591:
1581:
1623:. African wild dogs have packs which may consist of 20 to 40 animals and packs of fewer than about seven individuals may be incapable of successful reproduction. Hunting in packs has the advantage that larger prey items can be tackled. Some species form packs or live in small family groups depending on the circumstances, including the type of available food. In most species, some individuals live on their own. Within a canid pack, there is a system of dominance so that the strongest, most experienced animals lead the pack. In most cases, the dominant male and female are the only pack members to breed.
764:
1823:
and often other pack members, bring food back for them from the hunt. This is most often vomited up from the adult's stomach. Where such pack involvement in the feeding of the litter occurs, the breeding success rate is higher than is the case where females split from the group and rear their pups in isolation. Young canids may take a year to mature and learn the skills they need to survive. In some species, such as the
African wild dog, male offspring usually remain in the natal pack, while females disperse as a group and join another small group of the opposite sex to form a new pack.
826:
1713:
698:
1238:
148:
1557:
116:
1749:
1720:
1263:
741:
1204:
suggesting that much of
African canid fauna diversity resulted from the immigration of Eurasian ancestors, likely coincident with Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations between arid and humid conditions. When comparing the African and Eurasian golden jackals, the study concluded that the African specimens represented a distinct monophyletic lineage that should be recognized as a separate species,
640:
1832:
1277:
1852:, entered into a partnership with humans a long time ago. The dog was the first domesticated species. The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human
1088:, where they diversified. However, the most recent common ancestor of the South American canids lived in North America some 4 Mya and more than one incursion across the new land bridge is likely given the fact that more than one lineage is present in South America. Two North American lineages found in South America are the
1646:
1411:
used to maintain the posture of the head and neck with little active muscle exertion; this ligament allows them to conserve energy while running long distances following scent trails with their nose to the ground. However, based on skeletal details of the neck, at least some of the
Borophaginae (such
1367:
is always naked, as are the cushioned pads on the soles of the feet. These latter consist of a single pad behind the tip of each toe and a more-or-less three-lobed central pad under the roots of the digits. Hairs grow between the pads and in the Arctic fox the sole of the foot is densely covered with
1822:
The size of a litter varies, with from one to 16 or more pups being born. The young are born small, blind and helpless and require a long period of parental care. They are kept in a den, most often dug into the ground, for warmth and protection. When the young begin eating solid food, both parents,
1814:
period of 50 to 60 days, while larger species average 60 to 65 days. The time of year in which the breeding season occurs is related to the length of day, as has been demonstrated in the case of several species that have been translocated across the equator to the other hemisphere and experiences a
1464:
Canids use their premolars for cutting and crushing except for the upper fourth premolar P4 (the upper carnassial) that is only used for cutting. They use their molars for grinding except for the lower first molar m1 (the lower carnassial) that has evolved for both cutting and grinding depending on
851:
The
Canidae include a diverse group of some 37 species ranging in size from the maned wolf with its long limbs to the short-legged bush dog. Modern canids inhabit forests, tundra, savannahs, and deserts throughout tropical and temperate parts of the world. The evolutionary relationships between the
1863:
The fact that wolves are pack animals with cooperative social structures may have been the reason that the relationship developed. Humans benefited from the canid's loyalty, cooperation, teamwork, alertness and tracking abilities, while the wolf may have benefited from the use of weapons to tackle
482:
In the history of the carnivores, the family
Canidae is represented by the two extinct subfamilies designated as Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae, and the extant subfamily Caninae. This subfamily includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. All living canids as a group form a
1199:
lineages. The dire wolf shared its habitat with the gray wolf, but became extinct in a large-scale extinction event that occurred around 11,500 years ago. It may have been more of a scavenger than a hunter; its molars appear to be adapted for crushing bones and it may have gone extinct as a
1203:
In 2015, a study of mitochondrial genome sequences and whole-genome nuclear sequences of
African and Eurasian canids indicated that extant wolf-like canids have colonized Africa from Eurasia at least five times throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is consistent with fossil evidence
3508:
Liane
Giemsch, Susanne C. Feine, Kurt W. Alt, Qiaomei Fu, Corina Knipper, Johannes Krause, Sarah Lacy, Olaf Nehlich, Constanze Niess, Svante Pääbo, Alfred Pawlik, Michael P. Richards, Verena Schünemann, Martin Street, Olaf Thalmann, Johann Tinnes, Erik Trinkaus & Ralf W. Schmitz.
910:, its fossilized remains have been found in what is now the southwestern part of Texas. The chief features which identify it as a canid include the loss of the upper third molar (part of a trend toward a more shearing bite), and the structure of the middle ear which has an enlarged
1871:
of coyotes killing humans have been published, and at least two other reports of golden jackals killing children. Human beings have trapped and hunted some canid species for their fur and some, especially the gray wolf, the coyote and the red fox, for sport. Canids such as the
1645:
1614:
Almost all canids are social animals and live together in groups. In general, they are territorial or have a home range and sleep in the open, using their dens only for breeding and sometimes in bad weather. In most foxes, and in many of the true dogs, a
957:, all three subfamilies of canids (Hesperocyoninae, Borophaginae, and Caninae) had appeared in the fossil records of North America. The earliest and most primitive branch of the Canidae was the Hesperocyoninae lineage, which included the coyote-sized
1336:, canids have relatively long legs and lithe bodies, adapted for chasing prey. The tails are bushy and the length and quality of the pelage vary with the season. The muzzle portion of the skull is much more elongated than that of the cat family. The
1488:
mammals the bite force at the canines was greatest in the extinct dire wolf (163), followed among the modern canids by the four hypercarnivores that often prey on animals larger than themselves: the
African wild dog (142), the gray wolf (136), the
1331:
All canids have a similar basic form, as exemplified by the gray wolf, although the relative length of muzzle, limbs, ears, and tail vary considerably between species. With the exceptions of the bush dog, the raccoon dog and some domestic
3509:"Interdisciplinary investigations of the late glacial double burial from Bonn-Oberkassel". Hugo Obermaier Society for Quaternary Research and Archaeology of the Stone Age: 57th Annual Meeting in Heidenheim, 7th – 11 April 2015, 36-37
590:
1380:, is sometimes present, but has no anatomical connection to the rest of the foot. In some species, slightly curved nails are non-retractile and more-or-less blunt while other species have sharper, partially-retractile claws.
2287:
Perri, Angela R.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Mouton, Alice; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Haile, James; Jamieson, Alexandra; Meachen, Julie; Lin, Audrey T.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Ameen, Carly (13 January 2021).
448:, living together in family units or small groups and behaving co-operatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breeds and a litter of young are reared annually in an underground den. Canids communicate by
1643:
1194:
era across the Bering land bridge, with at least three separate invasions, with each one consisting of one or more different
Eurasian gray wolf clades. MtDNA studies have shown that there are at least four extant
2815:
Sansalone, Gabriele; Bertè, Davide
Federico; Maiorino, Leonardo; Pandolfi, Luca (2015). "Evolutionary trends and stasis in carnassial teeth of European Pleistocene wolf Canis lupus (Mammalia, Canidae)".
1178:
emerged in North America. A large wolf, it was found all over North and Central America and was eventually supplanted by the dire wolf, which then spread into South America during the Late Pleistocene.
2227:
Martin, L.D. 1989. Fossil history of the terrestrial carnivora. Pages 536–568 in J.L. Gittleman, editor. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 1. Comstock Publishing Associates: Ithaca.
2074:
Flynn, John J.; Wesley-Hunt, Gina D. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: Basal Relationships Among the Carnivoramorphans, and Assessment of the Position of 'Miacoidea' Relative to Carnivora".
1376:), five toes are on the forefeet, but the pollex (thumb) is reduced and does not reach the ground. On the hind feet are four toes, but in some domestic dogs, a fifth vestigial toe, known as a
937:(about 34–30 Mya). The Caninae are the only surviving subfamily and all present-day canids, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals, and domestic dogs. Members of each subfamily showed an
2845:"Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia) and its role in the faunal assemblage from Pantalla (Perugia, central Italy): comparison with the Late Villafranchian large carnivore guild of Italy"
444:. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. They are mostly
1802:
during the estral phase when female is receptive. Following this, the level of estradiol fluctuates and there is a lengthy dioestrous phase during which the female is pregnant.
10868:
1220:, but the African golden wolf separated 1.3 Mya. Mitochondrial genome sequences indicated the Ethiopian wolf diverged from the wolf/coyote lineage slightly prior to that.
918:
probably had slightly longer limbs than its predecessors, and also had parallel and closely touching toes which differ markedly from the splayed arrangements of the digits in
1948:
1644:
1352:
running from front to back. The bony orbits around the eye never form a complete ring and the auditory bullae are smooth and rounded. Females have three to seven pairs of
1403:
that lasts for up to an hour. Young canids are born blind, with their eyes opening a few weeks after birth. All living canids (Caninae) have a ligament analogous to the
1779:
phases and have a copulatory tie during mating. They also retain adult offspring in the social group, suppressing the ability of these to breed while making use of the
1484:
A study of the estimated bite force at the canine teeth of a large sample of living and fossil mammalian predators, when adjusted for their body mass, found that for
10719:
1497:(108). The bite force at the carnassials showed a similar trend to the canines. A predator's largest prey size is strongly influenced by its biomechanical limits.
10771:
3938:
3907:
2647:
3519:
Germonpre, M. (2009). "Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: Osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes".
1674:
or warn trespassing individuals. Social behavior is also mediated by secretions from glands on the upper surface of the tail near its root and from the
1308:. They vary in size from the fennec fox, which may be as little as 24 cm (9.4 in) in length and weigh 0.6 kg (1.3 lb), to the gray
1523:
has three or four upper molars and four lower ones. The molar teeth are strong in most species, allowing the animals to crack open bone to reach the
10863:
10693:
1810:
follows pregnancy or pseudo-pregnancy, there being only one oestral period during each breeding season. Small and medium-sized canids mostly have a
10732:
3602:
1981:
1642:
1580:
511:
503:
1473:
is used for grinding. The ratio between the trigonid and the talonid indicates a carnivore's dietary habits, with a larger trigonid indicating a
3137:
2628:
Ikeda, Hiroshi (August 1986). "Old dogs, new tricks: Asia's raccoon dog, a venerable member of the canid family is pushing into new frontiers".
1819:
stimulus breaks down under conditions of artificial lighting. Canids have an oestrus period of 1 to 20 days, lasting one week in most species.
3885:
3272:
3245:
3218:
3191:
3164:
3108:
3060:
3033:
3006:
2924:
2772:
2741:
2714:
2557:
963:
of the Oligocene (38–24 Mya). These early canids probably evolved for the fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat; they resembled modern
884:
10858:
967:
in appearance. Hesperocyonines eventually became extinct in the middle Miocene. One of the early members of the Hesperocyonines, the genus
1815:
six-month shift of phase. Domestic dogs and certain small canids in captivity may come into oestrus more frequently, perhaps because the
440:
over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the 2-metre-long (6.6 ft) gray wolf to the 24-centimetre-long (9.4 in)
5054:
3673:
1880:
in the wild because of persecution, habitat loss, a depletion of ungulate prey species and transmission of diseases from domestic dogs.
3730:
2046:
911:
2118:
6424:
3931:
3714:
3296:
3084:
2581:
1481:
diet. Because of its low variability, the length of the lower carnassial is used to provide an estimate of a carnivore's body size.
3208:
2166:
Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wang, X.; Damuth, J. (October 2004). "Cope's Rule, Hypercarnivory, and Extinction in North American Canids".
10820:
2505:
Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015).
2618:
Kauhala, K.; Saeki, M. (2004). Raccoon Dog«. Canid Species Accounts. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Pridobljeno 15 April 2009.
6768:
2350:
Nowak, R.M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 6:1 – 154.
10750:
3867:
1936:
1619:
work together to hunt and to raise their young. Gray wolves and some of the other larger canids live in larger groups called
10737:
10758:
8986:
2593:
1312:, which may be up to 160 cm (5.2 ft) long, and can weigh up to 79 kg (174 lb). Only a few species are
1190:) had developed and had spread throughout Europe and northern Asia. The gray wolf colonized North America during the late
3124:
5022:
4993:
3924:
1783:
they can provide to help raise the next generation of offspring. Most canid species are spontaneous ovulators, although
10745:
10615:
10602:
6180:
1788:
1292:
Wild canids are found on every continent except Antarctica, and inhabit a wide range of different habitats, including
224:
8977:
2941:
2655:
1767:
Canids as a group exhibit several reproductive traits that are uncommon among mammals as a whole. They are typically
3762:
3125:
The role of integumental glands in the social and mating behaviour of the hunting dog Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820)
10672:
10442:
10098:
8464:
3156:
A review of Small Canid Reproduction: in The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World
1849:
1085:
453:
2868:"Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa"
2242:"The evolution of South American endemic canids: a history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism"
763:
10776:
10685:
7303:
2140:
126:
825:
147:
10853:
10361:
10256:
8995:
7285:
6980:
6029:
1065:
appeared in North America. This was small and sometimes coyote-like. Others were wolf-like in characteristics.
7013:
6956:
6777:
10023:
9004:
8735:
8428:
8363:
7745:
7321:
6794:
6316:
5047:
4923:
3474:
Perri, Angela (2016). "A wolf in dog's clothing: Initial dog domestication and Pleistocene wolf variation".
123:
3023:
10542:
10247:
9999:
9812:
9688:
9300:
9282:
9110:
8804:
8795:
8437:
7175:
5967:
4963:
4913:
4455:
1570:
986:
449:
122:
1037:, where the canine radiation began. The success of these canines was related to the development of lower
10807:
10424:
9679:
9661:
9652:
9643:
9128:
9119:
8491:
7261:
7243:
7192:
7130:
7112:
7103:
7040:
6989:
6818:
5255:
3555:
124:
10620:
8446:
8342:
7252:
6827:
2241:
2006:
Canidae. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
1940:
1519:. The bush dog has only one upper molar with two below, the dhole has two above and two below. and the
121:
4445:
4435:
1997:
Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
10825:
10786:
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7210:
7166:
7121:
6744:
6250:
5985:
5811:
4863:
4763:
4609:
3570:
3528:
3483:
3402:
2459:
2301:
2175:
2083:
1396:
853:
128:
10505:
10451:
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9670:
9556:
9538:
9383:
9232:
9137:
8387:
8333:
8082:
7824:
7815:
7079:
6352:
6334:
6189:
6038:
5541:
4753:
4599:
4475:
3902:
1894:
1768:
1698:
1313:
1252:
1244:
1209:
925:
The canid family soon subdivided into three subfamilies, each of which diverged during the Eocene:
127:
9884:
7575:
3842:
1712:
10320:
9955:
9547:
9069:
8759:
8482:
8455:
7718:
7460:
7312:
6415:
6207:
6147:
5532:
5468:
5145:
5040:
4903:
4838:
4634:
4498:
4465:
3871:
3674:"Co-evolution of humans and canids: An alternative view of dog domestication: Homo homini lupus?"
3594:
2333:
2269:
2207:
2099:
1973:
1932:
1877:
1655:
1636:
1453:. Teeth are numbered using one side of the mouth and from the front of the mouth to the back. In
1137:
887:
of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Around 50 million years ago, or earlier, in the
861:
142:
6307:
2364:
1867:
Among canids, only the gray wolf has widely been known to prey on humans. Nonetheless, at least
697:
125:
10812:
2764:
2758:
2574:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
1237:
510:, and the corresponding enlargement of the talon of the upper first molar and reduction of its
10794:
10628:
10199:
10116:
9896:
9392:
9359:
8283:
7790:
7512:
7294:
7148:
7022:
6906:
6259:
6089:
6047:
5994:
5774:
5756:
5514:
4983:
4883:
4873:
4783:
4653:
3881:
3710:
3654:
3586:
3430:
3371:
3292:
3268:
3241:
3235:
3214:
3187:
3160:
3154:
3104:
3080:
3056:
3050:
3029:
3002:
2996:
2920:
2897:
2768:
2737:
2710:
2577:
2553:
2528:
2487:
2325:
2317:
2261:
2199:
2191:
2042:
2036:
1683:
1632:
1077:
461:
10724:
3688:
3556:"Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs"
3181:
3098:
2411:"An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses"
533:
around 45–42 Mya (million years ago). The Canidae first appeared in North America during the
10799:
10478:
10311:
9589:
9019:
8309:
8091:
7841:
7031:
6930:
6714:
6705:
6289:
6080:
6071:
5865:
5856:
5414:
4813:
4508:
3837:
3644:
3634:
3578:
3536:
3491:
3420:
3410:
3361:
3351:
3262:
2887:
2879:
2825:
2518:
2507:"Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian golden jackals are distinct species"
2477:
2467:
2422:
2309:
2253:
2183:
2091:
1965:
1957:
1904:
1803:
1609:
1556:
1369:
1174:
1061:
942:
465:
367:
345:
305:
3737:
10848:
10496:
10487:
10415:
10370:
10032:
9982:
9973:
9848:
9794:
9738:
9607:
9580:
9473:
9291:
9250:
9215:
8960:
8023:
7703:
7694:
7201:
6939:
6388:
5838:
5765:
5459:
5264:
5198:
5175:
4669:
4518:
4074:
4023:
3308:
3153:
Asa, Cheryl S.; Valdespino, Carolina; Carbyn, Ludwig N.; Sovada, Marsha Ann, eds. (2003).
2969:
1853:
1748:
1679:
1671:
1587:
1404:
1129:
1113:
926:
669:
530:
406:
276:
119:
7736:
5723:
903:(cat-like). By 40 Mya, the first identifiable member of the dog family had arisen. Named
120:
3916:
3574:
3532:
3487:
3406:
2687:
2463:
2305:
2179:
2087:
1461:
that are used together in a scissor-like action to shear the muscle and tendon of prey.
1212:). According to a phylogeny derived from nuclear sequences, the Eurasian golden jackal (
1200:
result of the extinction of the large herbivorous animals on whose carcasses it relied.
10680:
10667:
10469:
10388:
10190:
9937:
9830:
9803:
8856:
8473:
8073:
7937:
7620:
7157:
7139:
7070:
6681:
6672:
6274:
6235:
5189:
5101:
4803:
4793:
4773:
4724:
4529:
4229:
4009:
3649:
3620:
3425:
3390:
3366:
3339:
2892:
2867:
2482:
2448:
in north and west Africa: A mitochondrial lineage ranging more than 6,000 km wide"
2443:
2442:
Gaubert, P.; Bloch, C.; Benyacoub, S.; Abdelhamid, A.; Pagani, P.; et al. (2012).
1889:
1857:
1474:
1400:
1392:
1349:
1337:
1158:
938:
905:
740:
477:
445:
267:
1262:
10842:
10580:
10433:
10329:
10302:
9928:
9626:
9571:
9093:
9037:
8778:
8419:
7874:
7436:
6601:
6568:
6370:
6361:
6298:
6198:
6156:
6008:
5601:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4893:
4317:
4281:
4263:
4208:
3828:
3818:
Kamler, J.F.; Songsasen, N.; Jenks, K.; Srivathsa, A.; Sheng, L.; Kunkel, K. (2015).
3625:
3025:
The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
2844:
2573:
2337:
2289:
2257:
1868:
1807:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1667:
1620:
1616:
1520:
1282:
1191:
1081:
1034:
857:
542:
507:
247:
73:
3819:
3391:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"
2829:
2273:
2211:
2103:
1977:
1941:"Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)"
1719:
10633:
10460:
10406:
10107:
9875:
9821:
9598:
9497:
9052:
9028:
8847:
8838:
8658:
8625:
8548:
8509:
7919:
7901:
7763:
7635:
7094:
6495:
6458:
6343:
6325:
5738:
5684:
5610:
5288:
4574:
4538:
4236:
4163:
4154:
4109:
4053:
3598:
3448:
1899:
1806:
frequently occurs in canids that have ovulated but failed to conceive. A period of
1799:
1784:
1659:
1601:
1438:
1384:
1007:
a means to enter Asia from North America and they continued on to colonize Europe.
930:
856:
approaches, but more recently, molecular studies have enabled the investigation of
843:
722:
538:
484:
402:
284:
1771:, provide paternal care to their offspring, have reproductive cycles with lengthy
1144: spp.). The monophyly of this group has been established by molecular means.
639:
3875:
3639:
3356:
2843:
Cherin, Marco; Bertè, Davide Federico; Sardella, Raffaele; Rook, Lorenzo (2013).
2731:
2704:
2547:
2472:
2007:
10763:
10706:
10594:
10574:
10074:
9265:
9182:
9155:
8904:
8818:
8750:
8676:
8667:
8634:
8592:
8557:
8274:
8167:
7999:
7539:
7451:
7004:
6577:
6397:
6062:
5976:
5959:
5936:
5899:
5783:
5747:
5592:
5381:
5236:
4410:
4331:
4308:
4222:
4181:
4122:
4095:
4067:
4032:
1864:
larger prey and the sharing of food. Humans and dogs may have evolved together.
1816:
1731:
1663:
1658:, by visual clues and gestures, and by vocalizations such as growls, barks, and
1566:
1524:
1458:
1360:
1325:
1164:
1153:
1042:
975:
969:
892:
869:
831:
686:
682:
534:
499:
48:
30:
10607:
2313:
10283:
9529:
9460:
9447:
9414:
9200:
8938:
8698:
8246:
8223:
8109:
8100:
8049:
8014:
7990:
7754:
7653:
7602:
7548:
7530:
7503:
7410:
7360:
6759:
6732:
6660:
6643:
6406:
6379:
6225:
6129:
6113:
5949:
5829:
5669:
5505:
5372:
5164:
5132:
5116:
4973:
4825:
4345:
4254:
4243:
4215:
4081:
4046:
3987:
3947:
3540:
3495:
2523:
2506:
2095:
1675:
1662:. In most cases, groups have a home territory from which they drive out other
1454:
1341:
1333:
1321:
1217:
1183:
1105:
1038:
735:
691:
569:
558:
492:
441:
433:
233:
93:
58:
2321:
2195:
10654:
10214:
10149:
9762:
9702:
9488:
9309:
8924:
8916:
8865:
8715:
8601:
8583:
8297:
8131:
7964:
7806:
7772:
7584:
7276:
6550:
6020:
5496:
5064:
4689:
4586:
4564:
4390:
4380:
4324:
4297:
4290:
4270:
4201:
4194:
4170:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4088:
4060:
3981:
3582:
3415:
2187:
2041:. Oxford Biology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 103–107.
1831:
1811:
1795:
1505:
1485:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1364:
1305:
1297:
1097:
981:
954:
900:
896:
888:
880:
865:
837:
731:
581:
554:
457:
394:
349:
199:
159:
98:
42:
10565:
5032:
3792:
3658:
3590:
3434:
3375:
2901:
2883:
2532:
2491:
2371:. The Midwestern United States 16,000 years ago. Illinois State Museum
2329:
2265:
2203:
868:
between different populations and where the species have hybridized, large
3210:
Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary Perspectives
1533:
1530:
1514:
1511:
10559:
9911:
9374:
9191:
9167:
8528:
8378:
8324:
8260:
8255:
8208:
8140:
8058:
7928:
7677:
7668:
7566:
7521:
7401:
7234:
7058:
6971:
6880:
6870:
6849:
6809:
6696:
6628:
6536:
6527:
5847:
5643:
5396:
5279:
5246:
5095:
5083:
4850:
4699:
4621:
4554:
4400:
4039:
3975:
3969:
3340:"How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics"
2427:
2410:
1836:
1478:
1466:
1450:
1434:
1317:
1121:
1089:
1056:
998:
964:
959:
678:
603:
526:
522:
515:
488:
179:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
34:
3183:
Mammalian Sexuality: The Act of Mating and the Evolution of Reproduction
10293:
10140:
10014:
9729:
9241:
8571:
8037:
7593:
7557:
7424:
7392:
6889:
6592:
6171:
5652:
5559:
5477:
5405:
5347:
5324:
5217:
4422:
4364:
4338:
1735:
1605:
1470:
1388:
1377:
1345:
1301:
1293:
1276:
1023:
934:
820:
754:
495:
426:
398:
289:
103:
78:
3207:
Consorte-McCrea, Adriana G.; Santos, Eliana Ferraz (24 October 2013).
914:(the hollow bony structure protecting the delicate parts of the ear).
487:
relationship with the extinct borophagines, with both groups having a
10711:
10397:
10344:
10089:
9777:
9511:
8231:
7892:
7727:
7484:
6921:
5693:
5619:
5568:
5550:
5523:
5444:
5306:
5089:
5077:
4679:
4486:
3963:
1969:
1446:
1353:
1047:
1029:
1003:
633:
619:
418:
189:
169:
10698:
10536:
1368:
hair at some times of the year. With the exception of the four-toed
518:
canids and are the essential differences that identify their clade.
10659:
10379:
10238:
10181:
10054:
9857:
9714:
9341:
9323:
8946:
8616:
7865:
7850:
6511:
5802:
5297:
4736:
4711:
1961:
1873:
1830:
1640:
1562:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1104:). Besides these, there are species endemic to South America: the
1017:
824:
437:
357:
336:
241:
2290:"Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage"
1433:
for the upper-jaw teeth using the upper-case letters I to denote
9753:
8649:
7974:
7910:
5583:
5315:
3621:"Genome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs"
1597:
1309:
1045:
and shearing. Around 5 million years ago, some of the Old World
919:
414:
10540:
9445:
8902:
8206:
7358:
6493:
5934:
5114:
5036:
3920:
7883:
7492:
5820:
3707:
Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between carnivores and people
2390:
Nowak, R. (1992). "Wolves: The great travelers of evolution".
1843:
422:
410:
341:
326:
10646:
2692:. London : R.H. Porter : Dulau. pp. xiv–xxxvi.
1465:
the canid's dietary adaptation. On the lower carnassial, the
2689:
Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes: A Monograph of the Canidae
1650:
Red foxes barking in Pinbury Park, Gloucestershire, England.
114:
3079:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1798:
make the female attractive to the male. There is a rise in
1429:
relates to the arrangement of teeth in the mouth, with the
376:
2409:
Chambers, S.M.; Fain, S.R.; Fazio, B.; Amaral, M. (2012).
506:
cusp and the broadening of the talonid of the first lower
2998:
Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior
1449:, and the lower-case letters i, c, p and m to denote the
382:
320:
314:
1457:, the upper premolar P4 and the lower molar m1 form the
3234:
Solomon, Nancy G.; French, Jeffrey A. (13 March 1997).
2872:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2240:
Perini, F. A.; Russo, C. A. M.; Schrago, C. G. (2010).
537:(37.8-33.9 Mya). They did not reach Eurasia until the
2919:(4th revised ed.). Mammal Society. p. 413.
1527:. The deciduous, or baby teeth, formula in canids is
379:
373:
317:
311:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4834:
4809:
4799:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4720:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4665:
4630:
4605:
4595:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4441:
4431:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4376:
4106:
4020:
4005:
3877:
Dogs:Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History
2970:"Canidae: Coyotes, dogs, foxes, jackals, and wolves"
719:
666:
629:
615:
502:. This, together with the development of a distinct
385:
323:
281:
273:
263:
10549:
10342:
10291:
10282:
10236:
10212:
10179:
10138:
10087:
10053:
10012:
9971:
9954:
9909:
9883:
9874:
9775:
9751:
9727:
9701:
9624:
9569:
9527:
9510:
9486:
9458:
9413:
9372:
9339:
9322:
9263:
9213:
9180:
9154:
9091:
9050:
9017:
8958:
8937:
8915:
8817:
8776:
8748:
8714:
8697:
8647:
8614:
8570:
8527:
8508:
8417:
8376:
8322:
8296:
8272:
8244:
8222:
8166:
8139:
8130:
8071:
8036:
8012:
7988:
7973:
7962:
7863:
7804:
7789:
7716:
7666:
7634:
7619:
7482:
7449:
7423:
7390:
7374:
7274:
7232:
7092:
7057:
7002:
6969:
6919:
6878:
6869:
6848:
6807:
6757:
6731:
6694:
6659:
6642:
6626:
6590:
6549:
6525:
6510:
6457:
6272:
6233:
6224:
6169:
6128:
6110:
6060:
6007:
5958:
5947:
5898:
5800:
5736:
5710:
5682:
5641:
5632:
5581:
5494:
5457:
5431:
5394:
5370:
5361:
5345:
5277:
5244:
5235:
5215:
5173:
5162:
5130:
4848:
4823:
4734:
4709:
4652:
4619:
4584:
4537:
4528:
4485:
4420:
4363:
4307:
4280:
4253:
4180:
4153:
4105:
4019:
3996:
3672:Schleidt, Wolfgang M.; Shalter, Michael D. (2003).
985:. These branches led to the borophagine and canine
370:
308:
2600:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. 28 November 1999
2576:, Science Publishers, Inc. US., pp. 166–176,
1949:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1268:Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled
498:, which gives this tooth an additional ability in
3097:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (1 October 2010).
2652:. WAZA – World Association of Zoos and Aquariums"
1794:During the proestral period, increased levels of
1216:) diverged from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9
1069:(the coyote) is theorized to have descended from
557:shows the phylogenetic position of canids within
436:, having arrived independently or accompanied by
3731:"Coyote attacks: An increasing suburban problem"
3159:. University of Regina Press. pp. 117–123.
2849:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
2810:
2808:
452:and vocalizations. One canid, the domestic dog,
409:. The Caninae are known as canines, and include
118:
3736:. San Diego County, California. Archived from
3049:Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (7 September 2006).
2008:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Canidae
1759:A feral dog from Sri Lanka nursing her puppies
1156:, the North American wolf line appeared, with
5048:
3932:
3908:National Center for Biotechnology Information
3843:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T5953A72477893.en
3709:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2030:
2028:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1418:) are believed to have lacked this ligament.
8:
3317:Animal Info: Endangered animals of the world
2866:Wroe, S.; McHenry, C.; Thomason, J. (2005).
2223:
2221:
852:species have been studied in the past using
829:Representatives of three canid subfamilies:
10869:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim
3140:." How animals communicate (1977): 728-748.
3100:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
2799:
2787:
2061:
2019:
1186:, a number of subspecies of the gray wolf (
360:. A member of this family is also called a
10537:
10288:
10067:
9968:
9889:
9880:
9707:
9524:
9466:
9455:
9442:
9336:
9160:
8955:
8912:
8899:
8831:
8728:
8711:
8576:
8541:
8524:
8302:
8269:
8219:
8203:
8136:
8042:
7985:
7970:
7801:
7646:
7631:
7429:
7387:
7371:
7355:
7063:
6875:
6866:
6737:
6665:
6656:
6639:
6561:
6522:
6507:
6503:
6490:
6454:
6230:
6140:
6125:
6107:
6013:
5955:
5944:
5931:
5716:
5638:
5437:
5367:
5358:
5241:
5232:
5228:
5212:
5170:
5159:
5138:
5127:
5111:
5055:
5041:
5033:
4742:
4658:
4649:
4543:
4534:
4369:
4186:
4114:
3939:
3925:
3917:
3291:. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing.
1168:appeared, possibly a direct descendant of
945:diets that made them prone to extinction.
761:(all modern canids and extinct relatives)
464:humans and is one of the most widely kept
432:Canids are found on all continents except
22:
3841:
3648:
3638:
3424:
3414:
3365:
3355:
2940:McConnell, Patricia B. (31 August 2009).
2891:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2522:
2481:
2471:
2426:
2358:
2356:
2235:
2233:
1001:land bridge allowed members of the genus
864:has been suppressed by the high level of
821:Caninae § Phylogenetic relationships
3880:. Columbia University Press, New York.
2915:Harris, Stephen; Yalden, Derek (2008).
2119:"Molecular evolution of the dog family"
2038:Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition
1915:
1477:and a larger talonid indicating a more
1363:, meaning they walk on their toes. The
3148:
3146:
3136:Fox, Michael W., and James A. Cohen. "
2964:
2962:
2572:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998),
1654:Canids communicate with each other by
1162:, clearly identifiable as a wolf, and
3289:The Natural History of Living Mammals
1084:to North America, allowing canids to
588:(bears, procyonids, pinnipeds, etc.)
7:
10787:5a15f60d-bee5-4b92-a1b9-c6eaf1dd84f0
10686:b820d16b-bb0f-4b70-b858-7f6271e59943
3608:from the original on 4 January 2014.
3075:Nowak, R. M.; Paradiso, J. L. 1983.
6425:South African small-spotted genet (
3829:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2763:. New York: Facts on File. p.
2686:Mivart, St. George Jackson (1890).
2076:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
713:
660:
609:
576:
564:
3028:. University of California Press.
2552:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 35.
1987:from the original on 6 April 2012.
1538:, molars being completely absent.
1051:evolved into the first members of
1033:genera developed from canids from
689:, & other basal canines, e.g.
14:
6769:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (
3521:Journal of Archaeological Science
3476:Journal of Archaeological Science
2995:Doty, Richard (2 December 2012).
2365:"Wolves, coyotes and dogs (Genus
1610:African wild dog § Behaviour
137:10 of the 13 extant canid genera
2706:Walker's Carnivores of the World
2258:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01901.x
2141:"How Dogs Came to Run the World"
1747:
1718:
1711:
1579:
1555:
1340:are wide, there is a transverse
1275:
1261:
1236:
860:relationships. In some species,
762:
739:
696:
638:
589:
366:
304:
146:
10864:Extant Eocene first appearances
3264:The Behavioural Biology of Dogs
3237:Cooperative Breeding in Mammals
3180:Dixson, Alan F. (3 June 2021).
3103:. University of Chicago Press.
3052:Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates
2830:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.009
2246:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
941:and some exhibited specialized
939:increase in body mass with time
895:split into two main divisions:
3240:. Cambridge University Press.
3186:. Cambridge University Press.
3055:. Cambridge University Press.
541:or to South America until the
352:, colloquially referred to as
256:Subfamilies and extant genera
1:
6181:Malabar large-spotted civet (
3338:Larson G, Bradley DG (2014).
3077:Walker's Mammals of the World
2942:"Comparative canid behaviour"
2010:(accessed: 16 February 2009).
393:). The family includes three
10443:Indonesian mountain weasel (
10099:North American river otter (
8987:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (
6041:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
3640:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016
3357:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093
2917:Mammals of the British Isles
2736:. Cornell University Press.
2546:Marc Tyler Nobleman (2007).
2473:10.1371/journal.pone.0042740
1469:is used for slicing and the
10859:Bartonian first appearances
7304:Somalian slender mongoose (
2760:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
2444:"Reviving the African Wolf
1939:; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009).
1391:and a structure called the
10885:
10257:Asian small-clawed otter (
8996:American hog-nosed skunk (
8978:Molina's hog-nosed skunk (
7286:Angolan slender mongoose (
6981:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (
6030:Small-toothed palm civet (
3687:(1): 57–72. Archived from
3267:. CABI. pp. 158–159.
2946:The other end of the leash
2818:Quaternary Science Reviews
2314:10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x
1841:
1696:
1630:
1595:
1041:that were capable of both
818:
549:Phylogenetic relationships
491:(two points) on the lower
475:
10162:
10070:
10024:Saharan striped polecat (
9995:
9892:
9710:
9469:
9454:
9441:
9163:
9005:Striped hog-nosed skunk (
8911:
8898:
8834:
8736:Mediterranean monk seal (
8731:
8579:
8544:
8465:Juan Fernández fur seal (
8429:South American fur seal (
8400:
8364:South American sea lion (
8359:
8305:
8218:
8202:
8045:
7837:
7746:South American gray fox (
7690:
7649:
7432:
7370:
7354:
7322:Common slender mongoose (
7188:
7066:
6952:
6902:
6795:Narrow-striped mongoose (
6790:
6740:
6668:
6564:
6506:
6502:
6489:
6453:
6317:Crested servaline genet (
6143:
6106:
6016:
5943:
5930:
5719:
5665:
5440:
5231:
5211:
5158:
5141:
5126:
5110:
5072:
5019:
4745:
4661:
4546:
4372:
4189:
4117:
3958:
3541:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033
3496:10.1016/j.jas.2016.02.003
3261:Jensen, Per, ed. (2007).
2524:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060
2096:10.1017/s1477201904001518
1344:ridge at the rear of the
759:
728:
711:
675:
658:
626:
607:
586:
574:
561:, based on fossil finds:
260:
255:
239:
232:
143:Scientific classification
141:
136:
113:
25:
10380:Stoat/Beringian ermine (
10248:African clawless otter (
10000:African striped weasel (
9813:Yellow-throated marten (
9689:Formosan ferret-badger (
9393:Western mountain coati (
9384:Eastern mountain coati (
9301:Western lowland olingo (
9283:Eastern lowland olingo (
9111:Southern spotted skunk (
8805:Southern elephant seal (
8796:Northern elephant seal (
8586:Pagophilus groenlandicus
7363:("dog-like" carnivorans)
7176:Stripe-necked mongoose (
6797:Mungotictis decemlineata
5672:Herpailurus yagouaroundi
5119:("cat-like" carnivorans)
3773:. University of Michigan
2976:. University of Michigan
2703:Ronald M. Nowak (2005).
2650:Nyctereutes procyonoides
2145:Natural History Magazine
1606:Red fox § Behaviour
1328:habitually climb trees.
10425:Yellow-bellied weasel (
9680:Burmese ferret-badger (
9662:Chinese ferret-badger (
9653:Bornean ferret badger (
9644:Vietnam ferret-badger (
9129:Eastern spotted skunk (
9120:Western spotted skunk (
8850:Leptonychotes weddellii
8492:Subantarctic fur seal (
8438:Australasian fur seal (
7262:Black-footed mongoose (
7244:Bushy-tailed mongoose (
7193:White-tailed mongoose (
7131:Indian brown mongoose (
7113:Short-tailed mongoose (
7104:Small Indian mongoose (
7041:Flat-headed kusimanse (
7014:Alexander's kusimanse (
6990:Common dwarf mongoose (
6957:Pousargues's mongoose (
6819:Brown-tailed mongoose (
6778:Grandidier's mongoose (
6032:Arctogalidia trivirgata
5256:Sunda clouded leopard (
3793:"Fox hunting worldwide"
3681:Evolution and Cognition
3583:10.1126/science.1243650
3453:Encyclopædia Britannica
3416:10.1073/pnas.1203005109
3022:Estes, Richard (1991).
2800:Wang & Tedford 2008
2788:Wang & Tedford 2008
2188:10.1126/science.1102417
2147:. Vol. July/August
2139:Wang, Xiaoming (2008).
2062:Wang & Tedford 2008
2020:Wang & Tedford 2008
1348:and in some species, a
1172:. Around 0.8 Mya,
1094:Urocyon cinereoargentus
933:(about 34–32 Mya), and
514:distinguish these late
10266:Congo clawless otter (
10169:Hydrictis maculicollis
10167:Spotted-necked otter (
10126:Southern river otter (
10077:Pteronura brasiliensis
9840:European pine marten (
9351:South American coati (
9079:Palawan stink badger (
8405:New Zealand sea lion (
7470:Japanese raccoon dog (
7167:Crab-eating mongoose (
7122:Indian grey mongoose (
6745:Ring-tailed vontsira (
6556:(bone-crushing hyenas)
6251:Central African oyan (
5812:Chinese mountain cat (
3950:members of the family
3123:Van Heerden, Joseph. "
2884:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986
2757:Macdonald, D. (1984).
2035:Miklosi, Adam (2015).
1839:
1651:
1571:Bandipur National Park
1320:, the closely related
1096:) and the now-extinct
1080:, about 3 Mya, joined
929:(about 39.74–15 Mya),
848:
131:
10808:Paleobiology Database
10506:Back-striped weasel (
10452:Black-footed ferret (
10224:Smooth-coated otter (
10002:Poecilogale albinucha
9671:Javan ferret-badger (
9557:Sumatran hog badger (
9539:Northern hog badger (
9233:Crab-eating raccoon (
9138:Pygmy spotted skunk (
8859:Lobodon carcinophagus
8595:Histriophoca fasciata
8388:Australian sea lion (
8334:California sea lion (
8083:American black bear (
7825:Black-backed jackal (
7816:Side-striped jackal (
7656:Chrysocyon brachyurus
7080:Long-nosed mongoose (
6353:Rusty-spotted genet (
6190:Large-spotted civet (
6039:Sulawesi palm civet (
5968:Owston's palm civet (
5542:Andean mountain cat (
3619:Freedman, A. (2014).
3554:Thalmann, O. (2013).
1842:Further information:
1834:
1649:
1598:Wolf § Behaviour
1110:Chrysocyon brachyurus
1076:The formation of the
828:
130:
10681:Fauna Europaea (new)
10321:Long-tailed weasel (
9899:Lyncodon patagonicus
9548:Greater hog badger (
9070:Sunda stink badger (
8760:Hawaiian monk seal (
8483:Guadalupe fur seal (
8456:Antarctic fur seal (
8447:Galápagos fur seal (
8343:Galápagos sea lion (
7461:Common raccoon dog (
7313:Cape gray mongoose (
7253:Jackson's mongoose (
7213:Paracynictis selousi
7204:Cynictis penicillata
6828:Durrell's vontsira (
6416:Giant forest genet (
6208:Large Indian civet (
6148:Small Indian civet (
5757:Sunda leopard cat (
5533:Southern tiger cat (
5469:African golden cat (
5146:African palm civet (
4725:C. alpinus europaeus
3836:: e.T5953A72477893.
3771:Animal Diversity Web
2974:Animal Diversity Web
2730:Ewer, R. F. (1973).
2446:Canis lupus lupaster
2428:10.3996/nafa.77.0001
2415:North American Fauna
1835:Traditional English
1617:male and female pair
1500:Most canids have 42
1395:that expands during
1251:) on display at the
1138:South American foxes
1086:invade South America
356:, and constitutes a
10364:M. aistoodonnivalis
10200:Hairy-nosed otter (
10117:Neotropical otter (
9897:Patagonian weasel (
9360:White-nosed coati (
8560:Cystophora cristata
8551:Erignathus barbatus
8284:Northern fur seal (
8061:Helarctos malayanus
7697:Atelocynus microtis
7404:U. cinereoargenteus
7295:Egyptian mongoose (
7222:Rhynchogale melleri
7220:Meller's mongoose (
7211:Selous's mongoose (
7195:Ichneumia albicauda
7149:Collared mongoose (
7023:Angolan kusimanse (
6907:Liberian mongoose (
6260:West African oyan (
6159:Civettictis civetta
6090:Golden palm civet (
6048:Masked palm civet (
6023:Arctictis binturong
5997:Hemigalus derbyanus
5995:Banded palm civet (
5986:Hose's palm civet (
5775:Rusty-spotted cat (
4964:C. l. mogollonensis
3872:Tedford, Richard H.
3799:. 16 September 1999
3743:on 24 February 2006
3575:2013Sci...342..871T
3533:2009JArSc..36..473G
3488:2016JArSc..68....1P
3407:2012PNAS..109.8878L
3138:Canid communication
2464:2012PLoSO...742740G
2306:2021Natur.591...87P
2180:2004Sci...306..101V
2088:2005JSPal...3....1W
1895:Largest wild canids
1699:Canine reproduction
1588:grooming each other
1586:Sri Lankan jackals
1253:Museum of Osteology
1249:Lupulella mesomelas
1245:black-backed jackal
1210:African golden wolf
1118:Atelocynus microtis
841:(Borophaginae) and
835:(Hesperocyoninae),
529:emerged within the
429:and other species.
225:Fischer de Waldheim
10479:European polecat (
10312:Colombian weasel (
9962:(African polecats)
9590:Caucasian badger (
9518:(Eurasian badgers)
8968:(hog-nosed skunks)
8705:("southern seals")
8604:Halichoerus grypus
8535:("northern seals")
8407:Phocarctos hookeri
8312:Eumetopias jubatus
8310:Steller sea lion (
8092:Asian black bear (
7842:African wild dog (
7796:(wolf-like canids)
7073:Atilax paludinosus
7032:Common kusimanse (
6959:Dologale dybowskii
6931:Gambian mongoose (
6715:Western falanouc (
6706:Eastern falanouc (
6675:Cryptoprocta ferox
6580:Parahyaena brunnea
6335:Johnston's genet (
6290:Abyssinian genet (
6242:(African linsangs)
6150:Viverricula indica
6081:Brown palm civet (
6072:Asian palm civet (
5979:Cynogale bennettii
5970:Chrotogale owstoni
5866:European wildcat (
5857:Black-footed cat (
5447:Leptailurus serval
5415:Asian golden cat (
5181:(Asiatic linsangs)
4974:C. l. monstrabilis
3705:Kruuk, H. (2002).
3401:(#23): 8878–8883.
3319:. 26 November 2005
3287:Voelker, W. 1986.
2596:Urocyon littoralis
2392:International Wolf
2174:(#5693): 101–104.
1840:
1684:supracaudal glands
1652:
1637:Wolf communication
1126:Speothos venaticus
1059:, around 4–5 Mya,
997:Around 8 Mya, the
883:evolved after the
862:genetic divergence
849:
460:relationship with
401:, and the extinct
132:
10836:
10835:
10795:Open Tree of Life
10543:Taxon identifiers
10534:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10526:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10497:Siberian weasel (
10488:American ermine (
10416:Japanese weasel (
10371:Mountain weasel (
10355:
10278:
10277:
10064:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10044:
10033:Striped polecat (
9983:Marbled polecat (
9965:
9950:
9949:
9922:
9870:
9869:
9849:Japanese marten (
9795:American marten (
9788:
9646:M. cucphuongensis
9637:
9620:
9619:
9608:European badger (
9581:Japanese badger (
9521:
9474:American badger (
9437:
9436:
9433:
9432:
9409:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9333:
9292:Northern olingo (
9276:
9251:Cozumel raccoon (
9226:
9150:
9149:
9104:
9063:
8971:
8952:
8894:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8868:Ommatophoca rossi
8841:Hydrurga leptonyx
8828:
8825:(Antarctic seals)
8798:M. angustirostris
8789:
8772:
8771:
8738:Monachus monachus
8725:
8708:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8538:
8521:
8504:
8503:
8366:Otaria flavescens
8355:
8354:
8266:
8234:Odobenus rosmarus
8198:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8149:
8126:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8024:Spectacled bear (
7982:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7798:
7785:
7784:
7704:Crab-eating fox (
7695:Short-eared dog (
7643:
7628:
7615:
7614:
7497:
7439:Otocyon megalotis
7383:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7202:Yellow mongoose (
7053:
7052:
6940:Banded mongoose (
6909:Liberiictus kuhni
6863:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6727:
6726:
6653:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6558:
6519:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6389:Servaline genet (
6308:Bourlon's genet (
6283:
6244:
6220:
6219:
6102:
6101:
6074:P. hermaphroditus
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5839:African wildcat (
5796:
5795:
5766:Flat-headed cat (
5706:
5705:
5490:
5489:
5427:
5426:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5265:Clouded leopard (
5224:
5199:Spotted linsang (
5183:
5148:Nandinia binotata
5030:
5029:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4934:C. l. griseoalbus
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
3887:978-0-231-13529-0
3694:on 11 April 2014.
3389:Larson G (2012).
3274:978-1-84593-188-9
3247:978-0-521-45491-9
3220:978-1-4665-1260-3
3193:978-1-108-69949-5
3166:978-0-88977-154-3
3110:978-0-226-51698-1
3062:978-1-139-45730-9
3035:978-0-520-08085-0
3008:978-0-323-15450-5
2926:978-0-906282-65-6
2878:(#1563): 619–25.
2790:, pp. 97–98.
2774:978-0-87196-871-5
2743:978-0-8014-8493-3
2716:978-0-8018-8032-2
2559:978-0-7614-2237-2
2517:(16): 2158–2165.
2117:Wayne, Robert K.
1827:Canids and humans
1789:induced ovulators
1781:alloparental care
1668:urine scent marks
1647:
1633:Dog communication
1148:Pleistocene epoch
1078:Isthmus of Panama
811:
810:
802:
801:
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
462:Upper Paleolithic
346:biological family
297:
296:
228:
18:Family of mammals
10876:
10829:
10828:
10816:
10815:
10803:
10802:
10790:
10789:
10780:
10779:
10767:
10766:
10764:NHMSYS0000376166
10754:
10753:
10741:
10740:
10728:
10727:
10715:
10714:
10702:
10701:
10689:
10688:
10676:
10675:
10663:
10662:
10650:
10649:
10637:
10636:
10624:
10623:
10611:
10610:
10598:
10597:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10570:
10569:
10568:
10538:
10470:Malayan weasel (
10389:Steppe polecat (
10362:Sichuan weasel (
10354:
10353:
10349:
10289:
10226:L. perspicillata
10191:Eurasian otter (
10068:
10063:
10062:
10058:
9969:
9964:
9963:
9959:
9938:Greater grison (
9921:
9920:
9916:
9890:
9881:
9831:Nilgiri marten (
9804:Pacific marten (
9787:
9786:
9782:
9708:
9691:M. subaurantiaca
9636:
9635:
9634:(ferret-badgers)
9631:
9525:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9467:
9456:
9443:
9337:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9225:
9224:
9220:
9161:
9103:
9102:
9101:(spotted skunks)
9098:
9062:
9061:
9057:
8970:
8969:
8965:
8956:
8951:
8950:
8942:
8913:
8900:
8857:Crabeater seal (
8832:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8788:
8787:
8786:(elephant seals)
8783:
8762:N. schauinslandi
8729:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8577:
8542:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8513:
8474:Brown fur seal (
8449:A. galapagoensis
8336:Z. californianus
8303:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8250:
8220:
8212:
8204:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8052:Melursus ursinus
8043:
7986:
7981:
7978:
7971:
7938:Ethiopian wolf (
7802:
7797:
7794:
7647:
7642:
7639:
7632:
7627:
7624:
7513:Blanford's fox (
7496:
7489:
7430:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7372:
7364:
7356:
7158:Ruddy mongoose (
7140:Javan mongoose (
7071:Marsh mongoose (
7064:
7043:C. platycephalus
6876:
6867:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6738:
6682:Malagasy civet (
6666:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6635:
6562:
6557:
6554:
6523:
6518:
6515:
6508:
6504:
6491:
6455:
6282:
6279:
6243:
6240:
6231:
6141:
6137:
6126:
6121:
6108:
6014:
5956:
5945:
5932:
5726:Otocolobus manul
5717:
5639:
5515:Geoffroy's cat (
5438:
5368:
5359:
5354:
5242:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5213:
5190:Banded linsang (
5182:
5179:
5171:
5160:
5139:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5034:
4991:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4954:C. l. hodophilax
4951:
4941:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4904:C. l. floridanus
4901:
4894:C. l. cristaldii
4891:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4836:
4811:
4801:
4791:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4754:C. apolloniensis
4751:
4743:
4722:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4659:
4650:
4632:
4607:
4597:
4572:
4562:
4552:
4544:
4535:
4516:
4506:
4496:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4370:
4187:
4115:
4108:
4022:
4007:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3913:
3891:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3633:(#1): e1004016.
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3569:(#6160): 871–4.
3560:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3350:(#1): e1004093.
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3150:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2658:on 10 April 2015
2654:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2363:Larson, Robert.
2360:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1945:
1933:Tedford, Richard
1929:
1905:Free-ranging dog
1854:hunter-gatherers
1804:Pseudo-pregnancy
1751:
1722:
1715:
1680:preputial glands
1648:
1583:
1559:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1370:African wild dog
1338:zygomatic arches
1279:
1265:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1175:Canis ambrusteri
1170:C. edwardii
1062:Canis lepophagus
943:hypercarnivorous
766:
743:
721:
714:
700:
668:
661:
642:
631:
617:
610:
593:
577:
565:
466:domestic animals
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
283:
275:
265:
223:
151:
150:
117:
108:
45:
29:Temporal range:
23:
10884:
10883:
10879:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10854:Mammal families
10839:
10838:
10837:
10832:
10824:
10819:
10811:
10806:
10798:
10793:
10785:
10783:
10775:
10770:
10762:
10757:
10749:
10744:
10736:
10731:
10723:
10718:
10710:
10705:
10697:
10692:
10684:
10679:
10671:
10666:
10658:
10653:
10645:
10640:
10632:
10627:
10619:
10614:
10606:
10601:
10593:
10588:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10564:
10563:
10558:
10545:
10535:
10514:
10490:M. richardsonii
10434:European mink (
10351:
10350:
10348:
10338:
10330:American mink (
10303:Amazon weasel (
10274:
10232:
10208:
10175:
10158:
10134:
10083:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10041:
10008:
9991:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9946:
9929:Lesser grison (
9918:
9917:
9915:
9905:
9866:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9771:
9747:
9723:
9697:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9616:
9565:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9506:
9482:
9463:
9450:
9429:
9401:
9368:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9318:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9259:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9209:
9176:
9146:
9113:S. angustifrons
9100:
9099:
9097:
9087:
9060:(stink badgers)
9059:
9058:
9056:
9046:
9038:Striped skunk (
9013:
9007:C. semistriatus
8967:
8966:
8964:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8933:
8927:Ailurus fulgens
8907:
8874:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8813:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8768:
8744:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8685:
8643:
8610:
8566:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8500:
8413:
8396:
8372:
8351:
8318:
8292:
8259:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8240:
8214:
8210:
8182:
8162:
8145:
8144:
8118:
8067:
8032:
8008:
7979:
7977:
7967:
7946:
7875:Golden jackal (
7859:
7833:
7795:
7793:
7781:
7712:
7706:Cerdocyon thous
7686:
7662:
7640:
7638:
7625:
7623:
7611:
7576:Rüppell's fox (
7490:
7488:
7478:
7463:N. procyonoides
7445:
7437:Bat-eared fox (
7419:
7384:
7380:
7366:
7362:
7330:
7315:H. pulverulenta
7270:
7228:
7184:
7151:U. semitorquata
7106:U. auropunctata
7088:
7049:
6998:
6965:
6948:
6915:
6898:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6836:
6803:
6786:
6753:
6747:Galidia elegans
6723:
6690:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6636:
6631:
6610:
6602:Spotted hyena (
6586:
6569:Striped hyena (
6555:
6553:
6545:
6516:
6514:
6498:
6473:
6433:
6371:Aquatic genet (
6362:Pardine genet (
6299:Angolan genet (
6280:
6278:
6268:
6253:P. richardsonii
6241:
6239:
6216:
6199:Malayan civet (
6165:
6157:African civet (
6133:
6132:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6098:
6056:
6003:
5988:Diplogale hosei
5952:
5939:
5914:
5874:
5792:
5732:
5712:
5702:
5678:
5661:
5634:
5628:
5602:Eurasian lynx (
5577:
5486:
5453:
5433:
5423:
5390:
5363:
5355:
5350:
5333:
5273:
5225:
5221:
5207:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5135:
5122:
5118:
5106:
5068:
5061:
5031:
5026:
4999:
4874:C. l. beothucus
4844:
4819:
4730:
4705:
4640:
4615:
4610:L. ensenadensis
4580:
4524:
4481:
4456:U. minicephalus
4416:
4351:
4303:
4276:
4249:
4176:
4149:
4101:
4075:Paraenhydrocyon
4024:Hesperocyoninae
4015:
3992:
3954:
3945:
3901:
3898:
3888:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3527:(#2): 473–490.
3518:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3449:"Domestication"
3447:
3446:
3442:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2648:"Raccoon dog –
2646:
2645:
2641:
2630:Natural History
2627:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2511:Current Biology
2504:
2503:
2499:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2300:(7848): 87–91.
2286:
2285:
2281:
2252:(#2): 311–322.
2239:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:, pp. 182.
2060:
2056:
2049:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2022:, pp. 181.
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1886:
1848:One canid, the
1846:
1829:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1612:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1549:
1547:Social behavior
1544:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1509:
1493:(112), and the
1431:dental notation
1424:
1405:nuchal ligament
1365:tip of the nose
1359:All canids are
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1230:
1226:Characteristics
1225:
1224:
1150:
1134:Cerdocyon thous
1130:crab-eating fox
1114:short-eared dog
1013:
995:
973:, gave rise to
951:
949:Oligocene epoch
927:Hesperocyoninae
899:(dog-like) and
878:
823:
817:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
738:, & others)
726:
673:
670:Hesperocyoninae
624:
551:
531:Carnivoramorpha
480:
474:
407:Hesperocyoninae
369:
365:
307:
303:
277:Hesperocyoninae
251:
245:
222:
145:
129:
115:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
37:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
10882:
10880:
10872:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10841:
10840:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10817:
10804:
10791:
10781:
10768:
10755:
10742:
10729:
10716:
10703:
10690:
10677:
10668:Fauna Europaea
10664:
10651:
10638:
10625:
10612:
10599:
10586:
10571:
10555:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10512:
10508:M. strigidorsa
10503:
10494:
10485:
10476:
10467:
10461:Least weasel (
10458:
10449:
10440:
10431:
10422:
10413:
10407:Haida ermine (
10404:
10395:
10391:M. eversmannii
10386:
10377:
10368:
10358:
10356:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10336:
10327:
10318:
10309:
10299:
10297:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10263:
10254:
10244:
10242:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10220:
10218:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10206:
10197:
10187:
10185:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10173:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10156:
10146:
10144:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10123:
10119:L. longicaudis
10114:
10108:Marine otter (
10105:
10095:
10093:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10071:
10065:
10051:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10030:
10020:
10018:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10006:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9989:
9979:
9977:
9966:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9944:
9935:
9925:
9923:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9893:
9887:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9855:
9846:
9837:
9828:
9822:Beech marten (
9819:
9810:
9801:
9791:
9789:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9759:
9757:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9735:
9733:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9721:
9711:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9686:
9677:
9668:
9659:
9650:
9640:
9638:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9605:
9599:Asian badger (
9596:
9587:
9577:
9575:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9554:
9545:
9541:A. albogularis
9535:
9533:
9522:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9504:
9498:Honey badger (
9494:
9492:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9470:
9464:
9459:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9419:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9390:
9380:
9378:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9357:
9347:
9345:
9334:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9307:
9298:
9289:
9279:
9277:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9248:
9239:
9235:P. cancrivorus
9229:
9227:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9203:B. sumichrasti
9198:
9188:
9186:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9174:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9135:
9126:
9117:
9107:
9105:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9035:
9029:Hooded skunk (
9025:
9023:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9002:
8993:
8984:
8974:
8972:
8953:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8921:
8919:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8863:
8854:
8848:Weddell seal (
8845:
8839:Leopard seal (
8835:
8829:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8802:
8792:
8790:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8756:
8754:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8732:
8726:
8709:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8683:
8674:
8665:
8659:Caspian seal (
8655:
8653:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8632:
8626:Spotted seal (
8622:
8620:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8599:
8590:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8555:
8549:Bearded seal (
8545:
8539:
8522:
8518:or true seals)
8516:(earless seals
8506:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8462:
8453:
8444:
8435:
8425:
8423:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8384:
8382:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8340:
8330:
8328:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8306:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8267:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8216:
8215:
8207:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8152:
8150:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8107:
8098:
8089:
8079:
8077:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8056:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8020:
8018:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8002:A. melanoleuca
7996:
7994:
7983:
7968:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7935:
7926:
7920:Eastern wolf (
7917:
7908:
7902:African wolf (
7899:
7890:
7884:Domestic dog (
7881:
7871:
7869:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7848:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7822:
7812:
7810:
7799:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7770:
7764:Sechuran fox (
7761:
7757:L. gymnocercus
7752:
7743:
7737:Darwin's fox (
7734:
7724:
7722:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7701:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7650:
7644:
7629:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7600:
7591:
7582:
7573:
7564:
7555:
7546:
7537:
7528:
7519:
7510:
7506:V. bengalensis
7500:
7498:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7467:
7457:
7455:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7408:
7398:
7396:
7385:
7375:
7368:
7367:
7359:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7319:
7310:
7301:
7292:
7282:
7280:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7259:
7250:
7246:B. crassicauda
7240:
7238:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7217:
7208:
7199:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7173:
7164:
7155:
7146:
7137:
7128:
7119:
7110:
7100:
7098:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7077:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7020:
7010:
7008:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6937:
6927:
6925:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6873:
6864:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6780:G. grandidieri
6775:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6679:
6669:
6663:
6654:
6637:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6575:
6565:
6559:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6520:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6422:
6413:
6404:
6395:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6344:Letaba genet (
6341:
6332:
6326:Common genet (
6323:
6314:
6305:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6257:
6247:
6245:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6154:
6144:
6138:
6123:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:P. zeylonensis
6087:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6050:Paguma larvata
6045:
6036:
6027:
6017:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5821:Domestic cat (
5818:
5808:
5806:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5781:
5777:P. rubiginosus
5772:
5763:
5754:
5750:P. bengalensis
5744:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5724:Pallas's cat (
5720:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5617:
5611:Iberian lynx (
5608:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5502:
5500:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5365:
5356:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5304:
5295:
5289:Snow leopard (
5285:
5283:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5239:
5226:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5102:Laurasiatheria
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4924:C. l. gregoryi
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4884:C. l. bernardi
4877:
4867:
4856:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4784:C. cedazoensis
4777:
4767:
4764:C. armbrusteri
4757:
4746:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4683:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4592:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4547:
4541:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4499:V. qiuzhudingi
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4230:Microtomarctus
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4010:Prohesperocyon
4002:
4000:
3998:incertae sedis
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3897:
3896:External links
3894:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3868:Wang, Xiaoming
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3810:
3784:
3754:
3722:
3715:
3697:
3664:
3611:
3546:
3511:
3501:
3466:
3440:
3381:
3330:
3300:
3280:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3226:
3219:
3199:
3192:
3172:
3165:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3068:
3061:
3041:
3034:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2958:
2932:
2925:
2907:
2858:
2835:
2804:
2802:, pp. 74.
2792:
2780:
2773:
2749:
2742:
2733:The Carnivores
2722:
2715:
2695:
2669:
2639:
2620:
2611:
2598:: Information"
2585:
2565:
2558:
2538:
2497:
2434:
2401:
2382:
2352:
2343:
2279:
2229:
2217:
2158:
2131:
2109:
2066:
2054:
2048:978-0199545667
2047:
2024:
2012:
1999:
1990:
1937:Wang, Xiaoming
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:List of canids
1885:
1882:
1858:agriculturists
1828:
1825:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1670:to mark their
1628:
1625:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1506:dental formula
1475:hypercarnivore
1451:mandible teeth
1423:
1420:
1401:copulatory tie
1393:bulbus glandis
1350:sagittal crest
1281:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1243:Skeleton of a
1242:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1159:Canis edwardii
1149:
1146:
1102:Aenocyon dirus
1012:
1011:Pliocene epoch
1009:
994:
991:
950:
947:
916:Prohesperocyon
906:Prohesperocyon
877:
874:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
768:
758:
750:
749:
746:
745:
727:
717:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
674:
664:
659:
657:
649:
648:
645:
644:
625:
613:
608:
606:
600:
599:
596:
595:
585:
575:
573:
563:
550:
547:
478:List of canids
473:
470:
446:social animals
334:; from Latin,
295:
294:
293:
292:
287:
279:
271:
268:Prohesperocyon
258:
257:
253:
252:
246:
237:
236:
230:
229:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
134:
133:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
28:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10881:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10846:
10844:
10827:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10591:
10587:
10582:
10576:
10572:
10567:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10539:
10511:
10509:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10459:
10457:
10455:
10450:
10448:
10446:
10445:M. lutreolina
10441:
10439:
10437:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10414:
10412:
10410:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10396:
10394:
10392:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10347:
10346:
10341:
10335:
10333:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10295:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10271:
10269:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10241:
10240:
10235:
10229:
10227:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10216:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10178:
10172:
10170:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10155:
10153:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10142:
10137:
10131:
10129:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10115:
10113:
10111:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10101:L. canadensis
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10086:
10080:
10078:
10075:Giant otter (
10073:
10072:
10069:
10066:
10056:
10052:
10038:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10011:
10005:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9994:
9988:
9986:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9967:
9957:
9953:
9943:
9941:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9914:
9913:
9908:
9902:
9900:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9873:
9863:
9861:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9833:M. gwatkinsii
9829:
9827:
9825:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9780:
9779:
9774:
9768:
9766:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9750:
9744:
9742:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9726:
9720:
9718:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9700:
9694:
9692:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9673:M. orientalis
9669:
9667:
9665:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9629:
9628:
9623:
9613:
9611:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9526:
9523:
9513:
9509:
9503:
9501:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9479:
9477:
9476:Taxidea taxus
9472:
9471:
9468:
9465:
9462:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9444:
9440:
9423:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9398:
9396:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9386:N. meridensis
9382:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9365:
9363:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9338:
9335:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9206:
9204:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9173:
9171:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9153:
9143:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9072:M. javanensis
9068:
9067:
9065:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9010:
9008:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8998:C. leuconotus
8994:
8992:
8990:
8989:C. humboldtii
8985:
8983:
8981:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8954:
8948:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8928:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8901:
8897:
8871:
8869:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8830:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8808:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8741:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8717:
8713:
8710:
8700:
8696:
8682:
8680:
8677:Baikal seal (
8675:
8673:
8671:
8668:Ringed seal (
8666:
8664:
8662:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8638:
8635:Harbor seal (
8633:
8631:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8607:
8605:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8593:Ribbon seal (
8591:
8589:
8587:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8561:
8558:Hooded seal (
8556:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8540:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8511:
8507:
8497:
8495:
8494:A. tropicalis
8490:
8488:
8486:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8420:Arctocephalus
8416:
8410:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8393:
8391:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8348:
8346:
8345:Z. wollebaeki
8341:
8339:
8337:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8313:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8289:
8287:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8268:
8262:
8257:
8253:(eared seals:
8248:
8243:
8237:
8235:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8115:
8113:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8094:U. thibetanus
8090:
8088:
8086:
8085:U. americanus
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8064:
8062:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8005:
8003:
8000:Giant panda (
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7961:
7943:
7941:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7886:C. familiaris
7882:
7880:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7856:
7854:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7844:Lycaon pictus
7840:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7803:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7707:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7540:Tibetan fox (
7538:
7536:
7534:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7472:N. viverrinus
7468:
7466:
7464:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7413:U. littoralis
7409:
7407:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7327:
7325:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7288:H. flavescens
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7225:
7223:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7181:
7179:
7178:U. vitticolla
7174:
7172:
7170:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7082:Xenogale naso
7078:
7076:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6856:
6855:sensu stricto
6851:
6847:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6684:Fossa fossana
6680:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6578:Brown hyena (
6576:
6574:
6572:
6571:Hyaena hyaena
6567:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6398:Hausa genet (
6396:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6301:G. angolensis
6297:
6295:
6293:
6292:G. abyssinica
6288:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6201:V. tangalunga
6197:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6135:sensu stricto
6131:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:Paradoxurinae
6006:
6000:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5977:Otter civet (
5975:
5973:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5871:
5869:
5868:F. silvestris
5864:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5786:P. viverrinus
5784:Fishing cat (
5782:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5759:P. javanensis
5755:
5753:
5751:
5748:Leopard cat (
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5595:L. canadensis
5593:Canada lynx (
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5417:C. temminckii
5413:
5411:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5382:Marbled cat (
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5352:sensu stricto
5349:
5344:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5201:P. pardicolor
5197:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5025:
5024:
5018:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4984:C. l. nubilus
4978:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4839:C. l. orcutti
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4814:C. lepophagus
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4600:L. cultridens
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:U. progressus
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4318:Paratomarctus
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4282:Aelurodontina
4279:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:Paracynarctus
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:Metatomarctus
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3755:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3716:0-521-81410-3
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:PLOS Genetics
3622:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:PLOS Genetics
3341:
3334:
3331:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:Lycaon pictus
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:0-937548-08-1
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3213:. CRC Press.
3212:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:0-8018-2525-3
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2709:. JHU Press.
2708:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2636:(#8): 40, 44.
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:1-886106-81-9
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:(8): e42740.
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:10.1206/574.1
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1732:Korean wolves
1721:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:. Canids use
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:scent signals
1638:
1634:
1627:Communication
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1526:
1522:
1521:bat-eared fox
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:Lycaon pictus
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1283:Eurasian wolf
1278:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1192:Rancholabrean
1189:
1188:C. lupus
1185:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:South America
1079:
1074:
1072:
1071:C. lepophagus
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:, During the
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:North America
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
993:Miocene epoch
992:
990:
988:
984:
983:
978:
977:
972:
971:
966:
962:
961:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:phylogenetics
855:
854:morphological
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:
827:
822:
814:
807:
806:
798:
797:
789:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
767:
765:
757:
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
742:
737:
733:
724:
716:
715:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
699:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
671:
663:
662:
656:
655:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
641:
636:
635:
622:
621:
612:
611:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
592:
584:
583:
579:
578:
572:
571:
567:
566:
562:
560:
556:
548:
546:
544:
543:Late Pliocene
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:and dog-like
524:
521:The cat-like
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
479:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:scent signals
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:domestic dogs
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
331:
301:
291:
288:
286:
280:
278:
272:
270:
269:
262:
261:
259:
254:
249:
244:
243:
238:
235:
231:
226:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
135:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
36:
32:
24:
21:
16:
10550:
10507:
10498:
10489:
10480:
10471:
10462:
10453:
10444:
10435:
10426:
10417:
10408:
10399:
10390:
10381:
10372:
10363:
10343:
10331:
10322:
10313:
10304:
10292:
10267:
10258:
10249:
10237:
10225:
10213:
10202:L. sumatrana
10201:
10192:
10180:
10168:
10151:
10139:
10127:
10118:
10109:
10100:
10088:
10076:
10034:
10025:
10013:
10001:
9985:V. peregusna
9984:
9972:
9939:
9930:
9910:
9898:
9885:Lyncodontini
9876:Ictonychinae
9860:M. zibellina
9859:
9850:
9841:
9832:
9823:
9815:M. flavigula
9814:
9805:
9797:M. americana
9796:
9776:
9764:
9752:
9740:
9728:
9717:Eira barbara
9716:
9690:
9682:M. personata
9681:
9672:
9663:
9654:
9645:
9625:
9609:
9600:
9592:M. canescens
9591:
9582:
9570:
9558:
9549:
9540:
9528:
9499:
9487:
9475:
9394:
9385:
9373:
9361:
9352:
9340:
9311:
9302:
9293:
9284:
9264:
9252:
9243:
9234:
9214:
9202:
9201:Cacomistle (
9193:
9181:
9170:Potos flavus
9169:
9139:
9130:
9121:
9112:
9092:
9080:
9071:
9051:
9039:
9030:
9018:
9006:
8997:
8988:
8979:
8959:
8926:
8867:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8806:
8797:
8777:
8761:
8749:
8737:
8722:(monk seals)
8678:
8669:
8660:
8648:
8636:
8627:
8615:
8603:
8594:
8585:
8559:
8550:
8493:
8485:A. townsendi
8484:
8475:
8467:A. philippii
8466:
8457:
8448:
8439:
8431:A. australis
8430:
8418:
8406:
8389:
8377:
8365:
8344:
8335:
8323:
8311:
8285:
8273:
8233:
8112:U. maritimus
8111:
8110:Polar bear (
8102:
8101:Brown bear (
8093:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8051:
8050:Sloth bear (
8025:
8013:
8001:
7989:
7939:
7930:
7921:
7912:
7903:
7894:
7885:
7876:
7864:
7853:Cuon alpinus
7852:
7843:
7827:L. mesomelas
7826:
7817:
7805:
7774:
7765:
7756:
7755:Pampas fox (
7747:
7738:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7696:
7680:S. venaticus
7679:
7667:
7655:
7654:Maned wolf (
7636:Cerdocyonina
7604:
7603:Fennec fox (
7595:
7586:
7578:V. rueppelli
7577:
7568:
7559:
7550:
7549:Arctic fox (
7542:V. ferrilata
7541:
7532:
7531:Corsac fox (
7523:
7514:
7505:
7504:Bengal fox (
7483:
7471:
7462:
7450:
7438:
7412:
7411:Island fox (
7403:
7391:
7376:
7324:H. sanguinea
7323:
7314:
7305:
7297:H. ichneumon
7296:
7287:
7275:
7263:
7254:
7245:
7233:
7221:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7177:
7168:
7159:
7150:
7141:
7132:
7124:U. edwardsii
7123:
7115:U. brachyura
7114:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7072:
7042:
7033:
7024:
7016:C. alexandri
7015:
7003:
6991:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6941:
6933:M. gambianus
6932:
6920:
6908:
6892:S. suricatta
6891:
6879:
6854:
6829:
6820:
6808:
6796:
6779:
6770:
6758:
6746:
6716:
6707:
6695:
6683:
6674:
6651:carnivorans)
6632:
6603:
6591:
6579:
6570:
6538:
6526:
6496:Herpestoidea
6459:Herpestoidea
6426:
6418:G. victoriae
6417:
6408:
6407:Cape genet (
6399:
6391:G. servalina
6390:
6381:
6380:King genet (
6373:G. piscivora
6372:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6337:G. johnstoni
6336:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6291:
6273:
6262:P. leightoni
6261:
6252:
6234:
6209:
6200:
6192:V. megaspila
6191:
6183:V. civettina
6182:
6170:
6158:
6149:
6134:
6118:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6061:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5867:
5858:
5850:F. margarita
5849:
5840:
5831:
5830:Jungle cat (
5822:
5813:
5801:
5785:
5776:
5768:P. planiceps
5767:
5758:
5749:
5739:Prionailurus
5737:
5725:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5670:Jaguarundi (
5654:
5642:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5525:
5517:L. geoffroyi
5516:
5507:
5506:Pampas cat (
5495:
5479:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5416:
5407:
5395:
5384:P. marmorata
5383:
5371:
5351:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5257:
5245:
5200:
5191:
5174:
5147:
5100:Superorder:
5094:Infraclass:
5021:
4994:C. l. youngi
4992:
4982:
4972:
4962:
4952:
4944:C. l. hattai
4942:
4932:
4922:
4914:C. l. fuscus
4912:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4862:
4849:
4837:
4824:
4812:
4802:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4735:
4723:
4710:
4698:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4635:S. pacivorus
4633:
4620:
4608:
4598:
4585:
4575:Theriodictis
4573:
4563:
4553:
4539:Cerdocyonina
4517:
4509:V. riffautae
4507:
4497:
4474:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4421:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4296:
4289:
4269:
4262:
4242:
4237:Protomarctus
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4169:
4164:Cynarctoides
4162:
4155:Phlaocyonini
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4110:Borophaginae
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4054:Sunkahetanka
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4008:
3997:
3951:
3906:
3876:
3861:Bibliography
3847:. Retrieved
3833:
3827:
3822:Cuon alpinus
3821:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3796:
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3770:
3765:Canis aureus
3764:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3738:the original
3725:
3706:
3700:
3689:the original
3684:
3680:
3667:
3630:
3624:
3614:
3566:
3562:
3549:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3504:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3452:
3443:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3316:
3310:
3303:
3288:
3283:
3263:
3256:
3236:
3229:
3209:
3202:
3182:
3175:
3155:
3132:
3119:
3099:
3092:
3076:
3071:
3051:
3044:
3024:
3017:
3001:. Elsevier.
2997:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2973:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:
2935:
2916:
2910:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2855:(#1): 11–18.
2852:
2848:
2838:
2821:
2817:
2795:
2783:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2698:
2688:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:the original
2649:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2595:
2588:
2568:
2548:
2541:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2366:
2346:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2112:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2057:
2037:
2015:
2002:
1993:
1953:
1947:
1900:Canid hybrid
1866:
1862:
1850:domestic dog
1847:
1821:
1800:progesterone
1793:
1785:maned wolves
1766:
1693:Reproduction
1688:
1664:conspecifics
1653:
1613:
1602:Dog behavior
1565:attacking a
1542:Life history
1499:
1483:
1463:
1445:, and M for
1425:
1413:
1399:, forming a
1385:canine penis
1382:
1373:
1358:
1330:
1291:
1248:
1214:Canis aureus
1213:
1206:Canis anthus
1205:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1182:By 0.3
1181:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1002:
996:
980:
974:
968:
958:
952:
931:Borophaginae
924:
915:
904:
879:
876:Eocene epoch
870:hybrid zones
850:
844:Canis aureus
842:
836:
830:
760:
753:
729:
723:Borophaginae
690:
687:Hesperocyons
676:
653:
652:
632:
627:
618:
587:
580:
568:
552:
539:Late Miocene
520:
485:monophyletic
481:
438:human beings
431:
403:Borophaginae
361:
353:
348:of dog-like
335:
299:
298:
285:Borophaginae
266:
240:
219:
209:
206:Infraorder:
41:37.8–0
20:
15:
10707:iNaturalist
10575:Wikispecies
10499:M. sibirica
10481:M. putorius
10454:M. nigripes
10436:M. lutreola
10409:M. haidarum
10305:N. africana
10268:A. congicus
10259:A. cinereus
10250:A. capensis
10150:Sea otter (
10128:L. provocax
10035:I. striatus
9956:Ictonychini
9851:M. melampus
9763:Wolverine (
9741:P. pennanti
9664:M. moschata
9655:M. everetti
9601:M. leucurus
9559:A. hoevenii
9550:A. collaris
9500:M. capensis
9395:N. olivacea
9310:Olinguito (
9266:Bassaricyon
9253:P. pygmaeus
9183:Bassariscus
9156:Procyonidae
9131:S. putorius
9122:S. gracilis
9040:M. mephitis
9031:M. macroura
8925:Red panda (
8905:Musteloidea
8866:Ross seal (
8819:Lobodontini
8751:Neomonachus
8679:P. sibirica
8637:P. vitulina
8602:Grey seal (
8584:Harp seal (
8476:A. pusillus
8440:A. forsteri
8275:Callorhinus
8209:Pinnipedia
8168:Musteloidea
7940:C. simensis
7904:C. lupaster
7773:Hoary fox (
7766:L. sechurae
7739:L. fulvipes
7730:L. culpaeus
7626:(true dogs)
7585:Swift fox (
7560:V. macrotis
7452:Nyctereutes
7361:Caniformia
7306:H. ochracea
7264:B. nigripes
7255:B. jacksoni
7142:U. javanica
7059:Herpestinae
7034:C. obscurus
7025:C. ansorgei
7005:Crossarchus
6861:(mongooses)
6850:Herpestidae
6830:S. durrelli
6821:S. concolor
6771:G. fasciata
6708:E. goudotii
6629:Herpestidae
6539:P. cristata
6400:G. thierryi
6355:G. maculata
6319:G. cristata
6310:G. bourloni
6063:Paradoxurus
6021:Binturong (
5960:Hemigalinae
5937:Viverroidea
5900:Viverroidea
5859:F. nigripes
5711:Leopard cat
5696:P. concolor
5613:L. pardinus
5562:L. tigrinus
5553:L. pardalis
5544:L. jacobita
5535:L. guttulus
5508:L. colocola
5267:N. nebulosa
5237:Pantherinae
5117:Feliformia
4864:C. l. alces
4804:C. etruscus
4794:C. edwardii
4774:C. arnensis
4670:Cynotherium
4519:V. skinneri
4446:U. galushai
4436:U. citrinus
4411:Prototocyon
4332:Protepicyon
4309:Borophagina
4223:Psalidocyon
4182:Borophagini
4123:Archaeocyon
4096:Ectopocynus
4068:Enhydrocyon
4033:Hesperocyon
3849:11 November
2082:(1): 1–28.
1869:two records
1817:photoperiod
1676:anal glands
1672:food caches
1459:carnassials
1387:contains a
1361:digitigrade
1326:raccoon dog
1165:Canis rufus
1154:Pleistocene
1152:During the
1136:), and the
1043:mastication
1039:carnassials
976:Archaeocyon
970:Hesperocyon
893:carnivorans
881:Carnivorans
832:Hesperocyon
683:Enhydrocyon
535:Late Eocene
500:mastication
395:subfamilies
350:carnivorans
31:Late Eocene
10843:Categories
10472:M. nudipes
10463:M. nivalis
10427:M. kathiah
10382:M. erminea
10373:M. altaica
10323:N. frenata
10314:N. felipei
10284:Mustelinae
10026:I. libycus
9940:G. vittata
9806:M. caurina
9583:M. anakuma
9461:Mustelidae
9448:Mustelidae
9424:see below↓
9415:Mustelidae
9312:B. neblina
9223:(raccoons)
9194:B. astutus
9192:Ringtail (
9168:Kinkajou (
9140:S. pygmaea
9081:M. marchei
8939:Mephitidae
8807:M. leonina
8699:Monachinae
8670:P. hispida
8661:P. caspica
8458:A. gazella
8390:N. cinerea
8286:C. ursinus
8224:Odobenidae
8177:see below↓
8157:see below↓
8141:Pinnipedia
8059:Sun bear (
8026:T. ornatus
8015:Tremarctos
7991:Ailuropoda
7929:Red wolf (
7895:C. latrans
7818:L. adustus
7775:L. vetulus
7748:L. griseus
7678:Bush dog (
7569:V. pallida
7567:Pale fox (
7551:V. lagopus
7522:Cape fox (
7402:Gray fox (
7160:U. smithii
6992:H. parvula
6983:H. hirtula
6871:Mungotinae
6760:Galidictis
6733:Galidiinae
6661:Euplerinae
6644:Eupleridae
6633:sensu lato
6604:C. crocuta
6537:Aardwolf (
6468:see below↓
6409:G. tigrina
6382:G. poensis
6364:G. pardina
6346:G. letabae
6328:G. genetta
6226:Genettinae
6210:V. zibetha
6130:Viverrinae
6119:sensu lato
6114:Viverrinae
6083:P. jerdoni
5950:Viverridae
5909:see below↓
5848:Sand cat (
5655:A. jubatus
5480:C. caracal
5373:Pardofelis
5192:P. linsang
5133:Feliformia
4826:C. latrans
4346:Borophagus
4255:Cynarctina
4244:Tephrocyon
4216:Euoplocyon
4082:Osbornodon
4047:Cynodesmus
3988:Caniformia
3986:Suborder:
3127:." (1981).
1911:References
1878:endangered
1769:monogamous
1697:See also:
1631:See also:
1596:See also:
1479:omnivorous
1455:carnivores
1397:copulation
1342:lambdoidal
1334:dog breeds
1322:island fox
1306:grasslands
1106:maned wolf
1067:C. latrans
987:radiations
885:extinction
819:See also:
736:Cynarctins
732:Aelurodons
692:Cynodictis
570:Caniformia
559:Caniformia
523:feliformia
493:carnassial
476:See also:
454:originated
442:fennec fox
434:Antarctica
234:Type genus
10418:M. itatsi
10352:(weasels)
10215:Lutrogale
10152:E. lutris
10110:L. felina
9919:(grisons)
9842:M. martes
9785:(martens)
9703:Guloninae
9489:Mellivora
9362:N. narica
9303:B. medius
9294:B. gabbii
9285:B. alleni
9273:(olingos)
9242:Raccoon (
9094:Spilogale
8980:C. chinga
8961:Conepatus
8917:Ailuridae
8716:Monachini
8628:P. largha
8298:Otariinae
8261:sea lions
8256:fur seals
8247:Otariidae
8132:Mustelida
8103:U. arctos
7965:Arctoidea
7922:C. lycaon
7877:C. aureus
7807:Lupulella
7719:Lycalopex
7596:V. vulpes
7594:Red fox (
7558:Kit fox (
7533:V. corsac
7277:Herpestes
6890:Meerkat (
6649:(Malagasy
6551:Hyaeninae
6512:Hyaenidae
6427:G. felina
5841:F. lybica
5653:Cheetah (
5571:L. wiedii
5560:Oncilla (
5526:L. guigna
5497:Leopardus
5478:Caracal (
5471:C. aurata
5406:Bay cat (
5327:P. pardus
5325:Leopard (
5300:P. tigris
5258:N. diardi
5176:Prionodon
5076:Kingdom:
5065:Carnivora
4587:Lycalopex
4565:Protocyon
4391:Metalopex
4381:Leptocyon
4325:Carpocyon
4298:Aelurodon
4291:Tomarctus
4271:Cynarctus
4202:Desmocyon
4195:Cormocyon
4171:Phlaocyon
4144:Rhizocyon
4137:Otarocyon
4130:Oxetocyon
4089:Caedocyon
4061:Philotrox
3982:Carnivora
3962:Kingdom:
3903:"Canidae"
3747:19 August
2824:: 36–48.
2662:30 August
2398:(4): 3–7.
2338:231604957
2322:1476-4687
2196:0036-8075
1970:2246/5999
1956:: 1–218.
1812:gestation
1796:estradiol
1777:dioestral
1773:proestral
1736:red foxes
1504:, with a
1486:placental
1443:premolars
1427:Dentition
1422:Dentition
1415:Aelurodon
1409:ungulates
1298:mountains
1142:Lycalopex
1098:dire wolf
999:Beringian
982:Leptocyon
965:viverrids
955:Oligocene
901:feliforms
897:caniforms
889:Paleocene
866:gene flow
847:(Caninae)
838:Aelurodon
815:Evolution
679:Mesocyons
628:(various
582:Arctoidea
555:cladogram
527:Caniforms
512:parastyle
504:entoconid
458:symbiotic
200:Carnivora
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
10751:14000691
10560:Wikidata
10398:Ferret (
10332:N. vison
10193:L. lutra
10061:(otters)
10055:Lutrinae
9912:Galictis
9824:M. foina
9739:Fisher (
9627:Melogale
9610:M. meles
9530:Arctonyx
9375:Nasuella
9353:N. nasua
9330:(coatis)
9244:P. lotor
9020:Mephitis
8779:Mirounga
8529:Phocinae
8510:Phocidae
8379:Neophoca
8325:Zalophus
8232:Walrus (
7931:C. rufus
7913:C. lupus
7893:Coyote (
7728:Culpeo (
7669:Speothos
7605:V. zerda
7587:V. velox
7524:V. chama
7235:Bdeogale
7133:U. fusca
6972:Helogale
6942:M. mungo
6881:Suricata
6810:Salanoia
6717:E. major
6697:Eupleres
6528:Proteles
6517:(hyenas)
6281:(genets)
5832:F. chaus
5823:F. catus
5814:F. bieti
5694:Cougar (
5644:Acinonyx
5622:L. rufus
5620:Bobcat (
5569:Margay (
5551:Ocelot (
5524:Kodkod (
5445:Serval (
5408:C. badia
5397:Catopuma
5307:Jaguar (
5291:P. uncia
5280:Panthera
5247:Neofelis
5165:Feloidea
5096:Eutheria
5090:Mammalia
5084:Chordata
5082:Phylum:
5078:Animalia
5023:Category
4851:C. lupus
4700:Xenocyon
4690:Aenocyon
4622:Speothos
4555:Dusicyon
4476:U. webbi
4401:Nurocyon
4040:Mesocyon
3976:Mammalia
3970:Chordata
3968:Phylum:
3964:Animalia
3874:(2008).
3797:BBC News
3659:24453982
3603:Archived
3591:24233726
3435:22615366
3376:24453989
2902:15817436
2533:26234211
2492:22900047
2452:PLOS ONE
2421:: 1–67.
2330:33442059
2274:20763999
2266:20002250
2212:12017658
2204:15459388
2104:86755875
1982:Archived
1978:83594819
1884:See also
1876:are now
1856:and not
1837:fox hunt
1808:anestrus
1467:trigonid
1441:, P for
1437:, C for
1435:incisors
1324:and the
1318:gray fox
1314:arboreal
1197:C. lupus
1122:bush dog
1090:gray fox
1057:Pliocene
960:Mesocyon
604:Cynoidea
516:Cenozoic
489:bicuspid
472:Taxonomy
344:") is a
248:Linnaeus
216:Family:
210:Cynoidea
190:Mammalia
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
35:Holocene
10608:Canidae
10595:Canidae
10581:Canidae
10551:Canidae
10400:M. furo
10345:Mustela
10294:Neogale
10141:Enhydra
10015:Ictonyx
9974:Vormela
9931:G. cuja
9858:Sable (
9765:G. gulo
9730:Pekania
9715:Tayra (
9512:Melinae
9324:Nasuina
9216:Procyon
8572:Phocini
8211:(seals)
8146:(seals)
8038:Ursinae
7980:(bears)
7975:Ursidae
7851:Dhole (
7641:(zorro)
7515:V. cana
7425:Vulpini
7393:Urocyon
7377:Canidae
7169:U. urva
6673:Fossa (
6593:Crocuta
6275:Genetta
6172:Viverra
5713:lineage
5635:lineage
5604:L. lynx
5460:Caracal
5434:lineage
5432:Caracal
5364:lineage
5362:Bay cat
5348:Felinae
5309:P. onca
5298:Tiger (
5218:Felidae
5088:Class:
5067:species
5063:Extant
4423:Urocyon
4365:Caninae
4339:Epicyon
3980:Order:
3974:Class:
3952:Canidae
3948:Extinct
3803:16 June
3777:31 July
3650:3894170
3599:1526260
3571:Bibcode
3563:Science
3529:Bibcode
3484:Bibcode
3482:: 1–4.
3426:3384140
3403:Bibcode
3367:3894154
3323:11 June
2980:13 June
2951:12 June
2893:1564077
2604:12 June
2483:3416759
2460:Bibcode
2302:Bibcode
2176:Bibcode
2168:Science
2084:Bibcode
1730:Mating
1515:3.1.4.3
1512:3.1.4.2
1471:talonid
1439:canines
1389:baculum
1378:dewclaw
1346:cranium
1302:forests
1294:deserts
1128:), the
1120:), the
1112:), the
1024:Urocyon
953:By the
935:Caninae
908:wilsoni
872:exist.
755:Caninae
718:
665:
654:Canidae
614:
496:talonid
483:dental
456:from a
427:jackals
419:coyotes
399:Caninae
300:Canidae
290:Caninae
220:Canidae
196:Order:
186:Class:
10849:Canids
10826:404128
10800:770319
10784:NZOR:
10738:180594
10725:104585
10660:1CANIF
10566:Q25324
10090:Lontra
9778:Martes
9053:Mydaus
8947:skunks
7911:Wolf (
7791:Canina
7621:Canini
7485:Vulpes
7381:(dogs)
6922:Mungos
6236:Poiana
5318:P. leo
5316:Lion (
5222:(cats)
4680:Eucyon
4654:Canina
4530:Canini
4487:Vulpes
3910:(NCBI)
3884:
3713:
3657:
3647:
3597:
3589:
3459:26 May
3455:. 2016
3433:
3423:
3374:
3364:
3295:
3271:
3244:
3217:
3190:
3163:
3107:
3083:
3059:
3032:
3005:
2923:
2900:
2890:
2771:
2740:
2713:
2594:"ADW:
2580:
2556:
2531:
2490:
2480:
2375:7 June
2336:
2328:
2320:
2294:Nature
2272:
2264:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2151:24 May
2124:27 May
2102:
2045:
1976:
1682:, and
1608:, and
1567:sambar
1563:Dholes
1525:marrow
1447:molars
1354:mammae
1304:, and
1048:Eucyon
1030:Vulpes
1027:, and
1004:Eucyon
891:, the
725:
672:
634:Miacis
623:
620:Miacis
415:wolves
397:: the
250:, 1758
227:, 1817
26:Canids
10821:WoRMS
10813:41189
10720:IRMNG
10712:42043
10673:12634
10634:622J6
10239:Aonyx
10182:Lutra
9572:Meles
9342:Nasua
8617:Phoca
8074:Ursus
7866:Canis
7493:foxes
5803:Felis
4737:Canis
3741:(PDF)
3734:(PDF)
3692:(PDF)
3677:(PDF)
3606:(PDF)
3595:S2CID
3559:(PDF)
2549:Foxes
2367:Canis
2334:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2208:S2CID
2100:S2CID
1985:(PDF)
1974:S2CID
1944:(PDF)
1874:dhole
1660:howls
1621:packs
1534:3.1.3
1531:3.1.3
1502:teeth
1495:dingo
1491:dhole
1316:—the
1285:skull
1053:Canis
1018:Canis
920:bears
912:bulla
637:spp.)
553:This
508:molar
423:foxes
362:canid
358:clade
337:canis
242:Canis
10777:9608
10772:NCBI
10733:ITIS
10699:9701
10694:GBIF
10655:EPPO
10647:7676
10621:1407
10616:BOLD
9754:Gulo
8650:Pusa
7095:Urva
5685:Puma
5633:Puma
5584:Lynx
4712:Cuon
3882:ISBN
3851:2021
3834:2015
3805:2014
3779:2007
3749:2007
3711:ISBN
3655:PMID
3587:PMID
3461:2016
3431:PMID
3395:PNAS
3372:PMID
3325:2014
3293:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3030:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2982:2014
2953:2014
2921:ISBN
2898:PMID
2769:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2664:2011
2606:2012
2578:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2529:PMID
2488:PMID
2377:2014
2326:PMID
2318:ISSN
2262:PMID
2200:PMID
2192:ISSN
2153:2014
2126:2014
2043:ISBN
1787:are
1775:and
1734:and
1635:and
1508:of:
1383:The
1310:wolf
1015:The
979:and
405:and
354:dogs
49:PreꞒ
10759:NBN
10746:MSW
10642:EoL
10629:CoL
10603:AFD
10590:ADW
3838:doi
3645:PMC
3635:doi
3579:doi
3567:342
3537:doi
3492:doi
3421:PMC
3411:doi
3399:109
3362:PMC
3352:doi
2888:PMC
2880:doi
2876:272
2826:doi
2822:110
2519:doi
2478:PMC
2468:doi
2423:doi
2310:doi
2298:591
2254:doi
2184:doi
2172:306
2092:doi
1966:hdl
1958:doi
1954:325
1844:Dog
1791:.
1412:as
1407:of
1218:Mya
1184:Mya
342:dog
340:, "
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10657::
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