Æthelflæd - Knowledge (XXG)

639: 654:, described in the charter as "their friend". They granted the church of Worcester a half share of the rights of lordship over the city, covering land rents and the proceeds of justice, and in return the cathedral community agreed in perpetuity to dedicate a psalm to them three times a day and a mass and thirty psalms every Saturday. As the rights of lordship had previously belonged fully to the church, this represented the beginning of transfer from episcopal to secular control of the city. In 904 Bishop Werferth granted a lease of land in the city to Æthelred and Æthelflæd, to be held for the duration of their lives and that of their daughter Ælfwynn. The land was valuable, including most of the city's usable river frontage, and control of it enabled the Mercian rulers to dominate over and profit from the city. 782: 4236: 1005: 1076:(renowned Saxon queen). She was also praised by Anglo-Norman historians such as John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury, who described her as "a powerful accession to party, the delight of his subjects, the dread of his enemies, a woman of enlarged soul". He claimed that she declined to have sex after the birth of her only child because it was "unbecoming of the daughter of a king to give way to a delight which, after a time, produced such painful consequences". According to Nick Higham, "successive medieval and modern writers were quite captivated by her" and her brother's reputation has suffered unfairly in comparison. In the twelfth century, 1173:

over the race of the Mercians under the aforesaid king". Keynes argues that a new polity was created when Æthelred submitted to Alfred in the 880s, covering Wessex and English (western) Mercia. In Keynes's view, "the conclusion seems inescapable that the Alfredian polity of the kingship 'of the Anglo-Saxons' persisted in the first quarter of the tenth century, and that the Mercians were thus under Edward's rule from the beginning of his reign". Ryan believes that the Mercian rulers "had a considerable but ultimately subordinate share of royal authority".

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their generosity to monastic communities. In 883 Æthelred granted privileges to Berkeley Abbey and in the 890s he and Æthelflæd issued a charter in favour of the church of Worcester. This was the only occasion in Alfred's lifetime when they are known to have acted jointly; generally Æthelred acted on his own, usually acknowledging the permission of King Alfred. Æthelflæd witnessed charters of Æthelred in 888, 889 and 896. In 901 Æthelflæd and Æthelred gave land and a golden chalice weighing thirty mancuses to the shrine of Saint

1229: 906:. Derby was the first to fall to the English; she lost "four of her thegns who were dear to her" in the battle. Tim Clarkson, who describes Æthelflæd as "renowned as a competent war-leader", regards the victory at Derby as "her greatest triumph". At the end of the year, the East Anglian Danes submitted to Edward. In early 918, Æthelflæd gained possession of Leicester without opposition and most of the local Danish army submitted to her. A few months later, the leading men of Danish-ruled 1042:Æthelflæd died a few months too early to see the final conquest of the southern Danelaw by Edward. She was succeeded as Lady of the Mercians by her daughter, Ælfwynn, but in early December 918 Edward deposed her and took Mercia under his control. Many Mercians disliked the subordination of their ancient kingdom to Wessex, and Wainwright describes the Mercian annalist's description of the deposition of Ælfwynn as "heavy with resentment". Edward died in 924 at 801:, "Lady of the Mercians". Ian Walker describes her succession as the only case of a female ruler of a kingdom in Anglo-Saxon history and "one of the most unique events in early medieval history". In Wessex, royal women were not allowed to play any political role; Alfred's wife was not granted the title of queen and was never a witness to charters. In Mercia, Alfred's sister Æthelswith had been the wife of King 686:. The Norse Vikings later joined with the Danes in an attack on Chester, but this failed because Æthelflæd had fortified the town, and she persuaded the Irish among the attackers to change sides. Most historians date the attack on Chester to 907, but Matthew Firth argues that 910 is more likely and that it may have been part of the invasion which ended in Viking defeat at the 1195: 690:. Simon Ward, who excavated an Anglo-Saxon site in Chester, sees the later prosperity of the town as owing much to the planning of Æthelflæd and Edward. After Æthelflæd's death, Edward encountered fierce resistance to his efforts to consolidate his control of the north-west and he died there in 924, shortly after suppressing a local rebellion. 1028:. A building suitable for a royal mausoleum has been found by archaeological investigation at the east end of the church and this may have been St Oswald's burial place. Placement next to the saint would have been a prestigious burial location for Æthelred and Æthelflæd. William of Malmesbury wrote that their burial places were found in the 805:; she had witnessed charters as queen and had made grants jointly with her husband and in her own name. Æthelflæd benefited from a Mercian tradition of queenly importance, and was able to play a key role in the history of the early tenth century as Lady of the Mercians, which would not have been possible in Wessex. 1181:

There must remain some doubt as to the extent to which Edward's intentions for the future were shared in all respects by his sister and brother-in-law, and one is left to wonder what might have occurred had their sole offspring been male rather than female. Celtic visions of Æthelred and Æthelflæd as

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played a vital role in England in the first quarter of the tenth century. The success of Edward's campaigns against the Danes depended to a great extent upon her cooperation. In the Midlands and the North she came to dominate the political scene. And the way in which she used her influence helped to

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issued under her control from that of her brother. After her death, west Mercian coin reverses were again the same as those on coins produced in Wessex. No charters of Edward survive for the period between 910 and his death in 924, whereas two survive in Æthelflæd's sole name, S 224, possibly dating

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Compared to the rest of England, much of English Mercia —Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire and Shropshire —was unusually stable in the Viking age. It did not suffer major attacks and it did not come under great pressure from Wessex. Mercian scholarship had high prestige at the

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In Higham's view, Keynes makes a strong case that Edward ruled over an Anglo-Saxon state with a developing administrative and ideological unity but that Æthelflæd and Æthelred did much to encourage a separate Mercian identity, such as establishing cults of Mercian saints at their new burhs, as well

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points out that all coins were issued in Edward's name, and while the Mercian rulers were able to issue some charters on their own authority, others acknowledged Edward's lordship. In 903 a Mercian ealdorman "petitioned King Edward, and also Æthelred and Æthelflæd, who then held rulership and power

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Wainwright sees Æthelflæd as willingly accepting a subordinate role in a partnership with her brother and agreeing to his plan of unification of Wessex and Mercia under his rule. Wainwright argues that he probably sent his oldest son Æthelstan to be brought up in Mercia, to make him more acceptable

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describes Æthelflæd as "the last Mercian queen", referred to in charters in such terms as "by the gift of Christ's mercy ruling the government of the Mercians". Stafford argues that Æthelred and Æthelflæd exercised most or all of the powers of a monarch after Alfred's death but it would have been a

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porticus during building works in the early twelfth century. He may have been misinformed about the position but it is also possible that the tombs were moved from their prestigious position next to the saint, when the couple became less known over time or when tenth-century kings acted to minimise

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but Æthelflæd is almost ignored in the standard West Saxon version, in what F. T. Wainwright calls "a conspiracy of silence". He argues that King Edward was anxious not to encourage Mercian separatism and did not wish to publicise his sister's accomplishments, in case she became a symbol of Mercian

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The assumption that Mercia was in some sort of limbo in this period, subordinate to Wessex and waiting to be incorporated into "England" cannot be sustained ... Æthelred's death in 911 changed little, for his formidable wife carried on as sole ruler of Mercia until her death in 918. Only then

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in his honour. The relics gave the church great prestige as Oswald had been one of the most important founding saints of Anglo-Saxon Christianity as well as a ruling monarch, and the decision to translate his relics to Gloucester shows the importance of the town to Æthelred and Æthelflæd, who were

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The 1,100th anniversary of the death of Æthelflaed was marked throughout 2018 in Tamworth with a number of major events, including the unveiling of a new six-metre statue, the creation of the town's biggest ever piece of community art, a major commemorative church service, talks, a special guided

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was able to preserve considerable intellectual and liturgical continuity and, with Gloucester, became the centre of a Mercian revival under Æthelred and Æthelflæd that extended into the more unstable areas of Staffordshire and Cheshire. Charters show the Mercian leaders supporting the revival by

561:(796–821). Æthelflæd was thus half-Mercian and the alliance between Wessex and Mercia was sealed by her marriage to Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. They are mentioned in Alfred's will, which probably dates to the 880s. Æthelflæd, described only as "my eldest daughter", received an estate and 100 1041:

would have been a provocative declaration of independence; Gloucester, near the border with Wessex, was a compromise between the two. Martin Ryan sees the foundation as "something like a royal mausoleum, intended to replace the one at Repton (Derbyshire) that had been destroyed by the Vikings".

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The choice of burial place was symbolic. Victoria Thompson argues that if Æthelflæd had chosen Edward's royal mausoleum in Winchester as the burial place for her husband and herself, that would have emphasised Mercia's subordinate status, whereas a traditional Mercian royal burial place such as

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and their hinterlands, which Alfred had put under Mercian control. Ian Walker suggests that Æthelflæd accepted this loss of territory in return for recognition by her brother of her position in Mercia. Alfred had constructed a network of fortified burhs in Wessex, and Edward and Æthelflæd now

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In the age when English scholarship and religion reached their lowest ebb, Mercia and in particular the lower Severn valley seem to have maintained traditional standards of learning. It is in this context that the establishment of a new minster at Gloucester by Æthelred and Æthelflæd is to be

294:. Æthelred's health probably declined early in the next decade, after which it is likely that Æthelflæd was mainly responsible for the government of Mercia. Edward had succeeded as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 899, and in 909 he sent a West Saxon and Mercian force to raid the northern 1160:

to the Mercians as king; Æthelflæd does not appear to have tried to find a husband for her daughter, who must have been nearly thirty by 918. In Wainwright's view, she was ignored in West Saxon sources for fear that recognition of her achievements would encourage Mercian separatism:

517:. According to Wainwright, it "contains much that is legendary rather than historical. But it also contains, especially for our period, much genuine historical information which seems to have its roots in a contemporary narrative." She was praised by Anglo-Norman chroniclers such as 744:

Mercia had a long tradition of venerating royal saints and this was enthusiastically supported by Æthelred and Æthelflæd. Saintly relics were believed to give supernatural legitimacy to rulers' authority, and Æthelflæd was probably responsible for the foundation or re-foundation of

817:, Æthelflæd led Mercian armies on expeditions, which she planned. He commented: "It was through reliance on her guardianship of Mercia that her brother was enabled to begin the forward movement against the southern Danes which is the outstanding feature of his reign". 713:

was held in the royal hall at Kingsholm, just outside the town. The Mercian rulers built a new minster in Gloucester and, although the building was small, it was embellished on a grand scale, with rich sculpture. The church appears to have been an exact copy of the

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covers the years 902 to 924, and focuses on Æthelflæd's actions; Edward is hardly mentioned and her husband only twice, on his death and as father of their daughter. Information about Æthelflæd's career is also preserved in the Irish chronicle known as the

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describes him as "somewhat of a mysterious character", who may have claimed royal blood and been related to Æthelred Mucel. In the view of Ian Walker: "He was a royal ealdorman whose power base lay in the south-west of Mercia in the former kingdom of the

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and his brother, the future King Alfred, for a combined attack on the Vikings, who refused an engagement; in the end the Mercians bought peace with them. The following year, the Vikings conquered East Anglia. In 874 the Vikings expelled King Burgred and

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to the new Gloucester minster. Æthelred died in 911 and Æthelflæd then ruled Mercia as Lady of the Mercians. The accession of a female ruler in Mercia is described by the historian Ian Walker as "one of the most unique events in early medieval history".

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Historians disagree whether Mercia was an independent kingdom under Æthelred and Æthelflæd but they agree that Æthelflæd was a great ruler who played an important part in the conquest of the Danelaw. She was praised by Anglo-Norman chroniclers such as

986:

No coins were issued with the name of Æthelred or Æthelflæd on them, but in the 910s silver pennies were minted in west Mercian towns with unusual ornamental designs on the reverse and this may have reflected Æthelflæd's desire to distinguish

3419:(2010). "The Policy on Relic Translations of Baldwin II of Flanders (879–918), Edward of Wessex (899–924), and Æthelflæd of Mercia (d. 924): A Key to Anglo-Flemish Relations". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). 51: 271:, who accepted Alfred's overlordship. Alfred adopted the title King of the Anglo-Saxons (previously he was titled King of the West Saxons like his predecessors) claiming to rule all Anglo-Saxon people not living in areas under 5239: 445:

regards this view as partial and distorted, that he was accepted as a true king by the Mercians and by King Alfred. The situation was transformed the following year when Alfred won a decisive victory over the Danes at the

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in south-east Wales was already under West Saxon lordship but, in the view of Charles-Edwards, this passage shows that the other Welsh kingdoms were under Mercian lordship until Edward took direct power over Mercia.

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make possible the unification of England under kings of the West Saxon royal house. But her reputation has suffered from bad publicity, or rather from a conspiracy of silence among her West Saxon contemporaries.

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Edward did not conquer the Viking Kingdom of York in southern Northumbria. Æthelstan took control of it in 927 but after his death in 939 the kingdom was contested until the expulsion of the last Norse king in

573:". The marriage may have taken place earlier, perhaps when he submitted to Alfred following the recovery of London in 886. Æthelred was much older than Æthelflæd and they had one known child, a daughter called 430:

became the last King of Mercia with their support. In 877 the Vikings partitioned Mercia, taking the eastern regions for themselves and allowing Ceolwulf to keep the western ones. He was described by the

681:

states that in 907 Chester was "restored". Æthelflæd was probably responsible for restoriation of the town's Roman defences by running walls from the north-west and south-east corners of the fort to the

565:, while Æthelred, the only ealdorman to be mentioned by name, received a sword worth 100 mancuses. Æthelflæd was first recorded as Æthelred's wife in a charter of 887, when he granted two estates to the 926:

in Northumbria. Historians consider this unlikely, but she may have sent a contingent to the battle. Both sides claimed victory but Ragnall was able to establish himself as ruler of Northumbria. In the

477:, son of Alfred's elder brother. Æthelwold joined forces with the Vikings when he was unable to get sufficient support in Wessex, and his rebellion only ended with his death in battle in December 902. 1191:

In June 2018, Æthelflæd's funeral was re-enacted in front of a crowd of 10,000 people in Gloucester, as part of a series of living history events marking the 1,100th anniversary of her death.

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believes that the foundation of the church was probably a family and dynastic enterprise, encouraged by Alfred and supported by Edward and Bishop Werferth. Heighway and Michael Hare wrote:

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Marios Costambeys dates Æthelflæd's birth to the early 870s, but Maggie Bailey argues that as she was her parents' first child and they married in 868, she was probably born in 869–70

581:, the eldest son of Edward the Elder and future king of England, was brought up in their court and, in the view of Martin Ryan, certainly joined their campaigns against the Vikings. 5193: 5264: 958:

strongly sympathetic to Edward the Elder, after Æthelflæd's death "the kings among the Welsh, Hywel and Clydog and Idwal, and all the Welsh people sought to have as their lord".

469:, which had been in Viking hands. He then received the submission of all English not under Viking control and handed control of London over to Æthelred. In the 890s, Æthelred and 1198:

The new Æthelflaed statue outside Tamworth Railway Station, erected to commemorate 1,100 years since her death in Tamworth. Her spear points visitors towards the town centre and

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June 918 and her body was carried 75 miles (121 km) to Gloucester, where she was buried with her husband in their foundation, St Oswald's Minster. According to the

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Little is known of Æthelflæd's relations with the Welsh. The only recorded event took place in 916, when she sent an expedition to avenge the murder of a Mercian

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June 918 before she could take advantage of the offer, and a few months later Edward completed the conquest of Mercia. Æthelflæd was succeeded by her daughter

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Stafford, Pauline (2007). "'The Annals of Æthelflæd': Annals, History and Politics in Early Tenth-Century England". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.).

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Heighway, Caroline; Hare, Michael (1999). "Gloucester and the Minster of St Oswald: A Survey of the Evidence". In Heighway, Carolyn; Bryan, Richard (eds.).

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Mercia was the dominant kingdom in southern England in the eighth century and maintained its position until it suffered a decisive defeat by Wessex at the

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and their army was destroyed at the Battle of Tettenhall, opening the way for the recovery of the Danish Midlands and East Anglia over the next decade.

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In 909 Edward sent a West Saxon and Mercian force to the northern Danelaw, where it raided for five weeks. The remains of the royal Northumbrian saint

677:. Æthelflæd agreed, perhaps in the hope that they would provide protection against attack by other Vikings. These events probably date to 902-903. The 370:, who described her as "a powerful accession to party, the delight of his subjects, the dread of his enemies, a woman of enlarged soul". According to 5173: 4308: 914:, but she died on 12 June 918, before she could take advantage of the offer. No similar offer is known to have been made to Edward. According to the 5284: 1182:

king and queen certainly offer a different, and equally valid, contemporary take on the complex politics of this transition to a new English state.

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At the end of the ninth century, Æthelred and Æthelflæd fortified Worcester, with the permission of King Alfred and at the request of Bishop

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from Derby to Shrewsbury. In 910 the Danes retaliated against the English attack of the previous year by invading Mercia, raiding as far as

465:. In 883, he made a grant with the consent of King Alfred, thus acknowledging Alfred's lordship. In 886 Alfred occupied the Mercian town of 4331: 3970: 1142:

provocative act formally to claim regality, especially after Æthelwold's rebellion. Stafford sees her as a "warrior queen", "Like ...

473:, Alfred's son and future successor, fought off more Viking attacks. Alfred died in 899 and Edward's claim to the throne was disputed by 409:

and used this as a starting point for an invasion. The East Anglians were forced to buy peace and the following year the Vikings invaded

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control. In the mid-880s, Alfred sealed the strategic alliance between the surviving English kingdoms by marrying Æthelflæd to Æthelred.

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having been conquered, and Mercia partitioned between the English and the Vikings – but in that year Alfred won a crucial victory at the

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ruler of Mercia, perhaps as early as 902, although he witnessed charters at a meeting attended by the king in 903. According to the

278:Æthelred played a major role in fighting off renewed Viking attacks in the 890s, together with Æthelflæd's brother, the future King 4428: 4215: 3986: 1009: 813:

embarked on a programme of extending them to consolidate their defences and provide bases for attacks on the Vikings. According to

723: 557:, one of the tribes of Mercia. Ealhswith's mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal house, probably a descendant of King 454: 287: 268: 158: 147: 90: 386:'s view, medieval and modern writers have been so captivated by her that Edward's reputation has suffered unfairly in comparison. 4453: 170: 314:

and in the 910s Edward and Æthelflæd embarked on a programme of extending them. Among the towns where she built defences were

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in 825. Thereafter the two kingdoms became allies, which was to be an important factor in English resistance to the Vikings.

2984:(1996). "The local rulers of Anglo-Saxon England to AD 927". In Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (eds.). 4973: 453:

Ceolwulf is not recorded after 879. His successor as the ruler of the English western half of Mercia, Æthelflæd's husband

718:. It was initially dedicated to St Peter but when Oswald's remains were brought to Gloucester in 909, Æthelflæd had them 5129: 4385: 2961: 891: 354:

surrendered without a fight. Shortly afterwards the Viking leaders of York offered her their loyalty, but she died on 12

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Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "Conquest, Reform and the Making of England". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.).

606: 3802:

Williams, Ann (1991c). "Ceolwulf II, King of Mercia 874–9". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.).

657:Æthelred's health probably declined several years before his death in 911, with the result that Æthelflæd became the 3539:(2001). "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol A. (eds.). 1207:

walk, commemorative ale and an academic conference weekend drawing academics and delegates from all over the world.

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and then made an abortive attack on Wales. When this failed they applied to Æthelflæd for permission to settle near

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Williams, Ann (1991b). "Burgred, King of Mercia 852–74". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.).

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Ward, Simon (2001). "Edward the Elder and the Re-establishment of Chester". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

5012: 4573: 4021: 414: 5254: 4886: 4856: 4447: 4379: 4185: 3761: 918:, in 918 Æthelflæd led an army of Scots and Northumbrian English against forces led by the Norse Viking leader 442: 3915:. Publications of the Richard Rawlinson Center, Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. 3764:(1991a). "Æthelred Lord of the Mercians c. 883–911". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). 3207:

Heighway, Carolyn (2001). "Gloucester and the New Minster of St Oswald". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.).

474: 844:. In 914 a Mercian army drawn from Gloucester and Hereford repelled a Viking invasion from Brittany, and the 5274: 4775: 4691: 4370: 829: 786: 715: 323: 136: 1109: 5095: 4358: 4276: 4258: 4135: 3871: 2704: 2682: 2660: 932: 903: 754: 458: 406: 256: 3666:

Thacker, Alan (2014). "Chester". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

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Szarmach, Paul R. (1998). "Æðelflæd of Mercia, Mise en Page". In Baker, Peter S.; Howe, Nicholas (eds.).

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and she has received more attention from historians than any other secular woman in Anglo-Saxon England.

28: 4946: 4743: 4591: 4585: 4210: 1237: 910:

offered to pledge their loyalty to Æthelflæd, probably to secure her support against Norse raiders from

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Woolf, Alex (2001). "View from the West: an Irish Perspective". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

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Keynes, Simon (1998). "King Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, M. A. S.; Dumville, D. N. (eds.).

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Henry of Huntingdon's poem was translated, "freely" according to Paul Szarmach, by Thomas Forester in

1228: 709:, and Æthelred and Æthelflæd had repaired its ancient Roman defences. In 896 a meeting of the Mercian 4898: 4868: 4850: 4787: 4751: 4737: 4200: 4165: 3647:

Thacker, Alan (2001). "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

687: 221: 72: 3111:

Hall, R. A. (2014). "York". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

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Bailey, Maggie (2001). "Ælfwynn, Second Lady of the Mercians". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.).

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to Gloucester. In the late ninth century Gloucester had become a burh with a street plan similar to

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Words and Works: Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature in Honour of Fred C. Robinson

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Keynes, Simon (2001). "Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

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The Golden Minster: The Anglo-Saxon Minster and Later Medieval Priory of St Oswald at Gloucester

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Heighway, Carolyn M. (1984). "Anglo-Saxon Gloucester to AD 1000". In Gaull, Margaret L. (ed.).

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A translation of the Mercian Register is an appendix in Tim Clarkson's biography of Æthelflæd.

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Winkler, Emily (August 2022). "Æthelflaed and Other Rulers in English Histories, c.900–1150".

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Lyon, Stewart (2001). "The coinage of Edward the Elder". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.).

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in Staffordshire. She may also have translated the relics of the martyred Northumbrian prince

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to fall to the English, a victory described by Tim Clarkson as "her greatest triumph". In 918

165: 502:; although it is now lost, elements were incorporated into several surviving versions of the 5198: 5052: 4940: 4934: 4793: 4769: 4397: 4391: 4180: 4175: 4075: 3940: 3883: 3627: 3536: 3516: 3447: 3226:

Higham, Nick (2001a). "Edward the Elder's Reputation". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.).

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Gretsch, Mechtild (2001). "The Junius Psalter Gloss". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

3012: 2988:(3rd, with corrections ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. 2897: 2852: 1290: 1272: 1138: 1069: 979: 971: 895: 683: 566: 534: 470: 371: 362:, but in December Edward took personal control of Mercia and carried Ælfwynn off to Wessex. 279: 229: 225: 192: 5178: 3323:

Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century

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in Cheshire a few days after putting down a rebellion by Mercians and Welshmen at Chester.

569:"with the permission and sign-manual of King Alfred" and the attestors included "Æthelflæd 5077: 4997: 4880: 4709: 4685: 4565: 4498: 4272: 4100: 4090: 4085: 4080: 3416: 3073:

Griffiths, David (2001). "The North-West Frontier". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

1199: 1118: 642:

Charter S 221, dated 901, of Æthelred and Ætheflæd, donating land and a golden chalice to

610: 513: 182: 2563: 954:

and captured the queen and thirty-three of her companions. According to a version of the

601:

suggests that he was probably the son of King Burgred of Mercia and King Alfred's sister

886:

In 917 invasions by three Viking armies failed as Æthelflæd sent an army which captured

5188: 5158: 4504: 4352: 4145: 4095: 4060: 2981: 2889: 1130: 951: 750: 643: 632: 267:. Soon afterwards the English-controlled western half of Mercia came under the rule of 27:

This article is about the Lady of the Mercians. For other people called Æthelflæd, see

3439: 1068:

she was Lady of the Mercians. Irish and Welsh annals described her as a queen and the

5218: 5168: 5063: 4523: 3903: 3872:"'For the Protection of All the People': Æthelflæd and Her Burhs in Northwest Mercia" 3577: 3161: 3032: 814: 770: 698: 602: 585: 1125:

Some historians believe that Æthelred and Æthelflæd were independent rulers. In the

490:

claims. Brief details of her actions were preserved in a pro-Mercian version of the

4300: 4160: 1169: 864: 841: 825: 728: 702: 383: 4403: 4253: 3887: 3465: 2915: 2880: 2785: 2707:(2001). "Wales and Mercia 613–918". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol A. (eds.). 790: 578: 3173:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Department for External Studies. pp. 35–53. 2765: 2745: 793:, erected in 1913 to commemorate the millennium of her fortification of the town. 5083: 4679: 4512: 3440:"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons" 1143: 947: 605:, although that would mean that the marriage between Æthelflæd and Æthelred was 417:

in 867. They then moved on Mercia, where they spent the winter of 867–868. King

410: 375: 260: 233: 2901: 4703: 4486: 4225: 4005: 3840: 3451: 3344:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484. 3304:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources

3143: 2856: 2545: 1244:). The updated content was reintegrated into the Knowledge (XXG) page under a 899: 872: 824:

in 910 and in 912 she built defences at Bridgnorth to cover a crossing of the

766: 762: 749:

and the transfer to it of the remains of the seventh-century Mercian princess

706: 666: 598: 594: 574: 359: 319: 315: 291: 248: 100: 3952: 3895: 3639: 3528: 3024: 3016: 2844: 2581: 2406: 1286: 1133:

refers to "Q. Æthelflæd" and comments, "The titles given her by all sources (

851:

was repaired to protect against invasion from Northumbria or Cheshire, while

5183: 3631: 3618:

Thacker, Alan (1985). "Kings, Saints and Monasteries in Pre-Viking Mercia".

1277: 1137:) imply that she wielded royal power and authority". Alex Woolf concurs and 959: 833: 550: 542: 351: 241: 202: 808:

When Æthelred died, Edward took control of the Mercian towns of London and

457:, is first seen in 881 when, according to the historian of medieval Wales, 17: 3944: 3520: 3266:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500 – c. 1100

1294: 4626: 4070: 2965: 2530: 2526:"Gloucester funeral procession honours Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians" 1025: 868: 856: 845: 837: 658: 651: 628: 335: 327: 3340:

Keynes, Simon (1999). "England, c. 900–1016". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).

1327:

Tim Clarkson's biography has a detailed discussion of Æthelflæd' burhs.

1194: 855:

was fortified as further protection against the Leicester Danes. In 915

5040: 4926: 4842: 4825: 4781: 4638: 4632: 4517: 4195: 3245:

Higham, Nick (2001b). "Endpiece". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.).

2546:"Aethelflaed, Tamworth's Warrior Queen, Installation and opening-event" 975: 943: 911: 860: 852: 674: 418: 339: 331: 295: 177: 3003:

Firth, Matthew (2022). "On the Dating of the Norse Siege of Chester".

2944:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

5089: 5071: 4819: 4813: 4409: 4285: 4065: 4013: 2564:"Luke Perry, artist, on making Aethlflaed, Warrior Queen of Tamworth" 1177:

as reverence for their great Northumbrian royal saint at Gloucester:

1038: 809: 670: 590: 562: 538: 272: 237: 5240:

Knowledge (XXG) articles published in peer-reviewed literature (W2J)

931:, Æthelflæd also formed a defensive alliance with the Scots and the 4291:

King of Mercia during the temporary separation of Mercia and Wessex

3913:Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, and Women in Tenth-Century England 3670:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 104–106. 3477:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 284–322. 3264:

Insley, Charles (2009). "Southumbria". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.).

3115:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 518–520. 4105: 3603:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 105–126. 2605:

Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England

1193: 1108: 1003: 967: 963: 939: 887: 780: 710: 637: 554: 438: 343: 1150:

she became a wonder to later ages." According to Charles Insley,

1072:, which ignore the deaths of Alfred and Edward, described her as 298:. They returned with the remains of the royal Northumbrian saint 4620: 4492: 3511:

Stafford, Pauline (1981). "The King's Wife in Wessex 800–1066".

2845:"Æthelflæd [Ethelfleda] (d. 918), ruler of the Mercians" 988: 311: 5230:

Knowledge (XXG) articles published in WikiJournal of Humanities

4304: 4017: 2790:

The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters

2770:

The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters

2750:

The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters

5225:

Knowledge (XXG) articles published in peer-reviewed literature

2964:. Public Monuments & Sculpture Association. Archived from 2643:

Urban Growth and the Medieval Church: Gloucester and Worcester

1064:, Æthelflæd was merely King Edward's sister, whereas for the 461:, he led an unsuccessful Mercian invasion of the north Welsh 228:

from 911 until her death in 918. She was the eldest child of

4234: 3192:. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 1–29. 3130:

Hart, Cyril (1973). "Athelstan 'Half King' and his family".

485:

The most important source for history in this period is the

2711:. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 89–105. 2401:. Translated by Forester, Thomas. New York, NY: AMS Press. 820:Æthelflæd had already fortified an unknown location called 769:. On their way back they were caught by an English army in 3543:. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 35–49. 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 996:, one of the burhs she built at an unidentified location. 1921: 1919: 1506: 1504: 731:

describes the town as "the main seat of their power" and

255:. By 878, most of England was under Danish Viking rule – 3668:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England

3113:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England

1562: 1560: 1368: 1366: 533:Æthelflæd was born around 870, the oldest child of King 286:, gave generous donations to Mercian churches and built 1250: 966:

in south-west Wales, Clydog ap Cadell probably king of

5194:

Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom

3037:

Britain after Rome: The Fall and the Rise, 400 to 1070

2284: 2282: 3584:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3268:. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 322–340. 890:

and the territory around it. The town was one of the

2057: 1451: 1449: 5146: 5116: 5061: 5033: 5026: 4996: 4972: 4925: 4918: 4841: 4726: 4719: 4672: 4665: 4601: 4474: 4467: 4421: 4345: 4338: 4246: 4051: 3138:. London, UK: Cambridge University Press: 115–144. 2257: 2013: 1953: 992:to 914 and S 225, dated 9 September 915, issued at 722:from Bardney to the new minster, which was renamed 247:Æthelflæd was born around 870 at the height of the 198: 188: 176: 164: 154: 142: 123: 110: 106: 96: 86: 78: 71: 43: 2807:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age 1155:did Mercia's independent existence come to an end. 441:" who was a puppet of the Vikings. The historian 3423:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 473–492. 3325:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 1–45. 2261: 1965: 1941: 1762: 1096:Chang'd be thy name, such honour triumphs bring. 942:and his companions; her men destroyed the royal 797:On her husband's death in 911, Æthelflæd became 697:were seized and taken from his resting place in 3096:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 2925:Motherhood and Mothering in Anglo-Saxon England 2348: 2205: 2201: 1882: 1440: 1179: 1162: 1152: 1093:Conqu'ror o'er both, though born by sex a maid. 1033:the honour paid to their Mercian predecessors. 737: 3421:England and the Continent in the Tenth Century 3302:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). 2685:; Rippon, Stephen; Smart, Christopher (2020). 1522: 859:was fortified to guard a route from Wales and 4316: 4029: 3847:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 3804:A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain 3785:A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain 3766:A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain 3746:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 160–166. 3651:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 248–263. 3249:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 307–311. 3077:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 161–187. 3058:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 280–291. 2689:. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. 2626:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 112–127. 1606: 1384: 1256:Dudley Miles; et al. (24 October 2018). 613:then forbade marriage between first cousins. 8: 3825:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 89–101. 3687:Dying and Death in Later Anglo-Saxon England 3562:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 101–116. 1090:Thee warlike hosts, thee, nature too obey'd, 3401:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 67–78. 3363:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 40–66. 3211:. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 102–111. 2185: 2157: 2117: 1578: 1551: 1436: 1115:Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings 1012:, where Æthelflæd and Æthelred were buried. 57:The Cartulary and Customs of Abingdon Abbey 5030: 4922: 4838: 4723: 4669: 4471: 4342: 4323: 4309: 4301: 4036: 4022: 4014: 3975: 3230:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 1–11. 2890:"Æthelred (d. 911), ruler of the Mercians" 2484: 2472: 2360: 2336: 2312: 1878: 1842: 1790: 1491: 1467: 1254:). The version of record as reviewed is: 1102:Heroes before the Mercian heroine quail'd: 49: 40: 34:Ruler of Mercia in England from 911 to 918 5265:Burials at St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester 5174:List of English words of Old Norse origin 1910: 1782: 1750: 1734: 1412: 1408: 1276: 1008:Twelfth and thirteenth century arches of 3870:Blake, Matthew; Sargent, Andrew (2018). 3541:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe 2851:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2709:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe 2687:Planning in the Early Medieval Landscape 2448: 2424: 2412: 2384: 2372: 2273: 2173: 2133: 2081: 2001: 1977: 1937: 1826: 1822: 1766: 1582: 1495: 1479: 1372: 1105:Caesar himself to win such glory fail'd. 310:Alfred had built a network of fortified 3496:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3444:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3287:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2894:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2849:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2730:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2667:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2512: 2324: 2189: 2145: 2121: 2105: 2045: 2037: 2025: 1925: 1846: 1818: 1786: 1746: 1730: 1694: 1510: 1424: 1396: 1362: 1302: 669:(Norwegian) Vikings were expelled from 382:she became a wonder to later ages". In 3706:Scandinavian England: Collected Papers 3171:Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon Settlement 2570:from the original on 11 December 2021. 2552:from the original on 11 December 2021. 2500: 2496: 2460: 2241: 2229: 2093: 2069: 2041: 1989: 1866: 1830: 1802: 1718: 1658: 1622: 1618: 1594: 1566: 1455: 1099:A queen by title, but in deeds a king. 1087:A man in valour, woman though in name: 1084:Heroic Elflede! great in martial fame, 3787:. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 68–69. 3689:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 2436: 2245: 2161: 1886: 1862: 1850: 1770: 1706: 1682: 1670: 1646: 342:. In 917 she sent an army to capture 7: 3971:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 3560:Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters 2641:Baker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (2004). 2399:The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon 2300: 2288: 2217: 1898: 1806: 1634: 1348:The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon 1113:Æthelflæd in the thirteenth-century 867:. Defences were built before 914 at 3382:. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. 2927:. New York, NY: St Martin's Press. 2826:Æthelflæd: The Lady of the Mercians 2792:. London, UK: King's College London 2772:. London, UK: King's College London 2752:. London, UK: King's College London 1024:, Æthelflæd was buried in the east 282:. Æthelred and Æthelflæd fortified 5260:Women in medieval European warfare 3342:The New Cambridge Medieval History 2582:"Aethelflaed | visittamworth" 25: 5235:Externally peer reviewed articles 3806:. London, UK: Seaby. p. 78. 3768:. London, UK: Seaby. p. 27. 3727:. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. 3285:Charters of Abingdon Abbey Part 1 2665:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 1258:"Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians" 1060:To the West Saxon version of the 4454:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire 4444:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) 4332:Viking activity in Great Britain 3725:Mercia and the Making of England 3306:. London, UK: Penguin Classics. 1227: 1217:Cultural depictions of Æthelflæd 1056:Cultural depictions of Æthelflæd 1016:Æthelflæd died at Tamworth on 12 935:, a claim accepted by Clarkson. 5285:10th-century monarchs in Europe 3927:(publication 13 September 2023) 3845:From Pictland to Alba: 789–1070 3380:Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066 2726:Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). 883:, which have not been located. 727:buried in St Oswald's Minster. 584:Æthelred's descent is unknown. 4429:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 3708:. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. 2986:Handbook of British Chronology 2828:. Edinburgh, UK: John Donald. 2809:. Edinburgh, UK: John Donald. 2728:Wales and the Britons 350–1064 1966:Blair, Rippon & Smart 2020 1609:, pp. 175, 177, 321, 323. 1232:This article was submitted to 1127:Handbook of British Chronology 1010:St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester 832:to guard against the Danes in 269:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 159:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 148:St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester 1: 5154:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) 5133: 5099: 4648: 4551: 4432: 3911:Hardie, Rebecca, ed. (2023). 3888:10.1080/0047729X.2018.1519141 3039:. London, UK: Penguin Books. 2923:Dockray-Miller, Mary (2000). 2397:Henry of Huntingdon (1968) . 875:and two other fortresses, at 789:of Æthelflæd with her nephew 622:courts of Alfred and Edward. 421:of Mercia was joined by King 214: 171:Ælfwynn, Lady of the Mercians 128: 114: 60: 5130:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 3466:UK public library membership 2916:UK public library membership 2888:Costambeys, Marios (2004b). 2881:UK public library membership 2843:Costambeys, Marios (2004a). 892:Five Boroughs of the Danelaw 828:. In 913 she built forts at 348:Five Boroughs of the Danelaw 3685:Thompson, Victoria (2004). 3492:Sawyer, Peter, ed. (1979). 3446:. Oxford University Press. 2896:. Oxford University Press. 2566:. jamedia.uk. 20 May 2018. 2548:. jamedia.uk. 20 May 2018. 894:, together with Leicester, 5301: 5245:9th-century English people 3704:Wainwright, F. T. (1975). 3283:Kelly, S. E., ed. (2000). 2962:"Ethelfleda and Athelstan" 2946:. Edinburgh, UK: Dunedin. 2645:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 1080:paid her his own tribute: 1074:famosissima regina Saxonum 1053: 26: 5250:9th-century English women 4919:Second invasion: 980–1012 4574:Ecgberht I of Northumbria 4267: 4232: 4002: 3993: 3983: 3978: 3933:English Historical Review 3378:Lapidge, Michael (1993). 3144:10.1017/s0263675100000375 1607:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 1494:, pp. 174, 306–309; 1385:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 1265:WikiJournal of Humanities 1234:WikiJournal of Humanities 840:to cover access from the 48: 4448:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon 4367:of East Anglia (855–869) 4281:Also King of East Anglia 3823:Edward the Elder 899–924 3744:Edward the Elder 899–924 3649:Edward the Elder 899–924 3515:(91). Oxford, UK: 3–27. 3494:Charters of Burton Abbey 3399:Edward the Elder 899–924 3361:Edward the Elder 899–924 3247:Edward the Elder 899–924 3228:Edward the Elder 899–924 3209:Edward the Elder 899–924 3075:Edward the Elder 899–924 3056:Edward the Elder 899–924 2624:Edward the Elder 899–924 2475:, pp. 310, 323–324. 2258:Heighway & Hare 1999 2058:Ethelfleda and Athelstan 2014:Heighway & Hare 1999 1954:Heighway & Hare 1999 545:, who was a daughter of 220:– 12 June 918) ruled as 4782:Sea Battle near Swanage 4692:Battle of Hingston Down 3723:Walker, Ian W. (2000). 3632:10.1179/mdh.1985.10.1.1 2942:Downham, Clare (2007). 2705:Charles-Edwards, Thomas 2607:. Harlow, UK: Longman. 2603:Abels, Richard (1998). 2586:www.visittamworth.co.uk 1944:, pp. 20, 366–367. 970:in the north-east, and 716:Old Minster, Winchester 413:, where they appointed 137:Tamworth, Staffordshire 4720:First invasion 865–896 4240: 3094:The Vikings in England 3017:10.1093/notesj/gjac009 2902:10.1093/ref:odnb/52311 2824:Clarkson, Tim (2018). 2805:Clarkson, Tim (2014). 2264:, pp. 20–22, 101. 1203: 1184: 1167: 1157: 1122: 1013: 794: 742: 647: 617:Æthelflæd and Æthelred 459:Thomas Charles-Edwards 4673:Viking raids: 793–850 4592:Eohric of East Anglia 4586:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 4373:(978–1013, 1014–1016) 4238: 3475:The Anglo-Saxon World 3452:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514 3438:Miller, Sean (2011). 3092:Hadley, Dawn (2006). 2857:10.1093/ref:odnb/8907 2262:Baker & Holt 2004 1942:Baker & Holt 2004 1789:, p. 324, n. 1; 1763:Baker & Holt 2004 1278:10.15347/WJH/2018.001 1197: 1112: 1062:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1007: 956:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 784: 679:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 641: 519:William of Malmesbury 487:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 437:as "a foolish king's 434:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 368:William of Malmesbury 4826:Battle of Fearnhamme 4788:Battle of Chippenham 4752:Battle of Englefield 4371:Æthelred the Unready 4239:Offa (757–796) 3996:Lady of the Mercians 3990:Lord of the Mercians 2349:Charles-Edwards 2013 2206:Charles-Edwards 2013 2202:Charles-Edwards 2001 2044:, pp. 473–476; 1901:, pp. 162, 166. 1885:, pp. 502–503; 1883:Charles-Edwards 2013 1441:Charles-Edwards 2013 1238:academic peer review 777:Lady of the Mercians 688:Battle of Tettenhall 222:Lady of the Mercians 73:Lady of the Mercians 4744:Siege of Nottingham 4698:Battle of Rochester 4359:Ælla of Northumbria 3979:Titles of nobility 3945:10.1093/ehr/ceac178 3582:Anglo-Saxon England 3521:10.1093/past/91.1.3 3132:Anglo-Saxon England 3005:Notes & Queries 2515:, pp. 307–308. 2503:, pp. 459–464. 2375:, pp. 125–126. 2315:, pp. 323–324. 2208:, pp. 497–510. 2192:, pp. 222–226. 2164:, pp. 142–144. 2148:, pp. 328–329. 2124:, pp. 325–327. 2004:, pp. 109–110. 1940:, pp. 102–03; 1793:, pp. 308–309. 1709:, pp. 306–309. 1649:, pp. 180–181. 1625:, pp. 112–113. 1597:, pp. 112–113. 1523:Dockray-Miller 2000 1498:, pp. 101–103. 1443:, pp. 490–491. 1399:, pp. 246–248. 1078:Henry of Huntingdon 1000:Death and aftermath 978:in the north-west. 933:Strathclyde British 924:Battle of Corbridge 849:Eddisbury hill fort 644:Much Wenlock church 633:Much Wenlock church 500:Annals of Æthelflæd 346:, the first of the 5270:Daughters of kings 5204:Vale of York Hoard 5164:England runestones 5034:Viking settlements 4832:Battle of Benfleet 4808:Battle of Edington 4728:Great Heathen Army 4615:Halfdan Ragnarsson 4526:(947–948, 952–954) 4241: 4045:Monarchs of Mercia 3294:978-0-19-726217-7- 2499:, pp. 37–38; 2260:, pp. 11–12; 2220:, pp. 67, 73. 1968:, pp. 4, 103. 1881:, pp. 79–85; 1845:, pp. 80–81; 1769:, pp. 18–19; 1621:, pp. 27–28; 1482:, pp. 179–80. 1204: 1123: 1014: 795: 648: 463:Kingdom of Gwynedd 448:Battle of Edington 423:Æthelred of Wessex 403:Great Heathen Army 401:In 865 the Viking 396:Battle of Ellendun 265:Battle of Edington 127:12 June 918 (aged 5280:West Saxon people 5212: 5211: 5124:Treaty of Wedmore 5112: 5111: 5022: 5021: 4998:Harald's invasion 4968: 4967: 4914: 4913: 4803: 4802: 4776:Battle of Reading 4764:Battle of Meretun 4758:Battle of Ashdown 4661: 4660: 4645:Thorkell the Tall 4609:Ivar the Boneless 4580:Burgred of Mercia 4542:Olaf Guthfrithson 4463: 4462: 4365:Edmund the Martyr 4298: 4297: 4052:Kingdom of Mercia 4012: 4011: 4003:Succeeded by 3939:(587): 969–1002. 3854:978-0-7486-1233-8 3832:978-0-415-21497-1 3813:978-1-85264-047-7 3794:978-1-85264-047-7 3775:978-1-85264-047-7 3753:978-0-415-21497-1 3734:978-0-7509-2131-2 3715:978-0-900592-65-2 3696:978-1-84383-070-2 3677:978-0-631-22492-1 3658:978-0-415-21497-1 3610:978-0-8020-4153-1 3591:978-0-19-280139-5 3569:978-0-7546-5120-8 3550:978-0-7185-0231-7 3537:Stafford, Pauline 3503:978-0-19-725940-5 3484:978-0-300-12534-4 3464:(subscription or 3430:978-2-503-53208-0 3408:978-0-415-21497-1 3389:978-1-85285-012-8 3370:978-0-415-21497-1 3351:978-0-521-36447-8 3332:978-0-85115-598-2 3313:978-0-14-044409-4 3275:978-1-118-42513-8 3256:978-0-415-21497-1 3237:978-0-415-21497-1 3218:978-0-415-21497-1 3199:978-1-872414-94-2 3180:978-0-903736-17-6 3153:978-0-521-20218-3 3122:978-0-631-22492-1 3103:978-0-7190-5982-7 3084:978-0-415-21497-1 3065:978-0-415-21497-1 3046:978-0-14-014823-7 2995:978-0-521-56350-5 2953:978-1-906716-06-6 2934:978-0-312-22721-0 2914:(subscription or 2879:(subscription or 2835:978-1-910900-16-1 2816:978-1-906566-78-4 2737:978-0-19-821731-2 2718:978-0-7185-0231-7 2696:978-1-78962-116-7 2674:978-0-19-921117-3 2652:978-0-7546-0266-8 2633:978-0-415-21497-1 2614:978-0-582-04047-2 2451:, pp. 45–49. 2248:, pp. 85–88. 2176:, pp. 59–61. 1980:, pp. 45–46. 1833:, pp. 52–54. 1721:, pp. 27–29. 1585:, pp. 44–45. 1387:, pp. 11–12. 803:Burgred of Mercia 523:John of Worcester 374:, "like ... 208: 207: 16:(Redirected from 5292: 5199:Silverdale Hoard 5138: 5135: 5104: 5101: 5053:North Sea Empire 5031: 4941:Battle of Pinhoe 4923: 4839: 4814:Battle of London 4794:Battle of Cynwit 4770:Battle of Basing 4724: 4670: 4653: 4650: 4556: 4553: 4548:Ragnall ua Ímair 4536:Gofraid ua Ímair 4472: 4437: 4434: 4398:Edward the Elder 4392:Alfred the Great 4343: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4302: 4216:Æthelred II 4211:Ceolwulf II 4038: 4031: 4024: 4015: 3984:Preceded by 3976: 3956: 3926: 3907: 3858: 3836: 3817: 3798: 3779: 3757: 3738: 3719: 3700: 3681: 3662: 3643: 3614: 3595: 3573: 3554: 3532: 3513:Past and Present 3507: 3488: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3434: 3417:Meijns, Brigitte 3412: 3393: 3374: 3355: 3336: 3317: 3298: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3222: 3203: 3184: 3165: 3126: 3107: 3088: 3069: 3050: 3028: 2999: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2957: 2938: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2839: 2820: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2786:"Charter S 367a" 2781: 2779: 2777: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2741: 2722: 2700: 2678: 2656: 2637: 2618: 2590: 2589: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2255: 2249: 2244:, pp. 1–2; 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2186:Costambeys 2004a 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2158:Costambeys 2004a 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2118:Costambeys 2004a 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1854: 1840: 1834: 1816: 1810: 1800: 1794: 1780: 1774: 1760: 1754: 1744: 1738: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1579:Costambeys 2004a 1576: 1570: 1564: 1555: 1552:Costambeys 2004a 1549: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1499: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1444: 1437:Costambeys 2004b 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1351: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1298: 1280: 1262: 1253: 1242:reviewer reports 1231: 1147: 1139:Pauline Stafford 1135:hlæfdige, regina 1070:Annals of Ulster 1066:Mercian Register 1022:Mercian Register 1019: 972:Idwal ab Anarawd 733:Carolyn Heighway 567:see of Worcester 535:Alfred the Great 496:Mercian Register 379: 372:Pauline Stafford 357: 280:Edward the Elder 230:Alfred the Great 226:English Midlands 219: 216: 193:Alfred the Great 133: 130: 119: 116: 65: 62: 55:Æthelflæd (from 53: 41: 29:Æthelflæd (name) 21: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5255:House of Wessex 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5142: 5136: 5108: 5102: 5057: 5018: 5013:Stamford Bridge 4992: 4974:Cnut's invasion 4964: 4910: 4887:Second Stamford 4837: 4820:Siege of Exeter 4799: 4730: 4715: 4710:Battle of Aclea 4686:Isle of Sheppey 4657: 4651: 4597: 4566:Sweyn Forkbeard 4554: 4499:Harold Harefoot 4459: 4435: 4417: 4334: 4329: 4299: 4294: 4263: 4242: 4230: 4166:Ceolwulf I 4116:Æthelred I 4053: 4047: 4042: 4008: 3999: 3991: 3989: 3963: 3930: 3923: 3910: 3876:Midland History 3869: 3866: 3864:Further reading 3861: 3855: 3839: 3833: 3820: 3814: 3801: 3795: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3735: 3722: 3716: 3703: 3697: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3620:Midland History 3617: 3611: 3598: 3592: 3576: 3570: 3557: 3551: 3535: 3510: 3504: 3491: 3485: 3472: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3437: 3431: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3390: 3377: 3371: 3358: 3352: 3339: 3333: 3320: 3314: 3301: 3295: 3282: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3244: 3238: 3225: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3187: 3181: 3168: 3154: 3129: 3123: 3110: 3104: 3091: 3085: 3072: 3066: 3053: 3047: 3031: 3002: 2996: 2982:Dumville, David 2980: 2971: 2969: 2968:on 4 March 2016 2960: 2954: 2941: 2935: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2887: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2842: 2836: 2823: 2817: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2766:"Charter S 367" 2764: 2755: 2753: 2746:"Charter S 221" 2744: 2738: 2725: 2719: 2703: 2697: 2681: 2675: 2659: 2653: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2534:. 10 June 2018. 2524: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2495: 2491: 2485:Wainwright 1975 2483: 2479: 2473:Wainwright 1975 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2361:Wainwright 1975 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2337:Wainwright 1975 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2313:Wainwright 1975 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204:, p. 103; 2200: 2196: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2084:, pp. 3–4. 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2040:, p. 105; 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1956:, pp. 7–8. 1952: 1948: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1879:Wainwright 1975 1877: 1873: 1861: 1857: 1849:, p. 208; 1843:Wainwright 1975 1841: 1837: 1817: 1813: 1805:, p. 113; 1801: 1797: 1791:Wainwright 1975 1781: 1777: 1765:, p. 133; 1761: 1757: 1745: 1741: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1558: 1550: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1513:, pp. 3–4. 1509: 1502: 1492:Wainwright 1975 1490: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1468:Wainwright 1975 1466: 1462: 1454: 1447: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1225: 1213: 1200:Tamworth Castle 1189: 1145: 1121:Royal MS 14 B V 1119:British Library 1058: 1052: 1017: 1002: 929:Three Fragments 916:Three Fragments 871:, and probably 779: 747:Chester Minster 663:Three Fragments 619: 531: 514:Three Fragments 483: 392: 377: 355: 240:, and his wife 217: 150: 135: 131: 117: 67: 63: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5275:Mercian people 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5189:Ragnar Lodbrok 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Cuerdale Hoard 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5064:petty kingdoms 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4953:St Brice's Day 4950: 4944: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4857:First Stamford 4854: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4738:Battle of York 4734: 4732: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505:Svein Knutsson 4502: 4496: 4490: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4353:Offa of Mercia 4349: 4347: 4346:Major monarchs 4340: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4247:Later monarchs 4244: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3962: 3961:External links 3959: 3958: 3957: 3928: 3922:978-1501517617 3921: 3908: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3758: 3752: 3739: 3733: 3720: 3714: 3701: 3695: 3682: 3676: 3663: 3657: 3644: 3615: 3609: 3596: 3590: 3578:Stenton, Frank 3574: 3568: 3555: 3549: 3533: 3508: 3502: 3489: 3483: 3470: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3407: 3394: 3388: 3375: 3369: 3356: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3318: 3312: 3299: 3293: 3280: 3274: 3261: 3255: 3242: 3236: 3223: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3152: 3127: 3121: 3108: 3102: 3089: 3083: 3070: 3064: 3051: 3045: 3033:Fleming, Robin 3029: 3000: 2994: 2978: 2958: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2920: 2885: 2865: 2840: 2834: 2821: 2815: 2802: 2782: 2762: 2742: 2736: 2723: 2717: 2701: 2695: 2679: 2673: 2657: 2651: 2638: 2632: 2619: 2613: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2573: 2555: 2537: 2517: 2505: 2489: 2487:, p. 305. 2477: 2465: 2463:, p. 330. 2453: 2441: 2439:, p. 132. 2429: 2417: 2415:, p. 125. 2389: 2387:, p. 125. 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 320. 2353: 2351:, p. 497. 2341: 2339:, p. 309. 2329: 2327:, p. 339. 2317: 2305: 2303:, p. 519. 2293: 2291:, p. 298. 2278: 2266: 2250: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2194: 2178: 2166: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2110: 2108:, p. 324. 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2048:, p. 256. 2030: 2028:, p. 256. 2018: 2006: 1994: 1992:, p. 462. 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1930: 1928:, p. 323. 1915: 1913:, p. 167. 1911:Griffiths 2001 1903: 1891: 1871: 1869:, p. 170. 1855: 1835: 1829:, p. 95; 1811: 1809:, p. 116. 1795: 1785:, p. 27; 1783:Williams 1991a 1775: 1773:, p. 333. 1755: 1749:, p. 13; 1739: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1697:, p. 287. 1687: 1685:, p. 306. 1675: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1637:, p. 301. 1627: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1571: 1569:, p. 112. 1556: 1527: 1515: 1500: 1484: 1472: 1470:, p. 324. 1460: 1445: 1429: 1427:, p. 255. 1417: 1413:Williams 1991c 1409:Williams 1991b 1401: 1389: 1377: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1339: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1188: 1185: 1131:David Dumville 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1051: 1048: 1001: 998: 952:Llangorse Lake 799:Myrcna hlædige 778: 775: 751:Saint Werburgh 618: 615: 547:Æthelred Mucel 530: 527: 482: 479: 391: 388: 232:, king of the 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 144: 140: 139: 125: 121: 120: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 69: 68: 54: 46: 45: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5297: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169:Furness Hoard 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 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4515: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422:Major leaders 4420: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4271:Also King of 4270: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054:527–918 4050: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4032: 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1899:Ward 2001 1807:Hart 1973 1635:Ryan 2013 1358:Citations 1295:Q59649817 1287:2639-5347 1248:license ( 1240:in 2018 ( 1144:Elizabeth 960:Hywel Dda 836:, and in 834:Leicester 791:Æthelstan 684:River Dee 624:Worcester 579:Æthelstan 551:ealdorman 543:Ealhswith 504:Chronicle 492:Chronicle 475:Æthelwold 376:Elizabeth 352:Leicester 284:Worcester 242:Ealhswith 211:Æthelflæd 203:Ealhswith 132: 48 97:Successor 44:Æthelflæd 5117:Treaties 5062:English 4988:Assandun 4959:Ringmere 4731:(865–78) 4627:Hvitserk 4562:England 4475:Monarchs 4412:(946–954 4380:Ecgberht 4376:Wessex: 4186:Ecgberht 4161:Cynehelm 4156:Coenwulf 4151:Ecgfrith 4141:Beornred 4131:Ceolwald 4111:Wulfhere 4071:Cynewald 4000:911–918 3843:(2007). 3626:: 1–25. 3580:(1971). 3035:(2010). 2907:2 August 2663:(2005). 2568:Archived 2550:Archived 2531:BBC News 1291:Wikidata 1271:(1): 1. 1211:See also 1026:porticus 974:king of 904:Stamford 877:Scergeat 869:Hereford 857:Chirbury 846:Iron Age 838:Stafford 830:Tamworth 787:Tamworth 759:Ealhmund 659:de facto 652:Werferth 629:Mildburg 563:mancuses 559:Coenwulf 537:and his 508:Register 455:Æthelred 428:Ceolwulf 336:Chirbury 328:Stafford 324:Tamworth 91:Æthelred 5147:Culture 5041:Danelaw 5007:Fulford 4666:Battles 4639:Hastein 4633:Guthrum 4518:Guthred 4226:Ælfwynn 4206:Burgred 4196:Wigstan 4191:Wigmund 4126:Ceolred 4121:Coenred 4006:Ælfwynn 3011:: 1–4. 1044:Farndon 976:Gwynedd 944:crannog 922:at the 920:Ragnall 912:Ireland 896:Lincoln 863:on the 861:Runcorn 853:Warwick 755:Hanbury 675:Chester 593:around 575:Ælfwynn 553:of the 539:Mercian 498:or the 481:Sources 419:Burgred 360:Ælfwynn 340:Runcorn 332:Warwick 296:Danelaw 253:England 224:in the 101:Ælfwynn 82:911–918 5090:Mercia 5072:Wessex 5047:Jorvik 5027:Places 5015:(1066) 5009:(1066) 5000:(1066) 4961:(1010) 4955:(1002) 4949:(1001) 4943:(1001) 4935:Maldon 4654:–1024) 4468:Viking 4410:Eadred 4259:Eadgar 4181:Wiglaf 4176:Ludeca 4076:Creoda 4066:Cnebba 3951: 3919: 3902: 3894: 3851: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3750: 3731: 3712: 3693: 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The 471:Edward 467:London 378: 356: 300:Oswald 273:Viking 249:Viking 238:Wessex 199:Mother 189:Father 183:Wessex 155:Spouse 143:Burial 5126:(886) 5105:–918) 4937:(991) 4907:(954) 4901:(937) 4895:(918) 4889:(918) 4883:(917) 4881:Derby 4877:(917) 4871:(910) 4865:(902) 4859:(894) 4853:(893) 4834:(894) 4828:(893) 4816:(886) 4810:(878) 4796:(878) 4790:(878) 4784:(877) 4778:(871) 4772:(871) 4766:(871) 4760:(871) 4754:(870) 4746:(867) 4740:(867) 4712:(851) 4706:(843) 4700:(842) 4694:(838) 4688:(835) 4682:(793) 4557:–921) 4450:(878) 4438:–911) 4106:Oswiu 4101:Peada 4091:Penda 4086:Cearl 4081:Pybba 3900:S2CID 3158:S2CID 1261:(PDF) 1223:Notes 1030:south 980:Gwent 968:Powys 964:Dyfed 940:abbot 888:Derby 753:from 740:seen. 711:witan 667:Norse 555:Gaini 439:thegn 344:Derby 312:burhs 178:House 166:Issue 79:Reign 5078:Kent 4621:Ubba 4493:Cnut 4275:and 4273:Kent 4146:Offa 4096:Eowa 4061:Icel 3949:ISSN 3917:ISBN 3892:ISSN 3849:ISBN 3827:ISBN 3808:ISBN 3789:ISBN 3770:ISBN 3748:ISBN 3729:ISBN 3710:ISBN 3691:ISBN 3672:ISBN 3653:ISBN 3636:ISSN 3605:ISBN 3586:ISBN 3564:ISBN 3545:ISBN 3525:ISSN 3498:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3459:2016 3425:ISBN 3403:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3365:ISBN 3346:ISBN 3327:ISBN 3308:ISBN 3289:ISBN 3270:ISBN 3251:ISBN 3232:ISBN 3213:ISBN 3194:ISBN 3175:ISBN 3148:ISBN 3117:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3079:ISBN 3060:ISBN 3041:ISBN 3021:ISSN 2990:ISBN 2974:2016 2948:ISBN 2929:ISBN 2909:2012 2874:2014 2861:ISBN 2830:ISBN 2811:ISBN 2798:2019 2778:2019 2758:2016 2732:ISBN 2713:ISBN 2691:ISBN 2669:ISBN 2647:ISBN 2628:ISBN 2609:ISBN 2403:OCLC 1337:954. 1283:ISSN 1251:2018 908:York 902:and 879:and 611:Rome 521:and 338:and 259:and 124:Died 111:Born 3969:at 3941:doi 3937:137 3884:doi 3628:doi 3517:doi 3448:doi 3140:doi 3013:doi 2898:doi 2853:doi 1273:doi 950:on 946:of 765:in 701:in 631:at 597:". 290:in 5221:: 5134:c. 5100:c. 4649:c. 4552:c. 4433:c. 3947:. 3935:. 3898:. 3890:. 3880:43 3878:. 3874:. 3634:. 3622:. 3523:. 3442:. 3156:. 3146:. 3134:. 3019:. 3009:69 3007:. 2892:. 2859:. 2847:. 2788:. 2768:. 2748:. 2584:. 2528:. 2281:^ 2188:; 2160:; 2120:; 1918:^ 1865:; 1825:; 1821:; 1581:; 1559:^ 1530:^ 1503:^ 1448:^ 1439:; 1411:; 1365:^ 1350:. 1289:. 1281:. 1267:. 1263:. 1129:, 1117:, 898:, 635:. 577:. 549:, 450:. 334:, 330:, 326:, 322:, 318:, 244:. 215:c. 129:c. 115:c. 61:c. 59:, 5139:) 5132:( 5098:( 4647:( 4550:( 4431:( 4324:e 4317:t 4310:v 4037:e 4030:t 4023:v 3955:. 3943:: 3925:. 3906:. 3886:: 3857:. 3835:. 3816:. 3797:. 3778:. 3756:. 3737:. 3718:. 3699:. 3680:. 3661:. 3642:. 3630:: 3624:X 3613:. 3594:. 3572:. 3553:. 3531:. 3519:: 3506:. 3487:. 3461:. 3450:: 3433:. 3411:. 3392:. 3373:. 3354:. 3335:. 3316:. 3297:. 3278:. 3259:. 3240:. 3221:. 3202:. 3183:. 3164:. 3142:: 3136:2 3125:. 3106:. 3087:. 3068:. 3049:. 3027:. 3015:: 2998:. 2976:. 2956:. 2937:. 2911:. 2900:: 2876:. 2855:: 2838:. 2819:. 2800:. 2780:. 2760:. 2740:. 2721:. 2699:. 2677:. 2655:. 2636:. 2617:. 2588:. 2409:; 2136:. 2060:. 1889:. 1853:. 1753:. 1737:. 1554:. 1458:. 1415:. 1297:. 1275:: 1269:1 1202:. 1148:I 646:. 380:I 213:( 134:) 66:) 31:. 20:)

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