53:
88:
188:
52:
449:
547:
634:
627:
424:
456:
1809:
480:
Simpson, George
Gaylord (1945). "The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals". Bulletin of the AMNH.
1718:
1689:
620:
87:
439:
Nowak, R. M., Walker's
Mammals of the World. Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II, 1991
1619:
292:
was named by
Simpson (1945) . It was assigned to Borophaginae by Wang et al. (1999) and Wang et al. (2004).
1814:
1734:
1659:
1609:
1151:
73:
1804:
1776:
497:
1141:
1131:
1559:
1459:
1305:
574:
1449:
1295:
1171:
561:
Wang, Xiaoming; Wideman, Benjamin C.; Nichols, Ralph; Hanneman, Debra L. (2004). "A new species of
61:
1599:
1534:
1330:
1194:
1161:
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590:
541:
220:
82:
67:
1781:
269:
Borophagini were short-faced, heavy-jawed canids, usually massive in size. They were primarily
1679:
1579:
1569:
1479:
1349:
1509:
1204:
582:
529:
485:
1365:
1214:
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719:
510:
231:
612:
578:
1499:
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1469:
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705:
396:
is widespread throughout the entire continent extending from coast to coast as well as
332:
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43:
1798:
1649:
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1629:
1589:
1013:
977:
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1234:
932:
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17:
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99:
39:
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1250:
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735:
671:
665:
278:
243:
119:
1118:
1060:
1034:
647:
594:
397:
216:
149:
388:
With the clade comprising many genus and subtaxa, the distribution of
1375:
1182:
659:
533:
489:
405:
401:
389:
129:
109:
1728:
1432:
1407:
251:
223:
205:
586:
526:
Phylogenetic systematics of the
Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)
1732:
616:
524:
Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Taylor, Beryl E. (1999).
565:(Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana".
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
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1605:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1555:
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1505:
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1475:
1465:
1455:
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1416:
1391:
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1361:
1326:
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1210:
1200:
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1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
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1092:
1082:
1072:
802:
716:
701:
1741:
1544:
1519:
1430:
1405:
1348:
1315:
1280:
1233:
1224:
1181:
1116:
1059:
1003:
976:
949:
876:
849:
801:
715:
692:
195:Range of Borophagini based on fossil distribution
528:. Bulletin of the AMNH. Vol. 243. New York.
450:"Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae"
628:
8:
226:that were endemic and widespread throughout
1729:
1438:
1354:
1345:
1239:
1230:
1065:
882:
810:
635:
621:
613:
546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
186:
51:
31:
417:
539:
506:
495:
7:
567:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
86:
356:The subtaxa or subtribes are:
1:
27:Extinct clade of carnivores
1831:
1715:
1441:
1357:
1242:
1068:
885:
813:
654:
194:
185:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
34:
425:PaleoBiology Database:
352:Subtaxa and sister taxa
254:existing approximately
234:which lived during the
646:members of the family
505:Cite journal requires
74:Tomarctus brevirostris
1777:Paleobiology Database
1810:Zanclean extinctions
1421:C. alpinus europaeus
300:The clade includes:
1660:C. l. mogollonensis
579:2004JVPal..24..445W
429:, Taxonomy, Subtaxa
384:Fossil distribution
380:is a sister taxon.
180:G. G. Simpson, 1945
62:Borophagus secundus
1670:C. l. monstrabilis
68:Aelurodon taxoides
1792:
1791:
1735:Taxon identifiers
1726:
1725:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1630:C. l. griseoalbus
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
199:
198:
181:
16:(Redirected from
1822:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1730:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1650:C. l. hodophilax
1647:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1600:C. l. floridanus
1597:
1590:C. l. cristaldii
1587:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1450:C. apolloniensis
1447:
1439:
1418:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1328:
1303:
1293:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1066:
883:
811:
804:
718:
703:
637:
630:
623:
614:
607:
606:
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552:
551:
545:
537:
521:
515:
514:
508:
503:
501:
493:
477:
471:
470:
468:
467:
461:
455:. Archived from
454:
446:
440:
437:
431:
422:
260:
250:living 30.8—3.6
208:or tribe of the
190:
179:
174:
161:
91:
90:
55:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1695:
1570:C. l. beothucus
1540:
1515:
1426:
1401:
1336:
1311:
1306:L. ensenadensis
1276:
1220:
1177:
1152:U. minicephalus
1112:
1047:
999:
972:
945:
872:
845:
797:
771:Paraenhydrocyon
720:Hesperocyoninae
711:
688:
650:
641:
611:
610:
560:
559:
555:
538:
523:
522:
518:
504:
494:
479:
478:
474:
465:
463:
459:
452:
448:
447:
443:
438:
434:
423:
419:
414:
386:
354:
298:
287:
267:
255:
232:Central America
178:
172:
159:
85:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1763:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1620:C. l. gregoryi
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1580:C. l. bernardi
1573:
1563:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1480:C. cedazoensis
1473:
1463:
1460:C. armbrusteri
1453:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1195:V. qiuzhudingi
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
955:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
936:
929:
926:Microtomarctus
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
886:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
863:
855:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
836:
829:
822:
814:
808:
799:
798:
796:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
724:
722:
713:
712:
710:
709:
706:Prohesperocyon
698:
696:
694:incertae sedis
690:
689:
687:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
655:
652:
651:
642:
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639:
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625:
617:
609:
608:
573:(2): 445–452.
553:
516:
507:|journal=
472:
441:
432:
416:
415:
413:
410:
392:specimens for
385:
382:
353:
350:
333:Microtomarctus
297:
294:
286:
283:
266:
263:
248:Early Pliocene
197:
196:
192:
191:
183:
182:
170:
166:
165:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:Early Pliocene
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1827:
1816:
1815:Mammal tribes
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:C. l. nubilus
1674:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1535:C. l. orcutti
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1510:C. lepophagus
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1390:
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1378:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
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1347:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:L. cultridens
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
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1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:U. progressus
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:Paratomarctus
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
983:
981:
979:
978:Aelurodontina
975:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
960:Paracynarctus
957:
956:
954:
952:
948:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
905:Metatomarctus
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
879:
875:
869:
868:
864:
862:
861:
857:
856:
854:
852:
848:
842:
841:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
827:
823:
821:
820:
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815:
812:
809:
807:
800:
794:
793:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
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772:
768:
766:
765:
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759:
758:
754:
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751:
747:
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740:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
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725:
723:
721:
714:
708:
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700:
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695:
691:
685:
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679:
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673:
669:
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653:
649:
645:
638:
633:
631:
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624:
619:
618:
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604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
554:
549:
543:
535:
531:
527:
520:
517:
512:
499:
491:
487:
483:
476:
473:
462:on 2007-03-20
458:
451:
445:
442:
436:
433:
430:
428:
421:
418:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
378:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:
359:Aelurodontina
351:
349:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:Metatomarctus
311:
310:
305:
304:
295:
293:
291:
284:
282:
280:
277:demonstrates
276:
272:
264:
262:
259:million years
258:
253:
249:
245:
242:epoch to the
241:
238:stage of the
237:
233:
229:
228:North America
225:
222:
218:
215:. This is an
214:
211:
207:
203:
193:
189:
184:
177:
171:
168:
167:
164:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
76:
75:
70:
69:
64:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
18:Aelurodontina
1805:Borophagines
1742:
1717:
1690:C. l. youngi
1688:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1648:
1640:C. l. hattai
1638:
1628:
1618:
1610:C. l. fuscus
1608:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1545:
1533:
1520:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1431:
1419:
1406:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1331:S. pacivorus
1329:
1316:
1304:
1294:
1281:
1271:Theriodictis
1269:
1259:
1249:
1235:Cerdocyonina
1213:
1205:V. riffautae
1203:
1193:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1117:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
992:
985:
965:
958:
938:
933:Protomarctus
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
877:
865:
860:Cynarctoides
858:
851:Phlaocyonini
838:
831:
824:
817:
806:Borophaginae
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
750:Sunkahetanka
748:
741:
734:
727:
704:
693:
587:10.1671/2493
570:
566:
562:
556:
525:
519:
498:cite journal
484:. New York.
481:
475:
464:. Retrieved
457:the original
444:
435:
426:
420:
393:
387:
377:Phlaocyonini
375:
369:
363:
357:
355:
343:
339:Protomarctus
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
299:
289:
288:
268:
213:Borophaginae
201:
200:
175:
163:Borophaginae
72:
66:
60:
29:
1743:Borophagini
1560:C. l. alces
1500:C. etruscus
1490:C. edwardii
1470:C. arnensis
1366:Cynotherium
1215:V. skinneri
1142:U. galushai
1132:U. citrinus
1107:Prototocyon
1028:Protepicyon
1005:Borophagina
919:Psalidocyon
878:Borophagini
819:Archaeocyon
792:Ectopocynus
764:Enhydrocyon
729:Hesperocyon
427:Borophagini
400:to western
394:Borophagini
365:Borophagina
327:Psalidocyon
290:Borophagini
246:age of the
221:terrestrial
202:Borophagini
176:Borophagini
156:Subfamily:
35:Borophagini
1799:Categories
1522:C. latrans
1042:Borophagus
951:Cynarctina
940:Tephrocyon
912:Euoplocyon
778:Osbornodon
743:Cynodesmus
684:Caniformia
682:Suborder:
466:2009-07-20
371:Cynarctina
345:Tephrocyon
321:Euoplocyon
271:carnivores
77:(bottom).
71:(middle),
1283:Lycalopex
1261:Protocyon
1087:Metalopex
1077:Leptocyon
1021:Carpocyon
994:Aelurodon
987:Tomarctus
967:Cynarctus
898:Desmocyon
891:Cormocyon
867:Phlaocyon
840:Rhizocyon
833:Otarocyon
826:Oxetocyon
785:Caedocyon
757:Philotrox
678:Carnivora
658:Kingdom:
563:Aleurodon
542:cite book
534:2246/1588
490:2246/1104
412:Resources
309:Desmocyon
303:Cormocyon
275:dentition
240:Oligocene
236:Geringian
219:group of
210:subfamily
140:Carnivora
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
40:Oligocene
1766:BioLib:
1758:Q4946288
1752:Wikidata
1719:Category
1547:C. lupus
1396:Xenocyon
1386:Aenocyon
1318:Speothos
1251:Dusicyon
1172:U. webbi
1097:Nurocyon
736:Mesocyon
672:Mammalia
666:Chordata
664:Phylum:
660:Animalia
603:21694500
285:Taxonomy
281:traits.
279:omnivore
244:Zanclean
146:Family:
130:Mammalia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
1119:Urocyon
1061:Caninae
1035:Epicyon
676:Order:
670:Class:
648:Canidae
644:Extinct
595:4524730
575:Bibcode
398:Florida
265:Biology
217:extinct
169:Tribe:
150:Canidae
136:Order:
126:Class:
65:(top),
1769:852864
1376:Eucyon
1350:Canina
1226:Canini
1183:Vulpes
601:
593:
406:Panama
402:Oregon
390:fossil
368:, and
342:, and
224:canids
1782:83322
1433:Canis
599:S2CID
591:JSTOR
460:(PDF)
453:(PDF)
296:Clade
206:clade
204:is a
1408:Cuon
548:link
511:help
273:but
257:27.2
230:and
583:doi
530:hdl
486:hdl
404:to
252:Mya
1801::
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597:.
589:.
581:.
571:24
569:.
544:}}
540:{{
502::
500:}}
496:{{
482:85
408:.
374:.
362:,
348:.
336:,
330:,
324:,
318:,
312:,
306:,
261:.
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636:e
629:t
622:v
605:.
585::
577::
550:)
536:.
532::
513:)
509:(
492:.
488::
469:.
173:†
160:†
42:-
20:)
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