486:
32:
408:
157:
194:
511:
The region's salt deposits were created over time as water from the Red Sea periodically flooded the depression and evaporated; the most recent such flood was roughly 30,000 years ago. Over the next millions of years, geologists expect erosion and the Red Sea to breach the highlands surrounding the
20:
457:
forming the "legs" of the triple junction. The immediate consequences are recurring sequences of earthquakes with deep fissures in the terrain hundreds of metres long, and the valley floor sinking broadly across the depression. During
September and October 2005 some 163
944:
Hammond, J. O. S., J.- M. Kendall, G. W. Stuart, C. J. Ebinger, I. D. Bastow, D. Keir, A. Ayele, M. Belachew, B. Goitom, G. Ogubazghi, and T. J. Wright. "Mantle
Upwelling and Initiation of Rift Segmentation beneath the Afar Depression." Geology 41.6 (2013): 635–38.
512:
Afar
Depression and flood the valley. Geologists predict that in about 10 million years the whole 6,000 km (3,700 mi) length of the East African Rift will be submerged, forming a new ocean basin as large as today's Red Sea, and separating the
185:
in the
Danakil Depression is one of the hottest places year-round anywhere on Earth. There is no rain for most of the year; the yearly rainfall averages range from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 in), with even less rain falling closer to the coast.
959:
Barberi, F.; Borsi, S.; Ferrara, G.; Marinelli, G.; Santacroce, R.; Tazieff, H.; Varet, J. (1972). "Evolution of the
Danakil Depression (Afar, Ethiopia) in Light of Radiometric Age Determinations".
1174:
2590:
84:
225:
the Awash ends in a chain of salt lakes, where its waterflow evaporates as quickly as it is supplied. Some 1,200 km (460 sq mi) of the Afar
Depression is covered by
1147:
148:, and Woranso-Mille. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of various flora and fauna.
67:; that is, the earliest of the human clade, and it is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. The Depression overlaps the borders of
1167:
213:, flowing north-eastward through the southern part of the Afar Region, provides a narrow green belt which enables life for the flora and fauna in the area and for the
1160:
1904:
682:
56:
1102:
638:
2635:
1506:
453:
Within the triangle, the Earth's crust is slowly rifting apart at a rate of 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) per year along each of the three
2755:
2750:
2144:
615:
1727:
1081:
1064:
748:
190:
ranged from 30 °C (86 °F) in
January to 39 °C (102 °F) in July in six years of observations from 1960 to 1966.
133:; to the south by the Somali Plateau and escarpment; and to the south-east by the Ali-Sabieh block (adjoining the Somali Plateau).
478:
between depths of 2 and 9 km (1 and 6 mi), forcing open an 8 m (26 ft) wide gap on the surface, known as the
681:
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabrie, Giday (2009).
1897:
581:
2740:
2730:
2470:
2164:
643:
393:", it took nearly 15 years to safely excavate, preserve, and describe the specimen and to prepare publication of the event.
2691:
2735:
2485:
1982:
2610:
2067:
1118:
310:
241:
535:, Erta Ale is found here, as well as Dabbahu Volcano. It has been proposed that the Afar Depression is underlain by a
648:
118:, and minimal air circulation, and contain the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth.
2760:
2445:
1890:
1320:
746:
Beyene, Alebachew & Abdelsalam, Mohamed G. (2005). "Tectonics of the Afar
Depression: A review and synthesis".
362:
2380:
1697:
729:
1350:
459:
371:
35:
Topographic map showing the Afar
Triangle, which corresponds to the shaded area in the location map shown above
261:
2580:
1639:
357:
202:
106:
is the main waterflow into the region, but it runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of
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1992:
1987:
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1599:
1252:
567:
92:
48:
1325:
1127:
Huge collection of (3000) photos from different expeditions in the Dallol, Erta Ale and
Danakil regions
1491:
660:
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2176:
1997:
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1383:
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volcanoes. Some 2.5 cubic kilometers of molten rock was injected from below into the plate along a
122:
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257:
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1604:
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1330:
1272:
1057:
Adventures in the Bone Trade. The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia's Afar Depression.
1032:
984:
833:
721:
111:
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19:
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463:
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24:
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552:
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286:
269:
187:
182:
785:"Magma-maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode"
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1933:
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1672:
1539:
1511:
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1267:
1262:
1189:
561:
467:
443:
419:
416:
353:
294:
274:
141:
2570:
1013:
Kloos, Helmut (1982). "Development, drought and famine in the Awash valley of Ethiopia".
972:
851:
803:
761:
701:
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2405:
2395:
2310:
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2201:
2149:
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2002:
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1802:
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1659:
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1403:
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1368:
517:
475:
349:
290:
218:
176:
121:
The Afar Triangle is bordered as follows (see the topographic map): on the west by the
31:
1152:
555: – Terrestrial hydrothermal system of Danakil Depression in northeastern Ethiopia
2724:
2460:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2183:
1797:
1752:
1692:
1649:
1644:
1282:
1210:
1198:
988:
783:
Wright, TJ; Ebinger, C; Biggs, J; Ayele, A; Yirgu, G; Keir, D; Stork, A (July 2006).
769:
502:
498:
345:
76:
23:
Location map of the Afar Triangle (the shaded area in the center of the map) and the
725:
324:
region and numerous prehistoric sites of fossil hominin discoveries, including: the
2620:
2435:
2273:
2193:
2127:
2102:
2040:
1609:
1594:
1584:
1529:
1501:
1486:
1481:
1451:
1257:
1220:
1204:
837:
536:
513:
508:. The rift has recently been recorded by means of three-dimensional laser mapping.
431:
382:
321:
298:
168:
137:
130:
1044:
593: – Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who inhabit the region
2605:
2550:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2455:
2450:
2427:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2012:
1972:
1967:
1707:
1624:
1564:
1549:
1476:
1441:
590:
249:
230:
214:
210:
103:
60:
2555:
2529:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2293:
2278:
2243:
2159:
1977:
1945:
1846:
1831:
1544:
1302:
532:
126:
2706:
2693:
656:
389:. A fossilized almost complete skeleton of a female hominin which he named "
197:
Perspective view of the Afar Depression and environs, generated by draping a
2625:
2545:
2415:
2092:
2077:
2055:
1913:
1866:
1861:
1822:
879:
709:
454:
439:
253:
245:
107:
829:
717:
2370:
2360:
2231:
1955:
1559:
856:
471:
325:
136:
Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region, including the
96:
80:
72:
64:
820:
811:
407:
2248:
2206:
2137:
1950:
505:
447:
427:
317:
282:
222:
198:
164:
156:
115:
68:
1036:
193:
163:
satellite image of the Afar Depression and surrounding regions of the
2640:
2600:
2375:
2258:
1960:
1917:
1534:
1360:
1240:
528:
490:
367:
172:
145:
88:
1882:
1028:
980:
2645:
2288:
1142:
1134:
484:
406:
237:
192:
160:
155:
30:
18:
438:. The conjunction of these three plates of Earth's crust is near
385:
found the then-oldest known human ancestor: 4.4 million-year-old
63:. The region has disclosed fossil specimens of the very earliest
2238:
2060:
1428:
524:
390:
329:
320:. It contains a paleo-archaeological district that includes the
226:
110:. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the
1886:
1156:
1782:
1087:
1009:
Includes a photo essay of the region and its geologic changes.
935:
Includes a photo essay of the region and its geologic changes.
683:"Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids"
442:. The Afar Depression is one of two places on Earth where a
543:
that melts to yield basalt as it approaches the surface.
1135:
Photos of Afar Depression: between Ethiopia and Djibouti
129:; to the north-east (between it and the Red Sea) by the
27:
zones; red triangles show historically active volcanoes.
16:
Geological depression caused by the Afar Triple Junction
1070:
Jeangene Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste; Gouery, Franck (2011).
557:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2591:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
1148:
Science news: Death of a Continent, Birth of an Ocean
903:
Morell, Virginia (January 2012). "Hyperactive Zone".
316:
The Afar Triangle is a cradle source of the earliest
1119:
Photos of Erta Ale, Hotsprings at Dallol and Danakil
2538:
2426:
2319:
2192:
2011:
1924:
1821:
1658:
1520:
1427:
1359:
1301:
1239:
1188:
1103:
The Ethiopian state of Afar: Topography and Climate
564: – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults
352:; several sites of the world's oldest stone tools;
233:is a major source of income for many Afar groups.
411:A simplified geologic map of the Afar Depression.
523:The floor of the Afar Depression is composed of
252:), shrubs, and grasses. Wildlife includes many
99:, at 155 m (509 ft) below sea level.
998:"Africa's New Ocean: A Continent Splits Apart"
924:"Africa's New Ocean: A Continent Splits Apart"
1898:
1168:
1073:Les Afars d'Éthiopie. Dans l'enfer du Danakil
570: – Salt lake below sea level in Djibouti
309:. In the southern part of the plain lies the
221:. About 128 kilometres (80 mi) from the
161:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
8:
268:and, notably, the last viable population of
1045:"Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands"
381:In 1994, near the Awash River in Ethiopia,
1905:
1891:
1883:
1175:
1161:
1153:
426:), where the spreading ridges forming the
819:
248:such as small trees (e.g. species of the
446:can be studied on land, the other being
415:The Afar Depression is the product of a
607:
497:Related eruptions have taken place in
2636:Portuguese-speaking African countries
466:occurred within the Afar rift at the
114:. The lowlands are affected by heat,
7:
1507:West and Central African Rift System
1183:Major African geological formations
852:"Inside the Hottest Place on Earth"
370:, the site of the fossilized child
244:. Vegetation is mostly confined to
217:, the nomadic people living in the
880:"BBC One - Hottest Place on Earth"
582:List of hominini (hominin) fossils
14:
1059:Copernicus Books, New York 2001,
749:Journal of African Earth Sciences
188:Daily mean temperatures at Dallol
770:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.03.003
616:"Geology of the Afar Depression"
520:from the rest of the continent.
1143:Web site of Main Ethiopian Rift
996:Bojanowski, Axel (2006-03-15).
922:Bojanowski, Axel (2006-03-15).
2471:Guinean Forests of West Africa
1:
2486:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
1983:Cameroonian Highlands forests
360:, the fossilized specimen of
2611:Middle East and North Africa
2068:East African montane forests
637:Shreeve, Jamie (July 2010).
434:emerge on land and meet the
311:Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve
1111:Photos of Afars and Danakil
649:National Geographic Society
2777:
2756:Endorheic basins of Africa
2751:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
1321:Central African Shear Zone
400:
363:Australopithecus afarensis
2381:Indian Ocean coastal belt
1698:Central Pangean Mountains
1351:Western Meseta Shear Zone
460:earthquakes of magnitudes
275:Equus africanus somalicus
246:drought-resistant plants
140:region and the sites of
2581:Guineo-Congolian region
710:10.1126/science.1175802
639:"The Evolutionary Road"
539:, a great upwelling of
493:in the Afar Depression.
462:greater than 3.9 and a
328:and possible hominins,
203:digital elevation model
55:, which is part of the
1718:Eastern Rift mountains
1640:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1419:Terra Australis Orogen
1051:. World Wildlife Fund.
1049:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1016:African Studies Review
618:. Afar Rift Consortium
531:. One of Earth's five
494:
412:
206:
179:
83:; and it contains the
36:
28:
2741:Landforms of Ethiopia
2731:Landforms of Djibouti
2523:West Sudanian savanna
2481:Lower Guinean forests
2476:Upper Guinean forests
2391:Cape Floristic Region
2254:Cataracts of the Nile
2073:Eastern Arc Mountains
1993:Congolian rainforests
1988:East Sudanian savanna
1733:Great Karas Mountains
1713:Eastern Arc Mountains
1253:Arabian-Nubian Shield
577:(with link directory)
489:Satellite image of a
488:
420:triple-rifts junction
410:
262:Soemmerring's gazelle
196:
159:
49:geological depression
34:
22:
2736:Landforms of Eritrea
2177:Zanzibar Archipelago
2145:Indian Ocean islands
1630:Somali Coastal Basin
1341:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
945:DOI:10.1130/G33925.1
647:. Washington, D.C.:
574:List of fossil sites
424:Afar Triple Junction
403:Afar Triple Junction
341:Ardipithecus kadabba
335:Ardipithecus ramidus
240:is characterized as
236:The Afar Depression
53:Afar Triple Junction
2703: /
2596:Mediterranean Basin
2576:Greater Middle East
2113:Ethiopian Highlands
2021:African Great Lakes
1808:Teffedest Mountains
1723:Ethiopian Highlands
1414:Pan-African orogens
1384:East African Orogen
1316:Broodkop Shear Zone
1288:West African Craton
1231:Victoria Microplate
973:1972JG.....80..720B
905:National Geographic
812:10.1038/nature04978
804:2006Natur.442..291W
762:2005JAfES..41...41B
702:2009Sci...326...75W
644:National Geographic
2656:Sub-Saharan Africa
2561:Commonwealth realm
2170:Northern Highlands
2118:Dahlak Archipelago
1872:List of inselbergs
1842:Jugurtha Tableland
1793:Sankwala Mountains
1788:Rwenzori Mountains
1605:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1600:Orange River Basin
1522:Sedimentary basins
1331:Foumban Shear Zone
1273:Saharan Metacraton
961:Journal of Geology
495:
413:
281:Birds include the
207:
180:
112:Danakil Depression
37:
29:
2761:Great Rift Valley
2686:
2685:
2586:Islands of Africa
2566:Equatorial Africa
2518:Inner Niger Delta
2306:Tibesti Mountains
2165:Central Highlands
2051:Virunga Mountains
2046:Rift Valley lakes
2036:Great Rift Valley
2031:East African Rift
1998:Ouaddaï highlands
1880:
1879:
1813:Tibesti Mountains
1773:Mitumba Mountains
1763:Mandara Mountains
1748:Imatong Mountains
1703:Chaillu Mountains
1683:Bambouk Mountains
1620:Rio del Rey Basin
1590:Niger Delta Basin
1575:Iullemmeden Basin
1467:Gulf of Suez Rift
1462:East African Rift
1447:Bahr el Arab rift
1394:Gondwanide Orogen
1326:Chuan Shear Zones
798:(7100): 291–294.
464:volcanic eruption
436:East African Rift
376:australopithecine
344:, see below; the
307:crested francolin
303:Abyssinian roller
123:Ethiopian Plateau
57:Great Rift Valley
43:(also called the
25:East African Rift
2768:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2678:Zambezian region
2666:Sudanian savanna
2651:Southeast Africa
2631:Northeast Africa
2616:Miombo woodlands
2491:Guinea Highlands
2155:Lamu Archipelago
2133:Gulf of Tadjoura
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1768:Marrah Mountains
1743:Hoggar Mountains
1738:Guinea Highlands
1728:Great Escarpment
1492:Sangha Aulacogen
1409:Mauritanide Belt
1336:Kandi Fault Zone
1311:Aswa Dislocation
1226:Seychelles Plate
1216:Madagascar Plate
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1091:
1086:. Archived from
1052:
1040:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:. Spiegel Online
992:
946:
942:
936:
934:
932:
931:
926:. Spiegel Online
919:
913:
912:
900:
894:
893:
891:
890:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
848:
842:
841:
823:
789:
780:
774:
773:
743:
737:
736:
734:
728:. Archived from
687:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:on June 19, 2010
659:. Archived from
634:
628:
627:
625:
623:
612:
558:
270:African wild ass
242:desert scrubland
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2673:Tropical Africa
2534:
2422:
2401:Kalahari Desert
2386:Albany thickets
2351:Succulent Karoo
2315:
2217:Atlas Mountains
2188:
2007:
1920:
1911:
1881:
1876:
1837:Mount Gorongosa
1817:
1678:Aurès Mountains
1673:Atlas Mountains
1660:Mountain ranges
1654:
1540:Blue Nile Basin
1516:
1512:White Nile rift
1423:
1389:Eburnean Orogen
1355:
1346:Todi Shear Zone
1297:
1293:Zimbabwe Craton
1278:Tanzania Craton
1268:Kalahari Craton
1263:Kaapvaal Craton
1235:
1184:
1181:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1069:
1043:
1012:
1003:
1001:
995:
958:
954:
949:
943:
939:
929:
927:
921:
920:
916:
902:
901:
897:
888:
886:
878:
877:
873:
863:
861:
850:
849:
845:
787:
782:
781:
777:
745:
744:
740:
732:
696:(5949): 75–86.
685:
680:
679:
675:
666:
664:
636:
635:
631:
621:
619:
614:
613:
609:
605:
600:
556:
549:
480:Dabbahu fissure
444:mid-ocean ridge
405:
399:
154:
75:and the entire
45:Afar Depression
17:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2661:Sudan (region)
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:Gulf of Guinea
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2411:Cape Peninsula
2408:
2406:Okavango Delta
2403:
2398:
2396:Skeleton Coast
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2311:Western Sahara
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Nuba Mountains
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2202:Eastern Desert
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2150:Comoro Islands
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Hanish Islands
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Danakil Desert
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2083:Horn of Africa
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Albertine Rift
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2003:Ennedi Plateau
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:Gulf of Guinea
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Mont Niénokoué
1854:
1852:Mulanje Massif
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Serra da Chela
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Nuba Mountains
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:Loma Mountains
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Blue Mountains
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Taoudeni Basin
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:Lamu Embayment
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Blue Nile rift
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1399:Kibaran Orogen
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:Cape Fold Belt
1371:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
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1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1203:Minor plates:
1201:
1197:Major plates:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1097:External links
1095:
1093:
1092:
1090:on 2013-07-31.
1082:
1067:
1053:
1041:
1029:10.2307/524399
1010:
993:
981:10.1086/627797
967:(6): 720–729.
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:
937:
914:
895:
871:
843:
775:
756:(1–2): 41–59.
738:
735:on 2019-02-27.
673:
629:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
587:
579:
571:
565:
559:
548:
545:
518:Horn of Africa
398:
395:
356:, the site of
291:secretary bird
285:, the endemic
229:deposits, and
219:Danakil Desert
177:Horn of Africa
153:
150:
51:caused by the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2773:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2707:11.5°N 41.0°E
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
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2629:
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2624:
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2614:
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2609:
2607:
2604:
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2589:
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2579:
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2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:Macro-regions
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:Guinea region
2464:
2462:
2461:Cape Mesurado
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
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2364:
2362:
2359:
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2354:
2352:
2349:
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2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
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2327:
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2300:
2297:
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2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Gibraltar Arc
2225:
2223:
2222:Barbary Coast
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Ancient Libya
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2184:Swahili coast
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Afar Triangle
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:Guinea region
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Serra da Leba
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Rif Mountains
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Jebel Uweinat
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Cameroon line
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Aïr Mountains
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1650:Turkana Basin
1648:
1646:
1645:Tindouf Basin
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Reggane Basin
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Afar Triangle
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Kuunga Orogen
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Damara Orogen
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Alpine Orogen
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Tuareg Shield
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Lwandle Plate
1209:Microplates:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:African Plate
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1083:9782352701088
1079:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1065:0-387-98742-8
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1011:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
956:
951:
941:
938:
925:
918:
915:
911:(1): 116–127.
910:
906:
899:
896:
885:
881:
875:
872:
859:
858:
853:
847:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
779:
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771:
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742:
739:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
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695:
691:
684:
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674:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
633:
630:
617:
611:
608:
602:
597:
592:
588:
586:
585:(with images)
583:
580:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
542:
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534:
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526:
521:
519:
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500:
492:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
409:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
348:hominin from
347:
346:Gawis cranium
343:
342:
337:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Kori bustards
296:
292:
288:
287:Archer's lark
284:
279:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Grévy's zebra
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
201:image over a
200:
195:
191:
189:
184:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
131:Danakil block
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Afar Triangle
33:
26:
21:
2688:
2621:Mittelafrika
2571:Françafrique
2436:Pepper Coast
2274:Middle Egypt
2128:Gulf of Aden
2103:Danakil Alps
2087:
2041:Gregory Rift
1825:(aka koppie)
1610:Owambo Basin
1595:Ogaden Basin
1585:Murzuq Basin
1555:Douala Basin
1530:Angola Basin
1502:Urema Valley
1487:Red Sea Rift
1482:Muglad Basin
1452:Benue Trough
1436:
1258:Congo Craton
1221:Rovuma Plate
1205:Somali Plate
1140:(in English)
1088:the original
1076:. Non lieu.
1072:
1056:
1048:
1023:(4): 21–48.
1020:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
964:
960:
940:
928:. Retrieved
917:
908:
904:
898:
887:. Retrieved
883:
874:
862:. Retrieved
860:. 2009-03-19
855:
846:
821:2158/1078052
795:
791:
778:
753:
747:
741:
730:the original
693:
689:
676:
665:. Retrieved
661:the original
642:
632:
620:. Retrieved
610:
584:
576:
537:mantle plume
522:
514:Somali Plate
510:
496:
452:
432:Gulf of Aden
414:
386:
383:Tim D. White
380:
361:
339:
333:
322:Middle Awash
315:
280:
273:
235:
208:
181:
169:Gulf of Aden
138:Middle Awash
135:
120:
108:saline lakes
101:
85:lowest point
44:
40:
38:
2746:Afar Region
2710: /
2606:Middle East
2551:Afromontane
2513:Niger Delta
2508:Niger Basin
2501:Dahomey Gap
2456:Cape Palmas
2451:Ivory Coast
2446:Slave Coast
2299:Upper Egypt
2269:Lower Nubia
2264:Lower Egypt
2239:Nile Valley
1973:Congo Basin
1968:Pool Malebo
1708:Drakensberg
1625:Sirte Basin
1580:Kufra Basin
1570:Gabon Basin
1565:Karoo Basin
1550:Congo Basin
1497:Atbara rift
1477:Melut Basin
1442:Anza trough
1303:Shear zones
1132:(in French)
1124:(in German)
1116:(in French)
1108:(in French)
591:Afar people
387:Ar. ramidus
250:dragon tree
231:mining salt
211:Awash River
152:Environment
104:Awash River
77:Afar Region
61:East Africa
2725:Categories
2712:11.5; 41.0
2556:Arab world
2530:Yorubaland
2441:Gold Coast
2366:Maputaland
2356:Nama Karoo
2346:Thembuland
2294:The Sudans
2279:Nile Delta
2244:Nile Delta
2160:Madagascar
1978:Chad Basin
1946:Cape Lopez
1847:Mount Mabu
1832:Anti-Atlas
1823:Inselbergs
1545:Chad Basin
1055:Jon Kalb:
1004:2006-03-16
930:2006-03-16
889:2022-03-27
864:August 30,
667:2015-05-28
622:27 October
598:References
568:Lake Assal
533:lava lakes
455:rift zones
401:See also:
254:herbivores
175:, and the
127:escarpment
93:Lake Assal
2626:Negroland
2546:Aethiopia
2416:False Bay
2093:Al-Habash
2078:Serengeti
2056:Kavirondo
1867:Zuma Rock
1862:Wase Rock
989:128757919
657:0027-9358
603:Citations
527:, mostly
440:Lake Abbe
378:hominin.
2371:Highveld
2361:Bushveld
2329:Rhodesia
2232:Ifriqiya
2098:Barbaria
1956:Igboland
1560:El Djouf
857:BBC News
830:16855588
726:20189444
718:19810190
547:See also
516:and the
472:Erta Ale
430:and the
417:tectonic
326:hominids
318:hominins
256:such as
97:Djibouti
81:Ethiopia
73:Djibouti
65:hominins
2698:41°00′E
2695:11°30′N
2249:Bashmur
2207:Maghreb
2138:Red Sea
1951:Mayombe
1926:Central
1914:Regions
1361:Orogens
1245:shields
1241:Cratons
969:Bibcode
952:Sources
838:4319443
800:Bibcode
758:Bibcode
698:Bibcode
690:Science
506:woredas
468:Dabbahu
448:Iceland
428:Red Sea
397:Geology
295:Arabian
283:ostrich
223:Red Sea
199:Landsat
165:Red Sea
116:drought
69:Eritrea
47:) is a
2641:Sahara
2601:MENASA
2376:Fynbos
2259:Darfur
1961:Mbaise
1918:Africa
1535:Aoukar
1190:Plates
1080:
1063:
1037:524399
1035:
987:
836:
828:
792:Nature
724:
716:
655:
553:Dallol
541:mantle
529:basalt
491:graben
368:Dikika
366:; and
338:, and
305:, and
289:, the
183:Dallol
173:Arabia
146:Dikika
89:Africa
2646:Sahel
2339:South
2334:North
2321:South
2289:Nubia
2194:North
1429:Rifts
1033:JSTOR
985:S2CID
834:S2CID
788:(PDF)
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