Hunter-gatherer - Knowledge (XXG)

1474: 1654: 1280: 1540:. A 2020 study inspired by this discovery found that of 27 identified burials with hunter gatherers of a known sex who were also buried with hunting tools, 11 were female hunter gatherers, while 16 were male hunter gatherers. Combined with uncertainties, these findings suggest that anywhere from 30 to 50 percent of big game hunters were female. A 2023 study that looked at studies of contemporary hunter gatherer societies from the 1800s to the present day found that women hunted in 79 percent of hunter gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies". 1544: 1604:

looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work on average, about 6.5 hours a day, whereas people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day. Sahlins' theory has been criticized for only including time spent hunting and gathering while omitting time spent on collecting firewood, food preparation, etc. Other scholars also assert that hunter-gatherer societies were not "affluent" but suffered from extremely high infant mortality, frequent disease, and perennial warfare.

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in 2007. In addition, wealth transmission across generations was also a feature of hunter-gatherers, meaning that "wealthy" hunter-gatherers, within the context of their communities, were more likely to have children as wealthy as them than poorer members of their community and indeed hunter-gatherer societies demonstrate an understanding of social stratification. Thus while the researchers agreed that hunter-gatherers were more egalitarian than modern societies, prior characterisations of them living in a state of egalitarian primitive communism were inaccurate and misleading.

1064: 2143: 1619: 2192: 38: 1432: 2023: 1945: 1499:(residence/domestic group) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be 1182: 1677:, the importance of plant food decreases and the importance of aquatic food increases. In cold and heavily forested environments, edible plant foods and large game are less abundant and hunter-gatherers may turn to aquatic resources to compensate. Hunter-gatherers in cold climates also rely more on stored food than those in warm climates. However, aquatic resources tend to be costly, requiring 2214: 1823: 1732: 1238: 993: 1881: 1802: 1351: 5549: 1786:, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years. 1178:, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies may have been in use sequentially, alternately or even simultaneously. 1653: 2177: 1392:, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. Amongst the earliest example of permanent settlements is the Osipovka culture (14–10.3 thousand years ago), which lived in a fish-rich environment that allowed them to be able to stay at the same place all year. One group, the 2163:

have suggested that the term Hunter-gatherer is reductive because it implies that Native Americans never stayed in one place long enough to affect the environment around them. However, many of the landscapes in the Americas today are due to the way the Natives of that area originally tended the land.

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Most cross-cultural research aims to understand shared traits among hunter-gatherers and how and why they vary. Here we look at the conclusions of cross-cultural studies that ask: What are recent hunter-gatherers generally like? How do they differ from food producers? How and why do hunter-gatherers

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A 2010 paper argued that while hunter-gatherers may have lower levels of inequality than modern, industrialised societies, that does not mean inequality does not exist. The researchers estimated that the average Gini coefficient amongst hunter-gatherers was 0.25, equivalent to the country of Denmark

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was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were

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climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers. Individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, however, and thus archaeologists have identified a pattern of increasing regional

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results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that the risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure

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couple on a hunting and gathering trip in the llanos of Venezuela. The man carries a bow, three steel-tipped arrows, and a hat that resembles the head of a jabiru stork as camouflage to approach near enough to deer for a shot. The woman carries a steel-tipped digging stick and a carrying basket for

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down quarry. In the Australian Martu, both women and men participate in hunting but with a different style of gendered division; while men are willing to take more risks to hunt bigger animals such as kangaroo for political gain as a form of "competitive magnanimity", women target smaller game such

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This study, however, exclusively examined modern hunter-gatherer communities, offering limited insight into the exact nature of social structures that existed prior to the Neolithic Revolution. Alain Testart and others have said that anthropologists should be careful when using research on current

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than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies

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The conventional assumption has been that women did most of the gathering, while men concentrated on big game hunting. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. A recent study suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental

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In addition to men, a single study found that women engage in hunting in 79% of modern hunter-gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide

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groups in most parts of the world. Across Western Eurasia, it was not until approximately 4,000 BC that farming and metallurgical societies completely replaced hunter-gatherers. These technologically advanced societies expanded faster in areas with less forest, pushing hunter-gatherers into denser

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California Indians view the idea of wilderness in a negative light. They believe that wilderness is the result of humans losing their knowledge of the natural world and how to care for it. When the earth turns back to wilderness after the connection with humans is lost then the plants and animals

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era, emphasising cross-cultural influences, progress and development that such societies have undergone in the past 10,000 years. As such, the combined anthropological and archaeological evidence to date continues to favour previous understandings of early hunter-gatherers as largely egalitarian.

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There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence or with modifications that perpetuate the viability of hunting and gathering in the 21st century. One such group is the

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One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarianism and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed

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Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were

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Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.

1723:. For example, tropical hunter-gatherers may have an excess of protein but be deficient in carbohydrates, and conversely tropical horticulturalists may have a surplus of carbohydrates but inadequate protein. Trading may thus be the most cost-effective means of acquiring carbohydrate resources. 1607:

Researchers Gurven and Kaplan have estimated that around 57% of hunter-gatherers reach the age of 15. Of those that reach 15 years of age, 64% continue to live to or past the age of 45. This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years. They further estimate that 70% of deaths are due to

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Anderson specifically looks at California Natives and the practices they utilized to tame their land. Some of these practices included pruning, weeding, sowing, burning, and selective harvesting. These practices allowed them to take from the environment in a sustainable manner for centuries.

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of Venezuela also live in an area that is inhospitable to large scale economic exploitation and maintain their subsistence based on hunting and gathering, as well as incorporating a small amount of manioc horticulture that supplements, but is not replacing, reliance on foraged foods.

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period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherer bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as

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The Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the European region spanned by France, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukraine led a hunting life resembling that of the people of Mal'ta and Buret' and built similar dwellings of matching construction from the bones of extinct large

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formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition,

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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (2019-08-30). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".

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A 1986 study found most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labor. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunted the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. Among the

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or that had died of natural causes. Scientists have demonstrated that the evidence for early human behaviors for hunting versus carcass scavenging vary based on the ecology, including the types of predators that existed and the environment.

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is important in assessing the quality of game among hunter-gatherers, to the point that lean animals are often considered secondary resources or even starvation food. Consuming too much lean meat leads to adverse health effects like

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as lizards to feed their children and promote working relationships with other women, preferring a more constant supply of sustenance. In 2018, 9000-year-old remains of a female hunter along with a toolkit of

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Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common.

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As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first

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or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

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Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "

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Dolitsky, Alexander B.; Ackerman, Robert E.; Aigner, Jean S.; Bryan, Alan L.; Dennell, Robin; Guthrie, R. Dale; Hoffecker, John F.; Hopkins, David M.; Lanata, José Luis; Workman, William B. (1985).

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of the so-called mixed-economies or dual economies which imply a combination of food procurement (gathering and hunting) and food production or when foragers have trade relations with farmers.

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woodlands. Only the middle-late Bronze Age and Iron Age societies were able to fully replace hunter-gatherers in their final stronghold located in the most densely forested areas. Unlike their

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Sackett, Ross. 1996. "Time, energy, and the indolent savage. A quantitative cross-cultural test of the primitive affluence hypothesis". Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles. via

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Kramer, Karen L.; Greaves, Russell D. (2016). "Diversify or replace: what happens when cultigens are introduced into hunter-gatherer diets.". In Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L. (eds.).

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results in the body using the protein as energy, possibly leading to protein deficiency. Lean meat especially becomes a problem when animals go through a lean season that requires them to

1052:. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the 1420:

or "Bushmen" of southern Africa have social customs that strongly discourage hoarding and displays of authority, and encourage economic equality via sharing of food and material goods.

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in 1939. According to Peterson (1998), the island population was isolated for 6,000 years until the 18th century. In 1929, three-quarters of the population supported themselves on

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Gavashelishvili, A; et al. (2023), "The time and place of origin of South Caucasian languages: insights into past human societies, ecosystems and human population genetics",

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The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives,

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technology, and this may have impeded their intensive use in prehistory. Marine food probably did not start becoming prominent in the diet until relatively recently, during the

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Most anthropologists believe that hunter-gatherers do not have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed.

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As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.

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Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew; Boehm, Christopher; Knauft, Bruce (April 1994). "On Human Egalitarianism: An Evolutionary Product of Machiavellian Status Escalation?" (

7380: 7121: 6717: 3327: 1937:(or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24–29; see Wilmsen) 7597: 2045:), that existed between 47,000 and 14,000 years ago. Around 18,500–15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct 7489: 7336: 6845: 1755:(2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard 5247: 5228: 2095:

tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.

7168: 6619: 3279: 1751:, available technology, and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard 4901: 3875: 2728: 4052: 5416:"New evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene foraging economies: faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand" 4518: 3932: 5042:. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Tennessee Historical Society. Online Edition provided by: The University of Tennessee Press 3301: 3986:

Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Bird, Douglas W. (2008-08-01). "Why women hunt: risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert aboriginal community".

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Erdal, D. & Whiten, A. (1996) "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution" in Mellars, P. & Gibadfson, K. (eds)

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Gintis, Herbert, Carel van Schaik, and Christopher Boehm. 2019. “Zoon Politikon: The Evolutionary Origins of Human Socio-Political Systems.”

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species. Major extinctions were incurred in Australia beginning approximately 50,000 years ago and in the Americas about 15,000 years ago.

2758:"Female foragers sometimes hunt, yet gendered divisions of labor are real: a comment on Anderson et al. (2023) The Myth of Man the Hunter" 1933:

Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after

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Erdal, D. and A. Whiten 1996. "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution". In, P. Mellars and K. Gibson (eds),

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counterparts, Neolithic societies could not establish themselves in dense forests, and Copper Age societies had only limited success.

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had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more

1009: 386: 4094: 7482: 6840: 4120: 1840: 5465:"Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period" 1068: 7365: 6756: 5794: 5608: 2390: 5082: 3131:"Conceptual Premises in Experimental Design and Their Bearing on the Use of Analogy: An Example from Experiments on Cut Marks" 5374: 5350: 5308: 5268: 5217: 5196: 4643: 4501: 4427: 4045: 3692: 3665: 3211: 2589: 2565: 2127:

traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed

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social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America and the

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and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them. The Savanna

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body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies". Only a few contemporary societies of

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Erdal, D.; Whiten, A. (1994). "On human egalitarianism: an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation?".

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Nakao, Hisashi; Tamura, Kohei; Arimatsu, Yui; Nakagawa, Tomomi; Matsumoto, Naoko; Matsugi, Takehiko (30 March 2016).

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Smith; Alden, Eric; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank W.; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel;

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Knight, C. 2008. "Early human kinship was matrilineal". In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.),

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Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter-gatherer activities, including mobility.

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In areas where plant and fish resources are scarce, hunter-gatherers may trade meat with horticulturalists for

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diseases of some kind, 20% of deaths come from violence or accidents and 10% are due to degenerative diseases.

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involves gathering of food (and sometimes other materials) in the context of an urban or suburban environment.

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Greaves, Russell D.; et al. (2016). "Economic activities of twenty-first century foraging populations".

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Torrence, Robin (1989). "Retooling: Towards a behavioral theory of stone tools". In Torrence, Robin (ed.).

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the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.

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for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct.

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A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths

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Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006-01-01). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".

2878:"Siberian Paleolithic Archaeology: Approaches and Analytic Methods [and Comments and Replies]" 7397: 7392: 7375: 7370: 7348: 7138: 6852: 6705: 6597: 6501: 6294: 5979: 5949: 5778: 5721: 4459: 4415: 4367: 4242:"Some Major Problems in the Social Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers [and Comments and Reply]" 3802: 2999: 2769: 2684: 2615: 2311: 2266: 2053: 1898: 1810: 1057: 857: 665: 562: 526: 371: 304: 252: 150: 7524: 7436: 7047: 6906: 6739: 6272: 6145: 6026: 6001: 5582:"Ethnological videos clips. Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins" 3035: 2493: 2321: 2316: 1772: 1564: 1464: 1443:, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an 1425: 1175: 967: 912: 907: 840: 830: 516: 351: 132: 2160: 1782:

is not necessarily a one-way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an

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is the field of study whereby food plants of various peoples and tribes worldwide are documented.

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The Association of Foragers: An international association for teachers of hunter-gatherer skills.

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Lee, Richard B.; Guenther, Mathias (1995). "Errors Corrected or Compounded? A Reply to Wilmsen".

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Fladmark, K. R. (January 1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".

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was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period.

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period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the

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period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices.

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A global map illustrating the decline of foraging/fishing/hunting/gathering around the world.

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Lee, Richard B. (1992). "Art, Science, or Politics? The Crisis in Hunter-Gatherer Studies".

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Hawkes, K.; O'Connell, J. F.; Jones, N. G. Blurton; Alvarez, H. P.; Charnov, E. L. (1998).

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Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014).

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are still classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with

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Essai sur les fondements de la division sexuelle du travail chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs.

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that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of

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has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In

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Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economics and the Environment

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The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific

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involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields.

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Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the

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has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism). Another are the

1686: 1572: 1560: 1500: 1431: 1393: 1219: 1112: 1048: 927: 743: 637: 481: 5516: 5039: 4232:; Legros, Dominique; Linkenbach, Antje; Morton, John; Peterson, Nicolas; Raju, D. R.; 3901:"Men are hunters, women are gatherers. That was the assumption. A new study upends it" 2022: 7591: 7300: 7285: 7231: 7106: 7094: 7010: 6933: 6761: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6410: 6321: 6250: 5991: 5934: 5912: 5821: 5753: 5748: 5726: 5478: 5257: 4994: 4979: 4680: 4221: 4154: 3825: 3775: 3256: 3197: 3103: 2917: 2661: 2470: 2465: 2455: 2415: 2360: 2251: 2038: 2027: 2007: 1994: 1735: 1709: 1596: 1533: 1516: 1452: 1358: 1354: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1135: 977: 962: 768: 758: 748: 733: 713: 642: 486: 408: 319: 282: 272: 262: 146: 89: 77: 76:, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild 5452: 5018: 4773: 4277: 4023: 3968: 3595: 3170: 3074: 2514:, which strives to achieve a diet similar to that of ancient hunter-gatherer groups. 7544: 7219: 7175: 7156: 7111: 6983: 6911: 6835: 6657: 6592: 6587: 6543: 6170: 6052: 6016: 5996: 5848: 5826: 5738: 2937:"Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change" 2480: 2445: 2435: 2425: 2410: 2405: 2370: 2355: 2261: 2226: 2217: 2147: 2068: 1986: 1944: 1744: 1720: 1660: 1612: 1568: 1496: 1447:. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by 1139: 1127:

hunter-gatherers entered North America from the North Asian mammoth steppe via the

1042: 852: 728: 592: 587: 582: 567: 521: 496: 471: 466: 413: 267: 175: 93: 7268: 4789:"Demographic transition in a hunter-gatherer population: the Tiwi case, 1929–1996" 4707: 3523: 3328:"Cooking secrets of the Neolithic era revealed in groundbreaking scientific tests" 5385: 5364: 5340: 5319: 5298: 5207: 5186: 5061:"Blame North America Megafauna Extinction On Climate Change, Not Human Ancestors" 4389: 3643: 7519: 7258: 7248: 7204: 7199: 7151: 7089: 7025: 6926: 6771: 6693: 6614: 6602: 6395: 6363: 6348: 6338: 6309: 6267: 6182: 6150: 6098: 6031: 5868: 5743: 2430: 2345: 2276: 2213: 2084: 2046: 1957: 1934: 1822: 1779: 1768: 1641: 1623: 1405: 1333: 1265: 1227: 1215: 1211: 1199: 1037: 917: 872: 835: 813: 808: 421: 396: 179: 154: 153:, hunter-gatherers who did not change were displaced or conquered by farming or 105: 45: 3795:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2696: 2580:

Richard B. Lee & Richard Daly, “Introduction: Foragers & Others,” in:

1237: 1181: 7402: 7295: 7253: 7069: 7032: 6995: 6478: 6390: 6255: 6217: 6118: 6091: 6011: 5924: 5841: 5809: 5763: 5674: 5642: 5259:

The Other Side Of Eden: hunter-gatherers, farmers and the shaping of the world

4854: 4765: 4534: 4471: 4229: 3146: 2499: 2450: 2400: 2385: 2335: 2236: 1966: 1783: 1713: 1581: 1417: 1284: 1143: 1053: 1040:

strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by

247: 215: 159: 142: 4831: 4040:

R.B. Lee and I. DeVore (New York: Aldine Publishing Company) pp. 85–89.

4007: 3919:

Women Like Meat. The folklore and foraging ideology of the Kalahari Ju/'hoan.

3531: 3154: 2901: 2645: 7554: 7310: 7209: 7101: 7079: 7064: 6879: 6662: 6647: 6572: 6555: 6473: 6358: 6289: 6284: 6207: 6086: 5974: 5900: 5667: 5657: 4926: 4599: 3510:

Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".

3088:

Binford, Louis (1986). "Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior".

3012: 2987: 2627: 2136: 2049: 2031: 1801: 1748: 1548: 1491:

Within a particular tribe or people, hunter-gatherers are connected by both

1421: 1350: 1264:, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the 1207: 1163: 937: 461: 426: 361: 225: 220: 121: 117: 5504: 5486: 4813:

In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)

4618: 4207: 4015: 3815: 3021: 2972: 2954: 2714: 2653: 1095:

as well as the extinction of all other human species. Humans spread to the

138:

Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful

5548: 5434: 3834: 3621:

Gintis, Herbert. 2013. “The Evolutionary Roots of Human Hyper-Cognition.”

2729:"The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong" 1767:

Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the

992: 30:"Plant gathering" redirects here. For the hobby or academic activity, see 7084: 7020: 6825: 6565: 6560: 6468: 6343: 6165: 6128: 6108: 5600: 2505: 2365: 2088: 2042: 1806: 1743:

Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on

1640:

hunter-gatherer societies to determine the structure of societies in the

1456: 1159: 1128: 314: 163: 113: 101: 73: 4799:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 3427:

Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory

3227:

Blades, B (2003). "End scraper reduction and hunter-gatherer mobility".

3162: 3130: 3036:"Genetic Analysis Reveals Previously Unknown Group of Ancient Siberians" 2636: 7498: 7146: 7052: 6938: 6896: 6872: 6652: 6458: 6368: 6222: 6123: 6081: 5944: 5863: 5816: 5804: 5443: 5010: 4269: 4241: 3248: 2909: 2877: 2180: 2128: 1847: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1705: 1704:, and can in extreme cases lead to death. Additionally, a diet high in 1682: 1674: 1627: 1600: 1492: 1460: 1413: 1203: 1147: 1116: 1072: 670: 446: 109: 97: 5569: 5564: 4971: 4716: 3791:"Grandmothering, Menopause, and the Evolution of Human Life-Histories" 3539: 7467: 7214: 6891: 6751: 6729: 6582: 6518: 6463: 5853: 5831: 5799: 5773: 2231: 1409: 1389: 1223: 1155: 1092: 798: 81: 5574: 5565:

History of the Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies (CHAGS)

3868:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions" 3272:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions" 3240: 2176: 2060:

ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using

4963: 4672: 4261: 4189: 3999: 3767: 3587: 3303:

Climate Changes in the Holocene : Impacts and Human Adaptation

2893: 2071:

of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the

1731: 1071:

people in the Baikal region of Siberia lived in dwellings built of

7534: 7280: 7000: 6884: 6734: 6688: 6550: 6405: 6353: 6299: 5929: 5895: 4927:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health" 4749: 3957:

Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.

2380: 2296: 2212: 2190: 2175: 2141: 2080: 2021: 1943: 1800: 1730: 1657: 1652: 1617: 1542: 1529: 1472: 1430: 1377: 1349: 1313: 1278: 1236: 1231: 1218:, and also independently originated in many other areas including 1180: 1062: 85: 61: 2091:

styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period

16:

Peoples who forage or hunt for most or all of their food and life

7226: 7187: 6867: 6667: 6523: 6453: 6373: 6245: 5758: 5342:

Forager-traders in South and Southeast Asia: long term histories

4993:

Eshleman, Jason A.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Smith, David Glenn (2003).

2301: 2132: 2103: 2061: 1678: 1577: 1537: 128: 69: 7471: 6794: 6433: 5699: 5604: 5585: 6830: 6538: 6304: 6262: 5280:

Why forage?: hunters and gatherers in the twenty-first century

4036:

Sahlins, M. (1968). "Notes on the Original Affluent Society",

3754:

Marlowe, Frank W. (2004). "Marital residence among foragers".

1874: 1816: 1696: 64:

living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived

4878:

Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century

4420:

The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Life ways

2825:

Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century

2800:

Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-first Century

1631:

ceremony (bear sending). Japanese scroll painting, circa 1870

112:). This is a common practice among most vertebrates that are 4295:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. 3464:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5, 242. 19:"Hunting and gathering" redirects here. For other uses, see 5117:

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas

4635:

Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari

4174:"Wealth transmission and inequality among hunter-gatherers" 2988:"Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary" 2041:

from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (

5560:

International Society for Hunter Gatherer Research (ISHGR)

5230:

A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution

5188:

Hunter-gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology

2064:, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America. 1789:

Nowadays, some scholars speak about the existence within

1291:

in South Africa. Many San still live as hunter-gatherers.

5592: 5321:

First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America

5209:

Hunter-gatherers: archaeological and evolutionary theory

4904:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from 4366:

Collard, Mark; Kemery, Michael; Banks, Samantha (2005).

4345:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 4320:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 4096:

War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage

3933:"Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says" 2037:

Evidence suggests big-game hunter-gatherers crossed the

2014:

Aboriginal peoples in Canada § Paleo-Indians period

1528:

and animal processing implements were discovered at the

4343:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

4318:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

4293:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

1272:

by humans, one of several explanations offered for the

145:

in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of

4443:

Portera, Claire C.; Marlowe, Frank W. (January 2007).

5559: 2582:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters & Gatherers

1901:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1099:

and the Americas for the first time, coincident with

5005:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign: 7–18. 4902:"Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project" 4560:"The Persistence of Hunting and Gathering Economies" 4517:

Hayes-Bohanan, Pamela (2010). Birx, H. James (ed.).

3055:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

2146:

Indigenous people at a Brazilian farm plantation in

2052:

along ice-free corridors that stretched between the

1046:, and from its appearance some 200,000 years ago by 7324: 7137: 6964: 6811: 6676: 6640: 6489: 6446: 6236: 6067: 6040: 5965: 5882: 5787: 5712: 4494:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers

4422:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 31. 2102:saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more 5366:Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective 5278:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016). 5256: 4855:"North Sentinel Island: A Glimpse Into Prehistory" 4065:"Hunter-Gatherers and the Mythology of the Market" 3730:Lecture 8 Subsistence, Ecology and Food production 2798:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016). 2600: 2598: 1416:) are an exception to this rule. For example, the 3117:The Last Rain Forests: A World Conservation Atlas 2376:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 1386:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 5414:Mudar, Karen; Anderson, Douglas D. (Fall 2007). 2986:Smith, Felisa A.; et al. (April 20, 2018). 4523:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook 4069:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers 2727:Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (November 1, 2023). 1813:of Wyoming, photographed by Percy Jackson, 1870 1214:originated as early as 12,000 years ago in the 5363:; R. H. Layton; P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. (2001). 4394:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–66. 7483: 5616: 5593:Hunter-gatherer bibliographic site (HGCOSMOS) 5297:Lee, Richard B.; DeVore, Irven, eds. (1968). 4737:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 247. 4583:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 4492:Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard, eds. (1999). 3967:Biesele, Megan; Barclay, Steve (March 2001). 3377:Widlok, Thomas; Tadesse, Wolde Gossa (2006). 1778:The transition from hunting and gathering to 1017: 8: 5339:Morrison, K. D.; L. L. Junker, eds. (2002). 4816:. University Press of America. p. 357. 4134:Guenevere, Michael; Kaplan, Hillard (2007). 5154:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–10. 5087:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151. 4734:Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers and the 'Other' 4547:– via Gale Virtual Reference Library. 3636:Behavioural Processes, Behavioral Evolution 1384:Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the 7490: 7476: 7468: 6808: 6791: 6443: 6430: 5888: 5709: 5696: 5623: 5609: 5601: 5114:Stuart B. Schwartz, Frank Salomon (1999). 4050:"Managing abundance, not chasing scarcity" 3430:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 1024: 1010: 189: 5494: 5442: 4715: 4608: 4598: 4197: 3824: 3814: 3719: 3717: 3612:Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs. 3414:). Current Anthropology. 35 (2): 175–183. 3011: 2962: 2756:Venkataraman, et al. (May 7, 2024). 2704: 2635: 1921:Learn how and when to remove this message 1863:Learn how and when to remove this message 1185:Hunter-gatherers (yellow) 4,000 years ago 1036:Hunting and gathering was presumably the 5227:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (2011). 4787:Peterson, Nicolas; Taylor, John (1998). 4099:. Oxford University Press. p. 272. 3711:. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series. 3067:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 1897:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1764:return foragers store the surplus food. 1580:in territorial boundaries as well as in 36: 4236:; Smith, Eric Alden; Walter, M. Susan; 2850:"Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Societies" 2524: 2168:will retreat and hide from the humans. 1189:Starting at the transition between the 201: 5324:. Berkeley: University of California. 3552:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2007). 3091:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1593:Notes on the Original Affluent Society 1424:defined this socio-economic system as 7598:Anthropological categories of peoples 5584:. Andaman Association. Archived from 5145: 5143: 4082:Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 146347757 3894: 3892: 3861: 3859: 3857: 1300:in agricultural centers, such as the 1206:. The transition into the subsequent 1119:, bison and woolly rhinoceroses. The 96:, or anything safe to eat, and/or by 7: 4445:"How marginal are forager habitats?" 4136:"Longevity amongst Hunter-gatherers" 3931:Lovgren, Stefan (December 7, 2006). 3732:. Harvard University. Archived from 2848:Groeneveld, Emma (9 December 2016). 2793: 2791: 2751: 2749: 2584:(Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1845:adding citations to reliable sources 1507:organizational innovation that gave 4172:; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (2010). 3119:by David Attenborough, Mark Collins 1797:Modern and revisionist perspectives 1115:of Siberia and survived by hunting 1111:lived in extreme conditions of the 1083:The Late Pleistocene witnessed the 127:, which rely mainly on cultivating 4558:Svizzero, S.; Tisdell, C. (2015). 3345:Pringle, Heather (22 April 2015). 3129:Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel (2008). 2942:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2782:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.04.014 2220:hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, 2022 1519:people of Namibia, women help men 1268:—according to Diamond, because of 14: 6747:Megalithic architectural elements 4452:Journal of Archaeological Science 4143:Population and Development Review 3899:Aizenman, Nurith (July 1, 2023). 3724:Kiefer, Thomas M. (Spring 2002). 3687:. London: Yale University Press. 3383:. Berghahn Books. pp. ix–x. 3270:Verdolivo, Matthew (2020-11-04). 2107:generalization, as seen with the 1404:Hunter-gatherers tend to have an 1075:bones, similar to those found in 998:Business and economics portal 5547: 4155:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x 3921:Witwatersrand: University Press. 1879: 1821: 991: 7366:Evolutionary origin of religion 4638:. University of Chicago Press. 4581:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). 4375:Canadian Journal of Archaeology 4063:, No. 2, 2008, and John Gowdy, 3851:. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82. 3610:Modelling the early human mind. 3556:. US: Oxford University Press. 2391:Jarawa people (Andaman Islands) 1832:needs additional citations for 5369:. Cambridge University Press. 5345:. Cambridge University Press. 5233:. Princeton University Press. 5120:. Cambridge University Press. 4564:Social Evolution & History 4496:. Cambridge University Press. 3709:Modelling the Early Human Mind 3187:, pp. 169–81. Scott, Foresman. 2100:Archaic period in the Americas 1563:" conference, anthropologists 1174:, long-distance running as in 120:stand in contrast to the more 1: 6979:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6509:British megalith architecture 5517:"Hunter Gatherers (Foragers)" 4793:Australian Aboriginal Studies 4708:10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00030 3866:Wei-Hass, Maya (2020-11-04). 3524:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100 2560:. London: The Penguin Press. 2534:"Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)" 2532:Ember, Carol R. (June 2020). 2329:Modern hunter-gatherer groups 2204: 2150: 1760:of hunter-gatherer toolkits. 1664: 1591:presented a paper entitled, " 1482: 1400:Social and economic structure 1362: 893:Commons-based peer production 613:Socialism of the 21st century 21:Hunting and Gathering (novel) 6974:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6514:Nordic megalith architecture 5523:. Human Relations Area Files 5185:Barnard, A. J., ed. (2004). 4391:Time, Energy and Stone Tools 4067:, in Lee, Richard B (2005). 3644:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.007 3300:Chiotis, Eustathios (2018). 3104:10.1016/0278-4165(84)90003-5 2762:Evolution and Human Behavior 2018:Lithic period in Mesoamerica 1172:endurance running hypothesis 25:Hunting and Gathering (film) 5040:"Paleoindians in Tennessee" 4254:University of Chicago Press 4121:"Hunter-gatherer mortality" 4093:Lawrence H. Keeley (1996). 2139:and harvested plant foods. 1689:in southern Africa and the 1673:As one moves away from the 1274:Quaternary extinction event 7644: 7122:British Isles and Brittany 7043:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 5318:Meltzer, David J. (2009). 5084:Prehistory of the Americas 5081:Fiedel, Stuart J. (1992). 4810:Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). 4748:Shultziner, Doron (2010). 4731:Marlowe, Frank W. (2002). 4519:"42: Prehistoric Cultures" 4170:Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique 4048:. See also: Jerome Lewis, 3681:Dahlberg, Frances (1975). 3660:. St Louis: Island Press. 2855:World History Encyclopedia 2697:10.1038/s41598-023-45500-w 2187:) in the Philippines, 1595 2011: 2005: 1376:Most hunter-gatherers are 1357:under the wolf-skin mask, 1343: 1121:settlement of the Americas 1103:of numerous predominantly 29: 18: 7505: 6807: 6790: 6442: 6429: 5891: 5708: 5695: 5638: 5206:Bettinger, R. L. (1991). 4999:Evolutionary Anthropology 4766:10.1007/s10539-010-9196-4 4535:10.4135/9781412979283.n42 4472:10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.014 4341:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 4316:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 4291:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 3554:A Dictionary of Sociology 3424:Lourandos, Harry (1997). 3316:– via Google Books. 3147:10.1080/00438240701843629 2307:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer 1532:site of Wilamaya Patjxa, 387:Socialist-oriented market 5521:Explaining Human Culture 5384:Turnbull, Colin (1987). 3973:African Study Monographs 3937:National Geographic News 1587:At the same conference, 151:invention of agriculture 44:hunter-gatherers in the 7354:Evolutionary musicology 6757:Oldest extant buildings 6684:Archaeological features 6203:Prepared-core technique 5458:(subscription required) 4696:American Anthropologist 4632:Wilmsen, Edwin (1989). 4600:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 3656:Gowdy, John M. (1998). 3623:Journal of Bioeconomics 3512:American Anthropologist 3013:10.1126/science.aao5987 2628:10.1126/science.aax1192 2554:Wade, Nicholas (2006). 1739:collecting wild tubers. 1109:Ancient North Eurasians 186:Archaeological evidence 68:, in which most or all 7316:Unchambered long cairn 7164:Mound Builders culture 6497:Neolithic architecture 5632:Prehistoric technology 5487:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0028 5481:publishing: 20160028. 5150:Anderson, Kat (2013). 5038:Broster, John (2002). 4754:Biology and Philosophy 3816:10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336 3638:, 161 (April): 17–30. 3458:Fitzhugh, Ben (2003). 3355:. Tula Foundation and 3347:"The Brine Revolution" 2955:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254 2221: 2210: 2188: 2156: 2079:, and as far south as 2034: 1961: 1950:Aboriginal Australians 1814: 1740: 1670: 1632: 1556: 1488: 1436: 1435:Mbendjele meat sharing 1372:Habitat and population 1368: 1340:Common characteristics 1292: 1242: 1186: 1150:. Early humans in the 1080: 125:agricultural societies 100:game (pursuing and/or 49: 7550:Agricultural/Agrarian 6991:List of Stone Age art 6193:Microblade technology 6141:Langdale axe industry 5739:Ard / plough 5580:Balmer, Yves (2013). 5435:10.1353/asi.2007.0013 5303:. Aldine de Gruyter. 5263:. North Point Press. 4481:on February 27, 2008. 4055:May 13, 2013, at the 3943:on December 10, 2006. 3380:Property and Equality 3203:Guns, Germs and Steel 2216: 2194: 2179: 2145: 2025: 1991:North Sentinel Island 1975:Great Victoria Desert 1969:(Spinifex people) of 1947: 1804: 1734: 1656: 1621: 1553:Indigenous Australian 1546: 1476: 1434: 1353: 1344:Further information: 1282: 1240: 1184: 1066: 40: 7398:Prehistoric medicine 7393:Prehistoric counting 7376:Prehistoric religion 7371:Paleolithic religion 7349:Behavioral modernity 6706:Causewayed enclosure 6598:Abri de la Madeleine 5722:Neolithic Revolution 5588:on January 11, 2014. 5556:at Wikimedia Commons 5255:Brody, Hugh (2001). 5063:. ScienceDaily. 2001 4865:– via YouTube. 4661:Current Anthropology 4246:Current Anthropology 4178:Current Anthropology 4061:Radical Anthropology 3988:Current Anthropology 3953:Testart, A. (1986). 3917:Biesele, M. (1993). 3878:on February 17, 2021 3756:Current Anthropology 3576:Current Anthropology 2882:Current Anthropology 2471:Yaruro (Pumé) people 2312:Comb Ceramic culture 2267:Neolithic Revolution 1973:, whose land in the 1890:factual accuracy is 1841:improve this article 1811:Wind River Mountains 1449:paleoanthropologists 1097:Australian continent 1058:Neolithic Revolution 923:Newly industrialized 666:Collective ownership 527:Vertical archipelago 133:domesticated animals 7437:Prehistoric warfare 6183:Magdalenian culture 6146:Levallois technique 6077:Earliest toolmaking 5248:The Montreal Review 4931:Scientific American 4857:. 15 September 2013 4464:2007JArSc..34...59P 4123:. 28 February 2007. 3975:. Suppl. 26: 67–84. 3872:National Geographic 3849:Early Human Kinship 3807:1998PNAS...95.1336H 3726:"Anthropology E-20" 3282:on November 4, 2020 3276:National Geographic 3206:. London: Vintage. 3185:People of the Earth 3004:2018Sci...360..310S 2774:2024EHumB..4506586V 2733:Scientific American 2689:2023NatSR..1321133G 2620:2019Sci...365..897S 2494:Anarcho-primitivism 2322:Uncontacted peoples 2317:Pitted Ware culture 1773:uncontacted peoples 1565:Richard Borshay Lee 1465:social organization 1453:human consciousness 1426:primitive communism 1298:forms of government 1176:persistence hunting 908:Inclusive Democracy 7499:Types of societies 7388:Origin of language 7381:Spiritual drug use 7291:Rectangular dolmen 7193:Dartmoor kistvaens 7006:Carved stone balls 6718:Circular enclosure 6677:Other architecture 6620:Alp pile dwellings 6208:Solutrean industry 6119:Gravettian culture 5769:Secondary products 5423:Asian Perspectives 5011:10.1002/evan.10048 4952:American Antiquity 3684:Woman the Gatherer 3487:"Beyond the !Kung" 3229:American Antiquity 3183:Fagan, B. (1989). 2949:(1787): 20133254. 2677:Scientific Reports 2461:Sentinelese people 2272:Origins of society 2257:Indigenous peoples 2222: 2211: 2189: 2157: 2035: 1962: 1815: 1809:encampment in the 1791:cultural evolution 1741: 1671: 1633: 1557: 1489: 1437: 1369: 1346:Cultural universal 1318:Sub-Saharan Africa 1293: 1243: 1202:, hooks, and bone 1187: 1142:obtained food via 1134:During the 1970s, 1081: 846:Material balancing 328:Buddhist economics 172:uncontacted people 116:. Hunter-gatherer 50: 7585: 7584: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7410:Prehistoric music 7359:music archaeology 7016:Cup and ring mark 6841:Clothing/textiles 6786: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6228:Yubetsu technique 6213:Striking platform 6178:Lithic technology 6063: 6062: 6048:Game drive system 5967:Projectile points 5859:Mortar and pestle 5552:Media related to 5387:The Forest People 4240:(February 1988). 3332:siberiantimes.com 3135:World Archaeology 2998:(6386): 310–313. 2614:(6456): 897–902. 2341:Andamanese people 2292:Stateless society 2282:Prehistoric music 2242:Homo floresiensis 1971:Western Australia 1931: 1930: 1923: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1784:adaptive strategy 1708:and low in other 1702:protein poisoning 1691:Upper Paleolithic 1526:projectile points 1195:Upper Paleolithic 1170:According to the 1152:Lower Paleolithic 1077:Upper Paleolithic 1034: 1033: 544:By regional model 338:Sabbath economics 7635: 7623:Economic systems 7613:Hunter-gatherers 7567:Proto-Industrial 7492: 7485: 7478: 7469: 7425:Divje Babe flute 7332:Archaeoastronomy 7075:Petrosomatoglyph 6809: 6792: 6641:Water management 6444: 6431: 6334:Denticulate tool 6156:Lithic reduction 5889: 5710: 5697: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5589: 5554:Hunter-gatherers 5551: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5515:Ember, Carol R. 5511: 5498: 5459: 5456: 5446: 5420: 5401: 5380: 5361:Panter-Brick, C. 5356: 5335: 5314: 5293: 5274: 5262: 5244: 5223: 5212:. Plenum Press. 5202: 5166: 5165: 5152:Tending the Wild 5147: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4602: 4593:(43): 15294–98. 4578: 4572: 4571: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4474:. Archived from 4449: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4416:Kelly, Robert L. 4412: 4406: 4405: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4034: 4028: 4027: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3939:. Archived from 3928: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3874:. Archived from 3863: 3852: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3818: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3721: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3653: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3571: 3565: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3278:. Archived from 3267: 3261: 3260: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2708: 2683:(21133): 21133, 2672: 2666: 2665: 2639: 2602: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2529: 2512:Paleolithic diet 2488:Social movements 2351:Awá-Guajá people 2287:Primitive skills 2209: 2206: 2201:Tierra del Fuego 2155: 2152: 2093:lithic reduction 2026:Illustration of 1926: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903:reliably sourced 1883: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1825: 1817: 1669: 1666: 1589:Marshall Sahlins 1487: 1484: 1367: 1364: 1302:Fertile Crescent 1270:overexploitation 1246:Forest gardening 1079:Western Eurasia. 1026: 1019: 1012: 996: 995: 754:Municipalization 739:Financialization 709:Collectivization 691:Social ownership 681:Private property 675:Common ownership 633:Common ownership 447:Closed (autarky) 404:State capitalism 382:Socialist market 367:Market socialist 203:Economic systems 190: 149:. Following the 32:Plant collecting 7643: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7618:Human evolution 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7577:Post-industrial 7515:Hunter-gatherer 7501: 7496: 7466: 7453: 7320: 7306:Stone box grave 7276:Megalithic tomb 7181:Cotswold-Severn 7133: 7038:Guardian stones 6966:Prehistoric art 6960: 6803: 6778: 6767:Timber trackway 6672: 6636: 6632:Wattle and daub 6485: 6464:Standing stones 6438: 6417: 6232: 6059: 6036: 5961: 5878: 5788:Food processing 5783: 5732:New World crops 5704: 5691: 5634: 5629: 5598: 5579: 5544: 5539: 5526: 5524: 5514: 5470:Biology Letters 5462: 5457: 5418: 5413: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5359: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5277: 5271: 5254: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5205: 5199: 5184: 5175: 5173:Further reading 5170: 5169: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4850:Wayback Machine 4843: 4839: 4824: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4238:Zvelebil, Marek 4234:Schrire, Carmel 4226:Arcand, Bernard 4220: 4219: 4215: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4057:Wayback Machine 4038:Man the Hunter. 4035: 4031: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3865: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3842: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3737: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3485:Singh, Manvir. 3484: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3357:Hakai Institute 3344: 3343: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3241:10.2307/3557037 3226: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2557:Before the Dawn 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2490: 2485: 2476:Ye'kuana people 2396:Kawahiva people 2331: 2326: 2247:Human migration 2207: 2174: 2153: 2137:wild vegetables 2131:of small game, 2073:Gaspé Peninsula 2062:primitive boats 2020: 2010: 2004: 1983:Andaman Islands 1954:Bathurst Island 1927: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1896: 1888:This section's 1884: 1880: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1838: 1826: 1799: 1729: 1667: 1651: 1571:suggested that 1547:A 19th century 1485: 1402: 1374: 1365: 1348: 1342: 1289:Kalahari Desert 1138:suggested that 1113:mammoth steppes 1030: 990: 983: 982: 948:Post-industrial 943:Post-capitalist 903:Hunter-gatherer 888: 880: 879: 794: 786: 785: 764:Nationalization 724:Demutualization 719:Corporatization 704: 696: 695: 686:State ownership 661: 653: 652: 628: 620: 619: 545: 537: 536: 507:Robinson Crusoe 442: 441:By coordination 434: 433: 418:Traditionalist 278:Neomercantilist 238: 230: 211: 188: 72:is obtained by 54:hunter-gatherer 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7510:Pre-industrial 7506: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7415:Alligator drum 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7342:lunar calendar 7339: 7328: 7326: 7325:Other cultural 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7129:Venus figurine 7126: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060:Megalithic art 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7018: 7013: 7011:Cave paintings 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6813:Material goods 6805: 6804: 6795: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6529:Cliff dwelling 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6114:Fire hardening 6111: 6106: 6104:Clovis culture 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6027:Manis Mastodon 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5906:throwing stick 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5718: 5716: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5543: 5542:External links 5540: 5538: 5537: 5512: 5460: 5429:(2): 298–334. 5410: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397:978-0671640996 5396: 5390:. Touchstone. 5381: 5375: 5357: 5351: 5336: 5331:978-0520250529 5330: 5315: 5309: 5300:Man the hunter 5294: 5289:978-0826356963 5288: 5275: 5269: 5252: 5240:978-0691151250 5239: 5224: 5218: 5203: 5197: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5161:978-0520280434 5160: 5139: 5127:978-0521630757 5126: 5106: 5094:978-0521425445 5093: 5073: 5052: 5030: 4985: 4964:10.2307/279189 4942: 4918: 4893: 4887:978-0826356963 4886: 4868: 4837: 4823:978-0761842729 4822: 4802: 4779: 4740: 4723: 4686: 4673:10.1086/204361 4667:(2): 298–305. 4651: 4644: 4624: 4573: 4550: 4544:978-1452266305 4543: 4509: 4502: 4484: 4435: 4428: 4407: 4401:978-0521253505 4400: 4380: 4358: 4351: 4333: 4326: 4308: 4301: 4283: 4262:10.1086/203612 4222:Testart, Alain 4213: 4190:10.1086/648530 4160: 4126: 4112: 4105: 4085: 4073: 4029: 4000:10.1086/587700 3978: 3959: 3946: 3923: 3910: 3888: 3853: 3840: 3801:(3): 1336–39. 3781: 3768:10.1086/382256 3746: 3713: 3700: 3693: 3673: 3666: 3648: 3627: 3625:15 (1): 83–89. 3614: 3601: 3588:10.1086/204255 3566: 3562:978-0198609872 3545: 3502: 3477: 3471:978-0306478536 3470: 3450: 3437:978-0521359467 3436: 3416: 3403: 3390:978-1845452131 3389: 3369: 3352:Hakai Magazine 3337: 3319: 3313:978-1351260237 3312: 3292: 3262: 3219: 3212: 3198:Diamond, Jared 3189: 3176: 3121: 3109: 3080: 3061:(1): 215–250. 3045: 3042:. 7 June 2019. 3027: 2978: 2927: 2894:10.1086/203280 2888:(3): 361–378. 2868: 2840: 2834:978-0826356963 2833: 2815: 2809:978-0826356963 2808: 2787: 2745: 2719: 2667: 2594: 2573: 2566: 2546: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2421:Moriori people 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2173: 2170: 2159:Scholars like 2077:Atlantic coast 2006:Main article: 2003: 2000: 1989:, who live on 1929: 1928: 1887: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1870: 1829: 1827: 1820: 1798: 1795: 1728: 1725: 1716:fat deposits. 1710:macronutrients 1687:Late Stone Age 1650: 1647: 1573:egalitarianism 1561:Man the Hunter 1401: 1398: 1373: 1370: 1341: 1338: 1220:Southeast Asia 1101:the extinction 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 985: 984: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 958:Resource-based 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 855: 850: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 823: 822: 821: 816: 811: 801: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 782: 781: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 744:Liberalization 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 683: 678: 668: 662: 660:Property types 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615: 609:Latin America 607: 606: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 572: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 430: 429: 424: 416: 411: 406: 401: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 349: 348: 347: 342: 341: 340: 330: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 245: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 229: 228: 223: 218: 212: 209: 206: 205: 199: 198: 187: 184: 48:in August 2014 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7640: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Horticultural 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301:Simple dolmen 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:Passage grave 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7232:Gallery grave 7230: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7147:Burial mounds 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:Statue menhir 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7095:Stone carving 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6934:Sewing needle 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Timber circle 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6711:Tor enclosure 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6699:fulacht fiadh 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5935:spear-thrower 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5913:Bow and arrow 5911: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822:Grinding slab 5820: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Domestication 5752: 5750: 5749:Digging stick 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Founder crops 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668:New Stone Age 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5479:Royal Society 5476: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5245:(Reviewed in 5242: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5074: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4908:on 2011-05-01 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760:(3): 319–46. 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4352:9781139176132 4348: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4327:9781139176132 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4302:9781139176132 4298: 4294: 4287: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4106:9780195119121 4102: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994:(4): 655–93. 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762:(2): 277–84. 3761: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3736:on 2008-04-10 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582:(2): 175–83. 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3518:(1): 116–20. 3517: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3370: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3306:. CRC Press. 3305: 3304: 3296: 3293: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3235:(1): 141–56. 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2547: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2466:Tjimba people 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2456:Semang people 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2441:Pirahã people 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2416:Mlabri people 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2252:Human history 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2135:, seasonally 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:Poverty Point 2114: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:Bering Strait 2033: 2029: 2028:Paleo-Indians 2024: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2008:Paleo-Indians 2001: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1864: 1856: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1830:This section 1828: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1721:carbohydrates 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597:Thomas Hobbes 1594: 1590: 1585: 1584:composition. 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559:At the 1966 " 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534:Puno District 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1360: 1359:George Catlin 1356: 1352: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Ancient China 1307: 1306:Ancient India 1303: 1299: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:South America 1259: 1255: 1254:Jared Diamond 1249: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Lewis Binford 1132: 1131:land bridge. 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:modern humans 1086: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:Mal'ta-Buret' 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 988: 987: 986: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 953:Post-scarcity 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 898:Expeditionary 896: 894: 891: 890: 884: 883: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 854: 851: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 790: 789: 780: 777: 776: 775: 774:Socialization 772: 770: 769:Privatization 767: 765: 762: 760: 759:Mutualization 757: 755: 752: 750: 749:Marketization 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 734:Expropriation 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 714:Communization 712: 710: 707: 706: 700: 699: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 676: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 657: 656: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 614: 611: 610: 608: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 573: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 548: 547: 541: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Decentralized 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Social credit 407: 405: 402: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377:Participatory 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 350: 346: 343: 339: 336: 335: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 294: 291: 289: 288:Social market 286: 284: 283:Protectionist 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 263:Laissez-faire 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 234: 233: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 208: 207: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191: 185: 183: 181: 177: 173: 167: 165: 161: 156: 152: 148: 147:human history 144: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:catching fish 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:edible plants 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 47: 43: 39: 33: 26: 22: 7514: 7242:wedge-shaped 7227:Funeral pyre 7220:Great dolmen 7176:Chamber tomb 7157:Round barrow 7112:Stone circle 6984:Blombos Cave 6912:Grooved ware 6836:Chalcolithic 6740:Thornborough 6658:Flush toilet 6593:Blombos Cave 6588:Rock shelter 6544:Quiggly hole 6436:Architecture 6411:illustration 6053:Buffalo jump 5874:Storage pits 5837:Aşıklı Höyük 5827:Ground stone 5663:Subdivisions 5597: 5586:the original 5532: 5525:. 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