343:. This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of granular sludge in UASB and SBR for the treatment of mixtures of phenolics compounds. The results indicates that anaerobic treatment by UASB and aerobic treatment by SBR can be successfully used for phenol/cresol mixture, representative of major substrates in chemical and petrochemical wastewater and the results shows proper acclimatization period is essential for the degradation of m – cresol and phenol. Moreover, SBR was found as a better alternative than UASB reactor as it is more efficient and higher concentration of m cresols can be successfully degraded.
402:) with pre-treatment and a GSBR with post-treatment proves to be more attractive than the reference activated sludge alternatives (6–16%). A sensitivity analysis shows that the GSBR technology is less sensitive to land price and more sensitive to rain water flow. Because of the high allowable volumetric load the footprint of the GSBR variants is only 25% compared to the references. However, the GSBR with only primary treatment cannot meet the present effluent standards for municipal wastewater, mainly because of exceeding the suspended solids effluent standard caused by washout of not well settleable biomass.
73:
292:(2004) treated malting wastewater which had a high content of particulate organic matter (0.9 g TSS/L). They found that particles with average diameters lower than 25–50 μm were removed at 80% efficiency, whereas particles bigger than 50 μm were only removed at 40% efficiency. These authors observed that the ability of aerobic granular sludge to remove particulate organic matter from the wastewaters was due to both incorporation into the
39:. Aerobic granules are a type of sludge that can self-immobilize flocs and microorganisms into spherical and strong compact structures. The advantages of aerobic granular sludge are excellent settleability, high biomass retention, simultaneous nutrient removal and tolerance to toxicity. Recent studies show that aerobic granular sludge treatment could be a potentially good method to treat high strength wastewaters with nutrients, toxic substances.
420:
436:
428:
373:). In September 2003, a first extensive pilot plant research was executed at STP Ede, the Netherlands with focus on obtaining stable granulation and biological nutrient removal. Following the positive outcome together with six Dutch Water Boards the parties decided to establish a Public-Private Partnership (PPP)- the National Nereda Research Program
134:
81:
391:) developed by EcoEngineering Ltd.. The granules are cultivated on-site in small bioreactors called propagators and fill up only 2 to 3% of the main bioreactor or fermentor (digestor) capacity. This system is being used in a pilot plant with a volume of 2.7 m located in one Hungarian pharmaceutical industry.
334:
Figueroa et al. (2008), treated wastewater from a fish canning industry. Applied OLR were up to 1.72 kg COD/(m·d) with fully organic matter depletion. Ammonia nitrogen was removed via nitrification-denitrification up to 40% when nitrogen loading rates were of 0.18 kg N/(m·d). The formation
276:
Synthetic wastewater was used in most of the works carried out with aerobic granules. These works were mainly focused on the study of granules formation, stability and nutrient removal efficiencies under different operational conditions and their potential use to remove toxic compounds. The potential
414:
Since 2005, RoyalHaskoningDHV has implemented more than 100 full-scale aerobic granular sludge technology systems (Nereda) for the treatment of both industrial and municipal wastewater across 5 continents. One example is STP Epe, The
Netherlands, with a capacity of 59.000 pe and 1,500 m3.h-1, being
152:
short feeding periods must be selected to create feast and famine periods (Beun et al. 1999), characterized by the presence or absence of organic matter in the liquid media, respectively. With this feeding strategy the selection of the appropriate micro-organisms to form granules is achieved. When
93:
Proponents of aerobic granular sludge technology claim "it will play an important role as an innovative technology alternative to the present activated sludge process in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment in the near future" and that it "can be readily established and profitably used in
267:
The HYBACS process has the additional benefit of being a flow-through process, thus avoiding the complexities of SBR systems. It is also readily applied to the upgrading of existing flow-through activated sludge processes, by installing the attached growth reactors upstream of the aeration tank.
536:
Aerobic granular sludge : selected proceedings of the 1st IWA-workshop aerobic granular sludge organised by the
Institute of water quality control and waste management of the technical University of Munich (TUM) in cooperation with the Institute of advanced studies on sustainability of the
186:
Granular activated sludge is also developed in flow-through reactors using the Hybrid
Activated Sludge (HYBACS) process, comprising an attached-growth reactor with short retention time upstream of a suspended growth reactor. The attached bacteria in the first reactor, known as a SMART unit, are
181:
favours the formation of aerobic granules and the physical granule integrity. It was found that aerobic granules could be formed only above a threshold shear force value in terms of superficial upflow air velocity above 1.2 cm/s in a column SBR, and more regular, rounder, and more compact
368:
Since 1999 Royal
HaskoningDHV (former DHV Water), Delft University of technology (TUD), STW (Dutch Foundation for Applied Technology) and STOWA (Dutch Foundation for Applied Water Research) have been cooperating closely on the development of the aerobic granular sludge technology
46:) and applied successfully as a wastewater treatment for high strength wastewater, toxic wastewater and domestic wastewater. Compared with conventional aerobic granular processes for COD removal, current research focuses more on simultaneous nutrient removal, particularly COD,
377:- to mature, further scale-up and implement several full-scale units. As part of this PPP extensive pilot tests have been executed between 2003 and 2010 at multiple sewage treatment plants. Currently more than 20 plants are running or under construction across 3 continents.
346:
López-Palau et al. (2009), treated wastewater from a winery industry. The formation of granules was performed using a synthetic substrate and after 120 days of operation, synthetic media was replaced by real winery wastewater, with a COD loading of 6 kg
807:
Shams Qamar Usmani, Suhail Sabir, Izharul Haq
Farooqui and Anees Ahmad (2008) Biodegradation of Phenols and p-Cresol by Sequential Batch Reactor proc. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2008), scope 10, pp 906–910,
444:
EcoEngineering applied aerobic granulation process in three pharmaceutical industries, Krka d.d. Novo mesto
Slovenia, Lek d.d. Lendava, Slovenia and Gedeon Richter Rt. Dorog, Hungary. Wastewater treatment plants are already running more than five
330:
Usmani et al. (2008) high superficial air velocity, a relatively short settling time of 5–30 min, a high ratio of height to diameter (H/D=20) of the reactor and optimum organic load facilitates the cultivation of regular compact and circular
157:-hydroxybutyrate to be consumed in the famine period, giving an advantage over filamentous organisms. When an anaerobic feeding is applied this factor is enhanced, minimising the importance of short settling time and higher hydrodynamic forces.
874:
Caluwé, M., Dobbeleers, T., D’aes, J., Miele, S., Akkermans, V., Daens, D., Geuens, L., Kiekens, F., Blust, R., Dries, J., 2017. Formation of aerobic granular sludge during the treatment of petrochemical wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 238,
353:
Caluwé "et al." (2017), Compared an aerobic feast/famine strategy and an anaerobic feast, aerobic famine strategy for the formation of aerobic granular sludge during the treatment of industrial petrochemical wastewater. Both strategies were
864:
Dobbeleers, T., Daens, D., Miele, S., D’aes, J., Caluwé, M., Geuens, L., Dries, J., 2017. Performance of aerobic nitrite granules treating an anaerobic pre-treated wastewater originating from the potato industry. Bioresour. Technol. 226,
363:
Aerobic granulation technology for the application in wastewater treatment is widely developed at laboratory scales. The large-scale experience is growing rapidly and multiple institutions are making efforts to improve this technology:
285: : 1500–3000 mg/L; soluble COD: 300–1500 mg/L; total nitrogen: 50–200 mg/L). These authors applied organic and nitrogen loading rates up to 7 g COD/(L·d) and 0.7 g N/(L·d) obtaining removal efficiencies of 80%.
303:
Cassidy and Belia (2005) obtained removal efficiencies for COD and P of 98% and for N and VSS over 97% operating a granular reactor fed with slaughterhouse wastewater (Total COD: 7685 mg/L; soluble COD: 5163 mg/L;
312:
saturation level of 40%, which is the optimal value predicted by Beun et al. (2001) for N removal, and with an anaerobic feeding period which helped to maintain the stability of the granules when the DO concentration was
415:
the first full-scale municipal Nereda in The
Netherlands. Examples of the latest Nereda sewage treatment plants (2012–2013) include Wemmershoek- South Africa, Dinxperlo, Vroomshoop, Garmerwolde – The Netherlands.
94:
activated sludge plants". However, in 2011 it was characterised as "not yet established as a large-scale application ... with limited and unpublished full-scale applications for municipal wastewater treatment."
338:
Farooqi et al. (2008), Wastewaters from fossil fuel refining, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides are the main sources of phenolic compounds. Those with more complex structures are often more toxic than the simple
230:
the aerobic granular sludge process has a higher aeration efficiency due to operation at increased height, while there are neither return sludge or nitrate recycle streams nor mixing and propulsion requirements
238:
The increase in biomass concentration that is possible because of the high settling velocity of the aerobic sludge granules and the absence of a final settler result in a significant reduction in the required
350:
Dobbeleers "et al." (2017), treated wastewater from potato industry. Granulation was successful achieved and simultaneous nitrification/denitrification was possible by short cutting the nitrogen cycle.
384:(SBBGR) with a volume of 3.1m was developed by IRSA (Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Italy). Different studies were carried out in this plant treating sewage at an Italian wastewater treatment plant.
939:
263:
the cost of running a wastewater treatment plant working with aerobic granular sludge can be reduced by at least 20% and space requirements can be reduced by as much as 75% (de Kreuk et al., 2004).
884:
de Bruin L.M.M., de Kreuk M.K., van der Roest H.F.R., Uijterlinde C. and van
Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2004). Aerobic granular sludge technology: and alternative to activated sludge.
102:
The following definition differentiates an aerobic granule from a simple floc with relatively good settling properties and came out of discussions which took place at the
838:
Farooqi I.H., Basheer F. and Ahmad T.(2008). Studies on
Biodegradation of Phenols and m -Cresols by Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and Aerobic Sequential Batch Reactor.
327:-N/L and up to 22 g/L of sodium sulphate), removed a nitrogen loading rate of 1.0 kg-N/m·d with an efficiency of 95% in a system containing autotrophic granules.
710:
320:(2005) treated industrial wastewaters from pharmaceutical industry and observed that the suspended solids in the inlet wastewater were not removed in the reactor.
35:
systems. These systems generally require large surface areas for treatment and biomass separation units due to the generally poor settling properties of the
398:
The feasibility study showed that the aerobic granular sludge technology seems very promising (de Bruin et al., 2004. Based on total annual costs a GSBR (
470:
394:
The Group of
Environmental Engineering and Bioprocesses from the University of Santiago de Compostela is currently operating a 100 L pilot plant reactor.
945:
632:
Beun J.J., Hendriks A., Van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Morgenroth E., Wilderer P.A. and Heijnen J.J. (1999). Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor.
851:
López–Palau S., Dosta J. and Mata-Álvarez J. (2009). Start-up of an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of winery wastewater.
781:
Inizan M., Freval A., Cigana J. and Meinhold J. (2005). Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for industrial wastewater treatment.
335:
of mature aerobic granules occurred after 75 days of operation with 3.4 mm of diameter, SVI of 30 mL/g VSS and density around 60 g VSS/L-granule
932:
Gao D. Liu L. Liang H. Wu W.M. (2010), Aerobic granular sludge: characterization, mechanism of granulation and application to wastewater treatment,
215:
compounds from wastewater. Aerobic granules in an aerobic SBR present several advantages compared to conventional activated sludge process such as:
907:
Giesen A., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Niermans R. (2012) Aerobic granular biomass: the new standard for domestic and industrial wastewater treatment?,
281:
Arrojo et al. (2004) operated two reactors that were fed with industrial wastewater produced in a laboratory for analysis of dairy products (Total
753:
Schwarzenbeck N., Erley R. and Wilderer P.A. (2004). Aerobic granular sludge in an SBR-system treating wastewater rich in particulate matter.
212:
740:
Arrojo B., Mosquera-Corral A., Garrido J.M. and Méndez R. (2004) Aerobic granulation with industrial wastewater in sequencing batch reactors.
813:
696:
de Kreuk, M.K., Bruin L.M.M. and van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2004). Aerobic granular sludge: From idea to pilot plant.. In Wilderer, P.A. (Ed.),
515:
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The use of aerobic granules prepared in laboratory, as a starter culture, before adding in main system, is the base of the technology ARGUS (
1007:
1002:
997:
825:
Figueroa M., Mosquera-Corral A., Campos J. L. and Méndez R. (2008). Treatment of saline wastewater in SBR aerobic granular reactors.
544:
768:
Cassidy D.P. and Belia E. (2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from an abattoir wastewater in a SBR with aerobic granular sludge.
455:
900:
Van der Roest H., de Bruin B., van Dalen R., Uijterlinde C. (2012) Maakt Nereda-installatie Epe hooggespannen verwachtingen waar?,
658:
Tay J.-H., Liu Q.-S. and Liu Y. (2001). The effects of shear force on the formation, structure and metabolism of aerobic granules.
153:
the substrate concentration in the bulk liquid is high, the granule-former organisms can store the organic matter in form of poly-
381:
475:
465:
399:
268:
Upgrading to granular activated sludge process enables the capacity of an existing wastewater treatment plant to be doubled.
616:
de Kreuk M.K., McSwain B.S., Bathe S., Tay S.T.L., Schwarzenbeck and Wilderer P.A. (2005). "Discussion outcomes". Ede. In:
165:
This hydraulic selection pressure on the microbial community allows the retention granular biomass inside the reactor while
110:
Granules making up aerobic granular activated sludge are to be understood as aggregates of microbial origin, which do not
717:
755:
672:
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308:: 1057 mg/L and VSS: 1520 mg/L). To obtain these high removal percentages, they operated the reactor at a
247:
higher biomass concentrations inside the reactor can be achieved, and higher substrate loading rates can be treated.
203:
The development of biomass in the form of aerobic granules is being studied for its application in the removal of
992:
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142:
43:
915:
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Tsuneda S., Ogiwara M., Ejiri Y. and Hirata A. (2006). High-rate nitrification using aerobic granular sludge.
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the SBR system can be adapted to fluctuating conditions with the ability to withstand shock and toxic loadings
562:"Aerobic granular sludge: characterization, mechanism of granulation and application to wastewater treatment"
645:
Qin L. Liu Y. and Tay J-H (2004). Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor
145:(SBR) and without carrier materials. These systems fulfil most of the requirements for their formation as:
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Granules 2004. IWA workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge, Technical University of Munich, 26–28 September 2004
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Nereda: The new Standard for Energy and Cost Effective Industrial and Municipal Wastewater treatment
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liberates soluble readily-degradable COD which promotes the formation of granular activated sludge.
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72:
17:
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Water Sewage & Effluent, Water Management solutions for Africa, Volume 30 no.2, 2010, p50-p53
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480:
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Full-scale municipal sewage Nereda application (4000 m3.d-1) at the Gansbaai STP in South Africa
380:
From the basis of the aerobic granular sludge but using a contention system for the granules, a
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to perform simultaneously different biological processes in the same system (Beun et al. 1999 )
809:
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540:
511:
576:
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Aerobic granulation technology is already successfully applied for treatment of wastewater.
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32:
28:
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In recent years, new technologies have been developed to improve settleability. The use of
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European Academy of sciences and arts (EASA) and the international water association (IWA)
323:
Tsuneda et al. (2006), when treating wastewater from metal-refinery process (1.0–1.5 g NH
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of this technology to treat industrial wastewater is under study, some of the results:
182:
aerobic granules were developed at high hydrodynamic shear forces (Tay et al., 2001 ).
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Formation, Characterization and Mathematical Modeling of the Aerobic Granular Sludge
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exposed to a constant high COD, triggering the expression of high concentrations of
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620:. Water and Environmental Management Series. IWA Publishing. Munich, pp. 165–169.
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Full-scale industrial sewage Nereda application Vika the Netherlands
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118:, and which settle significantly faster than activated sludge flocs
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Commissioning Nereda at wwtp Epe: Wonder granule keeps its promise
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Full-scale municipal sewage Nereda application Epe the Netherlands
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Success at Gansbaai leads to construction of another Nereda plant
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Water Sewage & Effluent (2010) 'Water Nymph' at Gansbaai,
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Gao, Dawen; Liu, Lin; Liang, Hong; Wu, Wei-Min (1 June 2011).
305:
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Aerobic Granules derived from municipal sewage AGS application
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Gansbaai wastewater project incorporates techno innovation
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42:
The aerobic granular sludge usually is cultivated in SBR (
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Presence of aerobic and anoxic zones inside the granules:
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in the EPS layer around the bacteria. The accelerated
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300:population covering the surface of the granules.
914:Zilverentant A., de Bruin B., Giesen A. (2011)
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31:plant is often accomplished using conventional
177:: Evidences show that the application of high
27:The biological treatment of wastewater in the
8:
920:SKIW, Het National Water Symposium, May 2011
382:sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor
471:List of waste water treatment technologies
54:, under pressure conditions, such as high
400:Granular sludge sequencing batch reactors
359:Pilot research in aerobic granular sludge
261:Reduced investment and operational costs:
960:Dutch Investor cleans up water treatment
539:(1st ed.). Londen: IWA publishing.
169:biomass is washed-out. (Qin et al. 2004)
141:Granular sludge biomass is developed in
104:1st IWA-Workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge
529:
527:
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744:, Vol. 38, Nos. 14–15, pp. 3389 – 3399
660:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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785:, Vol. 52, Nos. 10–11, pp. 335–343.
272:Treatment of industrial wastewater
137:SBR Reactor, with aerobic granules
67:aerobic granular sludge technology
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18:Aerobic granular sludge technology
934:Critical reviews in Biotechnology
902:Vakblad H2O, nr.23, 2012, p30-p34
772:, Vol. 39, No. 19, pp. 4817–4823.
759:, Vol. 49, Nos. 11–12, pp. 41–46.
662:, Vol. 57, Nos. 1–2, pp. 227–233.
647:. Biochemical Engineering Journal
569:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
456:Agricultural wastewater treatment
296:matrix and metabolic activity of
636:Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 2283–2290.
888:, Vol. 49, Nos. 11–12, pp. 1–7)
476:Sedimentation (water treatment)
466:Industrial wastewater treatment
389:Aerobic granules upgrade system
711:"Tubli Municipal Sewage Rev 8"
1:
129:Formation of aerobic granules
909:Water21, April 2012, p28-p30
886:Water Science and Technology
853:Water Science and Technology
827:Water Science and Technology
796:Water Science and Technology
783:Water Science and Technology
756:Water Science and Technology
649:, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 47–52.
581:10.3109/07388551.2010.497961
938:Dutch Water Sector (2012),
1024:
1008:Waste treatment technology
1003:Environmental soil science
220:Stability and flexibility:
998:Environmental engineering
972:Royal HaskoningDHV-NEREDA
175:Hydrodynamic shear force
143:sequencing batch reactors
700:(pp. 1–12). London: IWA.
486:Sequencing batch reactor
228:Low energy requirements:
98:Aerobic granular biomass
44:sequencing batch reactor
618:Aerobic Granular Sludge
534:Bathe, Stephan (2005).
245:Good biomass retention:
150:Feast – Famine regime:
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406:Full scale application
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504:Ni, Bing-Jie (2013).
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163:Short settling time:
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855:, 60 (4), 1049–1054.
123:de Kreuk et al. 2005
840:Global Nest Journal
461:Effluent guidelines
979:– Delft University
895:General references
829:, 58 (2), 479–485.
798:, 53 (3), 147–154.
481:Water purification
441:
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236:Reduced footprint:
189:hydrolytic enzymes
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116:hydrodynamic shear
106:in Munich (2004):
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725:. Retrieved
718:the original
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681:. Retrieved
677:the original
673:"Technology"
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600:. Retrieved
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510:. Springer.
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179:shear forces
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109:
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66:
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60:thermophilic
41:
26:
602:11 December
354:successful.
62:condition.
987:Categories
727:2015-09-03
683:2015-09-03
492:References
347:COD/(m·d).
239:footprint.
213:phosphorus
199:Advantages
193:hydrolysis
167:flocculent
48:phosphorus
331:granules.
112:coagulate
875:559–567.
865:211–219.
589:20919817
450:See also
313:limited.
298:protozoa
209:nitrogen
121:—
56:salinity
52:nitrogen
977:TUDELFT
597:6503481
318:et al.
316:Inizan
294:biofilm
290:et al.
89:Context
812:
595:
587:
543:
514:
445:years.
375:(NNOP)
371:Nereda
341:phenol
37:sludge
721:(PDF)
714:(PDF)
593:S2CID
565:(PDF)
810:ISBN
604:2012
585:PMID
541:ISBN
512:ISBN
211:and
50:and
577:doi
306:TKN
283:COD
58:or
989::
918:,
625:^
591:.
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573:31
571:.
567:.
526:^
310:DO
207:,
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686:.
606:.
579::
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369:(
325:4
155:β
20:)
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