1184:
1168:
1208:
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377:, a French governor of Madagascar during the 1640s and 1650s, mentioned an ostrich-like bird, said to inhabit unpopulated regions, although it is unclear whether he was repeating folk tales from generations earlier. In 1659, Flacourt wrote of the "vouropatra – a large bird which haunts the Ampatres and lays eggs like the ostriches; so that the people of these places may not take it, it seeks the most lonely places." There has been speculation, especially popular in the latter half of the 19th century, that the legendary
1309:
143:
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1155: in) thick, with a weight of about 0.86 kilograms (1.9 lb). The large size of elephant bird eggs means that they would have required substantial amounts of calcium, which is usually taken from a reservoir in the medullary bone in the femurs of female birds. Possible remnants of this tissue have been described from the femurs of
1286:, with the environmental change likely being induced by the use of fire. This reduction of forested area may have had cascade effects, like making elephant birds more likely to be encountered by hunters, though there is little evidence of human hunting of elephant birds. Humans may have utilized elephant bird eggs. Introduced diseases (
921:
Elephant birds were large sized birds (the largest reaching 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall in normal standing posture) that had vestigial wings, long legs and necks, with small heads relative to body size, which bore straight, thick conical beaks that were not hooked. The tops of elephant bird skulls
1274:
Several elephant bird bones with incisions have been dated to approximately 10,000 BC which some authors suggest are cut marks, which have been proposed as evidence of a long history of coexistence between elephant birds and humans; however, these conclusions conflict with more commonly accepted
1834:
Grealy, Alicia; Miller, Gifford H.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Clarke, Simon J.; Fogel, Marilyn; Patalwala, Diana; Rigby, Paul; Hubbard, Alysia; Demarchi, Beatrice; Collins, Matthew; Mackie, Meaghan; Sakalauskaite, Jorune; Stiller, Josefin; Clarke, Julia A.; Legendre, Lucas J. (28 February 2023).
1111:
is known from an intact egg, around 80–90% of the way through incubation before it died. This skeleton shows that even at this early ontogenetic stage that the skeleton was robust, much more so than comparable hatchling ostriches or rheas, which may suggest that hatchlings were
1183:
1584:
Grealy, Alicia; Phillips, Matthew; Miller, Gifford; et al. (April 2017). "Eggshell palaeogenomics: Palaeognath evolutionary history revealed through ancient nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from
Madagascan elephant bird (Aepyornis sp.) eggshell".
1282:), based on the timing of the latest radiocarbon dates. The timing of the youngest radiocarbon dates co-incided with major environmental alteration across Madagascar by humans changing forest into grassland, probably for cattle
1167:
1744:
Samonds, Karen E.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Irwin, Mitchell T.; et al. (12 December 2009). "Eotheroides lambondrano, new middle Eocene seacow (Mammalia, Sirenia) from the
Mahajanga Basin, northwestern Madagascar".
2987:
388:
Between 1830 and 1840, European travelers in
Madagascar saw giant eggs and eggshells. British observers were more willing to believe the accounts of giant birds and eggs because they knew of the
1127:, and have a volume of around 5.6–13 litres (12–27 US pt), a length of approximately 26–40 centimetres (10–16 in) and a width of 19–25 centimetres (7.5–9.8 in). The largest
1275:
evidence of a much shorter history of human presence on the island and remain controversial. The oldest securely dated evidence for humans on
Madagascar dates to the mid-first millennium AD.
2653:
Cooper, A.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Anderson, S.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Ward, R. (8 February 2001). "Complete
Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Extinct Moas Clarify Ratite Evolution".
1290:) have been proposed as a cause of extinction, but the plausibility for this is weakened due to the evidence of centuries of overlap between humans and elephant birds on Madagascar.
1230:
It is widely believed that the extinction of elephant birds was a result of human activity. The birds were initially widespread, occurring from the northern to the southern tip of
408:, based on bones and eggs recently obtained from the island, which resulted in wide coverage in the popular presses of the time, particularly due to their very large eggs.
4385:
1207:
2776:
Goodman, S. M.; Rakotozafy, L. M. A. (1997). "Subfossil birds from coastal sites in western and southwestern
Madagascar". In Goodman, S. M.; Patterson, B. D. (eds.).
4395:
4298:
2853:
MacPhee, R. D. E.; Marx, P. A. (1997). "The 40,000 year plague: humans, hyperdisease, and first-contact extinctions". In
Goodman, S. M.; Patterson, B. D. (eds.).
2814:
Hay, W. W.; DeConto, R. M.; Wold, C. N.; Wilson, K. M.; Voigt, S. (1999). "Alternative global
Cretaceous paleogeography". In Barrera, E.; Johnson, C. C. (eds.).
4311:
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321:. They are thought to have become extinct around 1000 AD, likely as a result of human activity. Elephant birds comprised three species, one in the genus
3597:
534:, though the split between the two groups is deep, with the two lineages being estimated to have diverged from each other around 54 million years ago.
2938:
Yoder, Anne D.; Nowak, Michael D. (2006). "Has
Vicariance or Dispersal Been the Predominant Biogeographic Force in Madagascar? Only Time Will Tell".
1278:
A 2021 study suggested that elephant birds, along with the
Malagasy hippopotamus species, became extinct in the interval 800-1050 AD (1150–900 years
4272:
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is the smallest of the elephant birds, with a body mass of around 80 kilograms (180 lb), with its skeleton much less robustly built than
2893:
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2031:
1950:
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span from around 275 kilograms (606 lb) to 700–1,000 kilograms (1,500–2,200 lb) making it one of the largest birds ever, alongside
2049:"Sexual dimorphism in the late Miocene mihirung Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) from the Alcoota Local Fauna of central Australia"
430:
an extinct giant bird known from the Pleistocene of Australia. It is hypothesized that the eggs floated from Madagascar to Australia on the
2588:
1293:
In March 2010, DNA was extracted from a 19,000-year-old elephant bird eggshell, but the DNA may be too old or degraded to use in a future
2159:"Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions"
1013:, suggesting that the former occupied forested habitats where the sense of smell is more useful while the latter occupied open habitats.
1687:"New view on the organization and evolution of Palaeognathae mitogenomes poses the question on the ancestral gene rearrangement in Aves"
753:. Madagascar has a notoriously poor Cenozoic terrestrial fossil record, with essentially no fossils between the end of the Cretaceous (
530:
More recently, it has been deduced from DNA sequence comparisons that the closest living relatives of elephant birds are New Zealand
2576:
Presenter: David Attenborough; Director: Sally Thomson; Producer: Sally Thomson; Executive Producer: Michael Gunton (2 March 2011).
2372:
Hansford, J.; Wright, P. C.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Pérez, V. R.; Godfrey, L. R.; Errickson, D.; Thompson, T.; Turvey, S. T. (2018).
1322:
1189:
Elephant bird egg (far left, 1) in comparison to other eggs, including ostrich egg (centre, 3) and chicken egg (third from right, 6)
2609:
2104:"A giant early Pleistocene bird from eastern Europe: unexpected component of terrestrial faunas at the time of early Homo arrival"
1054:), may have been adapted for passage through ratite guts, and the fruit of some palm species are indeed dark bluish-purple (e.g.,
2971:
2864:
Warhafftige ... so wol Historische als Chorographische Beschreibung der ... Insul Madagascar, sonsten S. Laurentii genandt (etc.)
781:
have been described, but the validity of many have been disputed, with numerous authors treating them all in just one species,
2317:
1514:
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Elephant birds are suggested to have grown in periodic spurts rather than having continuous growth. An embryonic skeleton of
846:
405:
251:
142:
2982:
2481:"Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation"
2102:
Zelenkov, Nikita V.; Lavrov, Alexander V.; Startsev, Dmitry B.; Vislobokova, Innessa A.; Lopatin, Alexey V. (4 March 2019).
4390:
431:
2871:
Mlíkovsky, J. (2003). "Eggs of extinct aepyornithids (Aves: Aepyornithidae) of Madagascar: size and taxonomic identity".
1903:
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Clarke, Simon J.; Miller, Gifford H.; Fogel, Marilyn L.; Chivas, Allan R.; Murray-Wallace, Colin V. (September 2006).
2318:"Osteological description of an embryonic skeleton of the extinct elephant bird, Aepyornis (Palaeognathae: Ratitae)"
4316:
2279:"The amino acid and stable isotope biogeochemistry of elephant bird (Aepyornis) eggshells from southern Madagascar"
1028:
record in Madagascar, it is not known for certain if there were species adapted to dense forest dwelling, like the
890:
should be placed in separate families within the Aepyornithiformes, with the latter placed into Mullerornithidae.
1246:
946:
401:
1983:"Bone histology yields insights into the biology of the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) from Madagascar"
934:
is thought to have had a body mass of around 230–285 kilograms (507–628 lb). Estimates of the body mass of
4400:
3090:
757:) and the Late Pleistocene. Complete mitochondrial genomes obtained from elephant birds eggshells suggest that
2905:"Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ratite Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes"
1066:), just like many cassowary-dispersed fruits. A 2022 isotope analysis study suggested that some specimens of
4365:
2333:
2834:
4199:
3005:
1333:
1234:. The late Holocene also witnessed the extinction of other Malagasy animals, including several species of
374:
4251:
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straightened its legs and brought its torso into an erect position in order to browse higher vegetation.
4370:
4337:
4182:
1240:
1235:
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display punctuated marks, which may have been attachment sites for fleshy structures or head feathers.
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463:
362:
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1930:
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All elephant birds are usually placed in the single family Aepyornithidae, but some authors suggest
4237:
4094:
3483:
3410:
1327:
1314:
1074:
986:
754:
749:. Gondwana broke apart in the Cretaceous and their phylogenetic tree does not match the process of
518:
510:
4159:
4124:
3837:
3382:
1419:"Early illustrations of Aepyornis eggs (1851–1887): from popular science to Marco Polo's roc bird"
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2686:
2508:
2480:
2461:
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2278:
2139:
2084:
1778:
1563:
1515:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
1446:
1050:
940:
337:
is possibly the largest bird to have ever lived, with their eggs being the largest known for any
137:
4152:
3817:
3490:
2592:
2217:"Dietary isotopes of Madagascar's extinct megafauna reveal Holocene browsing and grazing guilds"
1982:
1141: in) thick, with an estimated weight of approximately 10.5 kilograms (23 lb). Eggs of
4342:
3700:
3504:
989:, similar to those of their closest living relatives, the kiwis, and consistent with a similar
4324:
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2004:
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245:
128:
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2047:
Handley, Warren D.; Chinsamy, Anusuya; Yates, Adam M.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2 September 2016).
4329:
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arose, elephant birds has been thought to have dispersed and become flightless and gigantic
307:
470:
3657:
3473:
3389:
3309:
3075:
2992:
2921:
2904:
2479:
Hansford, James P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Weston, Eleanor M.; Turvey, Samuel T. (July 2021).
2374:"Early Holocene human presence in Madagascar evidenced by exploitation of avian megafauna"
766:
378:
311:
2666:
2496:
2392:
2294:
2119:
2064:
1981:
Chinsamy, Anusuya; Angst, Delphine; Canoville, Aurore; Göhlich, Ursula B (1 June 2020).
1852:
1837:"Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird"
1758:
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1434:
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3272:
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1942:
1879:
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789:. Recent work has restricted the number of elephant bird species to three, with two in
698:
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3919:
3827:
3537:
3515:
3302:
3214:
3201:
3156:
3028:
2556:
2512:
2465:
2143:
1567:
1450:
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736:
731:
The ancestors of elephant birds are thought to have arrived in Madagascar well after
557:
225:
194:
70:
2966:
2700:
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. 8: Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins
2504:
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2088:
1782:
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3357:
2690:
1255:
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are suggested to have been larger than the males, as is observed in other ratites.
544:
342:
234:
207:
2795:
Hawkins, A. F. A.; Goodman, S. M. (2003). Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P. (eds.).
2449:
2127:
2072:
458:
2434:"Settling Madagascar: When Did People First Colonize the World's Largest Island?"
1999:
17:
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998:
858:
654:
531:
498:
486:
443:
350:
323:
281:
119:
45:
1861:
1703:
1685:
Urantówka, Adam Dawid; Kroczak, Aleksandra; Mackiewicz, Paweł (December 2020).
4112:
3969:
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3680:
3628:
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1304:
1231:
1037:
1022:
962:
746:
741:
382:
354:
318:
90:
55:
4222:
2635:"Catalogue of Fossil Birds Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)"
2457:
2341:
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2135:
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2008:
1870:
1774:
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2760:
1541:
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603:
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447:
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eggs that washed ashore on Western Australia but may have originated in the
329:
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154:
95:
2682:
2634:
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2400:
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2232:
2192:
2174:
1888:
1730:
1671:
1614:
1559:
2930:
2698:
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Elephant birds". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
1645:
353:(found only in New Zealand), suggesting that ratites did not diversify by
4216:
4064:
4054:
3891:
3765:
3738:
3690:
3053:
1766:
1044:, such as that of the currently undispersed and highly threatened forest
1041:
974:
914:
911:
732:
358:
174:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
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were also reduced, but to a lesser degree, suggestive of a nocturnal or
745:
further supports the view that ratites did not diversify in response to
4277:
3905:
3871:
3801:
3756:
3668:
3545:
1124:
1045:
898:
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291:
100:
75:
4290:
1550:
1513:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; et al. (23 May 2014).
365:
flightlessness from ancestors that dispersed more recently by flying.
3047:
2997:
2674:
1630:"Effect of Different Types of Sequence Data on Palaeognath Phylogeny"
1040:
today. However, some rainforest fruits with thick, highly sculptured
1025:
514:
346:
164:
4193:
2702:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 103–104.
2780:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 257–279.
2988:
Fossilised egg gives clue to fate of ancient birds The Independent
2857:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 169–217.
2761:"Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar:
2591:. Zwaag, Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Archived from
961:
897:
469:
457:
373:
Elephant birds have been extinct since at least the 17th century.
2903:
van Tuinen, Marcel; Sibley, Charles G.; Hedges, S. Blair (1998).
2886:
In search of the Red Slave: Shipwreck and Captivity in Madagascar
1177:(top left) chicken (bottom left) moa (right) and ostrich (centre)
4264:
3059:
1267:
873:(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1869) Hansford & Turvey 2018
765:
are significantly genetically divergent from each other, with a
184:
4197:
4110:
3614:
3199:
3040:
3001:
1464:
Long, J. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Hirsch, K.; et al. (1998).
3725:
502:
494:
415:, one in the 1930s (the Scott River egg) and one in 1992 (the
389:
385:
was ultimately based on elephant birds, but this is disputed.
2818:. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 1–47.
505:, elephant birds were ratites; they could not fly, and their
411:
Two whole eggs have been found in dune deposits in southern
1466:"The Cervantes egg: an early Malagasy tourist to Australia"
906:(center, in purple) compared to a human, a common ostrich (
769:
analysis estimating the split around 27 million years ago.
2765:(Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba"
537:
Placement of Elephant birds within Palaeognathae, after:
400:
were scientifically described in a paper presented to the
2642:
Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences
2610:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Aepyornis"
1077:
component to their diets, similar to that of the living
2589:"The Taxonomicon : Taxon: Order Aepyornithiformes"
2334:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1:ODOAES]2.0.CO;2
2163:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1628:
Takezaki, Naoko (1 June 2023). Holland, Barbara (ed.).
434:. Evidence supporting this is the finding of two fresh
2527:"Extinct elephant bird of Madagascar could live again"
2648:(4). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida: 179–293.
1145:
were much smaller, estimated to be only 1.1 mm (
910:
second from right, in maroon), and several non-avian
345:(whose flightless representatives are often known as
4060:
4022:
3980:
3965:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3722:
3696:
3686:
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3637:
3533:
3523:
3470:
3439:
3407:
3354:
3338:
3269:
3253:
3242:
3231:
2940:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2316:
Balanoff, Amy M.; Rowe, Timothy (12 December 2007).
2215:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (April 2022).
670:
619:
287:
277:
267:
241:
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4037:
4009:
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3353:
3323:
3268:
3212:
3155:
3128:
3101:
3074:
2993:
Giant egg from extinct elephant bird up for auction
2799:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1026–1029.
2769:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
2721:. Kew, Victoria, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens.
2737:
2816:Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean Climate System
2736:Flacourt, Etienne de.; Allibert, Claude (2007).
1935:Palaeobiology of Extinct Giant Flightless Birds
2888:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
2579:BBC-2 Presents: Attenborough and the Giant Egg
735:broke apart. The existence of possible flying
3013:
2855:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
2778:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
2438:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
2362:Hawkins, A. F. A. & Goodman, S. M. (2003)
785:. Up to three species have been described in
8:
2026:. London: A & C Black. pp. 19–21.
1794:
1792:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1073:were mixed feeders that had a large (~48%)
4194:
4107:
4015:
3946:
3806:
3730:
3633:
3624:
3611:
3560:
3331:
3224:
3220:
3209:
3196:
3134:
3107:
3080:
3071:
3037:
3020:
3006:
2998:
1902:Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012).
349:), and their closest living relatives are
118:
31:
2920:
2884:Pearson, Mike Parker; Godden, K. (2002).
2408:
2248:
2182:
1998:
1987:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1929:Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric (2017),
1878:
1860:
1720:
1702:
1661:
1549:
1201:Well preserved egg showing porous surface
4386:Species made extinct by human activities
2952:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110239
2717:Dransfield, John; Beentje, Henk (1995).
1470:Records of the Western Australian Museum
2740:Histoire de la grande île de Madagascar
2205:Dransfield, J. & Beentje, H. (1995)
1345:
1163:
4396:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
2979:excavations of elephant bird eggshells
1494:Yoder, A. D. & Nowak, M. D. (2006)
1368:. chez Alexandre Lesselin. p. 165
839:(Possibly divided into two subspecies)
2922:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025933
2272:
2270:
2268:
2157:Torres, C. R.; Clarke, J. A. (2018).
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1587:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1365:Histoire de la grande isle Madagascar
7:
2608:Brands(a), Sheila (14 August 2008).
1579:
1577:
1417:Buffetaut, Eric (6 September 2019).
1412:
1410:
777:Up to 10 or 11 species in the genus
1435:10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a12
647:
596:
573:
550:
540:
419:egg); both have been identified as
2744:(in French). Paris, FR: Karthala.
2432:Mitchell, Peter (1 October 2020).
2322:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2108:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2053:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1943:10.1016/b978-1-78548-136-9.50003-9
1747:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
864:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 189
392:in New Zealand. In 1851 the genus
317:that were native to the island of
25:
4376:Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
2797:The Natural History of Madagascar
2022:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
1323:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1238:, two species of giant tortoise (
1131:eggs are on average 3.3 mm (
4178:
4177:
4093:
4087:
3596:
2839:Avibase, the World Bird Database
1908:. T&AD Poyser. p. 544.
1307:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1166:
141:
2909:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2505:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996
2303:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.001
1123:are the largest known for any
993:lifestyle. The optic lobes of
406:Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
1:
4381:Pleistocene first appearances
2450:10.1080/15564894.2019.1582567
2128:10.1080/02724634.2019.1605521
2073:10.1080/02724634.2016.1180298
1095:. It has been suggested that
432:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1937:, Elsevier, pp. 65–94,
1634:Genome Biology and Evolution
1503:van Tuinen, M. et al. (1998)
1362:Etienne de Flacourt (1658).
517:separated before the ratite
2759:Goodman, Steven M. (1994).
1607:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.01.005
1258:, the aardvark-like animal
1083:, while the other species (
818:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1850
4417:
2587:Brands, Sheila J. (1989).
2485:Quaternary Science Reviews
2283:Quaternary Science Reviews
2000:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa013
1862:10.1038/s41467-023-36405-3
1807:Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
1704:10.1186/s12864-020-07284-5
1254:, over a dozen species of
917:. Grid spacings are 1.0 m.
825:Hansford & Turvey 2018
4173:
4119:
4106:
4084:
4018:
3809:
3733:
3623:
3610:
3593:
3559:
3334:
3227:
3223:
3208:
3195:
3137:
3110:
3083:
3070:
3036:
2633:Brodkorb, Pierce (1963).
1247:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
947:Pachystruthio dmanisensis
696:
668:
652:
645:
617:
601:
594:
578:
571:
555:
548:
513:. Because Madagascar and
454:Taxonomy and biogeography
402:Paris Academy of Sciences
264:
259:
240:
233:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
34:
2614:Project: The Taxonomicon
1399:. For Your Information.
1297:project of the species.
2977:University of Sheffield
2833:LePage, Dennis (2008).
2719:The Palms of Madagascar
2557:"One minute world news"
1798:Brodkorb, Pierce (1963)
1542:10.1126/science.1251981
1103:Growth and reproduction
802:Order Aepyornithiformes
739:in the Miocene such as
2401:10.1126/sciadv.aat6925
2233:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0094
2175:10.1098/rspb.2018.1540
1401:Galaxy Science Fiction
1334:Horton Hatches the Egg
1005:had relatively larger
970:
918:
831:Aepyornis hildebrandti
478:
467:
446:found floating in the
357:during the breakup of
27:Extinct order of birds
4338:Paleobiology Database
2972:Fossil Aepyornithidae
1841:Nature Communications
1397:"Scherazade's Island"
1241:Aldabrachelys abrupta
1236:Malagasy hippopotamus
1063:Satranala decussilvae
973:Examination of brain
965:
901:
473:
461:
381:from the accounts of
341:. Elephant birds are
4391:Holocene extinctions
2862:Megiser, H. (1623).
2289:(17–18): 2343–2356.
1767:10.1671/039.029.0417
1089:Mullerornis modestus
1021:Because there is no
985:had greatly reduced
977:has shown that both
870:Mullerornis modestus
464:Mullerornis modestus
450:in the early 1990s.
363:convergently evolved
2667:2001Natur.409..704C
2497:2021QSRv..26306996H
2393:2018SciA....4.6925H
2295:2006QSRv...25.2343C
2120:2019JVPal..39E5521Z
2065:2016JVPal..36E0298H
1931:"Aepyornithiformes"
1853:2023NatCo..14..914G
1759:2009JVPal..29.1233S
1646:10.1093/gbe/evad092
1599:2017MolPE.109..151G
1534:2014Sci...344..898M
1328:Holocene extinction
1315:Paleontology portal
755:Maevarano Formation
375:Étienne de Flacourt
2169:(1890): 20181540.
1265:and the crocodile
1051:Voanioala gerardii
971:
941:Dromornis stirtoni
919:
479:
468:
4353:
4352:
4325:Open Tree of Life
4200:Taxon identifiers
4191:
4190:
4169:
4168:
4102:
4101:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
3936:
3935:
3796:
3795:
3717:
3716:
3641:Opisthodactylidae
3617:Notopalaeognathae
3606:
3605:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3565:Notopalaeognathae
3555:
3554:
3319:
3318:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
2895:978-0-7509-2938-7
2825:978-0-8137-2332-7
2806:978-0-226-30307-9
2787:978-1-56098-683-6
2751:978-2-84586-582-2
2728:978-0-947643-82-9
2709:978-0-7876-5784-0
2661:(6821): 704–707.
2033:978-1-4081-5725-1
1952:978-1-78548-136-9
1915:978-1-4081-5861-6
1528:(6186): 898–900.
1423:Anthropozoologica
1403:. pp. 45–55.
1352:Brands, S. (2008)
936:Aepyornis maximus
908:Struthio camelus,
904:Aepyornis maximus
874:
865:
850:
843:Aepyornis maximus
838:
826:
819:
806:
751:continental drift
728:
727:
719:
718:
710:
709:
701:(emu, cassowary)
685:
684:
676:(elephant birds)
674:Aepyornithiformes
634:
633:
475:Aepyornis maximus
440:Kerguelen Islands
426:Genyornis newtoni
421:Aepyornis maximus
413:Western Australia
335:Aepyornis maximus
315:Aepyornithiformes
310:belonging to the
301:
300:
246:Aepyornis maximus
229:
221:Aepyornithiformes
132:skeleton and egg
129:Aepyornis maximus
18:Aepyornithiformes
16:(Redirected from
4408:
4346:
4345:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4195:
4181:
4180:
4132:Incognitoolithus
4108:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4062:
4024:
4016:
3982:
3967:
3947:
3835:
3825:
3815:
3807:
3731:
3726:Dinornithiformes
3724:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3639:
3634:
3625:
3612:
3601:
3600:
3561:
3535:
3525:
3472:
3441:
3409:
3356:
3340:
3332:
3326:Struthioniformes
3271:
3255:
3244:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3197:
3135:
3108:
3081:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3038:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2955:
2934:
2924:
2899:
2880:
2867:
2866:. Leipzig: Groß.
2858:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2835:"Aepyornithidae"
2829:
2810:
2791:
2772:
2755:
2743:
2732:
2713:
2694:
2675:10.1038/35055536
2649:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2616:. Archived from
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:on 21 April 2008
2583:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2381:Science Advances
2378:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1864:
1831:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1753:(4): 1233–1243.
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1261:Plesiorycteropus
1217:standing upright
1210:
1198:
1186:
1170:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1091:) were probably
1057:Ravenea louvelii
872:
863:
845:
833:
824:
817:
804:
672:
648:
623:Dinornithiformes
621:
597:
574:
551:
541:
308:flightless birds
289:
279:
269:
243:
224:
219:
146:
145:
122:
112:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4401:Roc (mythology)
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4250:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4165:
4115:
4098:
4086:
4070:
4033:
4005:
3975:
3932:
3877:
3843:
3792:
3751:
3713:
3663:
3658:Opisthodactylus
3619:
3602:
3595:
3579:
3551:
3510:
3474:Ergilornithidae
3465:
3434:
3428:Galligeranoides
3402:
3390:Palaeophasianus
3375:Galligeranoides
3349:
3328:
3315:
3310:Pseudocrypturus
3264:
3217:
3204:
3171:
3151:
3124:
3097:
3091:Avemetatarsalia
3076:Avemetatarsalia
3066:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3026:
2983:Vorompatra info
2963:
2958:
2937:
2902:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2813:
2807:
2794:
2788:
2775:
2771:(107): 421–428.
2758:
2752:
2735:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2652:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2620:on 3 March 2009
2607:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:. BBC. BBC Two.
2575:
2566:
2564:
2563:. 25 March 2009
2555:
2551:
2549:Further reading
2546:
2536:
2534:
2533:. 10 March 2010
2525:
2524:
2520:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2387:(9): eaat6925.
2376:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2227:(4): 20220094.
2221:Biology Letters
2214:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2114:(2): e1605521.
2101:
2100:
2096:
2059:(5): e1180298.
2046:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1833:
1832:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1476:(Part 1): 39–46
1463:
1462:
1458:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1395:(August 1966).
1391:
1390:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1105:
1019:
1011:A. hildebrandti
1007:olfactory bulbs
983:A. hildebrandti
960:
932:A. hildebrandti
896:
775:
767:molecular clock
729:
720:
711:
686:
635:
456:
371:
255:
249:
223:
217:
140:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4414:
4412:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:Elephant birds
4358:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4308:
4295:
4282:
4269:
4256:
4243:
4238:Aepyornithidae
4228:
4212:
4210:
4208:Aepyornithidae
4204:
4203:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4013:
4011:Casuariiformes
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3986:
3984:Aepyornithidae
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3643:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3531:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3498:Sinoergilornis
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3273:Lithornithidae
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3240:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2961:External links
2959:
2957:
2956:
2935:
2915:(4): 370–376.
2900:
2894:
2881:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2811:
2805:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2756:
2750:
2733:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2695:
2650:
2630:
2605:
2584:
2573:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2518:
2471:
2444:(4): 576–595.
2424:
2364:
2355:
2328:(sup4): 1–53.
2308:
2264:
2207:
2198:
2149:
2094:
2039:
2032:
2014:
1993:(2): 268–295.
1964:
1951:
1921:
1914:
1894:
1809:
1800:
1788:
1736:
1677:
1620:
1573:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1456:
1406:
1379:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1302:
1299:
1280:Before Present
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1104:
1101:
1080:Rhea americana
1018:
1015:
959:
956:
895:
892:
880:
879:
878:
877:
876:
875:
853:
852:
851:
840:
774:
771:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
699:Casuariiformes
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
682:
679:
678:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
651:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
628:
627:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
600:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
577:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
554:
549:
547:
539:
455:
452:
370:
367:
304:Elephant birds
299:
298:
297:
296:
285:
275:
262:
261:
257:
256:
250:
238:
237:
231:
230:
215:
211:
210:
205:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
35:Elephant birds
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4413:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:Querandiornis
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:Anomalopteryx
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:Pachystruthio
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3516:Struthionidae
3513:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:Amphipelargus
3481:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:Palaeotididae
3405:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3303:Paracathartes
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:Palaeognathae
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:Palaeognathae
3198:
3194:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3157:Palaeognathae
3154:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Digimorph.org
2965:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:Stephanoaetus
2757:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2532:
2531:The Telegraph
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:Extinct Birds
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:Extinct birds
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1295:de-extinction
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
964:
957:
955:
953:
950:. Females of
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
916:
913:
909:
905:
900:
893:
891:
889:
885:
871:
868:
867:
862:
861:
860:
854:
848:
844:
841:
836:
832:
829:
828:
823:
816:
815:
814:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
737:palaeognathae
734:
724:
723:
715:
714:
706:
705:
702:
700:
694:
693:
690:
689:
681:
680:
677:
675:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
656:
650:
649:
643:
642:
639:
638:
630:
629:
626:
624:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
605:
599:
598:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
582:
576:
575:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
559:
558:Struthionidae
553:
552:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
466:
465:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
331:
327:, and two in
326:
325:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
294:
293:
286:
284:
283:
276:
274:
273:
266:
265:
263:
258:
253:
248:
247:
239:
236:
232:
227:
222:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:Palaeognathae
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
4371:Novaeratitae
4207:
4160:Tsondabornis
4158:
4151:
4144:
4139:Medioolithus
4137:
4130:
4125:Diamantornis
4123:
4063:
4053:
4046:
4025:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3968:
3958:
3942:Novaeratitae
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3870:
3863:
3858:Crypturellus
3856:
3838:Roveretornis
3836:
3826:
3816:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3746:Megalapteryx
3744:
3737:
3706:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3656:
3648:
3544:
3536:
3526:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3458:
3451:
3426:
3419:
3395:
3388:
3383:Geranodornis
3381:
3373:
3368:Eogeranoides
3366:
3358:Geranoididae
3341:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3256:
3245:
3234:
2943:
2939:
2912:
2908:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:
2815:
2796:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2739:
2718:
2699:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:the original
2613:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2578:
2565:. Retrieved
2560:
2537:27 September
2535:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2358:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2286:
2282:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2201:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2023:
2017:
1990:
1986:
1956:, retrieved
1934:
1924:
1904:
1897:
1844:
1840:
1803:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1694:
1691:BMC Genomics
1690:
1680:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1590:
1586:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1469:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1400:
1370:. Retrieved
1364:
1357:
1348:
1332:
1292:
1288:hyperdisease
1277:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1256:giant lemurs
1245:
1239:
1229:
1214:
1174:
1156:
1142:
1128:
1120:
1119:The eggs of
1118:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1071:hildebrandti
1070:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1020:
1010:
1002:
994:
982:
978:
972:
966:
951:
945:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
907:
903:
887:
883:
881:
869:
857:
855:
842:
830:
821:
811:
809:
801:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
776:
762:
758:
740:
730:
697:
673:
669:
653:
618:
602:
579:
560:(ostriches)
556:
545:Paleognathae
536:
529:
522:
507:breast bones
501:and extinct
480:
474:
462:
424:
423:rather than
420:
410:
397:
396:and species
393:
387:
372:
361:but instead
343:palaeognaths
334:
328:
322:
314:
306:are extinct
303:
302:
290:
280:
270:
244:
235:Type species
220:
208:Novaeratitae
201:
191:Infraclass:
127:
29:
4286:iNaturalist
4232:Wikispecies
4039:Casuariidae
4027:Diogenornis
4000:Mullerornis
3951:Apterygidae
3899:Nothoprocta
3865:Nothocercus
3780:Euryapteryx
3650:Diogenornis
3528:Orientornis
3236:Asteriornis
3145:Maniraptora
3130:Maniraptora
3029:Palaeognath
2946:: 405–431.
1593:: 151–163.
1284:pastoralism
1252:giant fossa
1157:A. maximus.
1143:Mullerornis
1001:lifestyle.
999:crepuscular
995:Mullerornis
987:optic lobes
924:Mullerornis
894:Description
888:Mullerornis
859:Mullerornis
805:Newton 1884
795:Mullerornis
787:Mullerornis
763:Mullerornis
655:Apterygidae
477:restoration
444:ostrich egg
324:Mullerornis
282:Mullerornis
4360:Categories
4153:Psammornis
3970:Proapteryx
3913:Rhynchotus
3883:Nothurinae
3818:Miniothura
3787:Pachyornis
3681:Heterorhea
3629:Rheiformes
3574:see below↓
3491:Ergilornis
3289:Fissuravis
3247:Eremopezus
3166:see below↓
2879:: 133–138.
2844:4 February
2624:4 February
2599:21 January
2491:: 106996.
1847:(1): 914.
1697:(1): 874.
1551:2328/35953
1429:(1): 111.
1393:Ley, Willy
1341:References
1232:Madagascar
1226:Extinction
1085:A. maximus
1038:New Guinea
1023:rainforest
1003:A. maximus
979:A. maximus
952:A. maximus
835:Burckhardt
820:(Synonym:
783:A. maximus
747:vicariance
742:Proapteryx
606:(tinamou)
398:A. maximus
383:Marco Polo
355:vicariance
319:Madagascar
41:Quaternary
4048:Casuarius
3993:Aepyornis
3927:Tinamotis
3920:Taoniscus
3849:Tinaminae
3802:Tinamidae
3701:Protorhea
3505:Urmiornis
3443:Eogruidae
3421:Palaeotis
3343:Remiornis
3296:Lithornis
3282:Calciavis
3258:Limenavis
3118:Theropoda
3103:Theropoda
3046:Kingdom:
2513:236313083
2466:195555955
2458:1556-4894
2342:0272-4634
2241:1744-957X
2144:198384367
2136:0272-4634
2081:0272-4634
2009:0024-4066
1871:2041-1723
1775:0272-4634
1713:1471-2164
1654:1759-6653
1568:206555952
1451:203423023
1443:0761-3032
1215:Aepyornis
1175:Aepyornis
1129:Aepyornis
1121:Aepyornis
1114:precocial
1109:Aepyornis
1097:Aepyornis
1068:Aepyornis
1042:endocarps
1034:Australia
1030:cassowary
991:nocturnal
975:endocasts
967:Aepyornis
928:Aepyornis
915:dinosaurs
884:Aepyornis
813:Aepyornis
793:, one in
791:Aepyornis
779:Aepyornis
759:Aepyornis
604:Tinamidae
491:cassowary
481:Like the
448:Timor Sea
442:, and an
417:Cervantes
394:Aepyornis
369:Discovery
330:Aepyornis
272:Aepyornis
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
4217:Wikidata
4183:Category
4146:Namornis
4065:Emuarius
4055:Dromaius
3892:Eudromia
3739:Dinornis
3691:Hinasuri
3546:Struthio
3460:Sonogrus
3397:Paragrus
3054:Chordata
3052:Phylum:
3048:Animalia
2683:11217857
2567:26 March
2561:BBC News
2419:30214938
2350:85920479
2259:35414222
2193:30381378
2089:88784039
1889:36854679
1783:59466434
1731:33287726
1672:37227001
1663:10262969
1615:28089793
1560:24855267
1480:24 April
1301:See also
1250:), the
1173:Eggs of
1093:browsers
912:theropod
902:Size of
733:Gondwana
657:(kiwis)
583:(rheas)
359:Gondwana
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
4278:4844153
4265:4433299
4223:Q214508
3960:Apteryx
3906:Nothura
3872:Tinamus
3757:Emeidae
3669:Rheidae
3058:Class:
2931:9549088
2691:4430050
2663:Bibcode
2493:Bibcode
2410:6135541
2389:Bibcode
2291:Bibcode
2250:9006009
2184:6235046
2116:Bibcode
2061:Bibcode
1880:9974994
1849:Bibcode
1755:Bibcode
1722:7720580
1595:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1522:Science
1213:Egg of
1150:⁄
1136:⁄
1125:amniote
1075:grazing
1046:coconut
958:Biology
847:Hilaire
822:Vorombe
773:Species
581:Rheidae
524:in situ
519:lineage
509:had no
483:ostrich
436:penguin
347:ratites
339:amniote
292:Vorombe
260:Genera
252:Hilaire
214:Order:
181:Class:
107:↓
4330:747911
4317:147492
4304:102305
4291:570755
4252:717924
4113:Ootaxa
3453:Eogrus
3031:genera
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1048:palm (
1026:fossil
856:Genus
849:, 1851
837:, 1893
810:Genus
625:(moa)
515:Africa
254:, 1851
228:, 1884
226:Newton
4343:39292
4299:IRMNG
3773:Emeus
2687:S2CID
2638:(PDF)
2509:S2CID
2462:S2CID
2377:(PDF)
2346:S2CID
2140:S2CID
2085:S2CID
1958:2 May
1779:S2CID
1640:(6).
1564:S2CID
1518:(PDF)
1447:S2CID
1009:than
969:skull
312:order
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4273:GBIF
4247:BOLD
3708:Rhea
3143:see
3116:see
3089:see
3060:Aves
2927:PMID
2890:ISBN
2846:2009
2820:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2679:PMID
2626:2009
2601:2010
2569:2009
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2454:ISSN
2415:PMID
2338:ISSN
2255:PMID
2237:ISSN
2189:PMID
2132:ISSN
2077:ISSN
2028:ISBN
2005:ISSN
1960:2023
1947:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1885:PMID
1867:ISSN
1771:ISSN
1727:PMID
1709:ISSN
1668:PMID
1650:ISSN
1611:PMID
1556:PMID
1482:2014
1439:ISSN
1374:2013
1268:Voay
1244:and
1060:and
1036:and
1017:Diet
981:and
944:and
886:and
761:and
532:kiwi
511:keel
499:kiwi
487:rhea
351:kiwi
185:Aves
46:PreꞒ
4260:EoL
2948:doi
2917:doi
2671:doi
2659:409
2501:doi
2489:263
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2405:PMC
2397:doi
2330:doi
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2245:PMC
2229:doi
2179:PMC
2171:doi
2167:285
2124:doi
2069:doi
1995:doi
1991:130
1939:doi
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