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recently, there has been a blooming of the rap and hip hop scene in
Afghanistan as well. However, the Western musical influence on Afghan music continues to be only in the fields of instrumentation and orchestration; Afghan musicians tend to choose musical languages and compositions which belong to indigenous Afghan musical forms, but they use Western musical instruments (such as drums, percussions and guitars) to orchestrate their music. There are a few musicians who compose in the Western musical tradition as well.
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825:. The style borrows from many other musical traditions such as the Indian, Iranian, Middle Eastern, and folkloric Afghan traditions, but it fuses these styles into a sound that is unique to Afghanistan and suits the lyrical, poetic, rhythmic, and orchestral tastes of both afghan Dari and afghan Pashto speakers. Apart from Ahmad Zahir, the most successful contemporary proponent of this style of
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705:, Logari, Shomali, etc.), a more technically appropriate classification would be to distinguish various forms of Afghan music purely by their musical style. Thus, Afghan music can be mainly divided into four categories: Indian classical, Mohali (folk and regional styles), Western, and another style unique to Afghanistan simply called Afghan music.
849:(regional) traditions of Afghanistan. Up until then, Afghanistan had been mainly a borrower of styles from Iran, India and other countries. With Sarban's arrival, Afghan music reached such a height that renowned artists from major cultural centres such as Iran borrowed his songs and covered them for their audiences (for instance Iran's singer
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There is no single tradition, but many musical traditions and styles in
Afghanistan. These different traditions and styles evolved over centuries in the context of a society with highly diverse ethnic, linguistic, regional, religious, and class distinctions. Afghan music can be classified in a number
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Afghan hip-hop is a type of music popular among
Afghanistan's youth and immigrant community. It inherits much of the style of traditional hip hop, but puts added emphasis on rare cultural sounds. Afghan hip hop is mostly sung in Dari (Persian), Pashto, and English. One popular hip hop artist is DJ
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banned instrumental music and much public music-making. Taliban's punishments of being caught playing music or being caught with cassettes ranged from confiscation and a warning to severe beatings and imprisonment. Many people continued to secretly play their instruments. Exiled musicians from the
525:
Since their resurgence to power on 15 August 2021, Taliban authorities in
Afghanistan have implemented a strict ban on music, particularly at weddings, social gatherings, and on radio and television. Additionally, there have been reports of Taliban forces destroying musical instruments, such as an
1977:
Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1925 during the reign of
Amanullah. The radio station was destroyed in 1929 in the uprising against his modernist policies, and there was no serious attempt to resume radio transmissions until Radio Kabul was officially opened in 1940, with German equipment and
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This form, Western music (mainly consisting of pop, and nowadays rap), is influenced mainly by the
Western musical tradition. However, in spite of its modernity, it is not the most popular musical genre. Many singers including Ahmad Zahir have sung in this tradition (pop, rock n roll, etc.). Most
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etc. Many other singers, however, who do not belong to this genre, have dabbled in recording songs in the
Qataghani, logari, qarsak etc. styles. Each of these forms had its own scale (they did not use the classical Indian raga scale, nor did they use the western major/minor scale) and mainly
812:
The second group, Mohali (folk) music was more diverse. It contained various folkloric and regional styles which had evolved indigenously without outside influence. These styles include
Qataghani, Logari, Qarsak etc. which are specific to a region & linguistic group in Afghanistan. Some
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and many other singers were prominent adherents of this style. This style emphasized compositions in the Indian raga style and the singing of
Ghazals in melodies very similar to Indian classical and court music. The classical musical form of Afghanistan is called
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Pop music emerged in
Afghanistan during the 1950s, and became very popular until the late 1970s. What helped the emergence of pop music in Afghanistan were amateur singers from non-traditional music backgrounds who wanted to showcase their talents in the studio
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is another female Afghan rapper, who has gained notoriety for writing music protesting forced marriages. The country's rapping scene has become increasingly prelavent in recent years. In 2017, Sayed Jamal Mubarez became the first rapper to win the annual
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consisted of well known songs whose composition and lyrics had evolved organically over centuries. The lyrics, though deep, were often simple and lacked the poetic sophistication of the great Persian & Pashto poetic traditions.
1382:, Pakistan, where they continued their musical activities. Much of the Afghan music industry was preserved via circulation in Peshawar and the holding of concerts for Afghan performers there helped to keep the industry alive.
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909:. The rubab is sometimes considered the national instrument of Afghanistan, and is called the "lion of instruments"; one reviewer claims it sounds like "a Middle Eastern predecessor to the
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and others. Ahmad Zahir was among Afghanistan's most famous singers; throughout the 60s and 70s he gained national and international recognition in countries like Iran and Tajikistan.
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The Indian classical tradition was a hugely influential strain. The vast majority of the elite artists in Afghanistan until the 1980s were trained in the Indian classical tradition.
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in the 1860s. They maintain cultural and personal ties with Indiaâthrough discipleship or intermarriageâand they use the Hindustani musical theories and terminology, for example
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of Afghanistan's music industry. Popular music also included Indian and Pakistani cinema film and music imported from Iran, Tajikistan, the Arab world and elsewhere.
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did not arise until the 1950s when radio became commonplace in the country. They used orchestras featuring both Afghan and Indian instruments, as well as European
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These amateurs innovated in Afghan music and created a more modern approach to the traditional folklore and classical music of Afghans. Amateur singers included
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Many patriotic songs have been made for Afghanistan. One of the best known songs is "Da Zamong Zeba Watan" ("This is our beautiful homeland" in Pashto) by
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to a pin at the other end of the body. There is a tiny sound hole in the back of the instrument, while the top is thick wood. It is not finished with any
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The most popular musical traditions in Afghanistan is the pure Afghan musical style. The pure Afghan musical style was popularized by the Afghan singer
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Doubleday, Veronica. "Red Light at the Crossroads". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),
627:, sung sometime in the 1970s. Another popular song is "Watan" ("Homeland") by Abdul Wahab Madadi, in Persian. Recorded in 1980, the song samples a
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is one of the few Afghan rock bands; formed in 2008 by ex-pats, they claim to be the first one. However it was popularised in the mainstream by
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Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo. (1999) "World Music: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific" p.3
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is regarded as the king of Pashto music in the southern Afghanistan region. He died in the 1980s but his music is still enjoyed by the
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The Afghan concept of music is closely associated with instruments, and thus unaccompanied religious singing is not considered music.
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musical competition. In 2022, an Afghan rap song by Jawad13 and MiSAQ were commissioned by and available on Facebook Sound library.
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765:(1924-1983), who is one of the master singers of Patiala Gharana in North Indian classical music and is also well known throughout
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Afghan musical sound that characterizes the most popular Afghan musical genre today. Sarban chose poetry from the great classical
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1397:(especially in the southeast of the country) entered a period of "golden years", according to a prominent spokesman for Afghan
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who experimented with rock alongside his usual pop hits. Additionally, singing competition television series such as
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of ways. Although it is common practice to classify Afghan music along linguistic and regional lines (i.e. Pashto,
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517:, both from 1996 to 2001 and again when they took power by force in 2021, music has been considered prohibited.
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Doubleday, pg. 4 "Afghans have a special feeling for the rubab, describing it as their 'national instrument'."
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1263:(Master), had a major hit with "O bacheh" in 1977; she was "perhaps the most notable" of pop singers.
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wood, which is chosen to give the instrument its distinct timbre. It has three main strings and a
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has long been the regional cultural capital, but outsiders have tended to focus on the city of
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The following is an incomplete list of classical Afghan musicians who have been honored as an
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639:, translates to "My country, my love for you is my honour". Its tone sounds very similar to a
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tradition indigenous to central Asia. Lyrics throughout most of Afghanistan are typically in
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became popular, with singing contestants performing songs, including those formerly banned.
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recitation is an important kind of unaccompanied religious performance, as is the ecstatic
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1010:. The dombura is played with much banging and scratching on the instrument to help give a
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1725:"As Most Music Is Silenced in Afghanistan, a Style Favored by the Taliban Fills the Void"
841:/Dari poets and set them to compositions which incorporated elements of Western jazz and
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1459:), a resident of Kabul. Another is 'Awesome Qasim', who is known in Canada and raps in
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of any kind, and as with all other Afghanistan instruments there is some decoration.
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829:. However, the progenitor of this musical tradition was another Afghan singer named
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incident involving the burning of instruments in late July 2023 in Herat Province.
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World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific
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covered a number of Sarban's songs, most famously his "Ay Sarban Ahesta Ran").
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Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia
1697:"The Taliban forbids music. These young musicians who fled have new problems"
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was another early female singer who had achieved high fame during the 1960s.
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1933:
1217:, but its station was destroyed in 1929. Broadcasting did not resume until
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https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2007/05/070502_og_kt_shadkam
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777:. His composition "Pai Ashk" was used in the theme song of the Hindi film
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761:(rhythmic cycle). Afghanistan's classical singers include the late Ustad
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https://www.discogs.com/artist/6083021-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86
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Afghan musicians with popular traditional instruments rubab and tabla
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Music in the Mind: The Concepts of Music and Musician in Afghanistan
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sect of Kabul is an exception in that they use instruments like the
905:-like instrument in Afghanistan, and is a forerunner of the Indian
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1999:"Rukhshana, One of Afghanistan's First Female Singers, Dies at 80"
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100 years ago". The rubab has a double-chambered body carved from
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Music of Afghanistan: Professional Musicians in the City of Herat
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War, Exile and the Music of Afghanistan: The Ethnographer's Tale
1259:, one of the famous female singers who then gained the title of
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446:. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of
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reached the entire country, popular music grew more important.
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Sarban's musical style was effectively adopted by Ahmad Zahir,
725:, which includes both instrumental and vocal and belly dancing
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28:
2401:
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Afghan men performing at the new Afghan Cultural Center on
2186:"Gangsta rapper of Kabul puts peace before guns 'n' girls"
1921:"Classical Singer Ulfat Ahang is Honored with State Medal"
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while sourcing much of its lyrics directly from classical
1753:"Afghanistan: Taliban burn 'immoral' musical instruments"
1467:
has been described as Afghanistan's first female rapper.
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became the first Afghan woman to sing live on the radio.
506:, which is home to traditions more closely related to
474:. Afghanistan's classical music is closely related to
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French National Library. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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to the US. They were documented in the rockumentary
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caused many musicians to flee, and subsequently the
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1358:. They as well as Farhad Darya helped to establish
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1583:Anthology of World Music: The Music of Afghanistan
813:prominent artists in this category were Hamahang,
990:. Notable dombura players in Afghanistan include
833:. Sarban's songs set the template for the unique
2272:"Afghan teen uses rap to escape forced marriage"
2241:"Susan Feroz: Afghanistan's First Female Rapper"
2024:Columnist, Rosie DiManno Star (12 August 2009).
789:around the world, mainly by the Pashtuns in the
2412:Audio clips - traditional music of Afghanistan.
2402:#1 Afghan Music & Entertainment Site Online
2239:Yousafzai, Sami; Moreau, Ron (4 January 2013).
2215:"Afghan rapper wins fans with message of peace"
1778:"Afghanistan: Taliban burn musical instruments"
1859:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2005.
1513:"Muted Musicians See Hope in Young Performers"
1378:district of Kabul set up business premises in
3152:
2438:
1895:"Atlas of plucked instruments - Central Asia"
1591:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2005
400:
8:
2373:Music in the Culture of Northern Afghanistan
1681:
1679:
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454:, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the
1621:, pp 3â8. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
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741:, or professional musicians, have learned
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1407:slowly gained a foothold in the country.
1934:https://tolonews.com/arts-culture-176891
1695:Perez-Solero, Ricardo (1 October 2022).
1183:
64:
2579:Reforms of AmÄnullÄh KhÄn and civil war
2407:Afghan Music & Entertainment Portal
2294:"Barber-turned-rapper wins Afghan Star"
1662:
1488:Afghanistan National Institute of Music
681:Musicians in Herat, Afghanistan in 1973
611:in their worship; this music is called
311:
187:
180:
173:
166:
119:
112:
105:
87:
2329:Baily, John and John Blacking (1988).
1862:
1602:
2026:"Choosing the ballad over the bullet"
797:regions. Other classical singers are
466:. Instruments used range from Indian
7:
1387:2001 US intervention in Afghanistan
1049:is a string instrument made by the
1014:sound. The two strings are made of
974:is a popular folk instrument among
571:solo and group singing styles like
2270:Bloom, Deborah (12 October 2015).
1519:. 26 February 2005. Archived from
631:song called "Antonis" composed by
25:
1562:"The Tale of the Pashtun Poetess"
510:than in the rest of the country.
3527:
3518:
3517:
2348:Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine (1983).
2107:"Afghan dreams of rock and roll"
932:Famous players of the rubab are
374:
33:
2983:Opium production in Afghanistan
2375:. University of Arizona Press.
2356:. Kent State University Press.
2105:Najib, Moska (5 January 2010).
1498:List of Pashto-language singers
1430:Metal music was represented by
1180:List of Pashto-language singers
452:Indian compositional principles
3485:British Indian Ocean Territory
2333:. Cambridge University Press.
1723:Saar, Zamir (7 October 2021).
1560:Jacinto, Leela (22 May 2005).
1:
2418:Listen to Afghan Music Online
2397:Listen to Afghan music online
2213:Saboor, Abdul (16 May 2006).
2184:Albone, Tim (24 April 2006).
1633:"Afghan Music Before the War"
1589:Delusions of Adequacy Reviews
2903:Current provincial governors
2757:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
2158:Coghlan, Tom (10 May 2006).
743:North Indian classical music
434:comprises many varieties of
69:Band of Afghan musicians in
2308:"Facebook Sound Collection"
2160:"Gangsta Rap, Afghan Style"
1213:In 1925, Afghanistan began
1191:performing at a concert in
773:as a contemporary of Ustad
498:. The multi-ethnic city of
3570:
3064:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)
3003:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline
1751:Ng, Kelly (31 July 2023).
1177:
955:
879:
650:
544:
533:
530:Folk and traditional music
476:Hindustani classical music
3513:
3091:
3029:
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2695:
2479:Indus Valley civilisation
1872:Cite uses generic title (
1609:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1082:Mohammad Hussain Sarahang
946:Mohammed Rahim Khushnawaz
783:Ubaidullah Jan Kandaharai
763:Mohammad Hussain Sarahang
637:Watan ishqe tu iftekharam
42:This article needs to be
3234:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2700:Administrative divisions
1702:South China Morning Post
1424:The Voice of Afghanistan
864:, Afsana, Seems Tarana,
563:which uses songs called
3495:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2564:Second Anglo-Afghan War
2534:Third Battle of Panipat
1389:and the removal of the
1291:, Ustad Davood Vaziri,
615:("food for the soul").
2634:Second Islamic Emirate
2574:Kingdom of Afghanistan
2569:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2559:First Anglo-Afghan War
2544:Emirate of Afghanistan
2494:Yabghus of Tokharistan
1879:CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1493:List of Afghan singers
1365:During the 1990s, the
1210:
1200:
1147:Ghulam Dastagir Shaida
913:that popped up in the
894:
697:
682:
674:
666:
513:Under the rule of the
424:
381:Afghanistan portal
90:Culture of Afghanistan
73:
2614:First Islamic Emirate
2371:Slobin, Mark (1976).
1244:. The 1970s were the
1206:
1187:
1022:. They cross a short
1018:(in modern times) or
889:
688:
680:
673:Musicians, Herat 1973
672:
660:
484:Mawlana Balkhi (Rumi)
422:
68:
3554:Music of Afghanistan
3409:United Arab Emirates
2720:Environmental issues
2668:Graveyard of empires
2657:Arabs in Afghanistan
2251:on 20 September 2013
1401:, Lutfullah Mashal.
1399:Ministry of Interior
1295:(Dr. Sadiq Fitrat),
775:Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
521:Current legal status
331:World Heritage Sites
3436:limited recognition
2674:Wars in Afghanistan
2594:Democratic Republic
1988:Doubleday, pgs. 4-5
1815:on 4 November 2005.
1730:Wall Street Journal
1517:Inter Press Service
1221:opened in 1940. As
1137:Shah Wali Taranasaz
757:(melodic form) and
2993:Telecommunications
2963:Afghani (currency)
2878:Leadership Council
2662:European influence
2539:Dost Mohammad Khan
2474:Pre-Islamic period
2005:. 25 December 2020
1972:2005-11-04 at the
1643:on 4 November 2005
1371:Taliban government
1362:during the 1980s.
1215:radio broadcasting
1211:
1201:
1117:Abdul Rahim Sarban
895:
882:Rubab (instrument)
831:Abdul Rahim Sarban
698:
683:
675:
667:
635:. The first line,
425:
74:
71:Farah, Afghanistan
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3478:other territories
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3133:
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3016:
3015:
2945:
2944:
2908:Foreign relations
2743:
2742:
2682:
2681:
2584:Saqqawist Emirate
2524:Siege of Kandahar
2081:by Laudan Nooshin
2060:on 3 January 2006
1547:on 3 January 2006
1354:pioneered Afghan
1223:Radio Afghanistan
633:Mikis Theodorakis
417:
416:
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
3561:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3490:Christmas Island
3176:Sovereign states
3161:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3027:
2956:
2856:
2693:
2642:
2629:Islamic Republic
2589:Daoud's Republic
2554:AfghanâSikh Wars
2549:Battle of Jamrud
2509:Islamic conquest
2489:Greater Khorasan
2447:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2386:
2367:
2355:
2344:
2316:
2315:
2312:www.facebook.com
2304:
2298:
2297:
2296:. 23 March 2017.
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2134:"BBCPersian.com"
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:. Archived from
2054:"Almaty or Bust"
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
1891:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:Doubleday, pg. 3
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:. Archived from
1805:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1685:Doubleday, pg. 4
1683:
1672:
1667:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1614:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1532:
1530:
1528:
1432:District Unknown
1367:Afghan Civil War
1152:Hafizullah Khyal
1057:of Afghanistan.
929:, bone or wood.
835:Persian-language
787:Pashtun diaspora
695:Helmand Province
691:Camp Leatherneck
448:Persian melodies
409:
402:
395:
379:
378:
377:
101:
92:
76:
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3509:
3477:
3468:
3449:Northern Cyprus
3435:
3428:
3170:
3165:
3135:
3130:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3083:
3012:
2941:
2845:
2739:
2678:
2640:
2624:War (2001â2021)
2514:Mongol invasion
2460:
2451:
2393:
2383:
2370:
2364:
2347:
2341:
2328:
2325:
2323:Further reading
2320:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1974:Wayback Machine
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1901:on 5 March 2012
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1857:"usurped title"
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1523:on 4 April 2009
1511:
1508:
1484:
1469:Sonita Alizadeh
1457:Bezhan Zafarmal
1452:
1450:Hip-hop and rap
1352:Wajiha Rastagar
1273:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1063:
1044:
1008:Safdar Tawakoli
1000:Dawood Sarkhosh
960:
954:
884:
878:
655:
649:
641:national anthem
621:
619:Patriotic music
549:
543:
541:Religious music
538:
532:
523:
470:to long-necked
436:classical music
413:
375:
373:
366:
365:
361:National anthem
346:
345:
336:
335:
326:
325:
307:
306:
287:
286:
275:
274:
265:
264:
262:performing arts
249:
248:
244:Afghan proverbs
234:
233:
222:
221:
202:
201:
162:
161:
132:
131:
88:
59:
53:
50:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3168:Music of Asia
3166:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Communications
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Prime Minister
2885:
2883:Supreme Leader
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:Persian (Dari)
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Extreme points
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Climate change
2707:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Durrani Empire
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2391:External links
2389:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2285:
2262:
2231:
2205:
2176:
2150:
2125:
2097:
2092:"Boston Globe"
2083:
2071:
2042:
2016:
1990:
1981:
1959:
1948:
1937:
1926:
1912:
1886:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1818:
1795:
1784:. 30 July 2023
1782:Deutsche Welle
1769:
1743:
1715:
1687:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1629:
1615:
1577:
1557:
1541:Almaty or Bust
1533:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1451:
1448:
1446:Travis Beard.
1436:United Kingdom
1348:Farid Rastagar
1272:
1271:History of pop
1269:
1257:Farida Mahwash
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
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1129:
1124:
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1114:
1109:
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1084:
1079:
1073:
1062:
1061:List of Ustads
1059:
1043:
1040:
996:Naseer Parwani
992:Dilagha Surood
956:Main article:
953:
950:
890:Afghanistan's
880:Main article:
877:
874:
866:Jawad Ghaziyar
718:Ustad Nashenas
710:Ustad Sarahang
651:Main article:
648:
645:
620:
617:
559:ritual of the
545:Main article:
542:
539:
534:Main article:
531:
528:
522:
519:
492:Dari (Persian)
480:Persian poetry
415:
414:
412:
411:
404:
397:
389:
386:
385:
384:
383:
368:
367:
364:
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358:
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139:
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123:
117:
116:
110:
109:
103:
102:
94:
93:
85:
84:
61:
60:
41:
39:
32:
24:
18:Afghan Hip-Hop
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3566:
3555:
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3534:
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3462:
3460:
3459:South Ossetia
3457:
3455:
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3450:
3447:
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3431:
3425:
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3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
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3290:
3287:
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3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
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3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2935:Chief Justice
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:Supreme Court
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Deputy Leader
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
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2854:
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2842:
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2835:
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2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
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2685:
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2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:2001 invasion
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Islamic State
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
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2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Hotak dynasty
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Maurya Empire
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2443:
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2429:
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2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2408:
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2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2382:0-8165-0498-9
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2363:0-87338-265-X
2359:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2340:0-521-25000-5
2336:
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2327:
2326:
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2020:
2017:
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1994:
1991:
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1982:
1979:
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1968:
1963:
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1957:
1952:
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1946:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1930:
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1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1828:by John Baily
1827:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
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1627:1-85828-636-0
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2868:Constitution
2749:Demographics
2504:Hindu Shahis
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1409:Kabul Dreams
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3533:Asia portal
3434:States with
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3289:North Korea
3184:Afghanistan
2715:Earthquakes
2499:Turk Shahis
2454:Afghanistan
2138:www.bbc.com
2118:21 February
1978:assistance.
1581:"Review of
1527:21 November
1475:Afghan Star
1418:Afghan Star
1346:The couple
1289:Ahmad Zahir
1278:Radio Kabul
1219:Radio Kabul
1197:Afghanistan
1122:Ulfat Ahang
1004:Mir Maftoon
823:Ahmad Zahir
799:Ustad Qasim
661:Minstrels,
431:Afghanistan
152:Pashtunwali
3414:Uzbekistan
3389:Tajikistan
3304:Kyrgyzstan
3284:Kazakhstan
3204:Bangladesh
3194:Azerbaijan
2873:Loya jirga
2792:Nuristanis
2604:since 1992
2599:Soviet war
2278:23 October
2224:2 February
2143:30 January
2112:BBC Online
2035:30 January
2009:30 January
1809:"Mikalina"
1595:28 January
1506:References
1444:Australian
1405:Rock music
1385:After the
1341:Qamar Gula
1317:Ehsan Aman
1297:Ahmad Wali
1246:golden age
1178:See also:
1012:percussive
925:made from
858:Ahmad Wali
807:Ustad Nato
567:, and the
440:folk music
297:Television
231:Literature
147:Loya jirga
130:Traditions
54:April 2022
3500:Hong Kong
3454:Palestine
3379:Sri Lanka
3374:Singapore
3254:Indonesia
3039:Education
3008:Transport
2829:Languages
2802:Qizilbash
2730:Volcanoes
2688:Geography
2191:The Times
1905:28 August
1788:16 August
1762:16 August
1647:27 August
1571:27 August
1551:27 August
1265:Rukhshana
1251:In 1951,
1234:clarinets
1174:Pop music
1157:Gul Zaman
845:with the
779:Mera Saya
647:Classical
609:harmonium
429:music of
323:Monuments
217:Sculpture
182:Festivals
168:Mythology
121:Languages
3548:Category
3523:Category
3444:Abkhazia
3394:Thailand
3349:Pakistan
3329:Mongolia
3324:Maldives
3319:Malaysia
3219:Cambodia
3121:Category
3079:War rugs
3074:Religion
3059:Olympics
2988:Taxation
2851:Politics
2812:Turkmens
2797:Pashtuns
2772:Farsiwan
2735:Wildlife
2652:Timeline
2645:By topic
2458:articles
2255:13 March
2245:Newsweek
2194:. London
1970:Archived
1967:Mikalina
1865:cite web
1757:BBC News
1736:27 March
1708:27 March
1637:Mikalina
1605:cite web
1482:See also
1440:Rockabul
1380:Peshawar
1376:Kharabat
1360:new wave
1356:synthpop
1293:Nashenas
1162:Shad Kam
1142:Nashenas
1097:Nainawaz
984:Turkmens
923:plectrum
919:mulberry
915:Piedmont
862:Nashenas
851:Googoosh
801:, Ustad
791:Kandahar
771:Pakistan
580:manqasat
486:and the
482:such as
456:Pashtuns
212:Painting
189:Religion
142:Clothing
137:Buzkashi
81:a series
79:Part of
3419:Vietnam
3334:Myanmar
3314:Lebanon
3244:Georgia
3199:Bahrain
3189:Armenia
3098:Outline
3034:Cuisine
3022:Culture
2998:Tourism
2951:Economy
2898:Cabinet
2863:Taliban
2782:Hazaras
2705:Borders
2466:History
2219:Reuters
2198:6 March
2169:6 March
1461:Persian
1455:Besho (
1391:Taliban
1374:famous
1325:Parasto
1321:Hangama
1309:Mahwash
1242:violins
1238:guitars
1228:Modern
1132:Beltoon
1092:Mahwash
1077:Awalmir
1051:Hazaras
1047:Ghichak
1042:Ghichak
1036:sanding
1028:varnish
976:Hazaras
972:dambora
968:dambura
964:dombura
958:Dombura
952:Dombura
839:Persian
815:Beltoon
737:. Many
735:Ghazals
703:Persian
515:Taliban
488:Iranian
464:Hazaras
344:Symbols
270:Theater
175:Cuisine
157:Wedding
107:History
44:updated
3464:Taiwan
3399:Turkey
3364:Russia
3299:Kuwait
3279:Jordan
3269:Israel
3229:Cyprus
3214:Brunei
3209:Bhutan
3126:Portal
3069:Poetry
3054:Cinema
2978:Mining
2973:Energy
2824:Health
2817:Uzbeks
2807:Tajiks
2777:Gurjar
2767:Baloch
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2064:22 May
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1032:filing
1024:bridge
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980:Uzbeks
944:, and
847:mohali
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795:Quetta
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731:Tarana
723:klasik
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586:nowheh
574:mursia
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468:tablas
460:Tajiks
302:Cinema
114:People
83:on the
3505:Macau
3424:Yemen
3384:Syria
3359:Qatar
3339:Nepal
3274:Japan
3249:India
3239:Egypt
3224:China
3105:Index
3049:Music
2923:women
2841:Women
2762:Arabs
2274:. CNN
1657:Notes
1261:Ustad
1193:Kabul
1167:Arman
1107:Amani
1068:ustad
1016:nylon
927:ivory
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629:Greek
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607:also
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601:rubab
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472:lutes
313:Sport
292:Radio
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3264:Iraq
3259:Iran
3044:Flag
2918:LGBT
2377:ISBN
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