2595:
164:
3086:
3176:
766:
894:—contends that humans hunted the elephant birds to extinction in a very short time after their arrival. There is indeed evidence that they were killed. However, their eggs may have been the most vulnerable point in their life cycle. A recent archaeological study found fragments of eggshells among the remains of human fires, suggesting that the eggs regularly provided meals for entire families.
694:
3092:
708:
866:
855:, and have a volume of around 5.6–13 litres, and a length of approximately 26–40 centimetres (10–16 in) and a width of 19–25 centimetres (7.5–9.8 in). The egg is about 160 times greater volume than a chicken egg. The large size of elephant bird eggs means that they would have required substantial amounts of calcium, which is usually taken from a reservoir in the
315:
898:
122:
810:, suggesting that the former occupied forested habitats where the sense of smell is more useful while the latter occupied open habitats. Elephant birds are suggested to have grown in periodic spurts rather than having continuous growth. A 2022 isotope analysis study suggested that individuals of
753:. The wings were vestigial. The pelvic bones (vertebrae, ilium and pubis) were heavily fused to each other, so much so that their boundaries are difficult to discern. The hindlimb was proportionally long, with its bones being robust, with the femur in particular being very short and thick. The
1061:
Grealy, Alicia; Miller, Gifford H.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Clarke, Simon J.; Fogel, Marilyn; Patalwala, Diana; Rigby, Paul; Hubbard, Alysia; Demarchi, Beatrice; Collins, Matthew; Mackie, Meaghan; Sakalauskaite, Jorune; Stiller, Josefin; Clarke, Julia A.; Legendre, Lucas J. (28 February 2023).
846:
is known from an intact egg, around 80-90% of the way through incubation before it died. This skeleton shows that even at this early ontogenetic stage that the skeleton was robust, much more so than comparable hatchling ostriches or rheas. The eggs of
757:
has a prominent longitudinal ridge for muscle attachment. There is no evidence for the presence of a fourth toe or spur. The terminal toe bones (phalanges) of the foot are broad and not hooked. The females of
889:
was likely due to human activity, especially after the arrival of humans on
Madagascar. The birds were initially widespread, occurring from the northern to the southern tip of Madagascar. One theory—the
1736:
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete
Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution".
1838:
Goodman, S. M.; Rakotozafy, L. M. A. (1997). "Subfossil birds from coastal sites in western and southwestern
Madagascar". In Goodman, S. M.; Patterson, B. D. (eds.).
3282:
1876:
Hay, W. W.; DeConto, R. M.; Wold, C. N.; Wilson, K. M.; Voigt, S. (1999). "Alternative global
Cretaceous paleogeography". In Barrera, E.; Johnson, C. C. (eds.).
3295:
716:
873:
2594:
1974:
Yoder, Anne D.; Nowak, Michael D. (2006). "Has
Vicariance or Dispersal Been the Predominant Biogeographic Force in Madagascar? Only Time Will Tell".
3256:
2016:
3354:
741:
with the latter reaching 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height. The head bore a straight, thick conical beak, which was proportionally larger in A.
1917:
1885:
1866:
1847:
1790:
1373:
1336:
1699:
1397:"Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions"
1163:
1809:
1682:
1184:"Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird"
676:. More recently, it has been deduced from DNA sequence comparisons that the closest living relatives of elephant birds are the
1259:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).
1548:
1260:
915:
The exact time period when they died out is also not certain; tales of these giant birds may have persisted for centuries in
510:
302:
271:
248:
1895:
Mlíkovsky, J. (2003). "Eggs of extinct aepyornithids (Aves: Aepyornithidae) of
Madagascar: size and taxonomic identity".
1785:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 103–104.
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
891:
3085:
2009:
975:
1549:"Osteological description of an embryonic skeleton of the extinct elephant bird, Aepyornis (Palaeognathae: Ratitae)"
460:
3300:
1188:
967:
eggs were successfully extracted by a group of international researchers and results were published in 2010 in the
163:
1451:"Bone histology yields insights into the biology of the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) from Madagascar"
3359:
2087:
1962:
1929:"Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ratite Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes"
749:, though the heads in both birds were small relative to body size. The neck was proportionally long, with 17
3349:
1564:
3196:
2002:
542:
521:
493:
471:
974:
It has also been suggested that the extinction was a secondary effect of human impact due to transfer of
839:
from northern
Madagascar suggests that this population were probably browsers rather than mixed feeders.
3321:
3179:
384:, which is possibly the largest bird ever to have lived. Its closest living relative is the New Zealand
2637:
859:
in the femurs of female birds. Possible remnants of this tissue have been described from the femurs of
449:
291:
3248:
2424:
2371:
2141:
1745:
1275:
1197:
1075:
832:
2494:
1353:
3091:
2480:
2407:
818:
791:
660:
138:
3156:
3121:
2834:
2379:
2114:
1769:
1309:
1261:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
924:
750:
339:
158:
3149:
2814:
2487:
1703:
1492:"Dietary isotopes of Madagascar's extinct megafauna reveal Holocene browsing and grazing guilds"
1450:
1015:
3326:
2697:
2501:
938:) with signs of butchering, and on the basis of radiocarbon dating of shells, about 1000 BP (=
794:, similar to those of their closest living relatives, the kiwis, and consistent with a similar
3308:
3287:
3142:
2613:
2561:
2456:
2393:
1950:
1913:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1786:
1761:
1568:
1529:
1511:
1472:
1426:
1369:
1332:
1301:
1223:
1159:
1111:
1093:
959:
546:
525:
497:
475:
1987:
1825:
Goodman, Steven M. (1994). "Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from
Madagascar:
1153:
1129:
3313:
3128:
2776:
2449:
2322:
1983:
1940:
1753:
1560:
1519:
1503:
1462:
1416:
1408:
1361:
1291:
1283:
1213:
1205:
1101:
1083:
1010:
963:), Malagasy for "bird of open spaces. After many years of failed attempts, DNA molecules of
856:
668:
586:
990:
sites on the island (MacPhee and Marx, 1997: 188), such as
Ambolisatra (Madagascar), where
765:
2654:
2470:
2386:
2306:
2072:
1945:
1928:
950:
3234:
730:
are amongst the largest birds, with weights of 235 kilograms (520 lb) estimated for
1801:
1781:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Elephant birds (Aepyornithidae)". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
1749:
1449:
Chinsamy, Anusuya; Angst, Delphine; Canoville, Aurore; Göhlich, Ursula B (1 June 2020).
1279:
1201:
1079:
1064:"Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird"
3007:
2269:
1524:
1491:
1421:
1396:
1365:
1218:
1183:
1106:
1063:
928:
823:
803:
17:
3343:
2980:
2916:
2824:
2534:
2512:
2299:
2211:
2198:
2153:
2025:
1674:
1313:
365:
228:
215:
72:
3135:
2938:
2854:
2364:
2354:
1773:
1609:
762:
are suggested to have been larger than the males, as is observed in other ratites.
257:
1857:
Hawkins, A. F. A.; Goodman, S. M. (2003). Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P. (eds.).
680:
kiwis, from which they were estimated to have diverged over 50 million years ago.
1467:
667:
and other elephant birds are thought to have dispersed and become flightless and
3269:
3228:
3035:
3023:
2996:
2956:
2947:
2895:
2861:
2769:
2704:
2646:
2524:
2232:
2126:
916:
754:
677:
656:
644:
636:
599:
385:
121:
47:
3219:
1088:
3109:
2966:
2909:
2879:
2783:
2742:
2677:
2625:
2285:
2243:
1637:
983:
693:
389:
373:
323:
147:
92:
57:
1721:"Catalogue of Fossil Birds Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)"
1623:
1572:
1515:
1476:
1097:
3044:
2923:
2845:
2439:
2417:
2339:
2292:
2278:
2254:
2099:
1287:
987:
979:
865:
795:
707:
628:
175:
97:
1765:
1720:
1533:
1507:
1430:
1412:
1305:
1227:
1115:
314:
1954:
3213:
3061:
3051:
2888:
2762:
2735:
2687:
2050:
909:
906:
779:
738:
making it one of the largest, if not the largest bird to have ever lived,
369:
195:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1209:
3261:
3243:
2902:
2868:
2798:
2753:
2665:
2542:
897:
852:
672:
652:
632:
102:
77:
3274:
1966:
1296:
589:, 1867 is an ootaxon known only from an eggshell fragment and hence a
2044:
1994:
1757:
648:
185:
3190:
1842:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 257–279.
905:(purple) compared to a human, a common ostrich, and some non-avian
817:
from central Madagascar were mixed feeders that had a large (~48%)
1702:. Zwaag, Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Archived from
896:
864:
764:
1927:
van Tuinen, Marcel; Sibley, Charles G.; Hedges, S. Blair (1998).
1910:
In search of the Red Slave: Shipwreck and Captivity in Madagascar
2056:
205:
3194:
3107:
2611:
2196:
2037:
1998:
2722:
835:. Isotope analysis of eggshells attributed to a population of
640:
1880:. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 1–47.
1829:(Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba".
659:. Because Madagascar and Africa separated before the ratite
424:. Most recently, Hansford and Turvey (2018) recognized only
420:. However, Hume and Walters (2012) listed only one species,
919:. There is archaeological evidence of Giant elephant bird (
1610:"Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia : Vorompatrana"
986:. The bones of these domesticated fowl have been found in
1725:
Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences
619:, and probably represented large females of the species.
1700:"The Taxonomicon : Taxon: Order Aepyornithiformes"
1565:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1:ODOAES]2.0.CO;2
1401:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1018:, a short story by H. G. Wells that features the bird.
1638:"Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia : Fatrana"
821:
component to its diet, similar to that of the living
3057:
3019:
2977:
2962:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2719:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2634:
2530:
2520:
2467:
2436:
2404:
2351:
2335:
2266:
2250:
2239:
2228:
1976:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1624:"Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia : Vorona"
1547:
Balanoff, Amy M.; Rowe, Timothy (12 December 2007).
1490:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (April 2022).
1182:
Hansford, J. P.; Turvey, S. T. (26 September 2018).
611:
type species. However, later DNA studies found that
3203:
3034:
3006:
2976:
2946:
2937:
2878:
2844:
2797:
2752:
2718:
2664:
2633:
2624:
2560:
2511:
2466:
2435:
2403:
2350:
2320:
2265:
2209:
2152:
2125:
2098:
2071:
1861:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1026–1029.
1831:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
1878:Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean Climate System
1659:Goodman, S. M. & Rakotozafy, L. M. A. (1997)
734:and 275–1,000 kilograms (610–2,200 lb) for
568:Andrews, 1894, was placed in the separate genus
1358:Palaeobiology of Extinct Giant Flightless Birds
1177:
1175:
1130:"Ancient DNA ends Aussie claim to kiwi origins"
1912:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
2010:
1840:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
1590:Hawkins, A. F. A. & Goodman, S. M. (2003)
8:
1331:. London: A & C Black. pp. 19–21.
388:. They became extinct sometime around 1000
3191:
3104:
3012:
2943:
2803:
2727:
2630:
2621:
2608:
2557:
2328:
2221:
2217:
2206:
2193:
2131:
2104:
2077:
2068:
2034:
2017:
2003:
1995:
1586:
1584:
1582:
557:(Andrews 1894) Hansford & Turvey 2018,
392:, probably as a result of human activity.
313:
120:
31:
1944:
1908:Pearson, Mike Parker; Godden, K. (2002).
1523:
1466:
1455:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1420:
1352:Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric (2017),
1295:
1217:
1105:
1087:
376:. The genus had two species, the smaller
1988:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110239
1152:Julian P. Hume; Michael Walters (2012).
593:. Hansford and Truvey (2018) also found
1028:
400:Brodkorb (1963) listed four species of
1240:Yoder, A. D. & Nowak, M. D. (2006)
1946:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025933
1444:
1442:
1440:
1395:Torres, C. R.; Clarke, J. A. (2018).
958:
7:
1036:
1034:
1032:
953:legendary extinct animal called the
874:Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
574:by Hansford and Turvey (2018), with
1812:from the original on 23 March 2010
1783:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
1685:from the original on 27 March 2009
1553:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1366:10.1016/b978-1-78548-136-9.50003-9
969:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
717:National Museum of Natural History
25:
1859:The Natural History of Madagascar
1802:"Ancient eggshell yields its DNA"
1327:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
3175:
3174:
3090:
3084:
2593:
1158:. T&AD Poyser. p. 544.
706:
692:
162:
1933:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1800:Ghosh, Pallab (10 March 2010).
851:are the largest known for any
334:(c) specimens have been found
1:
3355:Extinct animals of Madagascar
939:
932:
351:? Hansford & Turvey, 2018
1360:, Elsevier, pp. 65–94,
1249:van Tuinen, M. et al. (1998)
651:; it could not fly, and its
615:was indistinguishable from
3376:
1698:Brands, Sheila J. (1989).
1673:BBC News (25 March 2009).
1468:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa013
1189:Royal Society Open Science
1089:10.1038/s41467-023-36405-3
945:). It is thought that the
3170:
3116:
3103:
3081:
3015:
2806:
2730:
2620:
2607:
2590:
2556:
2331:
2224:
2220:
2205:
2192:
2134:
2107:
2080:
2067:
2033:
1719:Brodkorb, Pierce (1963).
1599:Pearson and Godden (2002)
842:An embryonic skeleton of
715:Both photographed at the
345:
338:
321:
312:
303:I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
284:
279:
272:I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
263:
256:
249:I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
159:Scientific classification
157:
145:
136:
128:
119:
34:
603:nominal species, making
597:a senior synonym of all
441:Rowley 1867 nomen dubium
1675:"One minute world news"
1288:10.1126/science.1251981
982:, such as chickens and
364:is an extinct genus of
1965:. 2005. Archived from
1508:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0094
1413:10.1098/rspb.2018.1540
912:
877:
802:had relatively larger
770:
647:, Elephant bird was a
446:Aepyornis hildebrandti
27:Extinct genus of birds
18:Aepyornis hildebrandti
3322:Paleobiology Database
1068:Nature Communications
960:[vuˈrumpə̥ʈʂ]
900:
892:blitzkrieg hypothesis
868:
778:Examination of brain
768:
584:Aepyornis grandidieri
534:Aepyornis intermedius
438:Aepyornis grandidieri
1650:Ghosh, Pallab (2010)
1001:have been reported.
927:bone at 1880 +/- 70
790:had greatly reduced
782:has shown that both
564:The nominal species
1969:on 27 October 2009.
1750:2001Natur.409..704C
1354:"Aepyornithiformes"
1280:2014Sci...344..898M
1210:10.1098/rsos.181295
1202:2018RSOS....581295H
1142:Brodkorb, P. (1963)
1080:2023NatCo..14..914G
607:the epithet of the
139:Conservation status
1407:(1890): 20181540.
913:
885:The extinction of
878:
771:
751:cervical vertebrae
595:Aepyornis modestus
457:Aepyornis gracilis
3337:
3336:
3309:Open Tree of Life
3197:Taxon identifiers
3188:
3187:
3166:
3165:
3099:
3098:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
2933:
2932:
2793:
2792:
2714:
2713:
2638:Opisthodactylidae
2614:Notopalaeognathae
2603:
2602:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2562:Notopalaeognathae
2552:
2551:
2316:
2315:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
1919:978-0-7509-2938-7
1887:978-0-8137-2332-7
1868:978-0-226-30307-9
1849:978-1-56098-683-6
1792:978-0-7876-5784-0
1744:(6821): 704–707.
1375:978-1-78548-136-9
1338:978-1-4081-5725-1
1274:(6186): 898–900.
925:radiocarbon-dated
903:Aepyornis maximus
558:
550:
529:
514:
507:Aepyornis maximus
501:
490:Aepyornis mulleri
484:Aepyornis minimus
479:
464:
453:
442:
357:
356:
306:
295:
266:Aepyornis maximus
252:
229:Aepyornithiformes
152:
132:skeleton and egg
130:Aepyornis maximus
16:(Redirected from
3367:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3249:4F8EA70A8124B2E4
3239:
3238:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3192:
3178:
3177:
3129:Incognitoolithus
3105:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3059:
3021:
3013:
2979:
2964:
2944:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2804:
2728:
2723:Dinornithiformes
2721:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2558:
2532:
2522:
2469:
2438:
2406:
2353:
2337:
2329:
2323:Struthioniformes
2268:
2252:
2241:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2194:
2132:
2105:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2035:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1970:
1958:
1948:
1923:
1904:
1891:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1796:
1777:
1758:10.1038/35055536
1732:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1706:on 21 April 2008
1694:
1692:
1690:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1091:
1058:
1041:
1038:
1011:Island gigantism
962:
944:
941:
937:
934:
769:Life restoration
710:
696:
556:
541:
539:Aepyornis medius
520:
518:Aepyornis cursor
509:
492:
470:
468:Aepyornis lentus
459:
448:
440:
317:
301:
290:
247:
240:
227:
167:
166:
151:
124:
114:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3360:Roc (mythology)
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3162:
3112:
3095:
3083:
3067:
3030:
3002:
2972:
2929:
2874:
2840:
2789:
2748:
2710:
2660:
2655:Opisthodactylus
2616:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2548:
2507:
2471:Ergilornithidae
2462:
2431:
2425:Galligeranoides
2399:
2387:Palaeophasianus
2372:Galligeranoides
2346:
2325:
2312:
2307:Pseudocrypturus
2261:
2214:
2201:
2168:
2148:
2121:
2094:
2088:Avemetatarsalia
2073:Avemetatarsalia
2063:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2023:
1973:
1961:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1856:
1850:
1837:
1833:(107): 421–428.
1824:
1815:
1813:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1735:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1679:Day in Pictures
1672:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1502:(4): 20220094.
1496:Biology Letters
1489:
1488:
1484:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1060:
1059:
1044:
1040:Brands, S. 2008
1039:
1030:
1025:
1016:Æpyornis Island
1007:
942:
935:
883:
837:A. hildebrandti
831:was probably a
808:A. hildebrandti
804:olfactory bulbs
788:A. hildebrandti
776:
732:A. hildebrandti
726:The species of
724:
723:
722:
721:
720:
714:
711:
702:
701:
700:
697:
686:
625:
566:Aepyornis titan
426:A. hildebrandti
406:A. hildebrandti
398:
380:and the larger
378:A. hildebrandti
328:A. hildebrandti
288:A. hildebrandti
275:
269:
246:
238:
225:
161:
153:
150: (1000 AD)
141:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Elephant birds
3342:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3225:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3010:
3008:Casuariiformes
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2981:Aepyornithidae
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2495:Sinoergilornis
2491:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2272:
2270:Lithornithidae
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1971:
1959:
1939:(4): 370–376.
1924:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1873:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1822:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1733:
1716:
1695:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1629:
1615:
1601:
1592:
1578:
1559:(sup4): 1–53.
1539:
1482:
1461:(2): 268–295.
1436:
1387:
1374:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1171:
1165:978-1408158616
1164:
1144:
1135:
1121:
1042:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1003:
943: 1000 AD
882:
879:
857:medullary bone
824:Rhea americana
775:
772:
713:The foot bones
712:
705:
704:
703:
698:
691:
690:
689:
688:
687:
685:
682:
624:
621:
562:
561:
560:
559:
551:
536:
530:
504:
503:
502:
486:
480:
465:
443:
397:
394:
355:
354:
353:
352:
343:
342:
336:
335:
326:showing where
319:
318:
310:
309:
308:
307:
296:
282:
281:
277:
276:
270:
261:
260:
254:
253:
236:
232:
231:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:
146:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3372:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:Querandiornis
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:Anomalopteryx
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:Pachystruthio
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2513:Struthionidae
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:Amphipelargus
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:Palaeotididae
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:Paracathartes
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:Palaeognathae
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Palaeognathae
2195:
2191:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2154:Palaeognathae
2151:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:Stephanoaetus
1823:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:(4): 179–293.
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1329:Extinct Birds
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:(9): 181295.
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:Extinct birds
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:hyperdiseases
972:
970:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
936: 120 AD
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
904:
899:
895:
893:
888:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
773:
767:
763:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
718:
709:
695:
683:
681:
679:
675:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
613:Vorombe titan
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:a synonym of
577:
573:
572:
567:
555:
554:Vorombe titan
552:
548:
544:
543:Milne-Edwards
540:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Milne-Edwards
519:
516:
515:
512:
508:
505:
499:
495:
494:Milne-Edwards
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Milne-Edwards
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:
451:
447:
444:
439:
435:
434:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:elephant bird
363:
362:
350:
347:
346:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
311:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
286:
285:
283:
278:
273:
268:
267:
262:
259:
255:
250:
245:
244:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:Palaeognathae
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
156:
149:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3204:
3157:Tsondabornis
3155:
3148:
3141:
3136:Medioolithus
3134:
3127:
3122:Diamantornis
3120:
3060:
3050:
3043:
3022:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2965:
2955:
2939:Novaeratitae
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2867:
2860:
2855:Crypturellus
2853:
2835:Roveretornis
2833:
2823:
2813:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2743:Megalapteryx
2741:
2734:
2703:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2653:
2645:
2541:
2533:
2523:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2455:
2448:
2423:
2416:
2392:
2385:
2380:Geranodornis
2378:
2370:
2365:Eogeranoides
2363:
2355:Geranoididae
2338:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2242:
2231:
1979:
1975:
1967:the original
1963:"Vorompatra"
1936:
1932:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1805:
1782:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1687:. Retrieved
1681:. BBC News.
1678:
1655:
1646:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1595:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1458:
1454:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1379:, retrieved
1357:
1347:
1328:
1322:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1193:
1187:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1124:
1071:
1067:
998:
994:
991:
973:
968:
964:
957:(pronounced
954:
946:
920:
914:
902:
886:
884:
869:
860:
848:
843:
841:
836:
828:
822:
815:hildebrandti
814:
811:
807:
799:
798:lifestyle.
787:
783:
777:
759:
746:
743:hildebrandti
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
671:
664:
626:
616:
612:
608:
604:
598:
594:
591:nomen dubium
590:
583:
579:
575:
570:
569:
565:
563:
553:
538:
533:
517:
506:
489:
483:
467:
456:
445:
437:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
381:
377:
360:
359:
358:
348:
331:
327:
298:
287:
265:
264:
258:Type species
242:
241:
212:Infraclass:
129:
35:
29:
3270:iNaturalist
3229:Wikispecies
3036:Casuariidae
3024:Diogenornis
2997:Mullerornis
2948:Apterygidae
2896:Nothoprocta
2862:Nothocercus
2777:Euryapteryx
2647:Diogenornis
2525:Orientornis
2233:Asteriornis
2142:Maniraptora
2127:Maniraptora
2026:Palaeognath
1982:: 405–431.
992:Mullerornis
978:from human
917:folk memory
861:A. maximus.
792:optic lobes
755:tibiotarsus
736:A. maximus,
684:Description
678:New Zealand
653:breast bone
629:cassowaries
609:Mullerornis
600:Mullerornis
410:A. gracilis
3344:Categories
3150:Psammornis
2967:Proapteryx
2910:Rhynchotus
2880:Nothurinae
2815:Miniothura
2784:Pachyornis
2678:Heterorhea
2626:Rheiformes
2571:see below↓
2488:Ergilornis
2286:Fissuravis
2244:Eremopezus
2163:see below↓
1903:: 133–138.
1710:21 January
1667:References
1297:2328/35953
1074:(1): 914.
999:A. maximus
984:guineafowl
980:commensals
955:vorompatra
947:A. maximus
921:A. maximus
881:Extinction
829:A. maximus
800:A. maximus
784:A. maximus
760:A. maximus
747:A. maximus
617:A. maximus
547:Grandidier
526:Grandidier
498:Grandidier
476:Grandidier
450:Burckhardt
430:A. maximus
422:A. maximus
418:A. maximus
404:as valid:
382:A. maximus
374:Madagascar
332:A. maximus
324:Madagascar
299:A. maximus
292:Burckhardt
43:Quaternary
3235:Aepyornis
3205:Aepyornis
3045:Casuarius
2990:Aepyornis
2924:Tinamotis
2917:Taoniscus
2846:Tinaminae
2799:Tinamidae
2698:Protorhea
2502:Urmiornis
2440:Eogruidae
2418:Palaeotis
2340:Remiornis
2293:Lithornis
2279:Calciavis
2255:Limenavis
2115:Theropoda
2100:Theropoda
2043:Kingdom:
1573:0272-4634
1516:1744-957X
1477:0024-4066
1314:206555952
1098:2041-1723
1023:Footnotes
988:subfossil
965:Aepyornis
923:) from a
910:dinosaurs
887:Aepyornis
870:Aepyornis
849:Aepyornis
844:Aepyornis
812:Aepyornis
796:nocturnal
780:endocasts
728:Aepyornis
699:The skull
665:Aepyornis
633:ostriches
627:Like the
623:Evolution
576:A. ingens
414:A. medius
402:Aepyornis
368:formerly
361:Aepyornis
243:Aepyornis
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
36:Aepyornis
3220:Q2638301
3214:Wikidata
3180:Category
3143:Namornis
3062:Emuarius
3052:Dromaius
2889:Eudromia
2736:Dinornis
2688:Hinasuri
2543:Struthio
2457:Sonogrus
2394:Paragrus
2051:Chordata
2049:Phylum:
2045:Animalia
1816:23 April
1810:Archived
1806:BBC News
1766:11217857
1689:26 March
1683:Archived
1534:35414222
1431:30381378
1306:24855267
1228:30839722
1116:36854679
1005:See also
995:modestus
951:Malagasy
907:theropod
901:Size of
827:, while
745:than in
719:in Paris
669:gigantic
605:modestus
396:Taxonomy
340:Synonyms
330:(b) and
280:Species
196:Chordata
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
3288:1204040
3262:4844154
3244:Avibase
2957:Apteryx
2903:Nothura
2869:Tinamus
2754:Emeidae
2666:Rheidae
2055:Class:
1955:9549088
1774:4430050
1746:Bibcode
1525:9006009
1422:6235046
1276:Bibcode
1268:Science
1219:6170582
1198:Bibcode
1107:9974994
1076:Bibcode
949:is the
876:, Paris
853:amniote
833:browser
819:grazing
774:Ecology
673:in situ
663:arose,
661:lineage
655:had no
571:Vorombe
511:Hilaire
461:Monnier
370:endemic
349:Vorombe
322:Map of
235:Genus:
222:Order:
202:Class:
148:Extinct
109:↓
3314:463546
3301:748141
3275:570882
3110:Ootaxa
2450:Eogrus
2028:genera
1953:
1916:
1897:Sylvia
1884:
1865:
1846:
1789:
1772:
1764:
1738:Nature
1571:
1532:
1522:
1514:
1475:
1429:
1419:
1372:
1335:
1312:
1304:
1226:
1216:
1162:
1114:
1104:
1096:
872:eggs,
649:ratite
587:Rowley
549:, 1866
545:&
528:, 1894
524:&
513:, 1851
500:, 1894
496:&
478:, 1894
474:&
463:, 1913
452:, 1893
251:, 1851
3327:39293
3283:IRMNG
2770:Emeus
1770:S2CID
1381:2 May
1310:S2CID
1264:(PDF)
806:than
645:kiwis
637:rheas
580:titan
3296:NCBI
3257:GBIF
2705:Rhea
2140:see
2113:see
2086:see
2057:Aves
1951:PMID
1914:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1818:2010
1787:ISBN
1762:PMID
1712:2010
1691:2009
1569:ISSN
1530:PMID
1512:ISSN
1473:ISSN
1427:PMID
1383:2023
1370:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1302:PMID
1224:PMID
1160:ISBN
1112:PMID
1094:ISSN
997:and
786:and
657:keel
643:and
428:and
416:and
386:kiwi
305:1851
294:1893
274:1851
206:Aves
48:PreꞒ
1984:doi
1941:doi
1754:doi
1742:409
1561:doi
1520:PMC
1504:doi
1463:doi
1459:130
1417:PMC
1409:doi
1405:285
1362:doi
1292:hdl
1284:doi
1272:344
1214:PMC
1206:doi
1102:PMC
1084:doi
641:emu
372:to
3346::
3324::
3311::
3298::
3285::
3272::
3259::
3246::
3231::
3216::
1980:37
1978:.
1949:.
1937:15
1935:.
1931:.
1901:39
1899:.
1808:.
1804:.
1768:.
1760:.
1752:.
1740:.
1727:.
1723:.
1677:.
1581:^
1567:.
1557:27
1555:.
1551:.
1528:.
1518:.
1510:.
1500:18
1498:.
1494:.
1471:.
1457:.
1453:.
1439:^
1425:.
1415:.
1403:.
1399:.
1368:,
1356:,
1308:.
1300:.
1290:.
1282:.
1270:.
1266:.
1222:.
1212:.
1204:.
1192:.
1186:.
1174:^
1110:.
1100:.
1092:.
1082:.
1072:14
1070:.
1066:.
1045:^
1031:^
971:.
940:c.
933:c.
929:BP
639:,
635:,
631:,
582:.
412:,
408:,
390:AD
98:Pg
3058:†
3027:?
3020:†
2978:†
2963:†
2831:†
2821:†
2811:†
2720:†
2694:†
2684:†
2674:†
2650:?
2635:†
2538:?
2531:†
2521:†
2473:?
2468:†
2442:?
2437:†
2428:?
2410:?
2405:†
2375:?
2357:?
2352:†
2343:?
2336:†
2267:†
2258:?
2251:†
2247:?
2240:†
2236:?
2229:†
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1990:.
1986::
1957:.
1943::
1922:.
1890:.
1871:.
1852:.
1820:.
1795:.
1776:.
1756::
1748::
1729:7
1714:.
1693:.
1640:.
1626:.
1612:.
1575:.
1563::
1536:.
1506::
1479:.
1465::
1433:.
1411::
1364::
1341:.
1316:.
1294::
1286::
1278::
1230:.
1208::
1200::
1194:5
1168:.
1132:.
1118:.
1086::
1078::
931:(
532:?
488:?
482:?
436:?
432:.
239:†
226:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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