722:
714:
302:
290:
411:
319:
232:
35:
791:
425:
244:
208:
135:
786:
461:
437:
691:
573:
365:
276:
172:
597:
585:
561:
379:
220:
157:
123:
681:~ means parallel proto-forms, e.g. *ʕad-at- ~ *ʕidd- means that the proto-form has two variant reconstructions.
67:
353:
184:
399:
389:
343:
333:
256:
153:
145:
27:
621:
31:
554:
There is some inconsistency between authors, often reflecting different phonetic interpretations, e.g.
619:
609:
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
459:
447:
435:
423:
409:
397:
377:
363:
351:
331:
317:
300:
288:
274:
242:
230:
218:
206:
182:
170:
155:
133:
121:
520:
Other consonants are familiar from the IPA or may be extended from the patterns in the table (e.g.
63:
59:
55:
47:
17:
551:
may be distinguished as a labialized consonant vs a consonant followed by a rounded vowel.
780:
449:
721:. Center of Comparative Linguistics, Russian State University for the Humanities.
34:
uses a semi-conventionalized set of symbols that are somewhat different than the
38:
and other phonetic notations. The more salient differences include the letters
678:( ) means "with or without", e.g. *ba(w)r- is *bawr- or *bar-.
535:
Palatal/palatalized consonants are indicated with an acute accent:
646:
671:
Thus *bVr- is shorthand for "either *bar- or *bir- or *bur-".
664:
H for a laryngeal or pharyngeal consonant: {ḥ, ʕ, ʔ, h};
474:
is used only for
Egyptian. Its value is not certain.
715:"Etymological Database of Afrasian languages (AADB)"
543:
etc.; and uvulars sometimes with an inverted breve:
477:Sometimes IPA letters are used for the above, e.g.
667:S for a sibilant: {s, z, c, ʒ, č, ǯ, ṣ, c̣, č̣}.
675:/ means "or", e.g. *gaw/y- is *gaw- or *gay-.
8:
708:
706:
713:Alexander Militarev & Olga Stolbova.
58:, which depending on the language may be
85:
759:Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano.
702:
661:V for an undetermined vowel: {a, i, u};
539:; retroflex often with a grave accent:
83:Phonetic conventions are as follows:
7:
537:⟨ś ṣ́ ź ć ć̣ ʒ́ ń ĺ ŕ⟩
501:, or intermediate notation such as
42:for IPA , the circumflex diacritic
25:
725:from the original on 2021-01-11
36:International Phonetic Alphabet
1:
757:From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew.
635:⟨ā, ī, ū, ē, ō⟩
18:Afroasiatic phonetic notation
418:
372:
326:
283:
251:
201:
165:
116:
808:
768:Aharon Dolgopolsky (2008)
755:Aharon Dolgopolsky (1999)
692:Proto-Afroasiatic language
653:Symbols for reconstruction
641:etc. are short vowels.
742:Igor Diakonoff (1988)
792:Afroasiatic languages
770:Nostratic Dictionary.
549:⟨kʷ kᵒ⟩
545:⟨k̑ h̑⟩
32:Afroasiatic languages
645:is a neutral vowel (
541:⟨l̀ ǹ⟩
40:⟨c, ʒ⟩
657:Wildcards include:
511:⟨ṭɬ̣⟩
88:
56:emphatic consonants
787:Phonetic alphabets
744:Afrasian Languages
719:The Tower of Babel
530:⟨q̣⟩
515:⟨ĉ̣⟩
507:⟨c̣⟩
503:⟨ṭṣ⟩
472:⟨h̠⟩
86:
52:⟨◌̣⟩
50:, and the sub-dot
48:lateral obstruents
44:⟨◌̂⟩
643:⟨ə⟩
639:⟨ǎ⟩
637:are long vowels;
616:⟨ɡ⟩
604:⟨g⟩
592:⟨x⟩
580:⟨ḫ⟩
568:⟨ḫ⟩
556:⟨x⟩
526:⟨š⟩
522:⟨ẓ⟩
499:⟨y⟩
495:⟨j⟩
491:⟨ḫ⟩
487:⟨χ⟩
483:⟨ḥ⟩
479:⟨ħ⟩
469:
468:
16:(Redirected from
799:
772:
766:
760:
753:
747:
746:. Nauka, Moscow.
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
710:
644:
640:
636:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
527:
523:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
465:
453:
441:
429:
415:
403:
391:
383:
369:
357:
345:
337:
323:
306:
294:
280:
258:
248:
236:
224:
212:
188:
176:
162:
161:
147:
139:
127:
89:
53:
45:
41:
28:Comparative work
21:
807:
806:
802:
801:
800:
798:
797:
796:
777:
776:
775:
767:
763:
754:
750:
741:
737:
728:
726:
712:
711:
704:
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688:
655:
642:
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634:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
525:
521:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
81:
76:
51:
43:
39:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
805:
803:
795:
794:
789:
779:
778:
774:
773:
761:
748:
735:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
676:
669:
668:
665:
662:
654:
651:
632:
631:
467:
466:
457:
454:
445:
442:
433:
430:
421:
417:
416:
407:
404:
395:
392:
387:
384:
375:
371:
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361:
358:
349:
346:
341:
338:
329:
325:
324:
315:
312:
310:
307:
298:
295:
286:
282:
281:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
254:
250:
249:
240:
237:
228:
225:
216:
213:
204:
200:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
180:
177:
168:
164:
163:
151:
148:
143:
140:
131:
128:
119:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
80:
77:
75:
72:
68:pharyngealized
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
804:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
771:
765:
762:
758:
752:
749:
745:
739:
736:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
703:
697:
693:
690:
689:
685:
680:
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
663:
660:
659:
658:
652:
650:
648:
629:
628:
627:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
563:
552:
533:
518:
475:
463:
458:
455:
451:
446:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
422:
419:
413:
408:
405:
401:
396:
393:
388:
385:
381:
376:
373:
367:
362:
359:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
335:
330:
327:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
304:
299:
296:
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287:
284:
278:
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265:
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246:
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217:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
195:
193:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
169:
166:
159:
152:
149:
144:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
120:
117:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
84:
78:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
37:
33:
29:
19:
769:
764:
756:
751:
743:
738:
727:. Retrieved
718:
670:
656:
633:
553:
534:
519:
476:
470:
82:
26:
87:Consonants
74:Conventions
781:Categories
729:2021-06-05
698:References
528:for , or
64:implosive
723:Archived
686:See also
60:ejective
532:for ).
271:y or i̭
79:Letters
30:of the
630:Vowels
524:for ,
406:w or ṷ
340:ḳ or q
647:schwa
624:]
620:[
612:]
608:[
602:, or
600:]
596:[
588:]
584:[
578:, or
576:]
572:[
564:]
560:[
547:etc.
464:]
460:[
452:]
448:[
440:]
436:[
428:]
424:[
414:]
410:[
402:]
398:[
382:]
378:[
368:]
364:[
356:]
352:[
348:ɣ (γ)
336:]
332:[
322:]
318:[
305:]
301:[
293:]
289:[
279:]
275:[
247:]
243:[
235:]
231:[
223:]
219:[
211:]
207:[
187:]
183:[
175:]
171:[
160:]
156:[
138:]
134:[
126:]
122:[
618:for
614:and
606:for
594:for
590:and
582:for
570:for
566:and
558:for
513:for
505:for
497:for
489:for
481:for
113:IPA
107:IPA
101:IPA
95:IPA
54:for
46:for
649:).
509:or
493:or
66:or
783::
717:.
705:^
626:.
598:kx
517:.
485:,
400:ɡɣ
386:x̣
380:kx
320:dɮ
314:ʒ̂
309:ĉ̣
303:tɬ
266:č̣
261:c̣
253:ṣ
245:dʒ
233:tʃ
221:dz
209:ts
196:ḏ̣
191:ṯ̣
130:p̠
110:AA
104:AA
98:AA
92:AA
70:.
62:,
732:.
622:ɢ
610:ɡ
586:x
574:χ
562:x
462:h
456:h
450:ʔ
444:ʔ
438:ʕ
432:ʕ
426:ħ
420:ḥ
412:w
394:9
390:~
374:x
366:χ
360:ḫ
354:ʁ
344:~
334:ɣ
328:ḡ
297:ĉ
291:ɬ
285:ŝ
277:j
257:~
239:ǯ
227:č
215:ʒ
203:c
185:ð
179:ḏ
173:θ
167:ṯ
158:ɓ
154:~
150:ḅ
146:~
142:ṗ
136:ɸ
124:β
118:ḇ
20:)
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