angioedema
3787:Skin and body membranes
3321:Sclerosing lymphangitis
2912:Tropical immersion foot
2651:Unnecessary health care
2444:10.1001/jama.2016.16201
1697:10.1067/mcp.2002.121829
783:List of withdrawn drugs
253:Comorbid disease states
3839:Drug-induced urticaria
3654:Hydroxyurea dermopathy
3557:Adverse drug reactions
3408:Painful fat herniation
3388:Vibration white finger
3097:Decompression sickness
2954:Erythrocyanosis crurum
2718:Sluggish schizophrenia
2214:yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk
1490:Archives of Toxicology
702:McKinsey & Company
565:psychiatric conditions
244:
185:Congenital abnormality
3922:Clinical pharmacology
3749:Vaccine adverse event
3363:Fissure of the nipple
3331:UV-sensitive syndrome
3256:Adverse drug reaction
3085:Middle ear barotrauma
3075:Arterial gas embolism
2795:Records and histories
2766:Adverse drug reaction
2734:The Protest Psychosis
2351:10.3399/bjgp15X686821
2023:Otsubo T (2003). "".
1721:summary table at OVID
753:Drug therapy problems
713:emergency departments
445:macrolide antibiotics
423:Additive drug effects
312:butyrylcholinesterase
223:
125:intracranial bleeding
56:adverse drug reaction
34:Adverse drug reaction
21:Vaccine adverse event
3621:Steroid folliculitis
3358:Equestrian perniosis
2137:Government of Canada
1635:10.1056/NEJMra020526
1596:10.1056/NEJMra020021
788:Paradoxical reaction
390:α1-acid glycoprotein
352:Inheriting abnormal
330:Inheriting abnormal
316:pseudocholinesterase
310:Inheriting abnormal
3885:Fixed drug reaction
3445:Narcotic dermopathy
3353:Black heel and palm
3306:Dermatosis neglecta
3180:Psychological abuse
3019:Radiation poisoning
2636:Medical malpractice
2079:. 17 September 2018
1775:on 7 September 2008
1502:2020ArTox..94.3671H
1463:10.1056/NEJMe020173
1279:"Clinical Drug Use"
1151:(7425): 1222–1225.
768:History of pharmacy
544:Assessing causality
520:cytochrome P450 3A4
447:, such as systemic
3687:Vitamin K reaction
3415:Uranium dermatosis
3368:Pulling boat hands
3277:Lightning injuries
2692:Financial toxicity
2345:(639): 511.1–511.
1955:10.1007/bf03256843
1309:www.match-d.com.au
1285:on 1 November 2007
1046:Ritter JM (2008).
971:. 16 February 2016
813:Yellow Card Scheme
724:, 16.1% were from
633:Yellow Card Scheme
629:Yellow Card Scheme
495:Altered metabolism
477:serotonin toxicity
473:serotonin toxicity
465:serotonin toxicity
457:serotonin syndrome
453:serotonin toxicity
415:is increased with
358:-methyltransferase
335:-acetyltransferase
326:Phase II reactions
245:
165:defines a serious
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3804:Drug-induced acne
3754:Eczema vaccinatum
3682:Warfarin necrosis
3523:
3522:
3272:Electrical injury
3114:Altitude sickness
2962:
2961:
2815:
2814:
2781:Iatrogenic anemia
2728:Physician gag law
2585:
2584:
2438:(20): 2115–2125.
2304:10.1111/jgs.15419
2139:. 24 January 2008
1871:978-1-259-85961-8
1753:10.1345/aph.1A208
1496:(11): 3671–3722.
1392:978-1-264-25807-9
1347:10.1111/imj.13215
1341:(10): 1189–1197.
1263:978-0-443-07145-4
1195:. 1 February 2016
1057:978-0-340-90046-8
1000:Clinical Medicine
728:, and 13.3% from
579:Monitoring bodies
553:Naranjo algorithm
516:drug transporters
509:drug metabolizing
471:levels can cause
413:drug interactions
407:Drug interactions
295:Phase I reactions
117:therapeutic index
77:pharmacovigilance
52:
51:
28:Medical condition
3934:
3784:
3692:Texier's disease
3593:Red man syndrome
3550:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3299:physical factors
3295:skin conditions
3227:Hypersensitivity
2944:Cold intolerance
2861:
2848:Consequences of
2842:
2835:
2828:
2819:
2759:Related concerns
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2497:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2298:(9): 1812–1822.
2289:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1965:. Archived from
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1732:
1723:
1716:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1553:on 27 March 2023
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1275:
1269:
1267:
1252:Rang HP (2003).
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1228:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1016:
990:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
952:
951:
915:
907:
888:
887:
885:
883:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
834:
285:Pharmacogenomics
176:Life-threatening
43:
31:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3894:
3873:
3775:
3727:
3696:
3663:
3625:
3602:
3559:
3554:
3524:
3519:
3451:
3341:Electrical burn
3298:
3297:resulting from
3296:
3294:
3288:
3260:
3247:Arthus reaction
3215:
3196:Motion sickness
3184:
3158:
3142:
3058:
3054:Oxygen toxicity
3033:
2958:
2885:
2852:
2850:external causes
2846:
2816:
2811:
2790:
2754:
2706:Political abuse
2701:
2687:Balance billing
2670:
2619:
2616:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2508:
2494:
2475:
2473:Further reading
2470:
2469:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1836:. 29 April 2023
1828:
1827:
1823:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
992:
991:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
955:
926:(10): 795–801.
909:
908:
891:
881:
879:
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
836:
835:
828:
823:
818:
738:
643:A study by the
641:
581:
546:
497:
437:antiarrhythmics
425:
409:
378:
376:Protein binding
328:
320:succinylcholine
301:cytochrome P450
297:
282:
280:Genetic factors
255:
250:
218:
202:
159:
103:
98:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3669:Anticoagulants
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Wrestler's ear
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Surfer's knots
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3223:
3221:
3220:Adverse effect
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Physical abuse
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Radiation burn
2986:
2984:Radiation acne
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2802:Drug pollution
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Adverse effect
2653:
2648:
2646:Patient safety
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2556:
2533:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:Classification
2493:
2492:External links
2490:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2411:
2374:
2325:
2275:
2249:
2226:
2201:
2176:
2165:. 20 June 2019
2150:
2121:
2090:
2064:
2038:
2027:(40): 369–73.
2015:
1980:
1969:on 1 July 2012
1929:
1900:(6): e007956.
1877:
1870:
1847:
1821:
1802:(3): 457–468.
1786:
1747:(10): 1642–4.
1724:
1718:OVID full text
1675:
1648:
1610:
1589:(6): 529–537.
1564:
1533:
1476:
1441:
1422:(18): 2270–9.
1406:
1391:
1370:
1321:
1296:
1270:
1262:
1244:
1206:
1180:
1128:
1113:
1098:
1063:
1056:
1038:
1007:(5): 481–485.
982:
953:
889:
859:
848:. 10 June 1996
825:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
762:European Union
758:EudraVigilance
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
734:
722:anticoagulants
670:anticoagulants
640:
637:
615:, a branch of
599:(EMA). In the
593:European Union
580:
577:
545:
542:
527:clarithromycin
496:
493:
481:MAO inhibitors
424:
421:
408:
405:
397:
396:
391:
388:
377:
374:
366:mercaptopurine
327:
324:
296:
293:
281:
278:
254:
251:
249:
246:
217:
214:
201:
198:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
158:
155:
147:
146:
135:
134:
108:
107:
102:
99:
97:
96:Classification
94:
50:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3939:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3905:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Halogenoderma
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Skin pop scar
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Runner's rump
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
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3209:
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3127:
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3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:High altitude
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Aerosinusitis
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3046:
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2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Patient abuse
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Medical error
2639:
2637:
2634:
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2279:
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2256:
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2237:
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2202:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2110:. 4 June 2018
2109:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
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1882:
1878:
1873:
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1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:(3): 115–21.
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:(6): 538–49.
1628:
1624:
1617:
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1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
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1306:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1233:. 1 June 1995
1232:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1176:
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1129:
1124:
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1109:
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1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
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1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
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1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
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1025:
1020:
1015:
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1002:
1001:
996:
989:
987:
983:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
914:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
878:. 28 May 2019
877:
873:
869:
863:
860:
847:
843:
839:
838:"1. Glossary"
833:
831:
827:
820:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
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771:
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741:
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735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
717:United States
714:
710:
705:
703:
698:
695:
694:anticoagulant
691:
687:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Health Canada
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:United States
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
576:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
539:
535:
532:
531:anticoagulant
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
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321:
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308:
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302:
294:
292:
289:
286:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
252:
247:
242:
241:H&E stain
238:
235:
231:
227:
222:
215:
213:
211:
207:
199:
197:
194:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
170:
168:
167:adverse event
164:
156:
154:
150:
144:
143:idiosyncratic
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
100:
95:
93:
91:
87:
86:non-adherence
83:
82:adverse event
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3904:
3701:Immunologics
3631:Chemotherapy
3616:Steroid acne
3556:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3419:
3347:
3335:
3255:
3175:Sexual abuse
3163:Maltreatment
3090:Pneumothorax
2949:Acrocyanosis
2939:Aerosol burn
2881:Heat syncope
2876:Hyperthermia
2786:Hand washing
2765:
2732:
2713:Drapetomania
2682:Medical debt
2631:Iatrogenesis
2618:Medical harm
2569:
2558:
2535:
2512:
2435:
2431:
2402:. Retrieved
2390:
2377:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2295:
2291:
2278:
2261:
2235:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2136:
2112:. Retrieved
2107:
2081:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:
2041:
2024:
2018:
1996:(8): 432–6.
1993:
1989:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1949:(1): 17–24.
1946:
1942:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1861:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1779:18 September
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1744:
1740:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1586:
1582:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1546:
1536:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1457:(6): 553–6.
1454:
1450:
1444:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1382:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1289:18 September
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1273:
1254:Pharmacology
1253:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1230:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1148:
1144:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1079:(1): 73–87.
1076:
1072:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1004:
998:
973:. Retrieved
923:
917:
880:. Retrieved
871:
862:
850:. Retrieved
841:
793:Polypharmacy
773:Iatrogenesis
706:
699:
683:
679:
642:
639:Epidemiology
582:
569:
547:
498:
449:azithromycin
426:
417:polypharmacy
411:The risk of
410:
398:
394:lipoproteins
379:
370:azathioprine
355:
351:
347:procainamide
332:
329:
309:
298:
290:
283:
267:
256:
203:
195:
191:
160:
151:
148:
142:
130:side effects
128:
75:
59:
55:
53:
25:
3927:Drug safety
3732:Other drugs
3565:Antibiotics
3232:Anaphylaxis
3206:Airsickness
3201:Seasickness
2907:Trench foot
2897:Hypothermia
2857:Temperature
2666:Never event
2052:who-umc.org
1664:(3): 5–21.
778:Lethal dose
726:antibiotics
715:around the
674:antibiotics
666:antibiotics
433:QT interval
354:thiopurine
343:hydralazine
230:granulomata
157:Seriousness
115:) or a low
101:Traditional
72:side effect
3911:Categories
3761:Bromoderma
3430:Skin track
3383:Tennis toe
3311:Pinch mark
3293:Ungrouped
3237:Angioedema
3154:Starvation
3124:Death zone
3070:Barotrauma
2929:Chilblains
2571:DiseasesDB
2404:28 October
1401:1323328254
975:27 October
882:27 October
821:References
803:Toxicology
570:Assigning
561:chronology
524:antibiotic
435:, such as
362:thiopurine
216:Mechanisms
90:medication
64:medication
3771:Iododerma
3435:Slap mark
3403:Coral cut
2967:Radiation
2934:Frostbite
1943:Pharm Med
700:In 2012,
690:narcotics
653:hypnotics
649:sedatives
621:Australia
595:runs the
587:runs the
572:causality
549:Causality
469:serotonin
461:serotonin
443:and some
339:isoniazid
226:hepatitis
210:eye drops
3917:Pharmacy
3608:Hormones
3490:Glossary
3466:Category
3284:Drowning
3063:Pressure
3049:Asphyxia
2864:Elevated
2624:Concepts
2462:27893129
2395:Archived
2369:26412813
2320:49678401
2312:29972591
2270:24354026
2244:24228291
2219:30 April
2194:30 April
2143:16 April
2114:16 April
2083:17 April
2057:17 April
2033:14626141
2010:20852483
1963:37301370
1924:35622425
1834:Lexicomp
1816:28779826
1769:20855578
1761:12369572
1705:11907485
1670:12473961
1643:12571262
1605:12571261
1528:33111191
1471:12571264
1436:11710893
1365:27527376
1268:Page 146
1237:30 April
1199:17 April
1175:14630763
1093:27842776
1033:27697815
948:32296353
940:15148066
852:16 April
798:Toxicity
736:See also
732:agents.
730:diabetic
662:steroids
657:hospital
534:apixaban
479:include
401:warfarin
274:dementia
200:Location
161:The U.S
113:warfarin
3780:General
3502:Outline
3478:Commons
3242:Allergy
3045:Hypoxia
3029:Sunburn
2890:Reduced
2565:D004362
2527:Y40-Y59
2486:3312730
2453:6490178
2391:gs1.org
2360:4582849
1915:9308105
1713:6948454
1519:7603454
1498:Bibcode
1356:5129475
1024:6297296
686:opiates
512:enzymes
501:inhibit
441:sotalol
386:albumin
305:alleles
270:MATCH-D
263:hepatic
121:digoxin
3514:Portal
3420:iv use
3189:Travel
3137:(HACE)
3131:(HAPE)
3038:Oxygen
2484:
2460:
2450:
2367:
2357:
2318:
2310:
2268:
2242:
2189:GOV.UK
2031:
2008:
1973:2 June
1961:
1922:
1912:
1868:
1814:
1767:
1759:
1711:
1703:
1668:
1641:
1603:
1526:
1516:
1469:
1434:
1399:
1389:
1363:
1353:
1314:1 June
1260:
1173:
1166:274067
1163:
1091:
1054:
1031:
1021:
946:
938:
623:, the
613:Canada
603:, the
591:. The
505:induce
487:, and
364:drugs
345:, and
237:biopsy
139:Type B
3878:Other
3265:Other
2546:995.2
2531:U12.9
2523:T88.7
2398:(PDF)
2387:(PDF)
2316:S2CID
2288:(PDF)
2169:2 May
1959:S2CID
1840:2 May
1765:S2CID
1709:S2CID
1557:1 May
1227:(PDF)
944:S2CID
485:SSRIs
439:like
429:toxic
259:renal
234:Liver
204:Some
173:Death
80:. An
3147:Food
2871:Burn
2806:List
2560:MeSH
2554:E858
2550:E850
2541:9-CM
2458:PMID
2432:JAMA
2406:2022
2365:PMID
2308:PMID
2266:PMID
2240:PMID
2221:2023
2196:2023
2171:2023
2145:2023
2116:2023
2085:2023
2059:2023
2029:PMID
2006:PMID
1975:2011
1920:PMID
1866:ISBN
1842:2023
1812:PMID
1781:2007
1757:PMID
1701:PMID
1666:PMID
1639:PMID
1601:PMID
1559:2023
1524:PMID
1467:PMID
1432:PMID
1416:JAMA
1397:OCLC
1387:ISBN
1361:PMID
1316:2019
1291:2007
1258:ISBN
1239:2023
1201:2023
1171:PMID
1089:PMID
1052:ISBN
1029:PMID
977:2023
936:PMID
884:2023
854:2022
815:(UK)
688:and
651:and
507:key
368:and
68:drug
2576:295
2537:ICD
2514:ICD
2482:PMC
2448:PMC
2440:doi
2436:316
2355:PMC
2347:doi
2300:doi
1998:doi
1951:doi
1910:PMC
1902:doi
1804:doi
1749:doi
1693:doi
1631:doi
1627:348
1591:doi
1587:348
1514:PMC
1506:doi
1459:doi
1455:348
1424:doi
1420:286
1351:PMC
1343:doi
1161:PMC
1153:doi
1149:327
1145:BMJ
1081:doi
1019:PMC
1009:doi
928:doi
924:140
585:WHO
514:or
503:or
261:or
60:ADR
54:An
3913::
2574::
2563::
2548:,
2544::
2529:,
2525:,
2521::
2518:10
2456:.
2446:.
2434:.
2430:.
2414:^
2389:.
2363:.
2353:.
2343:65
2341:.
2337:.
2314:.
2306:.
2296:66
2294:.
2290:.
2252:^
2212:.
2187:.
2161:.
2135:.
2124:^
2106:.
2093:^
2075:.
2050:.
2004:.
1994:71
1992:.
1957:.
1947:25
1945:.
1941:.
1918:.
1908:.
1898:15
1896:.
1892:.
1880:^
1850:^
1832:.
1810:.
1800:52
1798:.
1763:.
1755:.
1745:36
1743:.
1739:.
1727:^
1707:.
1699:.
1689:71
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1581:.
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1512:.
1504:.
1494:94
1492:.
1488:.
1465:.
1453:.
1430:.
1418:.
1395:.
1373:^
1359:.
1349:.
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1333:.
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1229:.
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1191:.
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1131:^
1087:.
1077:21
1075:.
1027:.
1017:.
1005:16
1003:.
997:.
985:^
967:.
956:^
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922:.
892:^
874:.
870:.
844:.
840:.
829:^
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491:.
483:,
372:.
349:.
341:,
322:.
239:.
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3047:/
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