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from water sources. Flocculation provides promising results for removing fine particles and treating stormwater runoff from transportation construction projects, but are not used by most state departments of transportation in the U.S. This may be due to regulative restrictions or insufficient guidance for soil sampling requirements in light of changing soil characteristics. States that must achieve a numeric turbidity limit are more inclined to use flocculants, to ensure the appropriate level of treatment.
1648:
289:, flocculation describes clustering of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the individual droplets do not lose their identity. Flocculation is thus the initial step leading to further ageing of the emulsion (droplet coalescence and the ultimate separation of the phases). Flocculation is used in mineral dressing, but can be also used in the design of physical properties of food and pharmaceutical products.
76:
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and flocculation are important processes in fermentation and water treatment with coagulation aimed to destabilize and aggregate particles through chemical interactions between the coagulant and colloids, and flocculation to sediment the destabilized particles by causing their aggregation into floc.
532:
stands out for its exceptional properties, making it a top contender in this environmentally-conscious endeavor. Chitosan is not only biodegradable but also exhibits a unique ability to bind with a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals and organic pollutants, effectively removing them
238:
The process by which the dosage and choice of flocculant are selected is called a jar test. The equipment used for jar testing consists of one or more beakers, each equipped with a paddle mixer. After the addition of flocculants, rapid mixing takes place, followed by slow mixing and later the
365:
can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.
225:
During flocculation, gentle mixing accelerates the rate of particle collision, and the destabilized particles are further aggregated and enmeshed into larger precipitates. Flocculation is affected by several parameters, including mixing shear and intensity, time and
154:
Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized charged particle. Meanwhile, flocculation is a technique that promotes agglomeration and assists in the settling of particles. The most common used coagulant is
119:
in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended, under the form of a stable dispersion (where the internal phase (solid) is dispersed throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation) and are not truly dissolved in
465:
during the production of beer where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top
579:
particles can be dispersed. The additive that prevents the colloids from forming flocs is called a deflocculant. For deflocculation imparted through electrostatic barriers, the efficacy of a deflocculant can be gauged in terms of
82:
81:
78:
77:
83:
53:
Process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed molecules or particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size.
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from the liquid. Flocculation behavior of soil colloids is closely related to freshwater quality. High dispersibility of soil colloids not only directly causes turbidity of the surrounding water but it also induces
716:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (2011).
80:
528:, granular filtration and disinfection. As the demand for eco-friendly solutions in the flocculation process continues to grow, biopolymers are emerging as a highly promising solution. Among these,
480:
is partially determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50-100ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding
339:, flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and the dispersed clay platelets spontaneously form flocs because of attractions between negative face charges and positive edge charges.
1114:
Rivas, Javier; Prazeres, Ana R.; Carvalho, Fatima; Beltrán, Fernando (2010-07-14). "Treatment of Cheese Whey
Wastewater: Combined Coagulation−Flocculation and Aerobic Biodegradation".
896:
Investigation of laws of selective flocculation of coals with synthetic latexes / P. V. Sergeev, V. S. Biletskyy // ICCS’97. 7–12 September 1997, Essen, Germany. V. 1. pp. 503–506.
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a state or condition of a dispersion of a solid in a liquid in which each solid particle remains independent and unassociated with adjacent particles (much like
143:
definition, flocculation is "a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form larger-size clusters". Flocculation is synonymous with
1240:
Lamanna, Leonardo; Giacoia, Gabriele; Friuli, Marco; Leone, Gabriella; Carlucci, Nicola; Russo, Fabrizio; Sannino, Alessandro; Demitri, Christian (2023-06-13).
79:
62:
The definition proposed here is recommended for distinguishing agglomeration from aggregation. The particles that comprise agglomerates can be dispersed again.
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524:, storm-water treatment and treatment of industrial wastewater streams. Typical treatment processes consist of grates, coagulation, flocculation,
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Han, Binbing; Akeprathumchai, S.; Wickramasinghe, S. R.; Qian, X. (2003-07-01). "Flocculation of biological cells: Experiment vs. theory".
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872:
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Richard G. Jones; Edward S. Wilks; W. Val
Metanomski; Jaroslav Kahovec; Michael Hess; Robert Stepto; Tatsuki Kitayama, eds. (2009).
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1354:"State-of-the-Practice Review on the Use of Flocculants for Construction Stormwater Management in the United States"
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the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.
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393:. During the renneting of milk the micelles can approach one another and flocculate, a process that involves
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719:"Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
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are caused to clump together into a floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid (creaming),
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640: – Theoretical model for aggregation and stability of aqueous dispersions (stability of colloids)
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John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes
Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe, George Tchobanoglous (2012),
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96:
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due to the adsorption of nutritional substances in rivers and lakes and even boats under the sea.
230:. The product of the mixing intensity and mixing time is used to describe flocculation processes.
1577:
1473:
777:
Compendium of
Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008) "The Purple Book"
743:
628: – Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
513:
477:
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908:"Clustering of oil droplets in o/w emulsions: Controlling cluster size and interaction strength"
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In the brewing industry flocculation has a different meaning. It is a very important process in
670: – Process by which small crystals dissolve in solution for the benefit of larger crystals
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to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the
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957:"Rapid plasma reagin test: High false positivity or important marker of high risk behavior"
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to sediment in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a
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Process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to precipitate as floc or flake
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1242:"Oil–Water Emulsion Flocculation through Chitosan Desolubilization Driven by pH Variation"
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Operational
Control of Coagulation and Filtration Processes (M37): AWWA Manual of Practice
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sedimentation process. Samples can then be taken from the aqueous phase in each beaker.
37:: Reversible formation of aggregates in which the particles are not in physical contact.
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Adamson A.W. and Gast A.P. (1997) "Physical
Chemistry of Surfaces", John Wiley and Sons.
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301:, flocculation is the core principle used in various diagnostic tests, for example the
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Deflocculation can be a problem in wastewater treatment plants as it commonly causes
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Pal, Preeti; Pal, Anjali; Nakashima, Kazunori; Yadav, Brijesh Kumar (2021-03-01).
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69:(Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature: IUPAC Recommendations, 2008).
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Fuhrmann, Philipp L.; Sala, Guido; Stieger, Markus; Scholten, Elke (2019-08-01).
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fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.
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331:, polymers or other small charged particles become attached and form a fragile
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646:, also known as drilling mud – Aid for drilling boreholes into the ground
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Deflocculation is the exact opposite of flocculation, also sometimes known as
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Jin, Y-L.; Speers, R.A.. (1999). "Flocculation in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
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808:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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making to determine how long the curds must set. The reaction involving the
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4x speed video of floc settling after adding flocculant polymers during a
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Arora, Satyam; Doda, Veena; Rani, Sunita; Kotwal, Urvershi (2015).
592:). A deflocculated suspension shows zero or very low yield value".
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In contrast to aggregation, agglomeration is a reversible process.
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Coagulation-flocculation process in a water treatment system
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MWH's water treatment: principles and design, third edition
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Flocculation is widely employed to measure the progress of
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682: – Population balance equation in statistical physics
634: – Effective force in molecular and colloidal systems
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Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the
688: – Arrangement of a soil's particles and pore spaces
694: – extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel
19:"Flocculent" redirects here. For the galaxy type, see
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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1378:Gooch, Jan W., ed. (2007-01-01). "Deflocculation".
1215:"Water Treatment Process Monitoring and Evaluation"
484:to form insoluble calcium phosphate, adding excess
256:, flocculation refers to the process by which fine
616: – Aquaculture involving the farming of algae
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867:. American Water Works Association. 2011-06-01.
571:of solutions and domination of monovalent metal
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404:. Three different coagulants are mainly used:
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488:to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding
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1416:Particles in water: properties and processes
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832:Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science
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599:settling problems and deterioration of the
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563:) is a typical example. Usually in higher
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1221:. American Water Works Association (AWWA)
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42:Agglomeration (except in polymer science)
400:Flocculation is also used during cheese
50:Flocculation (except in polymer science)
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327:, flocculation is a condition in which
46:Coagulation (except in polymer science)
1093:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 72.
1068:: Aspen Publishers. pp. 144–150.
1167:Brungard, Martin (20 February 2018).
7:
961:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
676: – Water from a sea or an ocean
1380:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers
378:formation in the initial stages of
1382:. Springer New York. p. 265.
805:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
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1323:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128934
1213:Beverly, Richard P (2014-04-17).
680:Smoluchowski coagulation equation
357:applications in conjunction with
349:Yeast flocculation § Process
35:Flocculation (in polymer science)
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779:(2nd ed.). RSC Publishing.
397:of molecules and macropeptides.
315:Civil engineering/earth sciences
178:The chemical reaction involved:
1388:10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_3313
1358:Transportation Research Record
1:
1200:10.1016/S0963-9969(99)00021-6
925:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.027
470:fermentation) or the bottom (
264:to the bottom of the liquid (
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335:, a floc. In dispersed clay
1352:Kazaz, Billur (July 2021).
912:Food Research International
835:. CRC Press. p. 4230.
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1766:Aqueous two-phase system
1588:Liquid–liquid extraction
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1089:Fox, Patrick F. (2004).
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353:Flocculation is used in
21:Flocculent spiral galaxy
1663:API oil–water separator
1533:Dissolved air flotation
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500:Water treatment process
65:This quotation is from
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1066:Gaithersburg, Maryland
620:Clay–water interaction
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107:particles come out of
103:is a process by which
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1748:Vacuum ceramic filter
1743:Sublimation apparatus
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1508:Cross-flow filtration
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1364:(7) – via Sage.
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1493:Acid–base extraction
1474:Separation processes
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402:wastewater treatment
1518:Cyclonic separation
1315:2021Chmsp.26628934P
1252:(23): 20708–20713.
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303:rapid plasma reagin
293:Medical diagnostics
97:colloidal chemistry
1818:Chemical processes
1578:Gravity separation
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457:Yeast flocculation
444:iron(III) chloride
299:medical laboratory
281:Physical chemistry
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1718:Rapid sand filter
1613:Recrystallization
1593:Electroextraction
1553:Electrofiltration
1438:978-0-470-40539-0
1397:978-0-387-31021-3
1169:"Water Knowledge"
1128:10.1021/jf100602j
1122:(13): 7871–7877.
1100:978-0-12-263653-0
1075:978-0-8342-1378-4
842:978-0-8247-0759-0
786:978-0-85404-491-7
734:(12): 2229–2259.
656:Lamella clarifier
650:Isoelectric point
433:aluminium sulfate
321:civil engineering
268:), or be readily
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248:Surface chemistry
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759:. Retrieved
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243:Applications
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198:O → 2 Al(OH)
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101:flocculation
100:
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1668:Belt filter
1633:Sublimation
1523:Decantation
1303:Chemosphere
1225:October 14,
1173:Bru'n Water
918:: 537–547.
638:DLVO theory
614:Algaculture
549:peptization
543:Peptization
149:coalescence
128:Coagulation
1813:Metallurgy
1807:Categories
1757:Multiphase
1688:Evaporator
1673:Centrifuge
1563:Filtration
1558:Extraction
1498:Adsorption
1488:Absorption
1309:: 128934.
967:(1): 109.
848:2007-11-13
761:2013-07-27
703:References
590:emulsifier
395:hydrolysis
363:bioreactor
347:See also:
308:See also:
205:+ 6 H + 3
109:suspension
30:definition
1771:Azeotrope
1481:Processes
1331:0045-6535
1266:2470-1343
1246:ACS Omega
1146:0021-8561
1044:1547-5905
983:0973-6247
934:0963-9969
603:quality.
577:colloidal
482:phosphate
333:structure
287:emulsions
105:colloidal
1828:Sewerage
1785:Concepts
1776:Eutectic
1728:Scrubber
1703:Leachate
1583:Leaching
1528:Dialysis
1339:33246700
1284:37332801
1275:10268613
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942:31229109
748:96812603
674:Seawater
607:See also
601:effluent
530:chitosan
387:micelles
337:slurries
270:filtered
234:Jar test
122:solution
89:jar test
1759:systems
1656:Devices
1603:Osmosis
1311:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
992:4339923
573:cations
494:chelate
486:sulfate
451:Brewing
343:Biology
1543:Drying
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384:rennet
380:cheese
305:test.
262:settle
194:· 14 H
1738:Still
800:IUPAC
755:(PDF)
744:S2CID
722:(PDF)
472:lager
329:clays
297:In a
217:+ 8 H
141:IUPAC
28:IUPAC
1434:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1362:2675
1335:PMID
1327:ISSN
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1227:2015
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575:the
490:EDTA
438:FeCl
408:FeSO
376:curd
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