Aerial topdressing - Knowledge (XXG)

616:. In early May 1949 Charles Brazier used ZK-ASO to spread lime. Airwork was aware that Fred "Popeye" Lucas had conducted aerial seeding as well as rabbit poisoning and discussed the possibility of dropping seeds with fertiliser (as Prichard had done) with Ces Worrell, a grain and seed merchant. He suggested spreading superphosphate alone would be more profitable, (a suggestion he may have wished he had kept to himself—the following year, Worrell started a rival firm, Aerial Sowing). Acting on Worral's suggestion, Airwork arranged a public demonstration on Sir Heaton Rhodes's property at Tai Tapu, south of 656:

the pilot, by pulling a lever, opened the vent at the bottom to release its load. When the club complained the hopper could not be removed from the passenger seat without causing structural damage, Field bought Barbara II and started the Gisborne Aerial Topdressing Company on 2 August 1949. He calculated his first drop cost £2.10s. per ton of fertiliser, and he was able to charge farmers £5 per ton. In September 1949 he became the founding president of the New Zealand Aerial Work Operators' Association, later the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand. In 1951 he renamed the company

596: 993: 36: 865: 679:. According to legend, a hungry Fieldair pilot flying between airstrips saw a single goose which looked like dinner. His somewhat hopeful method was to attempt to manoeuvre alongside the bird, side slip into it and grab hold. The first few attempts failed and the goose got wise. A dogfight developed, and both fliers lost altitude. A hundred feet over a gully the goose broke towards the aircraft, and hit the prop, breaking it. The pilot force-landed, and concocted a suitable story of a 127: 436: 949: 899:, a stressed skin monoplane with a high lift wing. It had more than three times the load capacity of the Tiger Moth and the cockpit located well forward, ahead of the hopper, giving the pilot all round view. This—with a few changes such as an enclosed cockpit—turned out to be the winning formula and orders soon reached three figures. Cable Price Corporation funded two prototypes with the 683:, which was sadly undone when the farmer requested the company's services, as "You blokes must have the best pilots in the country ... one of your blokes chased this goose around my farm for about a half an hour. He must have just missed by inches every tree on my place. And to top it off this bloke succeeded in killing the goose and landed to pick it up". (Ewing & MacPherson, p182). 546: 786: 115: 1021:). To minimise impact, topdressing is now prohibited within certain distances of water. The second impact is less direct. By enabling sheep to be run profitably on steep hillsides, the topdressing industry stopped reforestation of otherwise uneconomic land, contributing to the erosion it was originally designed to prevent. 591:

and held the first Aerial application license Within the following five years nearly 50 other companies—mostly one-man operations—joined as competition. Collectively, they were called the 'Super men', and when amalgamation occurred it was these pioneers who came to dominate the New Zealand industry.

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were the only modern types. By 1956 there were 182 aerial topdressing Tiger Moths but it was obvious the lightweight Tiger Moths would need to be replaced. At the beginning of the 1950s there were no specialist designs for even crop dusters, due to the proliferation of World War II surplus trainers.

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Faced with far greater difficulty of operating aircraft from small British farms, the British Government assumed topdressing aircraft would need to operate from an ordinary runway. Economies of scale then dictated using large aircraft, which would in turn have to fly higher. Accordingly, in 1950 the

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gave its employees time and resources to pursue their ideas and publish research. Many farms included hill country, where it was impossible to spread fertiliser by truck. New Zealand farms tended to be large enough to make the costs worthwhile. New Zealand farmers were well educated and enjoyed the

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then on the production line to carry one-ton hoppers. A ground convoy of station wagon, car, one-ton truck, jeep, fuel tanker and radio van supported them. The 1948 fuel tank was replaced by a hopper with sides angled at 60° with a vibrating rod to loosen the superphosphate. Large-scale topdressing

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as well as general utility work. Aerial Topdressing has been attributed with vastly increasing agricultural production—in New Zealand alone, sheep numbers increased from 40 million to over 70 million, the majority of the increase being attributed to the increased feed that superphosphate made

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Aero Club's de Havilland Tiger Moths, Barbara II, so that Ken Young could drop superphosphate during the week and the club could fly the plane at weekends. The arrangement was typical of the system adopted by all early firms; a steep sided hopper was installed in the Tiger Moth's front seat, which

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were used. The lack of a lid for the hopper initially resulted in irritating dust spreading through the aircraft in turbulence: in cold wet conditions it was necessary to heat the hopper to prevent the fertiliser coagulating, while in dry conditions the powder tended to disperse in the wind before

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by extending the time of other flights. Semple encouraged Prichard to continue, adding "Don't let anyone catch you, and if they do, send them to me". After the outbreak of World War II, he had the good fortune to retain the use of ZK-AFH, when most aircraft were impressed for war service. Prichard

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emerged in America in the mid-1950s, designed for the flat mid-west. These generally had poorer forward vision and lesser payload to weight ratios than the Fletcher, which continued to dominate the New Zealand market—however, in places where aircraft primarily were used to drop insecticide, these

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acting as financial guarantor—Gibson having brow-beaten a reluctant Fletcher board into building a prototype. Airparts was formed to assemble the American kits. The first prototype was flown in America in June 1954, the second in New Zealand in September 1954 and it received type approval in May

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fitted with three 2-ton hoppers. To appease higher government command the aircraft was given a civilian registration, ZK-BEV, and hired to the private company 'Industrial Flying Limited'. These trials lead to large numbers of heavy twin-engined types, such as Douglas DC-3s and Lockheed Lodestars

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Just turned 25 he purchased his remote Wairarapa hill-country farm in the winter of 1913. Wearing a harness supporting a hand-operated seed distributor and towing packhorses, he began re-seeding his farm. Enlisting in 1915, he watched from the trenches in France and ached for the day the bomber

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was an agricultural academic concerned about soil erosion. He had been suggesting the spread of both seed and fertiliser for erosion control and aerial spreading of trace minerals since the 1930s, but had not conducted trials until he met Prichard. Campbell brought official backing and academic

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in front of large numbers of farmers and press. These trials were calculated to have spread 2.5 cwt/acre (31,000 kg/km) at an all-up cost of 15 shillings ($ 1.50) per acre (4047 m), despite the use of inappropriately over-powered combat aircraft. Further public displays were given to

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conducted private trials on hill country in the same year with scaled-up versions of the New Zealand hoppers fitted to Bristol Freighters. The success of these trials was widely publicised through Farmers' Weekly magazine. Hopper conversions were marketed for the Freighter and the even larger

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By 1965 the million tons of superphosphate dropped annually was being spread over 9 million acres (36,000 km). The amount an aircraft dropped had increased from 2.5 tons to 8 tons and there were 10,000 privately owned airstrips for topdressing in New Zealand. Other work was also done by

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The amount of fertiliser used in aerial topdressing rose from almost nothing in 1950 to over 250,000 tons in 1955, to over 450,000 tons in 1960 and to over 900,000 tons in 1965, approximately doubling every five years. By 1958 there were 73 aerial topdressing firms in New Zealand, flying 279

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while Harrison, on his signal, held the downpipe out a window and emptied the sack. They then landed and examined the spread of the seeds. It was found a distribution of 1 seed per square foot was obtained from a height of 100 to 150 feet (46 m). On Monday 10 March, they sowed 375 acres

309:. Remembering the grape seeds, Prichard suggested sowing the seed by air. Burying the hatchet, Harrison and Prichard spent that evening experimenting with methods of dispersal, before settling on sewing a sack onto a piece of downpipe. The following morning, 8 March 1939, Prichard flew over 732:

when these were introduced. In 2004 the family business was bought out by Ravensdown Fertiliser Cooperative, although two of Wally's grandsons remain in the company: Bruce, chief pilot, and Rick, operations Manager. The fleet currently consists of eight Crescos, two Fletchers, and one each

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conducted various trials between 1939 and 1943, from an early stage adding fertiliser to the seeds, which was found to dramatically improve growth. The success of the fertiliser was such that his trials came to concentrate on this aspect, and its possible application to existing pasture.

1017:, a number of negative impacts have emerged. The two major criticisms are the run off of fertiliser into streams and waterways which encourages marine plant growth, leading to choking of the waterways and altering the fresh water ecosystem, disadvantaging many fish, (and frustrating 314:(1.52 km), using 2 lb/acre (224 kg/km) instead of the 5 lb/acre (560 kg/km) used when sowing by hand. The pair returned to examine the site at 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 years and at all points the aerially sown land was indistinguishable from that sown by hand. 573:

The majority of the 40,000 plus New Zealanders trained by the RNZAF were aircrew. Most were sent to Europe, and served in squadrons where the ground crew were from the United Kingdom. On returning to their rural homes, many bought cheap war-surplus aircraft, particularly the

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The DHC Beaver was purchased in numbers and there were abortive plans to build it under license in New Zealand, but its high wing and bulky cabin were unsuited to the role. In the UK Miles Aerovans proved underpowered. In the Eastern Bloc, where economy mattered less, the

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Airwork pioneered the technique of landing on the farmer's property, loading and turning the aircraft round in three or four minutes. To save time, bulk loading from a vehicle was pioneered instead of emptying bags into the hopper. For the first drop a hurriedly converted

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dropped and the area it fell on would continue to increase—from then on the numbers of companies, aircraft and pilots dropped as the larger more expensive Fletchers came to dominate the market and the one-man companies that began in the 1940s were amalgamated.

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is New Zealand's largest aircraft manufacturer. Fletchers and Crescos have been exported to Australia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Differences between the demands of American and European markets, as well as entry barriers, have ensured the

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responsibility to Prichard's work. Immediately after the war, he obtained permission to build a sheet metal hopper for ZK-AFH to test the spread of bluestone crystals. In 1946 the first pure topdressing flight was conducted without seed. Mixtures of

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reaching the ground. Nevertheless, in July Campbell arranged for ZK-AFH to topdress 1,100 acres (4.5 km) of a copper-deficient farm. In August 1947 trials with cobalt sulphate in liquid form were conducted on the farm of K. M. Hickson near

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biplanes cheaply, placed a hopper in the front seat and went into business flying from the paddocks of any farmer willing to pay. The government became reluctant to spend money on interfering with the increasing number of commercial operators.

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The superphosphate was too powdery but a more granular form was found before final trials measuring distribution pattern of spread by air on 16 September 1948. The results were considered very promising. Trials proceeded to hill country at

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slowly spread in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, other nations. Crop dusting poisons enjoyed a boom in the US and Europe after World War II until the environmental impact of widespread use was recognised following the publication of

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By the end of 1949 there were five firms; Airwork had five Tiger Moths, James Aviation three, Aircraft Services three, Gisborne Aerial topdressing (which was to become Field Air) had one, and Southern Scenic Airtrips had converted an

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bombers carrying canvas trays with 5 tons of superphosphate in 14 lb (6.4 kg) and 28 lb (13 kg) paper bags designed to burst on impact. These trials were a failure due to poor spread achieved from the bags. The

537:. However low capitalisation for start up costs and the difficulties of low level operation in large transports led British private industry to use smaller machines, even though they could not operate directly from farms. 362:, with a horseback-mounted radio used to convey results to the pilot. It was soon suggested that cobaltised superphosphate would be easier to spread, although it was felt a specialised aircraft would be needed to do this. 695:

farmer, converted his Tiger Moth into a top dresser in 1949 to use on his own not particularly productive high country station. The following year he founded Wanganui Aero Work Ltd. By 1954 the company added the first

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Initial interest in New Zealand concentrated on seed sowing, but much of New Zealand's central North Island farmland, given to returned servicemen after World War I, had proven deficient in trace minerals such as

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required substantial farmer investment in infrastructure unnecessary for the big planes. Accordingly, he declined persistent offers of directorships of their companies, instead long maintaining hopeful watch on

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Convinced by the trials, Campbell formed the co-ordinating and advisory committee on aerial topdressing with representatives from the Ministry of Public Works, Department of Agriculture, Department of Air,

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primary trainer, available for £100. These were used for weekend flying, but also dropping fencing, feed and people into remote areas, as well as occasional aerial sowing and dropping of rabbit poison.

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Following these successful trials, in 1950, farmers' groups lobbied the government to have the RNZAF provide subsidised topdressing with the Bristol freighters and even advocated using large

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In the United States Fletcher Aviation Corporation was persuaded by a delegation of New Zealanders to develop an aircraft for the New Zealand market and Jim Thorpe adapted a design for the

672:. Fieldair developed the tractor-mounted hopper loader, adopted throughout the industry, and became the largest topdressing firm in the country by the time of Field's death in 1981. 1119:

NZ Aviation Press. Te Awamutu, 1983 (a more comprehensive history of New Zealand top dressing, mostly regional, with separate chapters about matters such as aircraft development).

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Ossie James was another pilot and farmer who started with a Tiger Moth salvaged from floodwaters in 1948 and progressed to owning the largest fleet of Fletchers in the country.

321:, who Prichard occasionally flew as a VIP. Semple asked how Prichard had obtained permission. Prichard admitted he had not, and had "cribbed" back the time in the ZK-AFH's 333:

per acre), which was economic (actually, this price turned out to be a significant overestimate). Prichard now found an ally who could officially sanction further trials.

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started on 14 March 1949 spreading clover-super mix. The "Topdress III" trials culminated on 21 May 1949 with a demonstration drop on 11 different properties close to

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As a result of Prichard's experiments, in 1945 the Department of Agriculture estimated aerial topdressing would cost about £4 per ton of fertiliser (on a basis of 2

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temporarily made the island one of the richest nations in the world on a per capita basis, but removed most of the soil from the island making 80% of it unusable.

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At that time it was illegal to drop anything from an aircraft, which dissuaded several advocates who felt a law change was needed before experiments could begin.

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flew a number of Douglas DC-3s and Lockheed Model 18 Lodestars as well as Fletchers. James was heavily involved in the New Zealand International Field Days, the

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helicopters. In 2013 Wanganui Aero Works changed from their famous red and white markings to a cleaner, white livery as a result of the buy-out by Ravensdown.

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agricultural aircraft, as in foreign countries, particularly outside the February to May prime season. Clover seed is sown and spraying is carried out with

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and three Grumman Avengers; the RNZAF put superphosphate in a converted long range fuel tank in Avenger NZ2504 and dropped it over the concrete runway at

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was a large and competent organisation without a lot of work to do. It responded enthusiastically to Campbell's suggestion, initially proposing to use

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on his own land. This led the Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council to decide to fund aerial sowing and topdressing trials in 1937 to prevent

477:, on 9 September at Ohakea and at a 17 September Air Force Day air show. As these trials were a resounding success, in addition to the Aerovans, 12 1140: 793:

By 1952 there were 38 firms in the business in New Zealand, operating 149 aircraft, of which 138 were Tiger Moths. A smattering of higher powered

587:. In addition Wally Harding was top dressing his own property with his private Tiger Moth. Rex Garnham started Rangitikei Air Services with one 1008: 835:

in 1950 this aircraft not only had a long and successful career but was put into production (as an all-new-built aircraft) in Australia, the

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1955. A hundred Fletcher kits were delivered to New Zealand that year. Airparts bought out the rights and continued development locally.

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The first known use of a heavier-than-air machine in aerial application was on 3 August 1921 when, as a result of advocacy by Dr Coad, a

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The Fletcher was responsible for starting New Zealand's small aircraft building industry. Having taken over from Air Parts and AESL,

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Prichard wrote up the experiment in the NZ Journal of Agriculture (vol 70 p117-120). This came to the attention of the Minister

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Conversions of more robust World War II aircraft started. In 1954 the RNZAF had conducted some further topdressing tests at

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for the New Zealand market. Both robust but primitive fabric-covered aircraft. In Australia the small but more advanced

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Typical of many, pre-war Tiger Moth ZK-AIO was converted to topdressing in early 1950 and lost in a crash the same year.

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placed the first large contract at Christmas 1949. Airwork would go on to have a major role in the development of the

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aircraft might instead spread seed and fertilizer on Wairere. When it became known Henry Ford had invested in the

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and the Soil Conservation Council. At the committee's first meeting on 27 November 1947 it resolved to ask the

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style of topdresser did not compete with the cockpit behind the hopper designs of American manufacturers.

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Campbell published his research in the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Volume X, 1948 as

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in 1963. Crop dusting was not adopted in New Zealand until after top dressing was well established.

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in the early 1950s gave farmers the extra capital. World War II had left behind cheap, war-surplus

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Several factors lay behind the development of aerial topdressing in New Zealand. The New Zealand

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of agricultural materials was by John Chaytor, who spread seed over a swamped valley floor in

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Limited had been operating Tiger Moths for rabbit killing by spreading poisoned carrots in

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A supervisor, J. L. Harrison, complained that Prichard was holding back men needed to sow

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is the manufacturer of the PAC Fletcher and the similar but larger and turboprop powered

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A PAC Cresco aircraft in action, with the fertiliser emerging from between the wings.

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then under construction for the RNZAF were modified to take superphosphate hoppers.

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aircraft, but concerns about corrosion lead them to use "expendable" war surplus

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Government Press, Wellington, 1973. (a brief manual aimed largely at farmers).

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Ironically, given the industry was started by government research aimed at

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was independently suggested in 1926 by two New Zealanders, John Lambert of

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chassis fitted with hydraulic arms. This investment was justified when

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James Aviation Tiger Moth at Te Papa—National Museum of New Zealand.

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But for topdressing something larger and more robust was needed.

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third highest standard of living in the world. High prices for

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For 1949 a Research and Development flight was formed under

1242:– McKinnon, Malcolm (Editor); David Bateman, 1997, Plate 89 267:, but little progress was made, despite strong advocacy by 229:. The possibility of using aircraft was soon investigated. 628:

was used, but this soon broke down and was replaced by a

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in the 1940s and rapidly adopted elsewhere in the 1950s.

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PAC Cresco in a hard banking turn at the end of a run.

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Experiments were resumed on 5 September 1948 using a

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Spreading of fertilisers over farmland using aircraft

389:Between the second world war and the cold war, the 1260:. Archived from the original on 25 September 2000. 651:(1896–1981), a farmer and pilot, converted one of 519:RAF conducted trials over Scottish farm land with 367:"Some observations on top dressing in New Zealand" 1103:Some observations on Top dressing in New Zealand 823:were adapted by rebuilds, the Wirraway into the 599:Topdressing in rugged conditions in New Zealand 1028:deposits on the tiny South Pacific island of 298:. The survey was delayed when the Ministry's 8: 872:Entirely new designs were clearly needed in 282:The idea of spreading seed also occurred to 700:to its five Tiger Moths. It also operated 510:was done by a private Tiger Moth in 1948. 432:, and were extended to three other sites. 819:and its Australian-built counterpart the 455:, equipped with the three Avengers and a 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 1235: 1233: 1154:"Field, Lawson Lysnar Copland 1896–1981" 570:and highly trained ex-air force pilots. 434: 248:. There was some publicity when in 1936 43:This article includes a list of general 1204: 1180:"Campbell, Douglas Archibald 1906–1969" 1141:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1053: 302:, ZK-AFH, was grounded by bad weather. 122:, a specialist aerial topdressing plane 1263: 1122:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 1066:heavy cargo-carrying aircraft industry 506:The first experimental topdressing in 1059: 1057: 1009:Environmental issues with agriculture 815:being converted for topdressing. The 443:used in the trials, preserved in the 7: 1252:Seneviratne, Kalinga (26 May 1999). 907:Specialist crop dusters such as the 1185:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 1159:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 1110:The History of New Zealand Aviation 1094:Alexander, G. & J. S. Tullett, 1024:The mining of superphosphate from 418:Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum 416:. (NZ2504 is now preserved in the 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 1190:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1164:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1108:Ewing, Ross and MacPherson, Ross 936:Airtrainer. Pacific Aerospace of 876:. In Britain Auster produced the 839:that also appeared in one of the 795:de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers 662:De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers 962:aircraft—although the amount of 912:American designs were superior. 901:New Zealand Meat Producers Board 34: 1146:New Zealand topdressing history 895:light attack aircraft into the 675:Fieldair's logo is a strangled 152:, New Zealand, in 1906 using a 860:Developing specialist machines 660:Limited and brought in modern 1: 1137:Origins of aerial topdressing 252:farmer Harold McHardy used a 1240:New Zealand Historical Atlas 140:Previous aerial applications 379:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1322: 1291:Agriculture in New Zealand 1213:"AAAA Mission and History" 1006: 775:New Zealand Order of Merit 1270:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1001:phosphate mining in Nauru 691:Wally Harding, a pioneer 530:Bristol Aeroplane Company 497:Research in other nations 751:McDonnell Douglas MD520N 999:pinnacles remain after 856:was used for the role. 837:Transavia PL-12 Airtruk 490:De Havilland Tiger Moth 349:, sulphate of ammonia, 292:Public Works Department 254:de Havilland Gypsy Moth 64:more precise citations. 1306:New Zealand inventions 1004: 953: 869: 790: 600: 550: 541:Success in New Zealand 448: 410:Miles Whitney Straight 300:Miles Whitney Straight 131: 123: 107:. It was developed in 1254:"Nauru turns to dust" 995: 951: 867: 788: 598: 548: 535:Handley Page Hastings 486:Handley Page Hastings 438: 238:agricultural aircraft 156:with mobile tethers. 129: 117: 105:agricultural aircraft 1148:at techhistory.co.nz 988:Environmental impact 290:for the New Zealand 103:over farmland using 831:. Flight tested at 718:Piper PA-25 Pawnees 634:Pyne Gould Guinness 244:and Len Daniell of 170:was used to spread 1301:Aerial application 1070:Bristol Freighters 1042:Aerial application 1005: 954: 870: 791: 743:Aerospatiale AS350 687:Wanganui Aero Work 666:Lockheed Lodestars 601: 551: 479:Bristol Freighters 449: 347:bluestone crystals 146:aerial application 132: 124: 97:aerial application 93:Aerial topdressing 18:Aerial Topdressing 1112:, Heinemann, 1986 1015:soil conservation 928:, as well as the 922:Pacific Aerospace 916:Pacific Aerospace 886:Yeoman Cropmaster 880:and Percival the 812:Bristol Freighter 771:Waikato Aero Club 471:cabinet ministers 311:Ninety Mile Beach 164:Curtiss JN4 Jenny 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 1313: 1296:General aviation 1276: 1275: 1269: 1261: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1178:Roche, Michael. 1174: 1172: 1170: 1082: 1061: 847:Existing designs 473:on 30 August at 403:Grumman Avengers 381:for assistance. 168:John A. Macready 144:The first known 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1194: 1192: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1152:Geelen, Janic. 1151: 1133: 1117:The Topdressers 1091: 1086: 1085: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1038: 1011: 990: 959: 957:Mature industry 918: 909:Schweizer Agcat 888:was developed. 878:Auster Agricola 862: 849: 804: 783: 759: 726:Cessna AGwagons 689: 646: 606: 543: 516: 504: 499: 441:Grumman Avenger 387: 339: 280: 214: 154:hot air balloon 142: 137: 120:Auster Agricola 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1244: 1229: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1175: 1149: 1143: 1132: 1131:External links 1129: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1115:Geelen, Janic 1113: 1106: 1101:D.A. 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