236:(96.1 km) and carried three experiments; a Solar Radiation Soft X-Ray detector for the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, a Pressure-Temperature study for Boston University, and a Color Earth Photography experiment for the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Equipment Laboratory. Rocket performance was good. Telemetry returned some data. The X-Ray detector foils ruptured and returned no data. Parachute failure resulted in the nose cone containing the experiments to be lost. The nose cone was found in July 1950, the film was destroyed.
247:
air density, day airglow, ionosphere, sodium studies, nitric oxide to produce a sporadic E layer, nitric oxide attempt to recombine atomic oxygen, sodium cloud ionization, solar spectrum and atmospheric composition. All but the last X-8 mission were flown from
Holloman AFB. The last X-8 was flown for the Signal Corps Electronic Laboratory from Fort Churchill, Canada on 11/12/1956 and studied temperature and winds. After the X-8s Air Force Aerobees were known by their engine model numbers, either AJ-10-27 or AJ-10-34.
29:
246:
From
December 1949 until the last X-8A flight on 11/12/1956, the X-8s (RTV-A-1/RTV-A-1a)s flew a great variety of experiments. Typical payloads were solar radiation, temperature, pressure, photography, sky brightness, atmosphere composition, winds, airglow, rocket performance, biological experiments,
156:
The Army was to make space available on the V-2s for upper atmosphere research. Due to the limited number of V-2s, originally planned design of several competing sounding rockets continued. Jet
Propulsion Laboratory initially favored its WAC Corporal despite its inadequacy. The competing rockets were
242:
USAF-6, was a more typical X-8 Mission. It carried a payload of
Pressure-Temperature detectors for the University of Michigan, an Air Force Cambridge Center multipurpose beacon, 6 channel PPM-AM system, a Ten channel data recorder supplied by Tufts College, and a camera to photograph a Sperry aspect
191:
The Army Air Force's Air
Research and Development Command, needing its own research programs, initiated Project MX-1011 and ordered 33 AJ-10-25 powered Aerobees as RTV-A-1s. That designation was later changed to X-8. Ultimately the rocket was renamed again as RM-84. The number of X-8s flown came to
224:). The X-8 recovery sequence was normally started as the rocket descended through about 200,000 ft (60,960.0 m) feet when the fins were blown off to induce a drag producing tumble. At about 20,000 ft (6,096.0 m) the nose cone was blown off the rocket and returned to Earth by
235:
The first RTV-A-1 (X-8) flight was USAF-1, flown at
Holloman Air Force Base (adjacent to the White Sands Proving Ground). USAF-1 was launched by an Air Force crew commanded by Major Phillip Calhoun, the Aerobee Project Officer, on 2 December 1949. USAF-1 reached an altitude of 59.7 miles
815:
The AJ-10 series of rocket engines spanned 49 different versions and the history of space exploration. From the
Aerobee and Vanguard, to the Able and Delta SLVs, Titan SLVs, the Apollo Service Module engine and the Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuver engine. Sutton, George P.,
152:
would be extended to assemble and launch a number of the V-2s for military, technological and scientific purposes. Many of the V-2 components were damaged or useless. Thus the initial intent of the Army was to launch only 20 missiles.
1129:'We Develop Missiles, Not Air!' The Legacy of Early Missile, Rocket, Instrumentation, and Aeromedical Research Development at Holloman Air Force Base, Project Manhigh, Holloman Air Force Base Cultural Resources Publication No. 2
1090:"We Develop Missiles, Not Air!" The Legacy of Early Missile, Rocket, Instrumentation, and Aeromedical Research Development at Holloman Air Force Base, Project Manhigh, Holloman Air Force Base Cultural Resources Publication No. 2
1076:"We Develop Missiles, Not Air!" The Legacy of Early Missile, Rocket, Instrumentation, and Aeromedical Research Development at Holloman Air Force Base, Project Manhigh, Holloman Air Force Base Cultural Resources Publication No. 2
228:. The baseline X-8 measured 20.2 ft (6.2 m) in length and measured 5.25 ft (1.6 m) across the fins. A X-8A reached a maximum altitude of 138.4 miles (222.7 km) Another reached a speed of
168:
The
Aerobee was developed in response to the need for a sounding rocket to replace the dwindling numbers of V-2s. Design and initial development of the Aerobee occurred between June 1946 and November 1947.
204:(18 kN) thrust AJ 10-25, were never flown. A Navy experimental launch of a stretched Aerobee, the RTV-N-10b resulted in both services requesting improved Aerobees, known generically as Aerobee-Hi.
184:(12 kN) thrust helium pressurized engine. In 1949 the Air Force instigated the development of a more powerful Aerojet engine to replace the 2,600 lb.-thrust XASR-2. This was the 4,000 lb
2288:
1315:
165:). The Army determined that it would refurbish and manufacture components as necessary to launch many more V-2s than originally intended, making most available for science.
2283:
1492:
1239:
1207:
1175:
1143:
501:
180:(7 kN) thrust WAC-1 engine of the WAC Corporal sounding rocket. The USAF RTV-A-1 (X-8), Navy RTV-N-10 and Army XASR-SC-2s used the Aerojet XASR-2 2,600 lb
2278:
2049:
188:(18 kN) thrust helium-pressurized AJ 10-25. The USAF X-8A (RTV-A-1a) and USN RTV-N-10a used the seminal Aerojet AJ-10-25 (Air Force) or AJ-10-24 (Navy).
232:
six. The payloads of the X-8s varied, averaging about 150 lbs. There were 30 X-8s, 30 X-8As, 1 X-8B, 2 X8-Cs and 3 X-8Ds delivered to the Air Force.
1308:
1776:
1485:
613:. Schnectady, New York: Guided Missile Department, Aeronautic and Ordnance Systems Division, Defense Products Group, General Electric. p.
144:
had developed a meteorological sounding rocket, the WAC Corporal. The U.S. Army had also captured enough parts to assemble perhaps 100 German
591:
1301:
1241:
Naval
Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings
1209:
Naval
Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings
1177:
Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings
1145:
Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings
503:
Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276 Upper Atmospheric Research Report Number XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings
1879:
2042:
1478:
1112:
1038:
993:
966:
933:
825:
767:
712:
687:
662:
637:
566:
541:
472:
434:
1470:
1245:
1213:
1181:
1149:
507:
1826:
216:(80 kN) thrust Aerojet 2.5KS18,000G solid rocket booster fired for 2.5 seconds. After booster jettison, a 2,600 lb
133:
designed to launch a 150 lb (68 kg) payload to 200,000 feet (61.0 km). The X-8 was a version of the prolific
1369:
243:
gyro for the University of Michigan. USAF-6 reached an altitude of 57.5 miles (92.5 km) before a flawless recovery.
2035:
1924:
1909:
1324:
2027:
1809:
1804:
2293:
158:
141:
904:
882:
860:
1786:
149:
172:
The first Aerobees, the Navy RTV-N-8a1 and Army Signal Corps XASR-SC-1, used the Aerojet XASR-1 2,600 lb
2058:
1848:
1791:
1716:
78:
1270:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
1009:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
947:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
801:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
783:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
743:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
728:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
485:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
450:
Van Allen, James A. & Townsend, Jr. (1959). "Chapter 4:The Aerobee Rocket". In Newell, Homer E. (ed.).
1999:
1929:
1919:
1836:
1831:
1761:
1711:
200:(18 kN) thrust AJ 10-25s helium pressurized engine with no booster. The three X-8D with 4,000 lb
55:
1934:
1994:
1914:
1869:
1853:
1751:
1663:
1502:
1894:
1889:
1756:
1746:
1683:
1578:
1533:
196:(12 kN) thrust XASR-2 chemically pressurized engine, and 1 X-8C (RTV-A-1c) with a 4,000 lb
2253:
1658:
1638:
1613:
1583:
1538:
1433:
1338:
2201:
1628:
1364:
1180:. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. pp. 48–55 (Aerobe USAF-2 to 5). Archived from
176:(12 kN) thrust air-pressurized engine. Aerojet's XASR-1 was developed from the 1,500 lb
82:
400:
220:(12 kN) thrust XASR-2 liquid fuel rocket burned for up to 40 seconds (depending on desired
838:
1939:
1899:
1736:
1678:
1423:
1108:
1034:
989:
962:
929:
821:
763:
708:
683:
658:
633:
587:
562:
537:
468:
430:
1244:. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. pp. 46–186 (Aerobe USAF-1). Archived from
820:, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virginia, 2006, pages 371–377,
614:
2080:
1506:
1459:
1212:. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. pp. 56–57 (Aerobe USAF-6). Archived from
1148:. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. pp. 46–47 (Aerobe USAF-1). Archived from
192:
60 including 28 X-8s (RTV-A-1), 30 X-8As (RTVM-A-1a), 1 X-8B (RTV-A-1b) with a 2,600 lb
48:
506:. Vol. 2. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Loboratory. pp. 46, 293. Archived from
2248:
1884:
1721:
1608:
1392:
162:
140:
Towards the end of World War II, the US Army and the California Institute of Technology's
130:
127:
2169:
2101:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1688:
1343:
945:
Includes 1 flown for the SCEL as SC-31 and another flown for the same agency as SM1.01.
2272:
2243:
2238:
2149:
2106:
1731:
1668:
1648:
762:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 371.
608:
1288:
1054:
2217:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2133:
2085:
1726:
1623:
1618:
1598:
1454:
1428:
1348:
229:
2159:
1944:
1843:
1821:
1816:
1781:
1766:
1741:
1653:
1593:
1418:
1979:
1695:
1374:
1293:
145:
1964:
1796:
1771:
1673:
1643:
1633:
225:
561:. New York: Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag). pp. 48, 61–62.
682:. New York: Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag). pp. 171, 175.
425:
Miller, Jay (2001). "Aerojet General X-8A, X-8B, X-8C, and X-8D Aerobee".
1588:
1573:
1568:
1543:
1528:
1523:
657:. New York: Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag). pp. 168–170.
1449:
1408:
1055:"Aerojet General RM-84/PWN-2 Aerobee-Hi (and earlier Aerobee variants)"
395:
134:
114:
60:
907:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. pp. Appendix 1
885:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. pp. Appendix 1
863:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. pp. Appendix 1
841:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. pp. Appendix 1
28:
1289:
Aerojet General RM-84/PWN-2 Aerobee-Hi (and earlier Aerobee variants)
1131:. Holloman AFB, NM.: United States Air Force. June 1995. p. 108.
1092:. Holloman AFB, NM.: United States Air Force. June 1995. p. 106.
1078:. Holloman AFB, NM.: United States Air Force. June 1995. p. 106.
221:
536:. Las Cruces, New Mexico: Fiddlebike Partnership. pp. 165–166.
707:. New York: Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag). p. 66.
632:. New York: Smithsonian Institution (Springer-Verlag). p. 62.
16:
Experimental spin-stabilized rocket for very high altitude research
961:
Miller, Jay, The X-Planes, 1988, Arlington, Texas: Aerofax, Inc.,
467:
Miller, Jay, The X-Planes, 1988, Arlington, Texas: Aerofax, Inc.,
239:
The next four flights saw the nose cone recovery parachutes fail.
74:
70:
2031:
1474:
1297:
1107:. Arlington, Texas: Aerofax (for Orion Books). p. 81.
1033:. Arlington, Texas: Aerofax (for Orion Books). p. 80.
988:. Arlington, Texas: Aerofax (for Orion Books). p. 82.
463:
461:
489:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 55–57, 62, Table 4-1.
586:. Atglen, PA.: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. pp. 34–36.
584:
The Rockets and Missiles of White Sands Proving Ground
2226:
2210:
2194:
2187:
2142:
2126:
2119:
2094:
2073:
2066:
1957:
1862:
1704:
1561:
1552:
1514:
1442:
1401:
1385:
1357:
1331:
796:
794:
110:
102:
97:
89:
66:
54:
43:
38:
21:
1057:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
1024:
1022:
1020:
979:
977:
975:
157:the Applied Physics Laboratory's Aerobee and the
610:Final Report, Project Hermes V-2 Missile Program
1274:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. Table 4-3.
368:4,020 mph (6,470 km/h, 3,490 kn)
148:guided missiles. The Army determined that its
2289:Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
2043:
1486:
1309:
420:
418:
8:
951:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 68–69.
818:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
760:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
2191:
2123:
2070:
2050:
2036:
2028:
1558:
1493:
1479:
1471:
1316:
1302:
1294:
18:
2284:1950s United States experimental aircraft
2061:rocket and missile designations 1947–1951
928:, 1988, Arlington, Texas: Aerofax, Inc.,
1238:Smith, Charles P. Jr. (February 1958).
1206:Smith, Charles P. Jr. (February 1958).
1174:Smith, Charles P. Jr. (February 1958).
1142:Smith, Charles P. Jr. (February 1958).
1013:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 68.
805:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 62.
787:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 60.
747:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 57.
732:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 55.
500:Smith, Charles P. Jr. (February 1958).
454:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 56.
414:
2279:Sounding rockets of the United States
317:20 ft 1.5 in (6.134 m)
7:
905:"\Air Force designations 1951 - 195"
883:"Air Force designations 1951 - 1955"
861:"Air Force designations 1951 - 1955"
374:20 mi (32 km, 18 nmi)
47:Upper Atmospheric Research Vehicle,
14:
323:5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)
380:800,000 ft (240,000 m)
27:
607:White, L. D. (September 1952).
329:36 sq ft (3.3 m)
1370:Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne
1:
839:"MX-1000 to MX-1499 Listing"
582:Kennedy, Gregory P. (2009).
212:At launch, an 18,000 lb
1325:Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings
703:DeVorkin, David H. (1992).
678:DeVorkin, David H. (1992).
653:DeVorkin, David H. (1992).
628:DeVorkin, David H. (1992).
557:DeVorkin, David H. (1992).
341:1,097 lb (498 kg)
2310:
2015:Assigned to multiple types
758:Sutton, George P. (2006).
296:The X-Planes: X-1 to X-45.
2008:
1509:) designations since 1941
429:. Hinckley, UK: Midland.
427:The X-Planes: X-1 to X-45
159:Naval Research Laboratory
142:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
26:
1105:The X-Planes X-1 to X-31
1031:The X-Planes X-1 to X-31
986:The X-Planes X-1 to X-31
705:Science With A Vengeance
680:Science With A Vengeance
655:Science With A Vengeance
630:Science With A Vengeance
559:Science With A Vengeance
335:135 lb (61 kg)
288:Specifications (general)
2059:United States Air Force
1515:Supersonic/special test
347:150–300 lbs (68–136 kg)
302:General characteristics
79:United States Air Force
534:Pocket Full of Rockets
1503:experimental aircraft
1501:USAF / Joint Service
1103:Miller, Jay (1988).
1029:Miller, Jay (1988).
984:Miller, Jay (1988).
532:Eckles, Jim (2013).
1414:Aerojet General X-8
390:Related development
208:Operational history
124:Aerojet General X-8
39:General information
2143:Surface-to-surface
1555:"X" (1948–present)
1365:Aerojet Rocketdyne
83:United States Navy
33:Aerojet X-8 rocket
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2183:
2182:
2115:
2114:
2025:
2024:
1953:
1952:
1468:
1467:
903:Parsch, Andreas.
881:Parsch, Andreas.
859:Parsch, Andreas.
837:Parsch, Andreas.
593:978-0-7643-3251-7
126:was an unguided,
120:
119:
2301:
2294:Aerojet aircraft
2192:
2124:
2071:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2029:
1906:
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1481:
1472:
1460:OMNOVA Solutions
1443:Related articles
1339:Thomas F. O'Neil
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1311:
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1272:Sounding Rockets
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513:on 11 March 2016
512:
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452:Sounding Rockets
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441:
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378:Service ceiling:
361:
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31:
19:
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2222:
2211:Propulsion test
2206:
2179:
2138:
2120:Ground-launched
2111:
2090:
2062:
2056:
2026:
2021:
2004:
1949:
1904:
1874:
1858:
1700:
1554:
1548:
1517:"S" (1946–1947)
1516:
1510:
1499:
1469:
1464:
1438:
1397:
1393:Bristol Aerojet
1381:
1353:
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137:rocket family.
131:sounding rocket
128:spin-stabilized
106:2 December 1949
85:
81:
61:Aerojet General
34:
17:
12:
11:
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2095:Air-to-surface
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2012:Not assigned
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1553:Experimental
1455:General Tire
1413:
1358:Subsidiaries
1349:Robert Truax
1271:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1240:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1208:
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1189:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1176:
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1059:. Retrieved
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926:The X-Planes
925:
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508:the original
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161:'s Neptune (
155:
139:
123:
121:
103:First flight
90:Number built
56:Manufacturer
2227:Rocket test
2195:Launch test
1705:26–50
1419:Aerozine 50
359:Performance
22:X-8 Aerobee
2273:Categories
2074:Air-to-air
2018:Unofficial
1810:X-44 (UAV)
1805:X-44 MANTA
1562:1–25
1434:Sea Dragon
1375:Rocketdyne
1061:2015-08-14
911:2016-03-16
889:2016-03-16
867:2016-03-16
845:2016-03-16
409:References
401:Aerobee-Hi
327:Wing area:
1863:51–
969:, page 80
936:, page 82
475:, page 81
351:Diameter:
321:Wingspan:
293:Data from
226:parachute
1958:See also
1424:Aquarius
1402:Products
1255:10 March
1223:10 March
1191:10 March
1159:10 March
517:10 March
385:See also
311:unmanned
251:Variants
2254:RTV-A-5
2249:RTV-A-4
2244:RTV-A-3
2239:RTV-A-2
2234:RTV-A-1
2218:PTV-A-1
2202:LTV-A-1
2175:SSM-A-6
2170:SSM-A-5
2165:SSM-A-4
2160:SSM-A-3
2155:SSM-A-2
2150:SSM-A-1
2134:SAM-A-1
2107:ASM-A-2
2102:ASM-A-1
2086:AAM-A-2
2081:AAM-A-1
1507:X-plane
1450:Aerojet
1409:Aerobee
396:Aerobee
315:Length:
135:Aerobee
115:Aerobee
98:History
49:X-plane
1332:People
1111:
1037:
992:
965:
932:
824:
766:
711:
686:
661:
636:
590:
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471:
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372:Range:
222:apogee
163:Viking
2000:XQ-67
1995:XQ-58
1990:M2-F3
1985:M2-F2
1980:M2-F1
1975:HL-10
1970:HiMAT
1837:X-47C
1832:X-47B
1801:X-44
1689:X-24C
1429:LR-87
1249:(pdf)
1217:(pdf)
1185:(pdf)
1153:(pdf)
511:(pdf)
309:Crew:
1965:AD-1
1945:X-66
1940:X-65
1935:X-64
1930:X-63
1925:X-62
1920:X-61
1915:X-60
1910:X-59
1905:X-58
1900:X-57
1895:X-56
1890:X-55
1885:X-54
1880:X-53
1875:X-52
1870:X-51
1854:X-50
1849:X-49
1844:X-48
1827:X-47
1822:X-46
1817:X-45
1797:X-43
1792:X-42
1787:X-41
1782:X-40
1777:X-39
1772:X-38
1767:X-37
1762:X-36
1757:X-35
1752:X-34
1747:X-33
1742:X-32
1737:X-31
1732:X-30
1727:X-29
1722:X-28
1717:X-27
1712:X-26
1696:X-25
1684:X-24
1679:X-23
1674:X-22
1669:X-21
1664:X-20
1659:X-19
1654:X-18
1649:X-17
1644:X-16
1639:X-15
1634:X-14
1629:X-13
1624:X-12
1619:X-11
1614:X-10
1257:2016
1225:2016
1193:2016
1161:2016
1109:ISBN
1035:ISBN
990:ISBN
963:ISBN
930:ISBN
822:ISBN
764:ISBN
709:ISBN
684:ISBN
659:ISBN
634:ISBN
588:ISBN
563:ISBN
538:ISBN
519:2016
469:ISBN
431:ISBN
281:X-8D
275:X-8C
269:X-8B
265:- 30
263:X-8A
259:- 30
230:Mach
122:The
75:NASA
71:NACA
44:Type
1609:X-9
1604:X-8
1599:X-7
1594:X-6
1589:X-5
1584:X-4
1579:X-3
1574:X-2
1569:X-1
1544:S-5
1539:S-4
1534:S-3
1529:S-2
1524:S-1
283:- 3
277:- 2
271:- 1
257:X-8
146:V-2
93:108
2275::
1019:^
974:^
793:^
615:19
460:^
417:^
2051:e
2044:t
2037:v
1505:(
1494:e
1487:t
1480:v
1317:e
1310:t
1303:v
1259:.
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546:.
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218:f
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198:f
194:f
186:f
182:f
178:f
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73:/
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