4808:
orders for expulsion two months before
Muhammad Nadir Shah was murdered on November 8, 1933. Despite a change of leadership, government policies did not shift radically. Rather, planned actions were implemented. At the end of November 1933, the Jews in Mazar-i-Sharif, Andkhoi and Maimana were all expelled... The Prime Minister and new Regent, Muhammad Hashim Khan, simply allowed earlier policies to continue. Although it is possible that his brother's assassination further aggravated the situation of Jews in Afghanistan, it is more likely that the fate of the community probably only changed by a matter of degree. The reason that the Jews may have been ordered back to the places of their birth was to demonstrate that this community was not indigenous to the area and that they had only recently acquired citizenship through bribes.
3889:
2608:
2829:
4372:. Before the fall of the government of the Afghan Islamic Republic to the Taliban, Herat's cultural officials stated that at the time of the forced departure of the Herati Jews, on a stone inscription, the community stated that it had transferred the responsibility of caring for the Synagogues, the public bath, and the cemetery to the government which ruled Afghanistan when the inscription was written. The state of these historic buildings and the Taliban's plans for them have remained unknown since Afghanistan fell to the
4121:, but when they arrived on the border, the colonial authorities categorised them according to their passports; those with Soviet passports were accused of having "Bolshevist ties" and denied entry. Many Afghan Jews were deported back to Soviet-controlled territories under the guise of allegedly violating the "behavioural conduct" codes of British India, although historians have made note of the fact that the colonial government's fear that the emigrants would spread
3735:
2758:
5781:
3724:
117:
5791:
4326:, in western Afghanistan. It is a disused synagogue, which still has most of its original characteristics. This synagogue is composed of 3 floors, a main congregation room, several side rooms and corridors, as well as 7 domes of different sizes. The Yu Aw synagogue underwent renovation in recent years and it was also added to Herat's list of protected cultural sites.
5345:
4225:. Simintov has a wife and two daughters, all of whom emigrated to Israel in 1998, and he said he was considering joining them. However, when he was asked if he would go to Israel during an interview, Simintov retorted, "Go to Israel? What business do I have there? Why should I leave?" In April 2021, Simintov announced that he would emigrate to Israel after the
4165:
was motivated by their search for a better life. By 1969, approximately 300 Jews remained in
Afghanistan, but most of them left Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979, leaving only 10 Jews in Afghanistan in 1996, most of whom lived in Kabul. Currently, more than 10,000 Jews of Afghan descent live in Israel. Over 200 Afghan Jewish families live in
35:
4259:, reported that Simintov was en route to the United States. It was then discovered that an unbeknownst distant cousin of Simintov, Tova Moradi, fled the country sometime in October following Simintov's departure. Contrary to official reports which stated that "no Jewish" person was living in the country, it is believed that Moradi was the last
4361:), located within Herat's historic Bazar, has been left abandoned, and as a result, it is in a state of disrepair. The Jewish public bath also remains abandoned, and the building is also in need of urgent renovation in order to prevent its complete destruction. The bath was operational in Herat's Bazaar until 2018.
4705:
The
British Chargé d'Affaires explained that the Afghan govern- ment viewed every Soviet refugee as "a potential spy." Almost every consequent governmental action towards Soviet, and especially non-Muslim, refugees was based on this perception… Just as the Afghans viewed "every Russian as a potential
4164:
In 1948, there were over 5,000 Jews in
Afghanistan. Afghanistan was the only Muslim country which allowed Jewish emigrants to keep their citizenship. Most Afghan Jews moved to Israel or the United States. Afghan Jews left the country en masse in the 1960s. Their resettlement in New York and Tel Aviv
4807:
A telegram sent from
Peshawar on September 24, 1933, to Central Asian Jewish merchants in London explained that the Afghan gov- ernment ordered Jews living in the Andkhoi and Mazar-i-Sharif provinces to return to the towns of their birth within a month... The northern governors issued the first
4055:
who were already present in
Afghanistan with the intent to flee further south were detained in Kabul, and all Soviet Jews who were apprehended at the border were immediately deported. All Soviet citizens, including these Bukharan Jews, were suspected by both the Afghan and British government
4185:
and Isaac Levy (born c. 1920). Levy relied on charity to survive, while
Simintov ran a store selling carpets and jewelry until 2001. They lived on opposite sides of the dilapidated Kabul synagogue. They kept denouncing each other to the authorities, and both of them spent time in
4063:
From
September 1933, many of these ex-Soviet Jewish refugees in northern Afghanistan were forcibly relocated to major cities such as Kabul and Herat, but continued to live in under restrictions on work and trade. Whilst it has been claimed that the November 1933 assassination of
4089:. The two boys got into a fight for unknown reasons, during which the Muslim boy fell down a flight of stairs. The Jewish boy, Aba ben Simon, was blamed, and others began spreading rumors that he was trying to convert the Muslim boy to
3836:
on 7 September 2021 and 29 October 2021, respectively, leaving
Afghanistan completely empty of Jews. Today, the overwhelming majority of the Afghan Jewish community resides in Israel, with a small group of a few hundred living in the
4229:
of 2021, due to the fear that the planned withdrawal of US troops from
Afghanistan would result in the Taliban's return to power. Throughout August 2021, Simintov remained in Kabul, despite having had a chance to escape.
4194:. The contentious relationship between Simintov and Levy was dramatized in a play which was inspired by news reports about the lives of the two men, which were released by the international news media following the
4072:
reported that "ghetto rules" had been imposed on Afghan Jews, requiring them to wear particular clothes, requiring Jewish women to stay outside markets, requiring all Jews to live within certain distances from
6802:
4034:
as part of the wider famine-related refugee crisis; leaders of the communities petitioned Jewish communities in Europe and the United States for support. In total, some 60,000 refugees had fled from the
3901:
Existing records of a Jewish presence in Afghanistan date back to the 7th century CE, although ancient Iranian tradition holds that there was a Jewish presence in Afghanistan as early as the time of
4242:
4233:
Despite initially stating that he would put up with the Taliban for the second time, it has been reported that Simantov emigrated to a presently undisclosed country before the Jewish holiday of
1246:
4368:. In recent years, some of the tombstones and the wall which surrounds the cemetery have been repaired thanks to donations which were sent by the Afghan Jewish Community which lives in the
2790:
6281:
1824:
4085:
had been killed or starved to death. In mid-1935, riots erupted in Herat, the Afghan city with the largest Jewish population, over a dispute between two boys— one Jewish and one
1479:
1174:
1366:
6736:
59:
2574:
338:
3888:
3765:
1361:
6226:
5921:
5670:
3522:
1609:
3473:
6360:
5827:
5715:
4310:
In the city of Herat, the historic centre of Afghan Jews, there are 4 synagogues, 1 public bath, as well as a Jewish cemetery and several abandoned houses. The
2783:
1863:
4967:
4934:
4341:. Despite the takeover of the Synagogue, its structure and design have not changed, and the building has undergone renovation in recent years. The synagogue's
6636:
5937:
4132:
The living conditions of Jews continued to worsen in both Kabul and Herat. Many Afghan Jews illegally emigrated to British India during the 1940s during the
2864:
848:
811:
3698:
5287:"After half a Century, several Jews are wishful to visit their hometown of Herat (برخی از یهودیان پس از نیم قرن در آرزوی دیدار از زادگاهشان هرات اند)"
6416:
3508:
3228:
1787:
6832:
5505:
2776:
1810:
4271:
3423:
6508:
6259:
5695:
4423:
4052:
1160:
4706:
spy," the British were also concerned with espionage and endeavored to stop Jews from enter- ing India if they were "likely to be Soviet agents."
5168:
4851:
6555:
6404:
5746:
5710:
5615:
5220:
4364:
There is also a small Jewish cemetery in Herat. Some of the tombstones have information about the deceased persons which is written on them in
2567:
1737:
1672:
1554:
6621:
6264:
5942:
5349:
4794:
4732:
4692:
4607:
4390:
4195:
3676:
3483:
858:
6825:
4353:) has been converted to an elementary school, and has also been renovated in recent years. The fourth synagogue, the Mulla Ashur Synagogue (
3453:
5720:
5422:
5247:"Zablon Simantov: The last Jew in Afghanistan and Fear of Taliban return (زابلون سیمنتوف؛ آخرین یهودی افغانستان و نگرانی از بازگشت طالبان)"
3758:
1296:
4294:
that Zablon Simintov was a caretaker of until his last day in Afghanistan is located in District 4 of Kabul, in "kuche-ye Gol Forushiha" (
2673:
5115:
4568:
6451:
6219:
5906:
5756:
5665:
5630:
4400:
3902:
3807:
1564:
1381:
1371:
611:
6771:
6545:
5555:
5550:
4757:
3693:
3686:
3443:
1960:
1910:
1875:
1569:
1301:
4048:
4047:. Later that year, Afghanistan began deporting Soviet-origin refugees either back to the Soviet Union or to specified territories in
6518:
6392:
6107:
6030:
5820:
5675:
5650:
5565:
5545:
5495:
5465:
5455:
4497:
3646:
2560:
1652:
1614:
1589:
1509:
1494:
1341:
1281:
1236:
77:
6528:
5373:
6472:
6057:
5978:
5761:
5640:
5635:
5515:
5246:
3641:
2726:
2591:
1945:
1927:
1833:
1727:
1579:
1574:
1499:
1464:
1331:
4873:
6598:
6538:
6533:
6409:
6365:
6340:
5896:
5705:
5655:
5610:
5590:
5580:
5480:
3751:
3727:
3708:
3656:
3518:
2808:
2463:
2362:
1917:
1900:
1853:
1752:
1662:
1599:
1549:
1529:
1524:
1444:
1418:
1393:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1231:
1226:
5086:
4345:
has fallen into disrepair and as a result, it is no longer accessible to the public. The third synagogue, Shemayel Synagogue (
4023:
6886:
6626:
6577:
6494:
6467:
6370:
6355:
6212:
5957:
5886:
5856:
5751:
5680:
5595:
5575:
5460:
5450:
5385:
4302:, The Florists' Alleyway). Simintov's neighbors promised him that they would maintain the synagogue of Kabul in his absence.
4222:
3926:
2845:
2683:
1936:
1922:
1890:
1870:
1838:
1782:
1757:
1732:
1712:
1702:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1619:
1534:
1519:
1439:
1398:
1351:
1346:
1266:
1211:
6513:
4209:
In January 2005, Levy died of natural causes, leaving Simintov as the sole known Jew in Afghanistan. He cared for the only
6896:
6891:
6721:
6446:
6441:
6431:
5881:
5876:
5725:
5660:
5625:
5560:
5540:
5530:
5490:
4930:
3504:
3413:
3393:
2357:
1895:
1880:
1843:
1805:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1747:
1742:
1722:
1707:
1692:
1667:
1633:
1604:
1504:
1489:
1413:
1403:
1321:
1291:
1216:
1202:
6820:
5585:
4999:"The last Jew in Afghanistan—Alone on Flower Street: He survived Soviets, Taliban – and outlasted even his despised peer"
4395:
838:
6787:
6523:
6477:
6387:
6269:
5916:
5911:
5901:
5861:
5813:
5685:
5645:
5620:
5600:
5535:
5510:
5500:
5485:
5359:
4902:
4126:
4102:
3957:
as well as on other trading routes. In modern times, ruins from Jewish settlements still exist in the city, including a
3671:
3493:
3463:
2612:
2607:
1965:
1885:
1848:
1772:
1717:
1584:
1559:
1484:
1459:
1449:
1388:
1311:
1306:
1286:
1276:
1256:
1241:
1134:
602:
597:
50:
6550:
6502:
5891:
5871:
5866:
5605:
5570:
5525:
5520:
5003:
4043:
signed a border treaty with the Soviets in order to prevent asylum seekers from crossing into Afghanistan from Soviet
3078:
2904:
2678:
1955:
1950:
1905:
1858:
1544:
1514:
1474:
1469:
1326:
632:
6837:
4525:
4944:
6792:
6753:
5475:
5470:
5029:
4006:
3906:
3868:, while their patriarchs traveled back and forth on trading trips across Afghanistan; they carved their prayers in
3343:
2836:
2429:
2274:
1982:
1376:
572:
562:
298:
5766:
5142:
5116:"Last known member of Afghanistan's Jewish community leaves country, taking dozens of women and children with him"
919:
6731:
6426:
6399:
6152:
4149:
4069:
3974:
2854:
2731:
2653:
2543:
2236:
2087:
2028:
4852:"The Hunt for the Holy Wheat Grail: A not so 'botanical' expedition in 1935 | Afghanistan Analysts Network"
2828:
6797:
6142:
5437:
5415:
4638:
Koplik, Sara (2003). "The demise of Afghanistan's Jewish community and the soviet refugee crisis (1932–1936)".
3373:
2246:
2226:
1336:
816:
357:
5193:
6761:
6560:
6461:
6183:
6092:
6035:
6015:
4998:
2703:
2668:
2658:
2599:
2387:
2377:
2342:
2221:
2211:
1994:
1165:
1107:
941:
620:
577:
292:
5378:
4820:
6664:
6188:
6087:
4078:
4031:
3815:
3651:
3403:
3383:
2934:
2817:
2663:
2506:
2241:
2155:
1221:
773:
392:
362:
768:
6654:
6631:
6587:
5952:
4747:
On wings of eagles: the plight, exodus, and homecoming of oriental Jewry by Joseph Schechtman pp 258-259
4385:
4279:
3994:
2984:
2397:
2392:
2337:
2125:
1040:
755:
650:
367:
5315:"Yu Aw Synagoge in Herat's Musa'iha Neighborhood+Pictures (کنیسه یوآو در محله موسائیهای هرات+تصاویر)"
4001:, was found in a cave network in Afghanistan. Some 29 pages from the collection were purchased by the
6853:
4094:
2468:
2420:
2160:
2018:
831:
696:
685:
643:
6865:
4898:
45:
6375:
6010:
5735:
5408:
4137:
4065:
4040:
3942:
3681:
3661:
2521:
894:
761:
664:
657:
587:
475:
350:
5790:
5390:
5064:
4663:
3966:
3739:
3218:
3088:
3033:
2954:
2762:
2372:
2322:
2269:
2264:
2178:
2048:
1316:
1145:
904:
824:
678:
244:
6743:
6669:
6349:
5060:
4907:
4790:
4728:
4722:
4688:
4655:
4603:
4503:
4493:
3946:
3783:
3666:
3148:
3118:
2894:
2516:
2458:
2438:
2255:
1815:
1454:
914:
785:
715:
592:
505:
372:
6696:
6646:
5947:
4647:
4354:
4346:
4330:
4315:
4295:
4252:
4068:
made the situation worse, this is likely to have had only a limited influence. In 1935, the
3803:
3601:
3238:
3168:
2874:
2486:
2367:
2327:
2291:
1989:
1539:
1050:
806:
710:
625:
515:
307:
4761:
3892:
Mashiach Gul and Daniel Gul, president of the Afghan Jewish community. (Jerusalem in 1917).
6726:
6659:
6380:
6274:
6119:
6080:
5973:
4874:"All Trades but Shoe-blacking Closed to Afghanistan Jews | Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
4365:
4311:
4291:
4182:
3986:
3958:
3930:
3914:
3869:
3819:
3433:
3158:
2994:
2944:
2914:
2741:
2448:
2407:
2402:
2382:
2304:
2298:
2231:
2183:
2023:
2004:
1155:
884:
796:
779:
323:
121:
4841:
Tom Lansford: "A Bitter Harvest: US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan" Ashgate 2003 page 62
270:
6713:
6684:
6674:
6593:
6244:
6235:
6114:
4490:
From Kabul to Queens : the Jews of Afghanistan and their move to the United States
4226:
4203:
3842:
3795:
3363:
3288:
3278:
3198:
3178:
3108:
3014:
2964:
2616:
2548:
2347:
2216:
2202:
2082:
2061:
2038:
2033:
2011:
1999:
1594:
1075:
1009:
974:
952:
889:
727:
705:
567:
546:
522:
288:
167:
6880:
6858:
6565:
6482:
6329:
6322:
6157:
6097:
6075:
6042:
6025:
6000:
5995:
5983:
5784:
4667:
4256:
4234:
4217:. He was still trying to recover the confiscated Torah. Simintov, who does not speak
4166:
4145:
4082:
4027:
3998:
3982:
3853:
3838:
3611:
3566:
3353:
3333:
3313:
3208:
3138:
2974:
2924:
2496:
2491:
1697:
1624:
1150:
999:
994:
989:
979:
957:
909:
671:
510:
415:
377:
328:
190:
6691:
6572:
6147:
6052:
5990:
5836:
5394:
5056:
Afghanistan's last Jew Zebulon Simentov decides to stay on amid humanitarian crisis
4530:
4275:
4247:
4191:
4133:
4098:
4044:
4036:
3586:
3323:
3268:
3098:
2526:
2352:
2193:
2188:
2146:
2099:
1193:
1060:
1045:
1004:
969:
582:
424:
227:
194:
116:
4109:. In 1938, it was reported that Jews were allowed to work only as shoe-polishers.
5221:"Kabul, with Jewish population of 1, still suffers from widespread anti-Semitism"
4784:
4682:
4597:
3985:, an 11th-century collection of Jewish manuscript fragments that was compiled in
6436:
6301:
5794:
5291:
4264:
4118:
4101:
was the most influential country in Afghanistan. The Nazis regarded most of the
3823:
3606:
3533:
3068:
3023:
2638:
2625:
2511:
2453:
2118:
1024:
1019:
1014:
984:
4651:
6487:
6421:
6315:
6047:
5400:
5391:
The Jewish History of Afghanistan: A long lost chapter of Jews in the Diaspora
5355:
5054:
4106:
3978:
3918:
3621:
3596:
3591:
3248:
3188:
3043:
2169:
1183:
1112:
1070:
899:
879:
438:
345:
265:
4659:
4507:
4453:
6294:
6102:
6005:
5286:
4972:
4210:
4122:
4057:
4002:
3954:
3877:
3561:
3258:
3004:
2332:
2317:
1407:
1355:
1117:
1065:
1055:
736:
732:
722:
637:
397:
231:
4569:"Ancient manuscripts indicate Jewish community once thrived in Afghanistan"
1085:
17:
5374:
The "Other" in "Afghan" Identity: Medieval Jewish community of Afghanistan
5344:
6287:
6253:
6204:
6124:
4939:
4373:
3938:
3910:
3799:
3581:
2501:
2111:
2043:
874:
382:
333:
4337:) was converted into a mosque and today, it continues to be used as the
6701:
6679:
6308:
6162:
4238:
4187:
4090:
4086:
4074:
3990:
3934:
3873:
3849:
3827:
3576:
3128:
2736:
2477:
2443:
2312:
2106:
1095:
1090:
962:
853:
748:
744:
740:
489:
484:
461:
443:
318:
313:
303:
281:
256:
210:
5805:
4245:, taking 30 other refugees with him, including 28 women and children.
4821:"Ghetto Code Enacted by Afghanistan | Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
4369:
4342:
4218:
4170:
4153:
4144:
after it was founded in 1948. Some Afghan Jews also emigrated to the
4141:
3832:
3811:
3616:
3571:
2621:
2137:
2132:
2092:
2077:
1188:
1080:
500:
466:
452:
387:
198:
149:
5314:
4056:
officials of conducting espionage with the intention to disseminate
4558:, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010
4221:, claimed that the man who stole the Torah is now in US custody in
6603:
6167:
5367:
5363:
4323:
4214:
4181:
By the end of 2004, only two known Jews were left in Afghanistan,
3970:
3962:
3950:
3922:
3887:
3865:
3861:
3791:
2884:
1100:
529:
433:
402:
125:
6766:
6193:
4260:
4077:
and banning Jews from riding horses. In 1935, a delegate to the
3857:
3787:
252:
223:
6833:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
6208:
5809:
5404:
5143:"'Last Jew in Afghanistan' loses title to hidden Jewish family"
4282:, there are officially no Jews remaining in Afghanistan today.
5169:"Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country"
5120:
4573:
4424:"Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country"
28:
4968:"Afghanistan's Only Jew 'Worried' About The Country's Future"
4687:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Brill. pp. 87, 111.
4526:"The story of the Afghan Jews is one of remarkable tolerance"
4376:
group which has terrorized religious minorities in the past.
4237:
on 6 September 2021 after he received death threats from the
4789:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Brill. pp. 97–99.
4786:
A Political and Economic History of the Jews of Afghanistan
4724:
The Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era
4684:
A Political and Economic History of the Jews of Afghanistan
4599:
A Political and Economic History of the Jews of Afghanistan
4602:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Brill. p. 85-87.
4198:
and the overthrow of the Taliban regime. The play, titled
4129:
played a much larger part in its decision to deport them.
3977:. In the 18th century, Jews who had served in the army of
3876:
on mountain rocks as they moved between the routes of the
3806:
in 587 BCE. In more recent times, the community has been
4903:"U.S.: Afghan Jews Keep Traditions Alive Far From Home"
4125:
among the Indian public and offer encouragement to the
3981:
settled in Kabul as his treasury guards. In 2011, the
4760:. Jtn.stparchive.com. 19 January 1934. Archived from
5030:"Afghanistan's last known Jew is leaving for Israel"
4190:
jails. The Taliban also confiscated the synagogue's
3818:, only two Jews were still residing in the country:
2116:
2097:
520:
6846:
6813:
6780:
6752:
6712:
6645:
6614:
6339:
6243:
6176:
6135:
6068:
5966:
5930:
5844:
5734:
5694:
5436:
5087:"Afghanistan's last Jew plans to leave the country"
3848:In Afghanistan, the Jews had formed a community of
216:
204:
184:
176:
166:
158:
148:
143:
133:
98:
5362:, including photos taken of Jewish communities in
4322:), the largest of the Synagogues, still exists in
4140:during the war, but most of them emigrated to the
4519:
4517:
5376:by Guy Matalon, PhD (article first published in
5194:"Last Jew in Afghanistan en route to US: report"
3860:. Jewish families mostly lived in the cities of
3808:reduced to complete extinction due to emigration
4758:"The Jewish Transcript January 19, 1934 Page 7"
4401:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world#Afghanistan
4329:The second synagogue, the 'Gulkiya Synagogue (
3830:in August 2021, both Simintov and Moradi made
3802:stronghold, shortly after the collapse of the
6220:
5821:
5416:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
4992:
4990:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4136:. Thousands of Afghan Jews also emigrated to
3822:and his distant cousin Tova Moradi. When the
3759:
2784:
2568:
8:
6637:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
5938:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
4448:
4446:
4444:
100:
93:
4093:. From 1935 to 1941, under Prime Minister
812:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6227:
6213:
6205:
5828:
5814:
5806:
5423:
5409:
5401:
4169:. Over 100 Jews of Afghan descent live in
4117:Some Afghan Jews attempted to emigrate to
3766:
3752:
2802:
2791:
2777:
2586:
2575:
2561:
2425:
2066:
1139:
946:
551:
420:
239:
115:
92:
5109:
5107:
4716:
4714:
4556:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
3953:, which was an important location on the
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
4854:. Afghanistan-analysts.org. 20 July 2015
3933:hold that Balkh was the burial place of
5386:Old pictures of the Jews of Afghanistan
5114:Timm-Garcia, Jaide (9 September 2021).
4727:. Transaction Publishers. p. 349.
4524:Arbabzadah, Nushin (28 February 2012).
4412:
2816:
2805:
2717:
2694:
2644:
2632:
2598:
2476:
2428:
2254:
2201:
2168:
2145:
2069:
1935:
1823:
1797:
1632:
1426:
1201:
1173:
1032:
866:
795:
695:
610:
554:
474:
451:
423:
251:
5023:
5021:
4893:
4891:
4418:
4416:
6622:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
5943:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
4550:
4548:
4391:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
4177:End of Afghanistan's Jewish community
3925:was a major center of Jewish life in
7:
5245:Nouri, Zakariyya (2 November 2019).
5219:Mehrdad, Ezzatullah (16 July 2019).
4554:Ben Zion Yehoshua-Raz, “Kabul”, in:
4206:and was staged in New York in 2002.
144:Regions with significant populations
6821:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
4997:Motlagh, Jason (1 September 2007).
4358:
4350:
4334:
4319:
4299:
101:
6772:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
5085:Steinberg, Rachel (6 April 2021).
4039:and reached Afghanistan. In 1932,
3913:that claim their descent from the
3780:history of the Jews in Afghanistan
25:
6108:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect)
4081:claimed that an estimated 40,000
3814:. At the time of the large-scale
603:Historical population comparisons
5789:
5780:
5779:
5343:
4492:. American Sephardi Federation.
4196:U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan
4176:
3782:goes back at least 2,500 years.
3733:
3723:
3722:
2827:
2756:
2606:
1247:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1161:Historical population by country
33:
6838:Institute for Sephardic Studies
5067:from the original on 2021-12-13
5028:Friedman, Gabe (4 April 2021).
6627:Antisemitism in the Arab world
5958:Antisemitism in the Arab world
5747:British Indian Ocean Territory
4966:Shaheed, Anisa (30 May 2018).
4286:Remaining synagogues and sites
4255:publication which is based in
4148:, most of whom settled in the
3824:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
55:Tone and copyediting required.
1:
4935:"The last Jew in Afghanistan"
4113:Attempted migrations to India
818:Christianity and Judaism
6788:American Sephardi Federation
6781:Major communal organizations
5360:American Sephardi Federation
5350:Jewish people of Afghanistan
4458:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4202:, was written by playwright
4030:crossed the border into the
6503:Western Europe and overseas
5431:History of the Jews in Asia
5004:The San Francisco Chronicle
3856:merchants, landowners, and
3699:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
3509:Transitional Administration
3079:Principality of Chaghaniyan
2117:
2098:
1825:Latin America and Caribbean
521:
53:. The specific problem is:
6913:
6793:Sephardi Community Council
4652:10.1080/021086032000139131
4213:in Afghanistan's capital,
4200:The Last Two Jews of Kabul
4026:, a significant number of
4024:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933
4007:National Library of Israel
3897:Antiquity and medieval era
3826:was re-established by the
3555:Related historical regions
2430:Jewish political movements
2127:Conversion to Judaism
49:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
6798:World Sephardi Federation
6153:Sephardic law and customs
5775:
4876:. Jta.org. 25 August 1938
4097:(the uncle of the king),
4070:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3784:Ancient Iranian tradition
2855:Indus Valley civilisation
833:Hinduism and Judaism
221:
209:
189:
138:
114:
106:
6143:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah
5496:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5356:Zeva Oelbaum Photographs
4488:Aharon, Sara Y. (2011).
4396:Islamic–Jewish relations
3374:Principality of Qandahar
659:Temple in Jerusalem
352:Bar and bat mitzvah
99:
6282:Expulsion from Portugal
6016:Jewish tribes of Arabia
5757:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5393:by Aaron Feigenbaum at
4721:Joan G. Roland (1989).
3969:wrote that the city of
3949:. Jews also settled in
2600:Religion in Afghanistan
621:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4823:. Jta.org. 15 May 1935
4079:World Zionist Congress
4032:Kingdom of Afghanistan
3893:
3816:2021 Taliban offensive
3740:Afghanistan portal
3677:List of heads of state
2935:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
2763:Afghanistan portal
6887:Jewish Afghan history
6632:Antisemitism in Islam
6350:Eastern Mediterranean
5953:Antisemitism in Islam
5379:Mardom Nama-e Bakhter
4386:Antisemitism in Islam
4280:religious persecution
4150:New York City borough
4127:independence movement
4018:Soviet refugee crisis
3891:
2985:Indo-Parthian kingdom
2965:Indo-Scythian kingdom
1367:São Tomé and Príncipe
1362:Republic of the Congo
756:Second Temple Judaism
627:Kingdom of Judah
598:Modern historiography
217:Related ethnic groups
6897:Jewish ethnic groups
6892:Sephardi Jews topics
6737:Sephardi chief rabbi
6714:Religion and culture
6270:Expulsion from Spain
6136:Religion and culture
5671:United Arab Emirates
5352:at Wikimedia Commons
5091:The Jewish Chronicle
4095:Mohammad Hashim Khan
2732:Atheism and apostasy
2469:World Agudath Israel
1610:United Arab Emirates
697:Second Temple period
687:Babylonian captivity
60:improve this article
6022:North African Jews
5698:limited recognition
5225:The Times of Israel
5034:The Times of Israel
4783:Koplik, S. (2015).
4681:Koplik, S. (2015).
4596:Koplik, S. (2015).
4306:Synagogues in Herat
4138:Mandatory Palestine
4066:Mohammad Nadir Shah
4041:Mohammed Nadir Shah
3961:. The 12th-century
3927:ancient Afghanistan
3444:Democratic Republic
762:Hellenistic Judaism
340:Land of Israel
299:Principles of faith
95:
5200:. 7 September 2021
5147:The Jerusalem Post
4272:decades of warfare
3967:Muhammad al-Idrisi
3931:Islamic traditions
3894:
3647:Political violence
3454:Tanai coup attempt
3089:Rashidun Caliphate
3034:Hephthalite Empire
2955:Indo-Greek kingdom
2323:Jewish Koine Greek
1865:Dominican Republic
1146:Judaism by country
825:Jews and Christmas
680:Assyrian captivity
6874:
6873:
6670:Judaeo-Portuguese
6202:
6201:
5803:
5802:
5740:other territories
5348:Media related to
5149:. 3 November 2021
4796:978-90-04-29238-3
4734:978-1-4128-3748-4
4694:978-90-04-29238-3
4609:978-90-04-29238-3
4430:. 29 October 2021
3905:. There are also
3776:
3775:
3667:Afghan (ethnonym)
3642:Political history
3546:
3545:
3394:Saqqawist Emirate
3344:Sadozai Sultanate
3297:
3296:
3083:7th–8th centuries
3052:
3051:
2905:Macedonian Empire
2895:Achaemenid Empire
2865:Oxus civilization
2801:
2800:
2727:Religious freedom
2585:
2584:
2534:
2533:
2282:
2281:
2029:Reconstructionist
1973:
1972:
1125:
1124:
932:
931:
769:Jewish–Roman wars
717:Hasmonean dynasty
633:Kingdom of Israel
537:
536:
238:
237:
88:
87:
80:
51:quality standards
42:This article may
16:(Redirected from
6904:
6862:
6829:
6806:
6732:Rite and customs
6705:
6588:Crypto-Sephardim
6229:
6222:
6215:
6206:
6103:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat
6031:Alexandrian Jews
6011:Musta'arabi Jews
5948:Palestinian Jews
5830:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5752:Christmas Island
5438:Sovereign states
5425:
5418:
5411:
5402:
5347:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5283:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5111:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4947:on 13 April 2017
4943:. Archived from
4933:(14 June 2008).
4931:Fletcher, Martin
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4901:(19 June 2007).
4895:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4635:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4577:. 3 January 2013
4565:
4559:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4485:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4450:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4420:
4360:
4352:
4336:
4321:
4301:
4134:Second World War
3937:and the home of
3903:Israel and Judah
3804:Kingdom of Judah
3768:
3761:
3754:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3709:Muslim conquests
3694:Hinduism history
3657:Economic history
3541:
3519:Islamic Republic
3310:
3309:
3239:Chagatai Khanate
3065:
3064:
3005:Kidarite kingdom
2875:Gandhara kingdom
2851:
2850:
2831:
2821:
2803:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2695:Historic/Extinct
2610:
2587:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2426:
2307:
2128:
2122:
2103:
2067:
2014:
1961:New Zealand
1913:
1876:El Salvador
1866:
1798:Northern America
1790:
1384:
1140:
1051:Crimean Karaites
947:
925:
923:
844:
842:
834:
828:
819:
807:Rabbinic Judaism
788:
782:
776:
764:
752:
718:
711:Maccabean Revolt
688:
681:
675:
667:
660:
654:
646:
628:
552:
526:
421:
353:
341:
240:
134:Total population
119:
108:
104:
103:
96:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
37:
36:
29:
21:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6856:
6854:Philosephardism
6842:
6823:
6809:
6800:
6776:
6748:
6708:
6699:
6660:Sephardi Hebrew
6641:
6610:
6335:
6275:Alhambra Decree
6239:
6236:Sephardi Jewish
6233:
6203:
6198:
6172:
6131:
6064:
5974:Babylonian Jews
5962:
5926:
5840:
5834:
5804:
5799:
5771:
5739:
5730:
5711:Northern Cyprus
5697:
5690:
5432:
5429:
5382:in August 1997)
5340:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5295:. 29 April 2021
5285:
5284:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5178:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5070:
5068:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5009:
5007:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4899:Krastev, Nikola
4897:
4896:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4764:on 4 March 2016
4756:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4640:Iranian Studies
4637:
4636:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4553:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4500:
4487:
4486:
4471:
4462:
4460:
4452:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4382:
4370:State of Israel
4359:کنیسه ملا عاشور
4312:Yu Aw Synagogue
4308:
4300:کوچه گل فروشیها
4292:Kabul synagogue
4288:
4253:Orthodox Jewish
4183:Zablon Simintov
4179:
4162:
4142:State of Israel
4123:socialist ideas
4115:
4020:
4015:
3959:Jewish cemetery
3947:Muslim prophets
3915:Ten Lost Tribes
3907:origin theories
3899:
3886:
3820:Zablon Simintov
3810:, primarily to
3794:, an erstwhile
3772:
3734:
3732:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3534:Islamic Emirate
3474:Islamic Emirate
3434:Saur Revolution
3307:
3299:
3298:
3229:Mongol Invasion
3203:before 879–1215
3062:
3054:
3053:
2995:Sasanian Empire
2979:135 BC – 248 AD
2945:Parthian Empire
2915:Seleucid Empire
2848:
2819:
2812:
2797:
2768:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2742:Afghan conflict
2713:
2690:
2628:
2619:
2581:
2536:
2535:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2403:Judeo-Malayalam
2383:Judaeo-Georgian
2303:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2184:Yiddish theatre
2126:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2012:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1911:
1864:
1788:
1382:
1166:Genetic studies
1137:
1127:
1126:
944:
934:
933:
921:
920:
840:
839:
832:
822:
817:
799:and Middle Ages
797:Rabbinic period
784:
778:
771:
759:
730:
716:
686:
679:
670:
662:
658:
649:
644:in Judaism
641:
626:
549:
539:
538:
418:
408:
407:
351:
339:
284:
129:
124:in the city of
122:Jewish cemetery
110:
105:
91:
84:
73:
67:
64:
57:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6910:
6908:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6866:Sephardization
6863:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6762:Black Panthers
6758:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6685:Tetuani Ladino
6682:
6675:Judaeo-Spanish
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6615:Modern history
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6511:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6402:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6184:Black Panthers
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6115:Judaeo-Spanish
6112:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6076:Israeli Hebrew
6072:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6036:Sephardic Jews
6033:
6028:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6006:Jews in Arabia
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5845:By nationality
5842:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5383:
5371:
5353:
5339:
5338:External links
5336:
5333:
5332:
5306:
5263:
5237:
5211:
5185:
5160:
5134:
5103:
5077:
5063:. 2021-08-17.
5046:
5017:
4986:
4958:
4922:
4887:
4865:
4843:
4834:
4812:
4795:
4775:
4749:
4740:
4733:
4710:
4693:
4673:
4646:(3): 353–379.
4621:
4608:
4588:
4560:
4544:
4513:
4498:
4469:
4440:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4378:
4307:
4304:
4287:
4284:
4278:, and extreme
4227:High Holy Days
4223:Guantanamo Bay
4204:Josh Greenfeld
4178:
4175:
4161:
4158:
4114:
4111:
4022:Following the
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
3999:Judaeo-Persian
3975:Jewish quarter
3921:. The town of
3898:
3895:
3885:
3882:
3843:United Kingdom
3786:suggests that
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3704:Jewish history
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:Related topics
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:Durrani Empire
3360:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:Tibetan Empire
3105:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2989:20 BC – 50? AD
2987:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2617:Mazar-i-Sharif
2611:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2594:of articles on
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:Territorialism
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Judaeo-Spanish
2345:
2343:Judaeo-Iranian
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:United Kingdom
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Bilad-el-Sudan
1219:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1175:Land of Israel
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:Related groups
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
966:
965:
960:
945:
940:
939:
936:
935:
930:
929:
928:
927:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
890:Jewish atheism
887:
882:
877:
869:
868:
864:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:Islamic–Jewish
836:
829:
814:
809:
801:
800:
793:
792:
791:
790:
766:
753:
725:
720:
713:
708:
706:Yehud Medinata
700:
699:
693:
692:
691:
690:
683:
676:
668:
655:
647:
635:
630:
623:
615:
614:
612:Ancient Israel
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
568:Land of Israel
565:
557:
556:
550:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
523:Shulchan Aruch
518:
513:
508:
503:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
479:
478:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
456:
455:
449:
448:
447:
446:
441:
436:
428:
427:
419:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
348:
343:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
301:
296:
289:God in Judaism
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
260:
259:
249:
248:
236:
235:
219:
218:
214:
213:
207:
206:
202:
201:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
168:United Kingdom
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
131:
130:
120:
112:
111:
107:יהודי אפגניסטן
89:
86:
85:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6909:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6804:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:Belmonte Jews
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6566:Paradesi Jews
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6539:New Amsterdam
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6330:New Christian
6327:
6325:
6324:
6323:Maghrebi Jews
6320:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Mizrahi music
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6098:Judeo-Persian
6096:
6094:
6093:Judeo-Aramaic
6091:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6059:
6058:Hadhrami Jews
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6043:Yemenite Jews
6041:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:Maghrebi Jews
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6002:
6001:Bukharan Jews
5999:
5997:
5996:Mountain Jews
5994:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5984:Baghdadi Jews
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:South Ossetia
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5321:. 4 July 2016
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5238:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5212:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4589:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4499:9780692010709
4495:
4491:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4263:who lived in
4262:
4258:
4257:New York City
4254:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:Rosh Hashanah
4231:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:United States
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:British India
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:Bukharan Jews
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4028:Bukharan Jews
4025:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:Judaeo-Arabic
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:Afghan Geniza
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:United States
3835:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:List of years
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Paropamisadae
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:Islamic State
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:Islamic State
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:Afsharid Iran
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:Hotak dynasty
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:Kushan Empire
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:247 BC–224 AD
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:Maurya Empire
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:Median Empire
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Judeo-Aramaic
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Judeo-Italian
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Ghardaïa Sign
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:Denominations
1979:
1978:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:United States
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Guinea-Bissau
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Lists of Jews
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
937:
926:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:The Holocaust
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
865:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
837:
835:
830:
826:
820:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
798:
794:
787:
781:
775:
770:
767:
763:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
701:
698:
694:
689:
684:
682:
677:
673:
669:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
645:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:
613:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
542:
531:
528:
525:
524:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Mishneh Torah
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:
477:
473:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
454:
450:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
426:
422:
417:
412:
411:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
349:
347:
344:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
286:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:Who is a Jew?
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
233:
229:
226:, especially
225:
220:
215:
212:
208:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
159:United States
157:
153:
151:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
123:
118:
113:
97:
82:
79:
71:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6692:Judeo-Gascon
6665:Judeo-Arabic
6655:Judeo-Berber
6586:
6501:
6473:Gibraltarian
6462:North Africa
6460:
6452:Thessalonian
6348:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6260:Roman Empire
6252:
6148:Ovadia Yosef
6088:Judeo-Arabic
6053:Habbani Jews
5991:Persian Jews
5979:Kurdish Jews
5967:By community
5907:Saudi Arabia
5851:
5837:Mizrahi Jews
5736:Dependencies
5666:Turkmenistan
5631:Saudi Arabia
5445:
5395:Aish HaTorah
5377:
5325:17 September
5323:. Retrieved
5318:
5309:
5299:17 September
5297:. Retrieved
5290:
5256:17 September
5254:. Retrieved
5250:
5240:
5228:. Retrieved
5224:
5214:
5204:17 September
5202:. Retrieved
5198:The New Arab
5197:
5188:
5177:. Retrieved
5175:. 2021-10-29
5172:
5163:
5151:. Retrieved
5146:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5119:
5094:. Retrieved
5090:
5080:
5069:. Retrieved
5055:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5033:
5008:. Retrieved
5002:
4977:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:
4949:. Retrieved
4945:the original
4938:
4925:
4913:. Retrieved
4906:
4878:. Retrieved
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4846:
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4815:
4806:
4800:. Retrieved
4785:
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4762:the original
4752:
4743:
4723:
4704:
4698:. Retrieved
4683:
4676:
4643:
4639:
4613:. Retrieved
4598:
4591:
4579:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4555:
4535:. Retrieved
4531:The Guardian
4529:
4489:
4461:. Retrieved
4457:
4432:. Retrieved
4427:
4363:
4351:کنیسه شمائیل
4339:Balal Mosque
4338:
4328:
4309:
4289:
4276:antisemitism
4269:
4248:Ami Magazine
4246:
4232:
4208:
4199:
4192:Torah scroll
4180:
4163:
4131:
4116:
4099:Nazi Germany
4062:
4060:propaganda.
4045:Central Asia
4037:Soviet Union
4021:
3900:
3858:moneylenders
3847:
3831:
3779:
3777:
3703:
3687:List of wars
3536:(reinstated)
3496:(reinstated)
2869:2100–1800 BC
2859:2200–1800 BC
2754:
2708:
2679:Christianity
2659:Zoroastrians
2620:The largest
2527:Post-Zionism
2398:Judeo-Berber
2393:Judeo-Arabic
2353:Judeo-Gascon
2100:Pidyon haben
2019:Conservative
1565:Saudi Arabia
1434:
1383:South Africa
1372:Sierra Leone
1194:Israeli Jews
1108:Mosaic Arabs
1061:Kaifeng Jews
922:Arab–Israeli
895:Emancipation
774:Great Revolt
583:Anti-Judaism
578:Antisemitism
573:Name "Judea"
368:Baal teshuva
228:Persian Jews
195:Dari Persian
162:200 families
102:افغان یهودان
90:Ethnic group
74:
68:January 2015
65:
58:Please help
54:
43:
26:
6857: [
6824: [
6801: [
6700: [
6422:Palestinian
5852:Afghanistan
5795:Asia portal
5696:States with
5616:Philippines
5556:South Korea
5551:North Korea
5446:Afghanistan
5292:Radio Azadi
5230:9 September
5127:9 September
4979:15 February
4428:independent
4335:کنیسه گلکیا
4265:Afghanistan
4053:Soviet Jews
3965:geographer
3909:among some
3796:Zoroastrian
3790:settled in
3607:Kushanshahr
3484:US invasion
3219:Khwarezmids
3069:Kabul Shahi
3024:Alchon Huns
2879:1500–535 BC
2820:Afghanistan
2818:History of
2718:Controversy
2684:Catholicism
2639:Sunni Islam
2626:Afghanistan
2613:Blue Mosque
2522:Revisionist
2512:Neo-Zionism
2119:Zeved habat
1912:Puerto Rico
1738:Netherlands
1570:South Korea
1555:Philippines
1435:Afghanistan
1302:Ivory Coast
1076:Crypto-Jews
1041:Bnei Anusim
1020:Bene Israel
985:Beta Israel
942:Communities
849:Middle Ages
588:Persecution
363:Bereavement
177:Afghanistan
94:Afghan Jews
62:if you can.
18:Afghan Jews
6881:Categories
6405:Macedonian
6393:Alexandria
6341:Dispersion
6316:Megorashim
6295:Degredados
6265:Golden Age
6048:Adeni Jews
5676:Uzbekistan
5651:Tajikistan
5566:Kyrgyzstan
5546:Kazakhstan
5466:Bangladesh
5456:Azerbaijan
5397:'s website
5251:Khabarnama
5179:2021-11-12
5153:1 December
5071:2021-08-17
4911:. New York
4802:2024-03-03
4700:2024-03-03
4615:2024-03-03
4463:2018-11-12
4434:2021-11-12
4407:References
4320:کنیسه یوآو
4160:Emigration
4013:Modern era
3979:Nader Shah
3919:Israelites
3622:Zabulistan
3597:Kafiristan
3592:Kabulistan
3414:Daoud coup
3249:Qarlughids
3189:Ghaznavids
3099:Tang China
3044:Nezak Huns
2969:155–80? BC
2939:256–125 BC
2929:305–180 BC
2919:312–150 BC
2909:330–312 BC
2899:550–330 BC
2889:728–550 BC
2654:Shia Islam
2507:Maximalism
2459:Secularism
2439:Autonomism
2256:Literature
2049:Humanistic
1653:Azerbaijan
1615:Uzbekistan
1590:Tajikistan
1510:Kyrgyzstan
1495:Kazakhstan
1342:Mozambique
1317:Madagascar
1237:Cape Verde
1189:New Yishuv
1184:Old Yishuv
1135:Population
1113:Subbotniks
1071:Samaritans
1010:Romanyotim
953:Ashkenazim
900:Old Yishuv
880:Sabbateans
867:Modern era
859:Golden Age
786:Bar Kokhba
506:Beit Yosef
373:Philosophy
6647:Languages
6594:Amazonian
6578:Livornese
6556:Hamburger
6400:Hungarian
6366:Bulgarian
6288:Conversos
6069:Languages
5762:Hong Kong
5716:Palestine
5641:Sri Lanka
5636:Singapore
5516:Indonesia
5096:6 October
5039:6 October
4973:Tolo News
4668:161841657
4660:0021-0862
4508:760003208
4211:synagogue
4058:Bolshevik
4009:in 2013.
4003:Jerusalem
3955:Silk Road
3878:Silk Road
3562:Arachosia
3528:2004–2021
3513:2001–2004
3478:1996–2001
3468:1992–1996
3448:1978–1992
3428:1973–1978
3408:1926–1973
3388:1823–1926
3378:1818–1855
3368:1747–1823
3358:1738–1747
3348:1716–1732
3338:1709–1738
3328:1510–1709
3318:1501–1738
3293:1520–1591
3283:1370–1507
3273:1245–1381
3263:1256–1335
3259:Ilkhanate
3253:1224–1266
3243:1226–1245
3233:1219–1226
3223:1215–1231
3213:1037–1194
3169:Saffarids
2959:180–90 BC
2517:Religious
2373:Zarphatic
2363:Bukharian
2333:Judeo-Tat
2318:Yeshivish
2292:Languages
2247:Sephardic
2237:Israelite
2227:Ethiopian
2217:Ashkenazi
2156:Religious
1946:Australia
1928:Venezuela
1834:Argentina
1816:Greenland
1728:Lithuania
1580:Sri Lanka
1575:Singapore
1500:Kurdistan
1465:Indonesia
1455:Hong Kong
1408:Abayudaya
1332:Mauritius
1066:Igbo Jews
1056:Krymchaks
975:Sephardim
843:relations
737:Sadducees
733:Pharisees
723:Sanhedrin
638:Jerusalem
398:Synagogue
266:Etymology
232:Bukharian
185:Languages
6754:Politics
6534:Suriname
6509:American
6495:Tunisian
6483:Moroccan
6468:Algerian
6427:Romanian
6410:Monastir
6388:Egyptian
6381:Splicani
6371:Croatian
6356:Albanian
6309:Marranos
6302:Lançados
6254:Sepharad
6177:Politics
6125:Solitreo
5897:Pakistan
5785:Category
5706:Abkhazia
5656:Thailand
5611:Pakistan
5591:Mongolia
5586:Maldives
5581:Malaysia
5481:Cambodia
5370:in 1976.
5319:Shafaqna
5065:Archived
5010:12 April
4951:12 April
4940:NBC News
4915:12 April
4581:12 April
4537:12 April
4380:See also
4374:Islamist
4167:New York
3939:Jeremiah
3911:Pashtuns
3841:and the
3800:Buddhist
3728:Category
3602:Khorasan
3582:Gandhara
3523:politics
3424:Republic
3324:Safavids
3279:Timurids
3193:963–1187
3179:Samanids
3159:Tahirids
3149:Abbasids
3119:Umayyads
3061:Medieval
2837:Timeline
2809:a series
2807:Part of
2704:Buddhism
2669:Hinduism
2645:Minority
2633:Majority
2592:a series
2590:Part of
2544:Category
2502:Kahanism
2449:Feminism
2421:Politics
2305:Biblical
2275:American
2222:Bukharan
2212:American
2112:Shidduch
2088:Clothing
2044:Haymanot
1990:Orthodox
1918:Suriname
1901:Paraguay
1854:Colombia
1753:Portugal
1663:Bulgaria
1600:Thailand
1550:Pakistan
1530:Mongolia
1525:Malaysia
1445:Cambodia
1419:Zimbabwe
1394:Tanzania
1272:Eswatini
1262:Ethiopia
1252:Djibouti
1232:Cameroon
1227:Botswana
1156:Diaspora
1118:Noahides
1091:Marranos
1015:Cochinim
1000:Bukharim
990:Gruzinim
980:Teimanim
970:Mizrahim
958:Galician
924:conflict
885:Hasidism
875:Haskalah
780:Diaspora
651:timeline
563:Timeline
476:Rabbinic
383:Kabbalah
358:Marriage
334:Tzedakah
324:Holidays
282:Religion
245:a series
243:Part of
205:Religion
44:require
6814:Studies
6744:Haredim
6722:Cuisine
6697:Bagitto
6680:Haketia
6573:Italian
6546:English
6529:Curaçao
6514:Antwerp
6488:Tetuani
6447:Rhodian
6432:Serbian
6417:Ottoman
6376:Ragusan
6361:Bosnian
6245:Origins
6163:Mimouna
5931:History
5887:Lebanon
5857:Bahrain
5681:Vietnam
5596:Myanmar
5576:Lebanon
5506:Georgia
5461:Bahrain
5451:Armenia
5358:at the
5173:AP NEWS
4454:"Balkh"
4355:Persian
4347:Persian
4331:Persian
4316:Persian
4296:Persian
4270:Due to
4243:ISIS-KP
4239:Taliban
4188:Taliban
4103:Afghans
4091:Judaism
4075:mosques
4005:-based
3991:Aramaic
3941:, both
3935:Ezekiel
3929:; some
3917:of the
3884:History
3874:Aramaic
3854:karakul
3850:leather
3828:Taliban
3652:Culture
3577:Bactria
3505:Interim
3404:Kingdom
3384:Emirate
3314:Mughals
3289:Arghuns
3269:Kartids
3209:Seljuks
3199:Ghurids
3183:875–999
3173:863–900
3163:821–873
3153:750–821
3143:750-977
3133:680–870
3129:Zunbils
3123:661–750
3113:660–842
3103:660–669
3093:652–661
3073:565–879
3048:484–711
3038:410–557
3028:380–560
3009:320–465
2999:230–651
2846:Ancient
2737:Taliban
2709:Judaism
2664:Sikhism
2487:General
2478:Zionism
2454:Leftism
2444:Bundism
2368:Knaanic
2328:Yevanic
2313:Yiddish
2270:Yiddish
2265:Israeli
2242:Mizrahi
2232:Israeli
2203:Cuisine
2179:Ancient
2161:Secular
2107:Kashrut
2083:Wedding
2070:Customs
2062:Culture
2039:Science
2034:Renewal
2024:Karaite
2005:Hasidic
1937:Oceania
1923:Uruguay
1891:Jamaica
1871:Ecuador
1839:Bolivia
1783:Ukraine
1758:Romania
1733:Moldova
1713:Hungary
1703:Germany
1698:Georgia
1688:Finland
1683:Estonia
1678:Denmark
1673:Czechia
1658:Belarus
1648:Austria
1643:Armenia
1620:Vietnam
1535:Myanmar
1520:Lebanon
1440:Bahrain
1399:Tunisia
1377:Somalia
1352:Nigeria
1347:Namibia
1337:Morocco
1267:Eritrea
1212:Algeria
1096:Neofiti
1005:Italkim
995:Juhurim
905:Zionism
854:Khazars
749:Sicarii
745:Zealots
741:Essenes
728:Schisms
593:Leaders
555:General
547:History
490:Tosefta
485:Midrash
462:Mishnah
444:Ketuvim
439:Nevi'im
388:Customs
319:Shabbat
314:Halakha
306: (
304:Mitzvot
291: (
257:Judaism
211:Judaism
109:
46:cleanup
6604:Xuetas
6561:Indian
6551:French
6478:Libyan
6437:Syrian
6238:topics
6120:Ladino
6081:Hebrew
5922:U.A.E.
5882:Kuwait
5877:Jordan
5839:topics
5726:Taiwan
5661:Turkey
5626:Russia
5561:Kuwait
5541:Jordan
5531:Israel
5491:Cyprus
5476:Brunei
5471:Bhutan
4908:RFE/RL
4793:
4731:
4691:
4666:
4658:
4606:
4506:
4496:
4366:Hebrew
4343:mikveh
4219:Hebrew
4171:London
4154:Queens
4107:Aryans
4087:Muslim
3997:, and
3987:Hebrew
3973:had a
3943:Jewish
3870:Hebrew
3833:aliyah
3812:Israel
3617:Sistan
3572:Ariana
3306:Modern
2811:on the
2674:Bahá'í
2622:mosque
2549:Portal
2408:Domari
2338:Shassi
2299:Hebrew
2194:Humour
2138:Hiloni
2133:Aliyah
2093:Niddah
2078:Minyan
2013:Reform
2000:Haredi
1995:Modern
1896:Mexico
1881:Guyana
1844:Brazil
1806:Canada
1778:Sweden
1768:Serbia
1763:Russia
1748:Poland
1743:Norway
1723:Latvia
1708:Greece
1693:France
1668:Cyprus
1634:Europe
1605:Turkey
1595:Taiwan
1505:Kuwait
1490:Jordan
1480:Israel
1414:Zambia
1404:Uganda
1322:Malawi
1292:Guinea
1282:Gambia
1217:Angola
1203:Africa
1086:Dönmeh
1081:Anusim
1025:Berber
963:Litvak
915:Israel
821:
758:
672:Second
640:
501:Targum
467:Gemara
453:Talmud
425:Tanakh
378:Ethics
329:Prayer
222:Other
199:Pashto
191:Hebrew
154:10,000
150:Israel
139:10,300
128:, 2009
6861:]
6847:Other
6828:]
6805:]
6727:Music
6704:]
6524:Aruba
6519:Dutch
6442:Greek
6168:Henna
5917:Syria
5912:Sudan
5902:Qatar
5862:Egypt
5767:Macau
5686:Yemen
5646:Syria
5621:Qatar
5601:Nepal
5536:Japan
5511:India
5501:Egypt
5486:China
5368:Kabul
5364:Herat
4880:2 May
4858:2 May
4827:2 May
4768:2 May
4664:S2CID
4324:Herat
4251:, an
4215:Kabul
4049:China
3971:Kabul
3951:Herat
3923:Balkh
3866:Kabul
3862:Herat
3792:Balkh
3540:since
3139:Lawik
2497:Labor
2492:Green
2189:Dance
2147:Music
1966:Palau
1886:Haiti
1849:Chile
1773:Spain
1718:Italy
1625:Yemen
1585:Syria
1560:Qatar
1540:Nepal
1485:Japan
1460:India
1450:China
1389:Sudan
1312:Libya
1307:Kenya
1287:Ghana
1277:Gabon
1257:Egypt
1242:Benin
1101:Xueta
1046:Lemba
665:First
530:Zohar
434:Torah
416:Texts
403:Rabbi
393:Rites
293:names
234:Jews
126:Herat
6767:Shas
6194:Shas
6189:Tami
5892:Oman
5872:Iraq
5867:Iran
5606:Oman
5571:Laos
5526:Iraq
5521:Iran
5366:and
5327:2021
5301:2021
5258:2021
5232:2021
5206:2021
5155:2021
5129:2021
5098:2021
5061:WION
5041:2021
5012:2017
4981:2019
4953:2017
4917:2017
4882:2016
4860:2016
4829:2016
4791:ISBN
4770:2016
4729:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4656:ISSN
4604:ISBN
4583:2017
4539:2017
4504:OCLC
4494:ISBN
4290:The
3963:Arab
3945:and
3872:and
3864:and
3852:and
3798:and
3788:Jews
3778:The
3682:Wars
3662:Name
3587:Iran
3567:Aria
3542:2021
3499:2001
3488:2001
3458:1990
3438:1978
3418:1973
3398:1929
1956:Guam
1951:Fiji
1906:Peru
1859:Cuba
1545:Oman
1515:Laos
1475:Iraq
1470:Iran
1427:Asia
1356:Igbo
1327:Mali
346:Brit
255:and
253:Jews
230:and
224:Jews
197:and
5738:and
5121:CNN
4648:doi
4574:CBS
4261:Jew
4241:or
4152:of
4105:as
3015:Rob
2624:in
2615:in
2170:Art
516:Tur
308:613
172:100
6883::
6859:es
6826:es
6803:he
6702:it
5317:.
5289:.
5266:^
5249:.
5223:.
5196:.
5171:.
5145:.
5118:.
5106:^
5089:.
5059:.
5032:.
5020:^
5001:.
4989:^
4970:.
4937:.
4905:.
4890:^
4805:.
4713:^
4703:.
4662:.
4654:.
4644:36
4642:.
4624:^
4571:.
4547:^
4528:.
4516:^
4502:.
4472:^
4456:.
4443:^
4426:.
4415:^
4357::
4349::
4333::
4318::
4298::
4274:,
4267:.
4173:.
4156:.
4051:.
3993:,
3989:,
3880:.
3845:.
783:,
777:,
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
247:on
193:,
6228:e
6221:t
6214:v
5829:e
5822:t
5815:v
5424:e
5417:t
5410:v
5329:.
5303:.
5260:.
5234:.
5208:.
5182:.
5157:.
5131:.
5100:.
5074:.
5043:.
5014:.
4983:.
4955:.
4919:.
4884:.
4862:.
4831:.
4772:.
4737:.
4670:.
4650::
4618:.
4585:.
4541:.
4510:.
4466:.
4437:.
4314:(
3767:e
3760:t
3753:v
3525:)
3521:(
3507:/
2792:e
2785:t
2778:v
2576:e
2569:t
2562:v
1410:)
1406:(
1358:)
1354:(
827:)
823:(
789:)
772:(
765:)
760:(
751:)
731:(
674:)
663:(
653:)
642:(
310:)
295:)
180:0
81:)
75:(
70:)
66:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
