396:(more than 2mm in diameter), which release oxygen when they come into contact with the water, which also contributes to a mixing of the lake's stratified layers. With the release of large bubbles from the system, a turbulent displacement of water occurs which results in a mixing of the water. In comparison to other aeration techniques, coarse bubble aeration is very inefficient in the way of transferring oxygen. This is due to the large diameter and relatively small collective surface area of its bubbles.
1399:
319:
water surface. Floating surface aerators are also powered by on-shore electricity. The effectiveness of a surface aerator is limited to a small area as they are unable to add circulation or oxygen to much more than a 3-metre radius. This circulation and oxygenating is then limited to the uppermost portion of the water column, often leaving the bottom portions unaffected. Low speed surface aerators can also be installed on floats.
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33:
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161:
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347:. Electricity forces the paddles to turn, churning the water and allowing oxygen transfer through air-water contact. As each new section of water is churned, it absorbs oxygen from the air and then, upon its return to the water, restores it to the water. In this regard paddlewheel aeration works very similarly to floating surface aerators.
490:
One commonly-used tool to reduce the severity of these lake management problems is to eliminate or lessen thermal stratification through aeration. Many types of aeration equipment have been used to reduce or eliminate thermal stratification. Aeration has met with some success, although it has rarely
562:
responsible for keeping the water clean. Historically the Bay's oyster population was in the tens of billions, and they circulated the entire Bay volume in a matter of days. Due to pollution, disease and over-harvesting their population is a fraction of historic levels. Water that was once clear for
441:
One of the drawbacks to fine bubble aeration is that the membranes of ceramic diffusers can sometimes clog and must be cleaned in order to keep them working at their optimum efficiency. Also, they do not possess the ability to mix the water column as well as other aeration techniques, such as coarse
265:
The low speed surface aerator is a device for biology aeration with high efficiency. These devices are often in steel protected by epoxy coating and generate high torque. The mixing of water volume is excellent. The common power is going from 1 up to 250kw per unit with an efficiency (SOE) around 2
571:
the plants provide the oxygen needed for underwater organisms to proliferate, and in exchange the filter feeders keep the water clean and thus clear enough for plants to have sufficient access to sunlight. Researchers have proposed oxygenation through artificial means as a solution to help improve
318:
Floating surface aerators work in a similar manner to fountains, but they do not offer the same aesthetic appearance. They extract water from the top 1–2 feet of the water body and utilize air-water contact to transfer oxygen. Instead of propelling water into the air, they disrupt the water at the
119:
Natural aeration is a type of both sub-surface and surface aeration. It can occur through sub-surface aquatic plants. Through the natural process of photosynthesis, water plants release oxygen into the water providing it with the oxygen necessary for fish to live and aerobic bacteria to break down
478:
and environmental managers have long been challenged by problems caused by thermal stratification of lakes. Fish die-offs have been directly associated with thermal gradients, stagnation, and ice cover. Excessive growth of plankton may limit the recreational use of lakes and the commercial use of
437:
Fine bubble diffused aeration is able to maximize the surface area of the bubbles and thus transfer more oxygen to the water per bubble volume. Additionally, smaller bubbles take more time to reach the surface so not only is the surface area maximized but so are the time each bubble spends in the
536:
are maintained at or above 5 mg/L. Compressed air is pumped, from five sites around the Bay, through a series of steel reinforced rubber pipelines, laid on the beds of the Bay and Rivers Taff and Ely. These are connected to approximately 800 diffusers. At times this is insufficient and the
412:
Fine bubble aeration is an efficient way to transfer oxygen to a water body. A compressor on shore pumps air through a hose, which is connected to an underwater aeration unit. Attached to the unit are a number of diffusers. These diffusers come in the shape of discs, plates, tubes or hoses
429:
defines a fine bubble as anything smaller than 2mm in diameter. This type of aeration has a very high oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE), sometimes as high as 15 pounds of oxygen / (horsepower * hour) (9.1 kilograms of oxygen / (kilowatt * hour)). On average, diffused air aeration diffuses
285:
Fountains are a popular method of providing surface aeration because of the aesthetic appearance that they offer. However, most fountains are unable to produce a large area of oxygenated water. Also, running electricity through the water to the fountain can be a safety hazard.
278:. The impeller pumps water from the first few feet of the water and expels it into the air. This process utilizes air-water contact to transfer oxygen. As the water is propelled into the air, it breaks into small droplets. Collectively, these small droplets have a large
405:
545:
stored in a tank. Liquid oxygen is passed through an electrically heated vapouriser and the gas is injected into a stream of water which is pumped from, and returned to, the bay. The barge is capable of dissolving up to 5 tonnes of oxygen in 24 hours.
587:
has been aerated using pipes since 2016. The system started as a large-bubble system intended mainly for de-stratification, creating a 74-ha oxic zone. It was upgraded in 2019 to fine-bubble injectors to provide more oxygen directly.
59:
or anoxic conditions, often caused by upstream human activities such as sewage discharges, agricultural run-off, or over-baiting a fishing lake. Aeration can be achieved through the infusion of air into the bottom of the
363:
to aerate as well as mix the water. Water displacement from the expulsion of bubbles will cause a mixing action to occur, and the contact between the water and the bubble will result in an oxygen transfer.
604:
which can use fine or coarse bubble aeration or mechanical aeration cones which draw up mixed liquor from the base of a treatment tank and eject it through the air where oxygen is entrained in the liquor.
576:
water-bodies seems an appealing solution and it has been tried successfully many times on freshwater ponds and small lakes. However no one has undertaken an aeration project as large as an
567:
but pollution and sediments have reduced the plant populations , resulting in a reduction of dissolved oxygen levels, rendering areas of the bay unsuitable for aerobic aquatic life. In a
331:(rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food) field. Constructed of a hub with attached paddles, these aerators are usually powered by a tractor power take-off (
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meters is now so turbid and sediment-ridden that a wader may lose sight of their feet before their knees are wet. Oxygen is normally supplied by submerged aquatic vegetation via
524:
are used to replenish oxygen levels, as part of an ongoing battle to clean up the river, which now supports 115 species of fish and hundreds more invertebrates, plants and birds.
47:
of water in both natural and artificial environments. Aeration techniques are commonly used in pond, lake, and reservoir management to address low oxygen levels or algal blooms.
438:
water, allowing it more opportunity to transfer oxygen to the water. As a general rule, smaller bubbles and a deeper release point will generate a greater oxygen transfer rate.
123:
Oxygen can be driven into the water when the wind disturbs the surface of the water body and natural aeration can also occur through a movement of water caused by an incoming
103:
Any procedure by which oxygen is added to water can be considered a type of water aeration. There are many ways to aerate water, but these all fall into two broad areas –
95:
help decompose organic matter. When oxygen concentrations become low, anoxic conditions may develop which can decrease the ability of the water body to support life.
434:(cubic feet of air per minute) (56.6-113.3 liters of air per minute), but some operate at levels as low as 1 cfm (28.3 L/min) or as high as 10 cfm (283 L/min).
426:
1159:
Lapham, Laura L.; Hobbs, Edward A.; Testa, Jeremy M.; Heyes, Andrew; Forsyth, Melinda K.; Hodgkins, Casey; Szewczyk, Curtis; Harris, Lora A. (11 August 2022).
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within a lake is often adversely affected by thermal stratification and in some cases may indirectly cause large die-offs of recreationally important fish.
327:
Paddlewheel aerators also utilize air-to-water contact to transfer oxygen from the air in the atmosphere to the water body. They are most often used in the
1111:
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through which oxygen can be transferred. Upon return, these droplets mix with the rest of the water and thus transfer their oxygen back to the ecosystem.
266:
kgO2/kw. Low speed aerator are used mostly for biology plant aeration for water purification. The higher the diameter, the higher the SOE and mixing.
752:
825:
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408:
Fine bubble aeration is an efficient technique of aeration in terms of oxygen transfer due to the large collective surface area of its bubbles.
274:
A fountain consists of a means of squirting the water upwards into the air. Typically this may be done using a motor that powers a rotating
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72:
or by surface agitation from a fountain or spray-like device to allow for oxygen exchange at the surface and the release of gasses such as
2011:
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252:
831:. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. September 1999. EPA 832-F-99-065. Archived from
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1209:
912:
Lackey, Robert T. (1972). "Response of
Physical and Chemical Parameters to Eliminating Thermal Stratification in a Reservoir".
182:
355:
Subsurface aeration seeks to release bubbles at the bottom of the water body and allow them to rise by the force of buoyancy.
298:
Typical mechanical surface aerator at work. It is often difficult for this type of machine to aerate the entire water column.
233:
186:
472:. Once circulated water reaches the surface, the air-water interface facilitates the transfer of oxygen to the lake water.
205:
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In large water bodies in temperate climates, autumn turn-over can introduce oxygen rich water into the oxygen-poor
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91:(DO) is a major contributor to poor water quality. Not only do fish and most other aquatic animals need oxygen,
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processes use a variety of forms of aeration to support biological oxidative processes. A typical example is
2016:
1874:
1821:
1732:
1012:
Lackey, Robert T. (1973). "Effects of
Artificial Destratification on Zooplankton in Parvin Lake, Colorado".
950:
Lackey, Robert T.; Holmes, Donald W. (1972). "Evaluation of Two
Methods of Aeration to Prevent Winterkill".
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56:
201:
469:
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1161:"The Effects of Engineered Aeration on Atmospheric Methane Flux From a Chesapeake Bay Tidal Tributary"
2001:
1950:
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1021:
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421:. Air pumped through the diffuser membranes is released into the water. These bubbles are known as
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1826:
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877:"Applications of Paddle Wheel Aerators and Diffused-Air System in Closed Cycle Shrimp Farm System"
1869:
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1323:
1298:
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986:
1398:
1047:
Lackey, Robert T. (1973). "Bottom fauna changes during artificial reservoir destratification".
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Coarse bubble aeration is a type of subsurface aeration wherein air is pumped from an on-shore
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Lackey, Robert T. (1973). "Artificial reservoir destratification effects on phytoplankton".
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597:
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Lackey, Robert T. (1972). "A Technique for
Eliminating Thermal Stratification in Lakes".
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Cooke, G. Dennis; Welch, Eugene B.; Peterson, Spencer; Nichols, Stanley A., eds. (2005).
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The
Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) of the Chesapeake Bay Program.
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also can be adversely affected. For fisheries managers, the spatial distribution of
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1965:
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392:. through a hose to a unit placed at the bottom of the water body. The unit expels
373:
302:
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755:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. SRAC Publication No. 3700. Archived from
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1996:
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777:"Modeling Wastewater Aeration Systems to Discover Energy Savings Opportunities"
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111:. A variety of techniques and technologies are available for both approaches.
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levels plummeting and threatening the species it supports. Two dedicated
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lake water. With severe thermal stratification in a lake, the quality of
275:
990:
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where the principal problem is lack of filter-feeding organisms such as
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77:
1904:
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717:. Sun Francisco , Calif.: Pearson (Benjamin Cummings). p. 426.
850:"Reducing Phosphorus and Nitrogen- Watershed Management- Clean-Flo"
314:
rate of the water and thus increase the salinity of the water body.
1970:
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301:
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132:
55:
Water aeration is often required in water bodies that suffer from
31:
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During heavy rain, London's sewage storm pipes overflow into the
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Similar options have been proposed to help rehabilitate the
537:
Harbour
Authority uses a mobile oxygenation barge built by
1034:
10.1577/1548-8659(1973)102<450:EOADOZ>2.0.CO;2
964:
10.1577/1548-8640(1972)34[175:EOTMOA]2.0.CO;2
826:"Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Fine Bubble Aeration"
372:
Subsurface aeration can be accomplished by the use of
310:
paddlewheel aerator. The splashing may increase the
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1933:
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1741:
1581:
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1515:
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945:
943:
914:
Journal of the
American Water Resources Association
680:
Journal of the
American Water Resources Association
36:
Fountains aerate water by spraying it into the air.
650:Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs
583:A 353-hectare portion of the bay connected to the
979:Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
43:is the process of increasing or maintaining the
417:plastic, PVC or perforated membranes made from
380:principle, and inject the air into the liquid.
1014:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
907:
905:
419:EPDM (ethylene propylene diene Monomer) rubber
1706:
1203:
673:
671:
669:
413:constructed from glass-bonded silica, porous
8:
715:Environment: the science behind the stories
189:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1713:
1699:
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803:. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
652:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 616.
532:The dissolved oxygen concentration within
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1080:
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884:Witthayasan Kasetsart (Sakha Witthayasat)
253:Learn how and when to remove this message
1114:. UK: Environment Agency. Archived from
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736:
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640:
460:Circulators are commonly used to mix a
713:Brennan, Scott; Withgott, Jay (2005).
376:, which aspirate air, by means of the
820:
818:
7:
2082:
187:adding citations to reliable sources
2012:Controlled-environment agriculture
1165:Frontiers in Environmental Science
934:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05181.x
700:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05092.x
25:
1112:"Dissolved Oxygen in Cardiff Bay"
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2093:
2081:
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1397:
751:Tucker, Craig (September 2005).
159:
798:"Lake Aeration and Circulation"
952:The Progressive Fish-Culturist
1:
1139:"Can Windmills Save the Bay?"
343:. They tend to be mounted on
1976:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
1069:10.1016/0043-1354(73)90011-0
784:Process Energy Services, LLC
516:vessels, oxygenation barges
572:water quality. Aeration of
2150:
2007:Aquaculture of sea sponges
2065:
1728:
1395:
1178:10.3389/fenvs.2022.866152
875:Taparhudee, Wara (2002).
500:Thames oxygenation barges
357:Diffused aeration systems
290:Floating surface aerators
151:Low speed surface aerator
1389:Waste stabilization pond
592:Water treatment aeration
491:proved to be a panacea.
468:and thus reduce thermal
2017:Historical hydroculture
1875:Expanded clay aggregate
1822:Nutrient film technique
1733:Historical hydroculture
1086:"A tale of two rivers"
454:Lake de-stratification
409:
384:Coarse bubble aeration
315:
299:
37:
1837:Sub-irrigated planter
1344:Salt evaporation pond
446:Lake destratification
407:
305:
297:
35:
2002:Aquaculture of coral
1951:Irrigation sprinkler
1599:Big fish–little pond
1568:Freshwater ecosystem
1502:Puddles on a surface
508:, sending dissolved
495:Large-scale projects
400:Fine bubble aeration
323:Paddlewheel aerators
183:improve this section
87:Decreased levels of
1827:Organic hydroponics
1609:Constructed wetland
1061:1973WatRe...7.1349L
1026:1973TrAFS.102..450L
926:1972JAWRA...8..589L
692:1972JAWRA...8...46L
351:Subsurface aeration
131:, or even a strong
109:subsurface aeration
27:Adding air to water
1870:Diatomaceous earth
1797:Deep water culture
1492:Coffee ring effect
1299:Infiltration basin
1279:Facultative lagoon
775:Bolles, Steven A.
569:symbiotic relation
430:approximately 2–4
410:
316:
300:
120:excess nutrients.
38:
2121:
2120:
2037:Plant propagation
1946:Hydroponic dosers
1688:
1687:
1629:Pond of Abundance
1563:Aquatic ecosystem
854:www.clean-flo.com
442:bubble aeration.
263:
262:
255:
237:
45:oxygen saturation
16:(Redirected from
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2097:
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2052:Vertical farming
1990:Related concepts
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1274:Evaporation pond
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1055:(9): 1349–1356.
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759:on 17 July 2011.
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675:
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602:activated sludge
476:Natural resource
258:
251:
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244:
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202:"Water aeration"
195:
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146:Surface aeration
115:Natural aeration
105:surface aeration
99:Aeration methods
93:aerobic bacteria
89:dissolved oxygen
82:hydrogen sulfide
21:
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2134:Aquatic ecology
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2032:Plant nutrition
1985:
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1449:Spent fuel pool
1444:Reflecting pool
1414:Anchialine pool
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1146:.chesapeake.org
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1092:. 20 April 2001
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838:on 13 May 2011.
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753:"Pond Aeration"
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598:water treatment
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1589:Aerated lagoon
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1573:Lake ecosystem
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1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Retention pond
1331:
1326:
1324:Polishing pond
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1294:Immersion pond
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Detention pond
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Balancing lake
1241:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1151:
1129:
1118:on 8 June 2009
1103:
1074:
1049:Water Research
1039:
1020:(2): 450–452.
1004:
985:(4): 668–673.
969:
939:
920:(3): 589–599.
901:
867:
841:
814:
789:
762:
730:
723:
705:
665:
658:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
625:Lake ecosystem
622:
617:
615:Aerated lagoon
610:
607:
593:
590:
565:photosynthesis
556:Chesapeake Bay
551:
550:Chesapeake Bay
548:
529:
526:
518:Thames Bubbler
501:
498:
496:
493:
481:drinking water
470:stratification
447:
444:
401:
398:
394:coarse bubbles
390:air compressor
385:
382:
369:
366:
352:
349:
341:electric motor
324:
321:
291:
288:
271:
268:
261:
260:
167:
165:
158:
152:
149:
147:
144:
116:
113:
100:
97:
74:carbon dioxide
52:
49:
41:Water aeration
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1981:Water chiller
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
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1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
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1878:
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1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Organopónicos
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Kratky method
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:Bottle garden
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
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1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Swimming hole
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Body of water
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Goldfish pond
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
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1493:
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1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Swimming pool
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Infinity pool
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Settling pond
1352:
1350:
1349:Sediment pond
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
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1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:, pools, and
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
944:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
902:
889:
885:
878:
871:
868:
855:
851:
845:
842:
834:
827:
821:
819:
815:
799:
793:
790:
785:
778:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:0-8053-4427-6
720:
716:
709:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
672:
670:
666:
661:
659:9781566706254
655:
651:
644:
641:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Aerated water
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
599:
591:
589:
586:
581:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
557:
549:
547:
544:
543:liquid oxygen
540:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
494:
492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
457:
455:
445:
443:
439:
435:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
367:
365:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
313:
309:
304:
296:
289:
287:
283:
281:
277:
269:
267:
257:
254:
246:
243:February 2024
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204: –
203:
199:
198:Find sources:
192:
188:
184:
178:
177:
173:
168:This section
166:
162:
157:
156:
150:
145:
143:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
121:
114:
112:
110:
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
51:Water quality
50:
48:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
18:Aerated water
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2056:
2022:Hydroponicum
1966:Spray nozzle
1895:Mineral wool
1807:Ebb and flow
1722:Hydroculture
1673:Water Lilies
1672:
1667:Water garden
1661:
1647:(M C Escher)
1644:
1594:Bakki shower
1429:Natural pool
1329:Raceway pond
1259:Cooling pond
1249:Ballast pond
1168:
1164:
1154:
1145:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1106:
1096:13 September
1094:. Retrieved
1052:
1048:
1042:
1017:
1013:
1007:
982:
978:
972:
955:
951:
917:
913:
892:. Retrieved
887:
883:
870:
858:. Retrieved
853:
844:
833:the original
807:13 September
805:. Retrieved
792:
783:
757:the original
714:
708:
686:(1): 46–49.
683:
679:
649:
643:
595:
582:
553:
539:McTay Marine
531:
521:
517:
514:McTay Marine
506:River Thames
503:
489:
474:
459:
451:
449:
440:
436:
423:fine bubbles
422:
411:
393:
387:
374:jet aerators
371:
368:Jet aeration
356:
354:
326:
317:
284:
280:surface area
273:
264:
249:
240:
230:
223:
216:
209:
197:
181:Please help
169:
137:
122:
118:
108:
104:
102:
86:
54:
40:
39:
29:
2112:Wikiversity
2042:Rhizosphere
1997:Algaculture
1956:Leaf sensor
1934:Accessories
1920:Vermiculite
1817:Microponics
1764:Hydroponics
1759:Aquascaping
1619:Hydric soil
1507:Seep puddle
1469:Vernal pool
1454:Stream pool
1439:Plunge pool
1304:Kettle pond
1284:Garden pond
860:25 February
534:Cardiff Bay
528:Cardiff Bay
329:aquaculture
312:evaporation
140:hypolimnion
2027:Paludarium
1941:Grow light
1925:Wood fibre
1910:Rice hulls
1885:Growstones
1852:Substrates
1754:Aquaponics
1749:Aeroponics
1634:Pond liner
1624:Phytotelma
1555:Ecosystems
1525:Beaver dam
1434:Ocean pool
1419:Brine pool
1384:Waste pond
1359:Solar pond
958:(3): 175.
636:References
585:Rock Creek
337:gas engine
308:horsepower
213:newspapers
2100:Wikibooks
1890:Lava rock
1865:Coco peat
1812:Fogponics
1614:Full pond
1535:Fish pond
1530:Duck pond
1487:Bird bath
1464:Tide pool
1369:Stew pond
1319:Mill pond
1314:Melt pond
1122:7 October
890:: 408–419
630:Limnology
452:See also
270:Fountains
170:does not
129:waterfall
2128:Category
2076:Category
2047:Root rot
1860:Charcoal
1842:Top drip
1780:Subtypes
1545:Koi pond
1374:Tailings
1364:Stepwell
1339:Sag pond
1309:Log pond
1289:Ice pond
1269:Dew pond
1239:Ash pond
1090:BBC News
991:25037806
894:26 April
609:See also
359:utilize
339:, or an
276:impeller
2088:Commons
1961:Net-pot
1900:Perlite
1769:passive
1675:(Monet)
1639:Ponding
1582:Related
1479:Puddles
1223:puddles
1057:Bibcode
1022:Bibcode
999:4697461
922:Bibcode
688:Bibcode
578:estuary
574:hypoxic
560:oysters
415:ceramic
378:Venturi
361:bubbles
227:scholar
191:removed
176:sources
78:methane
57:hypoxic
1971:Timers
1905:Pumice
1880:Gravel
1652:Spring
1645:Puddle
1497:Puddle
997:
989:
856:. 2023
721:
656:
510:oxygen
425:. The
345:floats
306:A one-
229:
222:
215:
208:
200:
125:stream
66:lagoon
1742:Types
1517:Biome
1407:Pools
1231:Ponds
1219:Ponds
1142:(PDF)
987:JSTOR
880:(PDF)
836:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
596:Many
541:with
335:), a
234:JSTOR
220:books
133:flood
1915:Sand
1680:Well
1379:Tarn
1254:Beel
1124:2010
1098:2009
995:PMID
896:2020
862:2024
809:2009
719:ISBN
654:ISBN
520:and
485:fish
466:lake
462:pond
206:news
174:any
172:cite
107:and
70:pond
62:lake
1173:doi
1065:doi
1030:doi
1018:102
960:doi
930:doi
696:doi
464:or
432:cfm
427:EPA
333:PTO
185:by
80:or
68:or
2130::
1171:.
1169:10
1167:.
1163:.
1144:.
1088:.
1077:^
1063:.
1051:.
1028:.
1016:.
993:.
983:45
981:.
956:34
954:.
942:^
928:.
916:.
904:^
888:36
886:.
882:.
852:.
817:^
782:.
765:^
733:^
694:.
682:.
668:^
580:.
142:.
135:.
127:,
84:.
76:,
64:,
1714:e
1707:t
1700:v
1211:e
1204:t
1197:v
1181:.
1175::
1148:.
1126:.
1100:.
1071:.
1067::
1059::
1053:7
1036:.
1032::
1024::
1001:.
966:.
962::
936:.
932::
924::
918:8
898:.
864:.
811:.
786:.
727:.
702:.
698::
690::
684:8
662:.
456:)
450:(
256:)
250:(
245:)
241:(
231:·
224:·
217:·
210:·
193:.
179:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
