180:). An archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the African continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an auroch, a wild ancestor of domestic cattle, were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the MSA. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world.
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Initially, the sites of Affad were surveyed between 1998 and 2003. In 2012, archaeologists from the
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences began excavation of the sites. The excavation data spans approximately 70,000 years of this region's
148:
sites around Affad in the
Southern Dongola Reach is important from the point of view of the oldest stages of the history of the Middle Nile region. At sites encompassing the remains of hunter-gatherer encampments from about 50,000 years ago, more than 10,000
172:(Siluriformes) were also caught at low water levels in winter. In summer, when the waters of the Nile flooded the lower-lying areas, people hunted animals living in the more open area of the wooded park savanna. The main species killed then was the
161:. The hunting patterns of Middle Paleolithic communities varied according to the season. In winter, the dry season, the zone of coastal forest and scrub was exploited. The main species hunted was the shy, medium-sized
235:"Animal Exploitation and Behaviour of the Latest Middle Stone Age Societies in the Middle Nile Valley: Archaeozoological and Taphonomic Analysis of Late Pleistocene Fauna from the Affad Basin, Sudan"
54:
loci some 50,000 years old". OsypiĆska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the
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70:. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world." Based on the
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216:. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."
86:. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."
208:) remains found at Affad and Letti, OsypiĆski (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of
78:) remains found at Affad and Letti, OsypiĆski (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of
303:"Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan"
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128:. Affad 23 hosts "the well-preserved remains of prehistoric camps (relics of the oldest open-air
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543:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. pp. 187, 192, 460.
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From Faras to Soba: 60 years of
SudaneseâPolish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan
425:"Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads â exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan)"
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369:"Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory"
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animal remains have been discovered. The main group of animals hunted by the
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continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an
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located in alluvial deposits formed by an ancient channel of the
467:"The Latest Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Middle Nile Valley"
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OsypiĆski, Piotr; OsypiĆska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011).
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loci some 50,000 years old". OsypiĆska (2021) states:
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OsypiĆska, Marta; OsypiĆski, Piotr (September 2014).
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168:(Kobus sp.). It is most likely that large
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31:located in the Affad region of southern
432:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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200:was produced at Affad 69. Based on the
423:OsypiĆski, Piotr (December 30, 2022).
503:PalaeoAffad Project (28 March 2013).
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157:communities in Affad were even-toed
23:is a region located in the Middle
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120:in the Affad region of southern
518:OsypiĆska & OsypiĆski 2021
491:OsypiĆska & OsypiĆski 2021
444:10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13
408:OsypiĆska & OsypiĆski 2021
307:Journal of African Archaeology
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586:Archaeological sites in Sudan
505:"After the 2013 field season"
239:African Archaeological Review
107:Location of Affad 23 in Sudan
388:PalaeoAffad Project (2016).
602:
374:. National Science Centre.
132:in the world) and diverse
46:in the world) and diverse
367:OsypiĆski, Piotr (2020).
252:10.1007/S10437-016-9220-4
196:), an abundant amount of
16:Region in northern Sudan
319:10.3213/2191-5784-10186
507:. PalaeoAffad Project.
392:. PalaeoAffad Project.
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109:
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62:, a wild ancestor of
188:and utilization of
184:In addition to the
114:archaeological site
29:archaeological site
576:Prehistoric Africa
146:Middle Paleolithic
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27:. Affad 23 is an
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84:Northeast Africa
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390:"Who We Are"
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124:in northern
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245:: 107â127.
90:Archaeology
25:Nile Valley
21:Affad Basin
570:Categories
559:1374884636
343:7787802958
277:6224530721
220:References
186:harvesting
471:Antiquity
452:1234-5415
438:: 55-56.
351:161078189
327:1612-1651
285:131837745
261:0263-0338
159:ungulates
151:petrified
138:gathering
52:gathering
335:43135549
269:43916782
166:antelope
41:open-air
198:pottery
192:(e.g.,
190:cereals
170:catfish
134:hunting
56:African
48:hunting
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477:(341).
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210:cattle
202:cattle
194:millet
174:auroch
80:cattle
72:cattle
60:auroch
541:(PDF)
428:(PDF)
372:(PDF)
347:S2CID
331:JSTOR
281:S2CID
265:JSTOR
126:Sudan
37:Sudan
555:OCLC
545:ISBN
448:ISSN
339:OCLC
323:ISSN
273:OCLC
257:ISSN
136:and
118:Nile
50:and
19:The
440:doi
315:doi
247:doi
212:in
206:Bos
163:kob
130:hut
99:.
82:in
76:Bos
68:MSA
44:hut
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