497:
43:
419:
168:
205:
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The region's salt deposits were created over time as water from the Red Sea periodically flooded the depression and evaporated; the most recent such flood was roughly 30,000 years ago. Over the next millions of years, geologists expect erosion and the Red Sea to breach the highlands surrounding the
31:
468:
forming the "legs" of the triple junction. The immediate consequences are recurring sequences of earthquakes with deep fissures in the terrain hundreds of metres long, and the valley floor sinking broadly across the depression. During
September and October 2005 some 163
955:
Hammond, J. O. S., J.- M. Kendall, G. W. Stuart, C. J. Ebinger, I. D. Bastow, D. Keir, A. Ayele, M. Belachew, B. Goitom, G. Ogubazghi, and T. J. Wright. "Mantle
Upwelling and Initiation of Rift Segmentation beneath the Afar Depression." Geology 41.6 (2013): 635–38.
523:
Afar
Depression and flood the valley. Geologists predict that in about 10 million years the whole 6,000 km (3,700 mi) length of the East African Rift will be submerged, forming a new ocean basin as large as today's Red Sea, and separating the
196:
in the
Danakil Depression is one of the hottest places year-round anywhere on Earth. There is no rain for most of the year; the yearly rainfall averages range from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 in), with even less rain falling closer to the coast.
970:
Barberi, F.; Borsi, S.; Ferrara, G.; Marinelli, G.; Santacroce, R.; Tazieff, H.; Varet, J. (1972). "Evolution of the
Danakil Depression (Afar, Ethiopia) in Light of Radiometric Age Determinations".
1185:
2601:
95:
236:
the Awash ends in a chain of salt lakes, where its waterflow evaporates as quickly as it is supplied. Some 1,200 km (460 sq mi) of the Afar
Depression is covered by
1158:
159:, and Woranso-Mille. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of various flora and fauna.
78:; that is, the earliest of the human clade, and it is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. The Depression overlaps the borders of
1178:
224:, flowing north-eastward through the southern part of the Afar Region, provides a narrow green belt which enables life for the flora and fauna in the area and for the
1171:
1915:
693:
67:
1113:
649:
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1517:
464:
Within the triangle, the Earth's crust is slowly rifting apart at a rate of 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) per year along each of the three
2766:
2761:
2155:
626:
1738:
1092:
1075:
759:
201:
ranged from 30 °C (86 °F) in
January to 39 °C (102 °F) in July in six years of observations from 1960 to 1966.
144:; to the south by the Somali Plateau and escarpment; and to the south-east by the Ali-Sabieh block (adjoining the Somali Plateau).
489:
between depths of 2 and 9 km (1 and 6 mi), forcing open an 8 m (26 ft) wide gap on the surface, known as the
692:
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabrie, Giday (2009).
1908:
592:
2751:
2741:
2481:
2175:
654:
404:", it took nearly 15 years to safely excavate, preserve, and describe the specimen and to prepare publication of the event.
2702:
2746:
2496:
1993:
2621:
2078:
1129:
321:
252:
546:, Erta Ale is found here, as well as Dabbahu Volcano. It has been proposed that the Afar Depression is underlain by a
659:
129:, and minimal air circulation, and contain the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth.
2771:
2456:
1901:
1331:
757:
Beyene, Alebachew & Abdelsalam, Mohamed G. (2005). "Tectonics of the Afar
Depression: A review and synthesis".
373:
2391:
1708:
740:
1361:
470:
382:
46:
Topographic map showing the Afar
Triangle, which corresponds to the shaded area in the location map shown above
272:
2591:
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368:
213:
117:
is the main waterflow into the region, but it runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of
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2003:
1998:
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578:
103:
59:
1336:
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Huge collection of (3000) photos from different expeditions in the Dallol, Erta Ale and
Danakil regions
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671:
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2187:
2008:
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volcanoes. Some 2.5 cubic kilometers of molten rock was injected from below into the plate along a
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Adventures in the Bone Trade. The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia's Afar Depression.
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995:
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796:"Magma-maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode"
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478:
454:
430:
427:
364:
305:
285:
152:
2581:
1024:
Kloos, Helmut (1982). "Development, drought and famine in the Awash valley of Ethiopia".
983:
862:
814:
772:
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2013:
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187:
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The Afar Triangle is bordered as follows (see the topographic map): on the west by the
42:
1163:
566: – Terrestrial hydrothermal system of Danakil Depression in northeastern Ethiopia
2735:
2471:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2194:
1808:
1763:
1703:
1660:
1655:
1293:
1221:
1209:
999:
794:
Wright, TJ; Ebinger, C; Biggs, J; Ayele, A; Yirgu, G; Keir, D; Stork, A (July 2006).
780:
513:
509:
356:
87:
34:
Location map of the Afar Triangle (the shaded area in the center of the map) and the
736:
335:
region and numerous prehistoric sites of fossil hominin discoveries, including: the
2631:
2446:
2284:
2204:
2138:
2113:
2051:
1620:
1605:
1595:
1540:
1512:
1497:
1492:
1462:
1268:
1231:
1215:
848:
547:
524:
519:. The rift has recently been recorded by means of three-dimensional laser mapping.
442:
393:
332:
309:
179:
148:
141:
1055:
604: – Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who inhabit the region
2616:
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2523:
2518:
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2023:
1983:
1978:
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1635:
1575:
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1452:
601:
260:
241:
225:
221:
114:
71:
17:
2566:
2540:
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2366:
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2170:
1988:
1956:
1857:
1842:
1555:
1313:
543:
137:
2717:
2704:
667:
400:. A fossilized almost complete skeleton of a female hominin which he named "
208:
Perspective view of the Afar Depression and environs, generated by draping a
2636:
2556:
2426:
2103:
2088:
2066:
1924:
1877:
1872:
1833:
890:
720:
465:
450:
264:
256:
118:
840:
728:
2381:
2371:
2242:
1966:
1570:
867:
482:
336:
147:
Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region, including the
107:
91:
83:
75:
831:
822:
418:
2259:
2217:
2148:
1961:
516:
458:
438:
328:
293:
233:
209:
175:
167:
126:
79:
1047:
204:
174:
satellite image of the Afar Depression and surrounding regions of the
2651:
2611:
2386:
2269:
1971:
1928:
1545:
1371:
1251:
539:
501:
378:
183:
156:
99:
1893:
1039:
991:
2656:
2299:
1153:
1145:
495:
417:
248:
203:
171:
166:
41:
29:
449:. The conjunction of these three plates of Earth's crust is near
396:
found the then-oldest known human ancestor: 4.4 million-year-old
74:. The region has disclosed fossil specimens of the very earliest
2249:
2071:
1439:
535:
401:
340:
331:. It contains a paleo-archaeological district that includes the
237:
121:. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the
1897:
1167:
1793:
1098:
1020:
Includes a photo essay of the region and its geologic changes.
946:
Includes a photo essay of the region and its geologic changes.
694:"Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids"
453:. The Afar Depression is one of two places on Earth where a
554:
that melts to yield basalt as it approaches the surface.
1146:
Photos of Afar Depression: between Ethiopia and Djibouti
140:; to the north-east (between it and the Red Sea) by the
38:
zones; red triangles show historically active volcanoes.
27:
Geological depression caused by the Afar Triple Junction
1081:
Jeangene Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste; Gouery, Franck (2011).
568:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2602:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
1159:
Science news: Death of a Continent, Birth of an Ocean
914:
Morell, Virginia (January 2012). "Hyperactive Zone".
327:
The Afar Triangle is a cradle source of the earliest
1130:
Photos of Erta Ale, Hotsprings at Dallol and Danakil
2549:
2437:
2330:
2203:
2022:
1935:
1832:
1669:
1531:
1438:
1370:
1312:
1250:
1199:
1114:
The Ethiopian state of Afar: Topography and Climate
575: – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults
363:; several sites of the world's oldest stone tools;
244:is a major source of income for many Afar groups.
422:A simplified geologic map of the Afar Depression.
534:The floor of the Afar Depression is composed of
263:), shrubs, and grasses. Wildlife includes many
110:, at 155 m (509 ft) below sea level.
1009:"Africa's New Ocean: A Continent Splits Apart"
935:"Africa's New Ocean: A Continent Splits Apart"
1909:
1179:
1084:Les Afars d'Éthiopie. Dans l'enfer du Danakil
581: – Salt lake below sea level in Djibouti
320:. In the southern part of the plain lies the
232:. About 128 kilometres (80 mi) from the
172:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
8:
279:and, notably, the last viable population of
1056:"Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands"
392:In 1994, near the Awash River in Ethiopia,
1916:
1902:
1894:
1186:
1172:
1164:
437:), where the spreading ridges forming the
830:
259:such as small trees (e.g. species of the
457:can be studied on land, the other being
426:The Afar Depression is the product of a
618:
508:Related eruptions have taken place in
2647:Portuguese-speaking African countries
477:occurred within the Afar rift at the
125:. The lowlands are affected by heat,
7:
1518:West and Central African Rift System
1194:Major African geological formations
863:"Inside the Hottest Place on Earth"
381:, the site of the fossilized child
255:. Vegetation is mostly confined to
228:, the nomadic people living in the
891:"BBC One - Hottest Place on Earth"
593:List of hominini (hominin) fossils
25:
1070:Copernicus Books, New York 2001,
760:Journal of African Earth Sciences
199:Daily mean temperatures at Dallol
781:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.03.003
627:"Geology of the Afar Depression"
531:from the rest of the continent.
1154:Web site of Main Ethiopian Rift
1007:Bojanowski, Axel (2006-03-15).
933:Bojanowski, Axel (2006-03-15).
2482:Guinean Forests of West Africa
1:
2497:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
1994:Cameroonian Highlands forests
371:, the fossilized specimen of
2622:Middle East and North Africa
2079:East African montane forests
648:Shreeve, Jamie (July 2010).
445:emerge on land and meet the
322:Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve
1122:Photos of Afars and Danakil
660:National Geographic Society
2788:
2767:Endorheic basins of Africa
2762:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
1332:Central African Shear Zone
411:
374:Australopithecus afarensis
2392:Indian Ocean coastal belt
1709:Central Pangean Mountains
1362:Western Meseta Shear Zone
471:earthquakes of magnitudes
286:Equus africanus somalicus
257:drought-resistant plants
151:region and the sites of
2592:Guineo-Congolian region
721:10.1126/science.1175802
650:"The Evolutionary Road"
550:, a great upwelling of
504:in the Afar Depression.
473:greater than 3.9 and a
339:and possible hominins,
214:digital elevation model
66:, which is part of the
1729:Eastern Rift mountains
1651:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1430:Terra Australis Orogen
1062:. World Wildlife Fund.
1060:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1027:African Studies Review
629:. Afar Rift Consortium
542:. One of Earth's five
505:
423:
217:
190:
94:; and it contains the
47:
39:
2752:Landforms of Ethiopia
2742:Landforms of Djibouti
2534:West Sudanian savanna
2492:Lower Guinean forests
2487:Upper Guinean forests
2402:Cape Floristic Region
2265:Cataracts of the Nile
2084:Eastern Arc Mountains
2004:Congolian rainforests
1999:East Sudanian savanna
1744:Great Karas Mountains
1724:Eastern Arc Mountains
1264:Arabian-Nubian Shield
588:(with link directory)
500:Satellite image of a
499:
431:triple-rifts junction
421:
273:Soemmerring's gazelle
207:
170:
60:geological depression
45:
33:
2747:Landforms of Eritrea
2188:Zanzibar Archipelago
2156:Indian Ocean islands
1641:Somali Coastal Basin
1352:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
956:DOI:10.1130/G33925.1
658:. Washington, D.C.:
585:List of fossil sites
435:Afar Triple Junction
414:Afar Triple Junction
352:Ardipithecus kadabba
346:Ardipithecus ramidus
251:is characterized as
247:The Afar Depression
64:Afar Triple Junction
2714: /
2607:Mediterranean Basin
2587:Greater Middle East
2124:Ethiopian Highlands
2032:African Great Lakes
1819:Teffedest Mountains
1734:Ethiopian Highlands
1425:Pan-African orogens
1395:East African Orogen
1327:Broodkop Shear Zone
1299:West African Craton
1242:Victoria Microplate
984:1972JG.....80..720B
916:National Geographic
823:10.1038/nature04978
815:2006Natur.442..291W
773:2005JAfES..41...41B
713:2009Sci...326...75W
655:National Geographic
2667:Sub-Saharan Africa
2572:Commonwealth realm
2181:Northern Highlands
2129:Dahlak Archipelago
1883:List of inselbergs
1853:Jugurtha Tableland
1804:Sankwala Mountains
1799:Rwenzori Mountains
1616:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1611:Orange River Basin
1533:Sedimentary basins
1342:Foumban Shear Zone
1284:Saharan Metacraton
972:Journal of Geology
506:
424:
292:Birds include the
218:
191:
123:Danakil Depression
48:
40:
2772:Great Rift Valley
2697:
2696:
2597:Islands of Africa
2577:Equatorial Africa
2529:Inner Niger Delta
2317:Tibesti Mountains
2176:Central Highlands
2062:Virunga Mountains
2057:Rift Valley lakes
2047:Great Rift Valley
2042:East African Rift
2009:Ouaddaï highlands
1891:
1890:
1824:Tibesti Mountains
1784:Mitumba Mountains
1774:Mandara Mountains
1759:Imatong Mountains
1714:Chaillu Mountains
1694:Bambouk Mountains
1631:Rio del Rey Basin
1601:Niger Delta Basin
1586:Iullemmeden Basin
1478:Gulf of Suez Rift
1473:East African Rift
1458:Bahr el Arab rift
1405:Gondwanide Orogen
1337:Chuan Shear Zones
809:(7100): 291–294.
475:volcanic eruption
447:East African Rift
387:australopithecine
355:, see below; the
318:crested francolin
314:Abyssinian roller
134:Ethiopian Plateau
68:Great Rift Valley
54:(also called the
36:East African Rift
16:(Redirected from
2779:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2689:Zambezian region
2677:Sudanian savanna
2662:Southeast Africa
2642:Northeast Africa
2627:Miombo woodlands
2502:Guinea Highlands
2166:Lamu Archipelago
2144:Gulf of Tadjoura
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1779:Marrah Mountains
1754:Hoggar Mountains
1749:Guinea Highlands
1739:Great Escarpment
1503:Sangha Aulacogen
1420:Mauritanide Belt
1347:Kandi Fault Zone
1322:Aswa Dislocation
1237:Seychelles Plate
1227:Madagascar Plate
1188:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1102:
1097:. Archived from
1063:
1051:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:. Spiegel Online
1003:
957:
953:
947:
945:
943:
942:
937:. Spiegel Online
930:
924:
923:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
859:
853:
852:
834:
800:
791:
785:
784:
754:
748:
747:
745:
739:. Archived from
698:
689:
683:
682:
680:
679:
674:on June 19, 2010
670:. Archived from
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
623:
569:
281:African wild ass
253:desert scrubland
21:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2684:Tropical Africa
2545:
2433:
2412:Kalahari Desert
2397:Albany thickets
2362:Succulent Karoo
2326:
2228:Atlas Mountains
2199:
2018:
1931:
1922:
1892:
1887:
1848:Mount Gorongosa
1828:
1689:Aurès Mountains
1684:Atlas Mountains
1671:Mountain ranges
1665:
1551:Blue Nile Basin
1527:
1523:White Nile rift
1434:
1400:Eburnean Orogen
1366:
1357:Todi Shear Zone
1308:
1304:Zimbabwe Craton
1289:Tanzania Craton
1279:Kalahari Craton
1274:Kaapvaal Craton
1246:
1195:
1192:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1080:
1054:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1006:
969:
965:
960:
954:
950:
940:
938:
932:
931:
927:
913:
912:
908:
899:
897:
889:
888:
884:
874:
872:
861:
860:
856:
798:
793:
792:
788:
756:
755:
751:
743:
707:(5949): 75–86.
696:
691:
690:
686:
677:
675:
647:
646:
642:
632:
630:
625:
624:
620:
616:
611:
567:
560:
491:Dabbahu fissure
455:mid-ocean ridge
416:
410:
165:
86:and the entire
56:Afar Depression
28:
23:
22:
18:Afar Depression
15:
12:
11:
5:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2672:Sudan (region)
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:Gulf of Guinea
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2422:Cape Peninsula
2419:
2417:Okavango Delta
2414:
2409:
2407:Skeleton Coast
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2322:Western Sahara
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Nuba Mountains
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2213:Eastern Desert
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2161:Comoro Islands
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Hanish Islands
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Danakil Desert
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2094:Horn of Africa
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Albertine Rift
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2014:Ennedi Plateau
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1950:Gulf of Guinea
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Mont Niénokoué
1865:
1863:Mulanje Massif
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Serra da Chela
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Nuba Mountains
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Loma Mountains
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Blue Mountains
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1646:Taoudeni Basin
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Lamu Embayment
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Blue Nile rift
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:Kibaran Orogen
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:Cape Fold Belt
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1214:Minor plates:
1212:
1208:Major plates:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1108:External links
1106:
1104:
1103:
1101:on 2013-07-31.
1093:
1078:
1064:
1052:
1040:10.2307/524399
1021:
1004:
992:10.1086/627797
978:(6): 720–729.
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:
948:
925:
906:
882:
854:
786:
767:(1–2): 41–59.
749:
746:on 2019-02-27.
684:
640:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
598:
590:
582:
576:
570:
559:
556:
529:Horn of Africa
409:
406:
367:, the site of
302:secretary bird
296:, the endemic
240:deposits, and
230:Danakil Desert
188:Horn of Africa
164:
161:
62:caused by the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2784:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2718:11.5°N 41.0°E
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:Macro-regions
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:Guinea region
2475:
2473:
2472:Cape Mesurado
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Gibraltar Arc
2236:
2234:
2233:Barbary Coast
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Ancient Libya
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2195:Swahili coast
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Afar Triangle
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:Guinea region
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Serra da Leba
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Rif Mountains
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Jebel Uweinat
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Cameroon line
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Aïr Mountains
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1661:Turkana Basin
1659:
1657:
1656:Tindouf Basin
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Reggane Basin
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Afar Triangle
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Kuunga Orogen
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Damara Orogen
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Alpine Orogen
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Tuareg Shield
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Lwandle Plate
1220:Microplates:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:African Plate
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1094:9782352701088
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1076:0-387-98742-8
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
967:
962:
952:
949:
936:
929:
926:
922:(1): 116–127.
921:
917:
910:
907:
896:
892:
886:
883:
870:
869:
864:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
753:
750:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
688:
685:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
644:
641:
628:
622:
619:
613:
608:
603:
599:
597:
596:(with images)
594:
591:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
520:
518:
515:
511:
503:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
420:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
359:hominin from
358:
357:Gawis cranium
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Kori bustards
307:
303:
299:
298:Archer's lark
295:
290:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Grévy's zebra
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
212:image over a
211:
206:
202:
200:
195:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
142:Danakil block
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Afar Triangle
44:
37:
32:
19:
2699:
2632:Mittelafrika
2582:Françafrique
2447:Pepper Coast
2285:Middle Egypt
2139:Gulf of Aden
2114:Danakil Alps
2098:
2052:Gregory Rift
1836:(aka koppie)
1621:Owambo Basin
1606:Ogaden Basin
1596:Murzuq Basin
1566:Douala Basin
1541:Angola Basin
1513:Urema Valley
1498:Red Sea Rift
1493:Muglad Basin
1463:Benue Trough
1447:
1269:Congo Craton
1232:Rovuma Plate
1216:Somali Plate
1151:(in English)
1099:the original
1087:. Non lieu.
1083:
1067:
1059:
1034:(4): 21–48.
1031:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
975:
971:
951:
939:. Retrieved
928:
919:
915:
909:
898:. Retrieved
894:
885:
873:. Retrieved
871:. 2009-03-19
866:
857:
832:2158/1078052
806:
802:
789:
764:
758:
752:
741:the original
704:
700:
687:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
653:
643:
631:. Retrieved
621:
595:
587:
548:mantle plume
533:
525:Somali Plate
521:
507:
463:
443:Gulf of Aden
425:
397:
394:Tim D. White
391:
372:
350:
344:
333:Middle Awash
326:
291:
284:
246:
219:
192:
180:Gulf of Aden
149:Middle Awash
146:
131:
119:saline lakes
112:
96:lowest point
55:
51:
49:
2757:Afar Region
2721: /
2617:Middle East
2562:Afromontane
2524:Niger Delta
2519:Niger Basin
2512:Dahomey Gap
2467:Cape Palmas
2462:Ivory Coast
2457:Slave Coast
2310:Upper Egypt
2280:Lower Nubia
2275:Lower Egypt
2250:Nile Valley
1984:Congo Basin
1979:Pool Malebo
1719:Drakensberg
1636:Sirte Basin
1591:Kufra Basin
1581:Gabon Basin
1576:Karoo Basin
1561:Congo Basin
1508:Atbara rift
1488:Melut Basin
1453:Anza trough
1314:Shear zones
1143:(in French)
1135:(in German)
1127:(in French)
1119:(in French)
602:Afar people
398:Ar. ramidus
261:dragon tree
242:mining salt
222:Awash River
163:Environment
115:Awash River
88:Afar Region
72:East Africa
2736:Categories
2723:11.5; 41.0
2567:Arab world
2541:Yorubaland
2452:Gold Coast
2377:Maputaland
2367:Nama Karoo
2357:Thembuland
2305:The Sudans
2290:Nile Delta
2255:Nile Delta
2171:Madagascar
1989:Chad Basin
1957:Cape Lopez
1858:Mount Mabu
1843:Anti-Atlas
1834:Inselbergs
1556:Chad Basin
1066:Jon Kalb:
1015:2006-03-16
941:2006-03-16
900:2022-03-27
875:August 30,
678:2015-05-28
633:27 October
609:References
579:Lake Assal
544:lava lakes
466:rift zones
412:See also:
265:herbivores
186:, and the
138:escarpment
104:Lake Assal
2637:Negroland
2557:Aethiopia
2427:False Bay
2104:Al-Habash
2089:Serengeti
2067:Kavirondo
1878:Zuma Rock
1873:Wase Rock
1000:128757919
668:0027-9358
614:Citations
538:, mostly
451:Lake Abbe
389:hominin.
2382:Highveld
2372:Bushveld
2340:Rhodesia
2243:Ifriqiya
2109:Barbaria
1967:Igboland
1571:El Djouf
868:BBC News
841:16855588
737:20189444
729:19810190
558:See also
527:and the
483:Erta Ale
441:and the
428:tectonic
337:hominids
329:hominins
267:such as
108:Djibouti
92:Ethiopia
84:Djibouti
76:hominins
2709:41°00′E
2706:11°30′N
2260:Bashmur
2218:Maghreb
2149:Red Sea
1962:Mayombe
1937:Central
1925:Regions
1372:Orogens
1256:shields
1252:Cratons
980:Bibcode
963:Sources
849:4319443
811:Bibcode
769:Bibcode
709:Bibcode
701:Science
517:woredas
479:Dabbahu
459:Iceland
439:Red Sea
408:Geology
306:Arabian
294:ostrich
234:Red Sea
210:Landsat
176:Red Sea
127:drought
80:Eritrea
58:) is a
2652:Sahara
2612:MENASA
2387:Fynbos
2270:Darfur
1972:Mbaise
1929:Africa
1546:Aoukar
1201:Plates
1091:
1074:
1048:524399
1046:
998:
847:
839:
803:Nature
735:
727:
666:
564:Dallol
552:mantle
540:basalt
502:graben
379:Dikika
377:; and
349:, and
316:, and
300:, the
194:Dallol
184:Arabia
157:Dikika
100:Africa
2657:Sahel
2350:South
2345:North
2332:South
2300:Nubia
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