2167:
1722:
756:
2414:
847:
3693:
1560:
678:
1641:
717:
2707:
226:
1668:
730:
821:
1779:
769:
969:
2249:
899:
1920:
1450:
1614:
704:
2222:
2084:
2002:
1948:
1835:
1505:
886:
808:
381:
2029:
1695:
1533:
743:
665:
945:
2276:
2195:
2056:
1477:
1396:
873:
652:
77:
2139:
1892:
860:
795:
957:
2112:
1864:
1807:
1750:
1423:
834:
782:
639:
36:
1975:
1587:
691:
1215:
3295:
179:
3104:. The phrase is often used in linguistic contexts of expressing a wish or creating hypotheticals. This original Ivorian phrase is generally used across the Ivory Coast's population; children, uneducated adults, and educated adults all using the phrase relatively equally. Often in written speech, the phrase is written as
3124:
Some of the major phonetic and phonological variations of
Abidjan French, as compared to a more "typical" French, include substituting the nasal low vowel for a non-nasal , especially when the sound occurs at the beginning of a word, and some difficulty with the full production of the phonemes and
2458:
The difficulty linguists have in describing
African French comes from variations, such as the "pure" language used by many African intellectuals and writers versus the mixtures between French and African languages. For this, the term "creolization" is used, often in a pejorative way, and especially
3602:
There are many linguistic differences that occur in
Kinshasa French that make it a distinct dialect of French. Similarly to many other African dialects of French, many of the linguistic aspects are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the linguistics of the local African languages. It is
3331:
influences, due to colonization. People of different
African mother tongues living in Kinshasa usually speak Lingala to communicate with each other in the street, but French is the language of businesses, administrations, schools, newspapers and televisions. French is also the predominant written
3317:, where an estimated 43 million people (51% of the total population) can speak French (essentially as a second language). Contrary to Abidjan where French is the first language of a large part of the population, in Kinshasa French is only a second language, and its status of
1219:
1216:
3120:
Many characteristics of
Ivorian/Abidjan French differ from "standard" French found in France. Many of the linguistic evolutions are from the influences of native African languages spoken within the Ivory Coast and make Abidjan French a distinct dialect of French.
1220:
4836:
4119:
3262:
official language until a constitutional change in 2024. While spoken fluently only by about a quarter of the population, French has progressively become a native language among urban populations since the late 20th century, notably in the cities of
2826:'s population, either alone or alongside indigenous African languages. There are three sorts of French spoken in Abidjan. A formal French is spoken by the educated classes. Most of the population, however, speaks a colloquial form of French known as
1218:
3335:
Due to its widespread presence in
Kinshasa, French has become a local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from Lingala. Depending on their social status, some people may mix French and Lingala, or
3385:
are sunglasses worn by partiers at night. It is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard French is "anti-night". It is one of the many
Kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying. A reveler is known locally as
3603:
also essential to note that grammatical differences between local
Congolese languages and the French language, such as the lack of gendered nouns in the former, result in linguistic changes when speakers of the former speak French.
2751:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
2512:
is the result of a superposition of the structure of a local language with a narrowed lexical knowledge of French. The specific structures, though very different, are juxtaposed, marking the beginning of the creolization process.
270:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
3544:
means "thank you" or "you are welcome". When it means "thank you", it can offend some French speakers who are not aware of its special meaning in
Kinshasa. For example, if one offers a present to a person, they will often reply
3035:
As already mentioned, these local words range from slang to formal usage, and their use therefore varies depending on the context. In
Abidjan, this is how the sentence "The girl stole my money." is constructed depending on the
1277:
or OIF), but it does not include French speakers living in other African countries. Africa is thus the continent with the most French speakers in the world, and African French speakers now form a large and integral part of the
2553:
Administration and professors do not want to hear that funny-sounding and barbarian language that seems to despise articles and distorts the sense of words. They see in it a harmful influence to the mastery of good
4179:
4036:
4236:
4832:
3672:
As briefly mentioned above, many Congolese languages are ungendered languages and so there is often some mixing of the French masculine and feminine articles in speakers of Kinshasa French, such as the phrase
3182:
were the two functional languages of banking. Technical work (accounting, financial analysis, management) is also frequently done in French. Documents, forms, and posters are often in both French and Arabic.
2561:
FPA can be seen as a progressive evolution of Ivorian French. After diffusing out of Ivory Coast, it became Africanized under the influence of young Africans (often students) and cinema, drama, and dance.
2463:, "The consequences of this concurrency may vary according to the social status of the speakers, to their occupations, to their degree of acculturation and thus to the level of their French knowledge."
4137:
3994:
5562:
4785:
3174:
Without being an official language, French is frequently used in government, workplaces, and education. French is the default language for work in several sectors. In a 2007 study set in the city of
2761:
280:
3228:
Few academic sources exist surrounding the particularisms of Beninese French. Nevertheless, it is evident that Beninese French has adapted the meanings of several French terms over time, such as:
256:
4503:
1217:
949:
Francophone Africa. The countries coloured dark blue had a population of 487.6 million in 2023. In 2050 their population is forecast to reach between 870.1 million and 878.5 million.
5222:
4547:
2501:(the language most spoken in Senegal) which spreads by its use in urban areas and through schools, where teachers often speak Wolof in the classroom despite official instructions.
4444:
4957:
4361:
2737:
2958:
When speaking in a formal context, or when meeting French speakers from outside Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan speakers would replace these local words with the French standard words
2577:" can either mean "This person annoys me very much (literally he or she is annoying me to death)" or "I'm dying (out of love) for him/her" depending on the circumstances. "
5555:
3610:
the posteriorization of anterior labial vowels in French, more specifically, the posteriorization of the common French phoneme for (ex: pronunciation of the French word
4175:
4032:
4574:
Manessy, Gabriel (1978). "Le français d'Afrique noire, français créole ou créole français ?" [The French of black Africa: French creole or creole French?].
4229:
4096:
2493:– which are in a permanent opposition to French. Code-switching has been studied since colonial times by different institutions of linguistics. One of these, located in
4269:
2410:, both in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary, but the formal African French used in education, media and legal documents is based on standard French vocabulary.
5176:
4647:
8113:
6183:
5010:
4966:
4536:
4394:
4225:
3801:
1367:
1273:
1009:
968:
5039:
5548:
3531:
4130:
3987:
3286:
and is used as a lingua franca in commerce. It is largely used as a spoken language whereas speakers continue to use standard French as the written language.
2504:
The omnipresence of local languages in Francophone African countries – along with insufficiencies in education – has given birth to a new linguistic concept:
4305:
3716:
2900:
is a colloquial word meaning a street-side eatery, a working-class restaurant serving African food. This word exists in standard French, but its meaning is "
2342:
4777:
6224:
2622:
Pronunciation in the many varieties of African French can be quite varied. There are nonetheless some trends among African French speakers; for instance,
8151:
5215:
4473:
4161:
4018:
3726:
2549:, Burkina Faso. At its emergence, it was marginalized and associated with the ghetto; Angèle Bassolé-Ouedraogo describes the reaction of the scholars:
4862:"La locution verbale n'avoir qu'à + infinitif dans le français ivoirien/La locución verbal francesa n'avoir qu'à + infinitivo en el francés marfileño"
1201:
4423:
196:
188:
2771:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1263:
in 2023 or 51% of the French-speaking population of the world spread across 34 countries and territories. This includes those who speak French as a
290:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2779:
298:
4495:
6675:
2583:" signifies a feeling of exasperation (whereupon it actually means "he or she starts to appeal to me"), and friendship can be expressed with "
5208:
4888:
5132:
2387:, which has around 1.75 million first and second language speakers in 2018. The French spoken in this region is not to be confused with the
5429:
5184:
3225:
is the other widely spoken language of Benin. It is natural to hear both languages blending, either through loan words or code-switching.
2430:
4985:
4648:"Le français et le français populaire africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique"
4540:
1271:
in these 34 African countries and territories (some of which are not Francophone, but merely non-Francophone members or observers of the
6349:
6237:
4756:
4622:
4448:
5177:
Le Français et le Français populaire Africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique
4954:
3340:
between the two depending on the context. Here are examples of words particular to Kinshasa French. As in Abidjan, there exist various
8141:
3221:
French is the sole official language in Benin. In 2014, over 4 million Beninese citizens spoke French (around 40% of the population).
3646:
the mid-nasalization of occlusive consonants that follow the nasals and (ex: in relationship to the example above, the French word
7464:
3587:
is something someone does to make another person's life harder, and often refers to policemen or soldiers. A fine is often called a
349:
160:
63:
1037:
7524:
4204:
4061:
3837:
3314:
3029:
1727:
761:
4420:"Qui parle français dans le monde – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie – Langue française et diversité linguistique"
6812:
6417:
6217:
2558:
However, FPA has begun to emerge as a second language among the upper class. It has also become a symbol of social acceptance.
1065:
94:
49:
4719:
4089:
2455:") was also present in West Africa. The term has since, however, become a pejorative term for "poorly spoken" African French.
7612:
7513:
4683:
3212:
code switching, where another language is spoken in addition to French in a single oration (ex: Berber/French, Arabic/French)
3125:. There are also, to a certain degree, rhythmic speaking patterns in Ivorian French that are influenced by native languages.
1027:
141:
98:
3901:
3593:, especially because the policemen in Kinshasa usually ask for an unpayable sum of money that requires extensive bargaining.
2172:
4811:
4261:
3279:
113:
7420:
7098:
5508:
3751:
2792:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2442:
2388:
1194:
1132:
1004:
311:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
6099:
3653:
the palatalization of French apico-dental consonants that are followed by and/or (ex: pronunciation of the French word
2867:
Here are some examples of words used in the African French variety spoken in Abidjan (the spelling used here conforms to
7547:
6950:
6007:
5960:
4654:
3756:
2470:
5006:
4383:
7988:
7426:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6324:
5759:
5277:
5032:
4085:
3766:
3341:
3037:
1358:
In each of the Francophone African countries, French is spoken with local variations in pronunciation and vocabulary.
120:
7709:
7281:
6716:
6274:
6210:
5853:
5838:
5488:
5297:
5292:
5256:
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1285:
In Africa, French is often spoken alongside Indigenous languages, but in a number of urban areas (in particular in
7208:
87:
7296:
6817:
6658:
6625:
6373:
6302:
6284:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6001:
4993:
4916:"Analyzing the effect of interference on the utilization of French in ivory coast: social and linguistic aspects"
3632:
the vocalic opening of the French phoneme creating, instead, the phoneme (ex: pronunciation of the French word
1352:
456:
436:
4297:
2413:
127:
8146:
8001:
7905:
6778:
6505:
6453:
3825:
3017:
2787:
2690:
1565:
1187:
1074:
977:
683:
306:
7369:
4914:
Baghana, Jerome; Glebova, Yana A.; Voloshina, Tatiana G.; Blazhevich, Yuliya S.; Birova, Jana (14 June 2022).
4469:
2808:
327:
3456:
which means "to open something that is blocked up or bottled", to which was added the standard French suffix
3186:
The usage of French among the Algerian population is different depending on social situations. One can find:
6914:
6795:
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6644:
6590:
6297:
6257:
5801:
5619:
5614:
5571:
5287:
3771:
3711:
2928:
where it meant "to whip (the black slaves)". It has now entered the formal language of the educated classes.
2306:
There are many different varieties of African French, but they can be broadly grouped into five categories:
464:
451:
426:
109:
8087:
7483:
7303:
6721:
6667:
6319:
6065:
5990:
5789:
4419:
3706:
2756:
2641:
2447:
1093:
541:
275:
24:
7387:
6800:
8119:
8064:
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7865:
7518:
7496:
7315:
7138:
6607:
6563:
6510:
6189:
6076:
5965:
5872:
5124:
4880:
3841:
2916:
is a slang word equivalent to "bloke" or "dude" in English. It is a loanword from the Mandinka language.
2905:
2497:, already spoke of the creolization of French in 1968, naming the result "franlof": a mix of French and
1646:
1042:
722:
238:
7783:
6751:
5033:"Estimation des populations francophones dans le monde en 2018 - Sources et démarches méthodologiques"
4176:"En 2023, 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde, dont près de la moitié en Afrique"
4033:"En 2023, 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde, dont près de la moitié en Afrique"
19:
This article is about the French language spoken in Africa. For immigrants to France from Africa, see
8069:
7853:
7843:
7459:
7432:
7358:
7266:
7218:
7017:
6945:
6897:
6891:
6854:
6837:
6334:
6156:
6086:
6059:
5955:
5696:
3298:
3128:
Ivorian French is also unique in its grammatical differences present in spoken speech such as these:
1137:
7817:
7554:
7446:
7414:
7408:
7250:
7029:
6989:
6955:
6859:
6783:
6726:
6547:
6145:
5975:
5833:
5795:
5624:
5409:
5330:
5231:
3781:
2925:
2801:
2478:
2434:
1252:
1032:
472:
320:
55:
6925:
5597:
4861:
1099:
994:
960:
2024 situation in Africa of the French Language as Official Language, and Native Language regions.
481:
476:
8059:
7788:
7644:
7602:
7568:
7562:
7452:
7395:
7352:
7335:
7073:
7066:
6960:
6902:
6707:
6690:
6631:
6487:
6475:
6354:
6292:
6118:
5774:
5736:
5667:
5634:
5467:
5442:
5166:
5108:
5089:
4937:
4591:
2990:
respectively. Note that some local words are used across several African countries. For example,
2868:
2526:
1118:
1088:
999:
606:
7837:
6965:
6329:
8016:
7995:
7915:
7875:
7858:
7734:
7662:
7656:
7580:
7472:
7382:
7323:
7235:
7193:
6994:
6940:
6827:
6805:
6746:
6731:
6702:
6685:
6595:
6558:
6527:
6515:
6434:
6422:
6339:
6314:
6308:
6233:
6110:
5945:
5813:
5764:
5657:
5647:
5320:
5159:
LE FRANÇAIS EN AFRIQUE - Revue du Réseau des Observatoires du Français Contemporain en Afrique
4980:
4873:
4155:
4012:
3857:
3278:
Linguists have observed the development of a local vernacular of French in the country called
2885:
2838:
which are written in this colloquial Abidjan French). Finally, an Abidjan French slang called
2783:
2459:
in the areas where French is on the same level with one or more local languages. According to
2372:
1784:
1018:
931:
774:
446:
302:
4749:
4611:"Le français au Sénégal : interférences du wolof dans le français des élèves sénégalais"
4610:
3369:
has now spread to other African countries due to the popularity of Congolese music in Africa.
2908:. It is not known exactly how this word came to mean street-side restaurant in Côte d'Ivoire.
7969:
7959:
7944:
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7848:
7797:
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7739:
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7720:
7694:
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7507:
7491:
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7328:
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7213:
7181:
7106:
7078:
7051:
6881:
6876:
6864:
6844:
6832:
6773:
6680:
6637:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6532:
6463:
6447:
6344:
6151:
6105:
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6030:
6025:
6013:
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5818:
5662:
5652:
5606:
5447:
5315:
5079:
4927:
4583:
4353:
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in population. It is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world, the
2901:
2889:
2490:
1165:
1160:
1151:
431:
134:
3621:
the delabialization of the phoneme for the phoneme (ex: pronunciation of the French term
8053:
8039:
7920:
7822:
7812:
7756:
7607:
7595:
7535:
7530:
7345:
7274:
7256:
7203:
7133:
7090:
7002:
6983:
6935:
6822:
6788:
6741:
6736:
6458:
6390:
6362:
6139:
6071:
6041:
5940:
5863:
5843:
5823:
5769:
5677:
5586:
5457:
5367:
5358:
5307:
5240:
5192:
5171:
5068:"Morphological and syntactic interference in the context of Franco-Congolese bilingualism"
4989:
4961:
4672:
4613:[The French of Senegal: Wolof interference in the French of Senegalese students].
4301:
2849:
2653:
2460:
2407:
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1256:
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1127:
1070:
985:
486:
418:
20:
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5414:
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in some cases, the denasalization of French vowels (ex: pronunciation of the French term
1104:
4877:
2602:
and images taken from African languages. For example, the upper social class is called "
341:
Needs to be split into two articles, one French Africa and other African French=June2024
8104:
8011:
8006:
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7807:
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7501:
7150:
7061:
7007:
6977:
6869:
6553:
6481:
6427:
6176:
5995:
5985:
5900:
5828:
5779:
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5686:
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5540:
5483:
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3736:
3419:
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3328:
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2719:
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2399:
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2319:
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1290:
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1264:
1233:
1142:
1060:
1051:
611:
595:
575:
4200:
4057:
3275:. By 2010, about 10% of Ouagadougou residents spoke French as their first language.
2856:
and then make their way into colloquial Abidjan French after some time. As of 2012, a
8135:
8046:
7949:
7937:
7669:
7377:
7034:
6972:
6468:
6202:
5980:
5807:
5741:
5721:
5529:
5375:
5348:
5282:
5093:
4941:
4341:
3869:
3731:
3698:
3573:, literally to make things "complicated" or difficult for someone. It can be anyone:
3319:
2924:
is a word meaning to whip, to beat, or to chastise (children). It is a loanword from
2845:
1925:
551:
2469:, or the alternation of languages within a single conversation, takes place in both
380:
16:
Generic name of the varieties of the French language spoken on the African continent
7828:
7688:
7083:
5970:
5848:
5784:
5437:
5343:
5200:
4708:
4262:"French is now the fifth most spoken world language and growing—thanks to Africans"
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3746:
3721:
3327:. Kinshasa French also differs from other African French variants, for it has some
3253:
3201:
integrated borrowings, where the lexical unit experiences phonetic transformation:
3009:
2857:
2633:
2437:; some terms and words persist in use in Africa after falling out of use in France.
1455:
1328:
1322:
1279:
1081:
602:
536:
7744:
5109:"Particularités phonétiques du français dans la presse audio-visuelle de Kinshasa"
4676:
944:
7230:
5128:
5111:[The French Phonetic particularities in the broadcast media in Kinshasa]
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7890:
7883:
7620:
7186:
7155:
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5905:
5895:
4807:
4357:
4323:
3845:
3413:
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3294:
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Another unique, identifiable feature of Ivorian French is the use of the phrase
2546:
2315:
1673:
1348:
1298:
1170:
735:
390:
76:
5007:"Vécu Langagier africanophone et francophone de jeunes lycéens du Burkina Faso"
4932:
4915:
4718:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 243–253.
3344:
and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish/Lingala terms.
956:
7168:
7160:
6761:
6520:
6053:
5924:
5918:
5911:
5335:
5084:
5067:
4864:[The verbal phrase to have only with + infinitive in Ivorian French].
4653:(in French). Institut d'Études des Femmes, Université d'Ottawa. Archived from
3941:
3929:
3909:
3881:
3873:
3821:
3688:
3175:
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is a slang word meaning money. It comes perhaps from the standard French word
2637:
2521:
In the urban areas of Francophone Africa, another type of French has emerged:
2418:
2384:
2380:
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2227:
2089:
2007:
1953:
1840:
1510:
1344:
1314:
1306:
891:
852:
813:
546:
5066:
Baghana, Jerome; Voloshina, Tatiana G.; Slobodova Novakova, Katarina (2019).
3650:
could be pronounced both as ba-nde or as ban-nde with a slightly nasalized )
7964:
7802:
7144:
6439:
5884:
3885:
3354:
2376:
2334:
2034:
1355:
in Arabic/French), but only a second language among the general population.
920:
531:
7590:
7128:
5031:
Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone (ODSEF).
4587:
7954:
7749:
7585:
7401:
6849:
6697:
4716:
Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
4294:
Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard
3849:
3817:
3306:
3283:
2881:
2599:
2402:, which has about 0.5 million first and second language speakers in 2018.
2395:
2345:), which has about 33 million first and second language speakers in 2018.
1700:
1538:
1310:
748:
670:
4595:
7573:
7438:
7198:
7176:
7116:
7111:
6600:
6585:
5878:
3945:
3935:
3917:
3905:
3889:
3833:
3813:
3477:
3324:
3272:
3258:
2997:
2823:
2790:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2664:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2486:
2474:
2357:
2353:
2338:
2330:
2281:
2200:
2061:
1619:
1482:
1401:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1294:
1225:
878:
826:
709:
657:
386:
309:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
5158:
4292:
7775:
7121:
7044:
7024:
6756:
6047:
6035:
6018:
5752:
5513:
5392:
5385:
3897:
3865:
3252:
French is the language of administration, education, and business in
3222:
3179:
2822:
According to some estimates, French is spoken by 75 to 99 percent of
2144:
1897:
1302:
1260:
1229:
865:
800:
2364:, which have 5.6 million first and second language speakers in 2018.
2318:– spoken altogether by about 97 million people in 2018, as either a
7039:
7012:
5950:
5747:
5691:
5402:
5380:
4309:
3923:
3893:
3861:
3853:
3805:
3606:
Here are some of the phonetic characteristics of Kinshasa French:
3310:
3067:(in standard French, the grammatically correct sentence should be
3021:
3005:
2538:
2452:
2412:
2117:
1869:
1812:
1755:
1428:
1318:
1213:
839:
787:
644:
441:
4714:. In Kramer, Ruth; Zsiga, Elizabeth C.; Tlale Boyer, One (eds.).
2525:("Popular African French") or FPA. It is used in the entirety of
4382:
Richard Marcoux; Laurent Richard; Alexandre Wolff (March 2022).
3913:
3877:
3829:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2748:
2422:
2254:
1980:
1592:
904:
696:
267:
6206:
5544:
5204:
3526:
doesn't mean "He has two offices", but "He has two mistresses".
3309:
is the largest Francophone city in the world, recently passing
3536:
means "fend for yourself" or "find what you need by yourself".
2700:
2673:, is another common alternative. Pronunciation of the letters
219:
172:
70:
29:
2565:
FPA has its own grammatical rules and lexicon. For example, "
3154:
interchangeable usage of indirect and direct objects (using
1327:
In some countries, it is a first language among some social
4709:"Nouchi as a Distinct Language: The Morphological Evidence"
3430:
means "thank you very much". It comes from standard French
2834:(after a character in chronicles published by the magazine
1293:) it has become a first language, such as in the region of
4496:"Is there a difference between French and African French?"
2760:
to this template: there are already 1,437 articles in the
279:
to this template: there are already 1,437 articles in the
2623:
1366:
French proficiency in African countries according to the
3232:(to have relations with a second woman, from the French
3190:
direct borrowings, where the lexical unit is unchanged:
2880:
is a slang word meaning a girl or a girlfriend. It is a
1351:
along with Arabic (many people in the upper classes are
3377:
means strong, resistant. It is a loanword from Lingala.
3363:
whose meaning in standard French is "corpse". The word
2632:
of pre-20th Century French instead of the now standard
200:
3494:("there's no way"), itself made up of standard French
2892:("girl"). It is also French hip-hop slang for a girl.
4743:
4741:
4739:
4342:"Language Maintenance and Spread: French in Algeria"
3418:
is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in
3353:
means broken, worn out, exhausted, or dead. It is a
2744:
411:
200 million (mostly non-native speakers) (2024)
263:
8080:
8031:
7980:
7904:
7708:
7681:
7630:
7482:
7368:
7314:
7295:
6924:
6913:
6666:
6657:
6618:
6498:
6383:
6372:
6283:
6245:
6132:
5933:
5862:
5676:
5633:
5605:
5596:
5579:
5522:
5501:
5476:
5428:
5366:
5357:
5306:
5270:
5247:
4778:"Languages: Crowd-Sourced Online Nouchi Dictionary"
3450:is a bottle opener. It comes from the Lingala verb
2852:with a distinct grammar. New words often appear in
2740:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
930:
918:
913:
622:
617:
592:
566:
524:
415:
405:
397:
364:
259:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5185:La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie
4920:Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío
3506:("not", "no"), to which was added standard French
2996:is attested not only in Côte d'Ivoire but also in
5172:Dictionaries of various French-speaking countries
4750:"Variétés lexicales du français en Côte d'Ivoire"
4748:Bertin Mel Gnamba and Jérémie Kouadio N'Guessan.
4080:
4078:
1362:List of countries in Africa by French proficiency
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
3422:and Kinshasa French, but not in standard French.
2477:, the former having four "national" languages –
1385:Percentage of the population that speaks French
5714:
4833:"Le Dictionnaire de la Zone © Cobra le Cynique"
4445:"target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc"
3934:One country not member or observer of the OIF:
3282:which is influenced by local languages such as
3100:which, translated into English, roughly means,
2830:(after a working-class district of Abidjan) or
2551:
5709:
5193:RFI - L’avenir du français passe par l’Afrique
4982:Interférences et français populaire du Burkina
4967:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
4537:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
4226:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
3802:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
3551:. In standard French, it means "I don't mind".
3044:formal Abidjan French of the educated people:
2786:accompanying your translation by providing an
2731:Click for important translation instructions.
2718:expand this section with text translated from
1368:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
1274:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
305:accompanying your translation by providing an
250:Click for important translation instructions.
237:expand this article with text translated from
6218:
5556:
5216:
4609:Calvet, Maurice jean; Dumont, Pierre (1969).
4541:"Estimation du nombre de francophones (2018)"
3501:
3488:means "absolutely impossible". It comes from
3451:
3437:
2441:In the colonial period, a vernacular form of
2406:All the African French varieties differ from
1347:, where French is a first language among the
1259:spoken by an estimated 167 million people in
1195:
8:
4346:International Journal of Francophone Studies
4324:"Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar"
3717:Geographical distribution of French speakers
3588:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3546:
3539:
3529:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3445:
3431:
3425:
3411:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3348:
3092:is an Abidjan slang word meaning "to steal")
3087:
3081:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3045:
2991:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2919:
2911:
2895:
2875:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2609:
2603:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
370:
8114:languages with more than 5 million speakers
6184:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
3143:omission of prepositions in some contexts (
2425:, with sign in French; she uses the phrase
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7697:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
7311:
6921:
6663:
6380:
6225:
6211:
6203:
5602:
5563:
5549:
5541:
5363:
5223:
5209:
5201:
4677:"La situation multilinguistique d'Abidjan"
4641:
4639:
4569:
4567:
3727:List of colonies and possessions of France
3470:is a rickety old taxi. In standard French
1372:
1202:
1188:
963:
943:
379:
361:
5083:
4931:
4535:Observatoire de la langue française de l’
350:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
5107:Gombé-Apondza, Guy-Roger Cyriac (2015).
3293:
955:
3979:
3956:
3793:
3305:With more than 11 million inhabitants,
3132:omission of articles in some contexts (
2864:was being written using mobile phones.
2844:has evolved from an ethnically neutral
2628:tends to be pronounced as the historic
1150:
1117:
1050:
1017:
984:
634:
4955:La langue française dans le monde 2010
4808:"Le lexique français de Côte d'Ivoire"
4160:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4153:
4017:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4010:
2765:
284:
5061:
5059:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4855:
4853:
4470:"What Languages Are Spoken In Gabon?"
3070:Cette fille (là) m'a pris de l'argent
2904:", and by extension "guerrilla", see
565:
7:
2391:, which are also spoken in the area.
317:{{Translated|fr|Français d'Afrique}}
201:move details into the article's body
99:adding citations to reliable sources
4230:"La langue française dans le monde"
3967:indicate non-Francophone countries.
3301:in the commercial heart of Kinshasa
3165:more flexible grammatical formation
2658:
2529:, but especially in cities such as
8118:Languages between parentheses are
6188:Languages between parentheses are
4814:from the original on 4 August 2007
4400:from the original on 20 March 2022
4260:Chutel, Lynsey (18 October 2018).
4090:"2023 World Population Data Sheet"
3940:Two French territories in Africa:
3579:, "She is giving me a tough time".
3410:", means to stop going to school.
3240:(to show the way, from the French
3047:La fille m'a subtilisé mon argent.
2871:, except ô which is pronounced ):
14:
8152:Languages of the African diaspora
7998:(unknown further classification)
5117:Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs
3922:One associate member of the OIF:
3677:rather than the "correct" French
2798:{{Translated|fr|Nouchi (langue)}}
2693:may differ from standard French.
2348:The French variety spoken in the
45:This article has multiple issues.
5232:Varieties of the French language
4476:from the original on 25 May 2024
3691:
3315:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3030:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2705:
2274:
2247:
2220:
2193:
2165:
2137:
2110:
2082:
2054:
2027:
2000:
1973:
1946:
1918:
1890:
1862:
1833:
1805:
1777:
1748:
1720:
1693:
1666:
1639:
1612:
1585:
1558:
1531:
1503:
1475:
1448:
1421:
1394:
1289:and in the ports located on the
967:
897:
884:
871:
858:
845:
832:
819:
806:
793:
780:
767:
754:
741:
728:
715:
702:
689:
676:
663:
650:
637:
224:
177:
75:
34:
5138:from the original on 2024-05-25
5045:from the original on 2020-11-29
5013:from the original on 2024-03-18
4891:from the original on 2023-02-21
4839:from the original on 2024-05-25
4788:from the original on 2012-09-04
4759:from the original on 2015-09-23
4725:from the original on 2022-03-22
4689:from the original on 2008-02-27
4625:from the original on 2023-02-21
4553:from the original on 2023-01-02
4506:from the original on 2020-10-26
4426:from the original on 2023-03-24
4384:"observatoire.francophonie.org"
4364:from the original on 2024-05-25
4272:from the original on 2020-11-08
4242:from the original on 2020-12-03
4207:from the original on 2023-03-23
4182:from the original on 2023-06-06
4143:from the original on 2023-04-15
4102:from the original on 2024-02-20
4064:from the original on 2023-03-23
4039:from the original on 2023-06-06
4000:from the original on 2023-04-15
3178:, it was shown that French and
2580:Il ou elle commence à me plaire
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
8122:of the language on their left.
7992:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
6192:of the language on their left.
3110:Ils n'ont qu'à essayer de voir
3064:Fille-là a prend mon l'argent.
2848:among uneducated youth into a
2796:You may also add the template
2429:("Be welcome"), considered an
1331:of the population, such as in
1038:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
315:You may also add the template
1:
5509:French-based creole languages
5167:Links for Afrique francophone
4646:Bassolé-Ouedraogo, A (2007).
4235:(2019 ed.). p. 38.
3752:French-based creole languages
2608:" (the above from above) or "
2394:The French variety spoken in
2389:French-based creole languages
2367:The French variety spoken by
2329:The French variety spoken by
2310:The French variety spoken in
1251:) is the generic name of the
5338:(England, Wales and Ireland)
4860:Johnson, Manda Djoa (2011).
3757:French language in Minnesota
3357:on the standard French word
3280:français populaire burkinabè
3102:to have only to + infinitive
7989:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4358:10.1386/ijfs.10.1and2.193_1
4086:Population Reference Bureau
3767:French language in Cambodia
3149:Il est parti à Yamoussoukro
3106:Ils non cas essayer de voir
3052:colloquial Abidjan French (
2809:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2768:will aid in categorization.
2663:
2644:, the sound represented by
2523:Français populaire africain
2517:Français populaire africain
1382:French speaking population
328:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
287:will aid in categorization.
8168:
7691:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
6717:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
6511:Central−Southern Calabrian
4933:10.33975/riuq.vol34nS2.873
4500:African Language Solutions
4340:Benrabah, Mohamed (2007).
3762:French language in Vietnam
3561:
3559:is the way Kinois say 81,
3520:means to have a mistress.
3436:("thank you") and Lingala
3406:, literally "to break the
3365:
2992:
2743:Machine translation, like
2610:
2604:
2598:FPA is mainly composed of
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2272:
2245:
2218:
2191:
2162:
2135:
2108:
2079:
2052:
2025:
1998:
1971:
1944:
1915:
1888:
1859:
1830:
1803:
1774:
1745:
1718:
1691:
1664:
1637:
1610:
1583:
1556:
1529:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1419:
1392:
371:
262:Machine translation, like
18:
8142:French language in Africa
8096:
7246:
6167:
5238:
5085:10.18355/XL.2019.12.03.18
4994:University of Ouagadougou
4970:, 2010, p. 51 (in French)
4755:(in French). p. 65.
4371:– via Researchgate.
3928:One observer of the OIF:
3661:and, similarly, the term
3589:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3490:
3484:
3466:
3446:
3426:
3402:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3349:
3088:
3082:
3063:
3046:
2932:
2920:
2912:
2896:
2876:
2720:the corresponding article
2646:
942:
631:Countries and territories
624:Official language in
378:
369:
239:the corresponding article
6999:North American dialects
6506:Extreme Southern Italian
3826:Central African Republic
3098:n'avoir qu'à + infinitif
3018:Central African Republic
2614:" (the powerful môgôs).
2568:Il ou elle peut me tuer!
1566:Central African Republic
1301:, in the urban areas of
1066:Articles and determiners
684:Central African Republic
6418:Central−Northern Latian
5572:Gallo-Romance languages
4806:Suzanne Lafage (2002).
3800:29 full members of the
3772:French language in Laos
3712:Belgian colonial empire
3398:which means atmosphere.
3392:, from standard French
2828:français de Treichville
2807:For more guidance, see
2574:Il ou elle peut me dja!
1353:simultaneous bilinguals
1236:and West African French
326:For more guidance, see
6722:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
4707:Sande, Hannah (2015).
3707:French colonial empire
3508:
3502:
3496:
3472:
3458:
3452:
3438:
3432:
3412:
3394:
3359:
3302:
3136:instead of the French
3076:Abidjan French slang (
3069:
3054:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2950:
2948:("stone"), or perhaps
2944:
2938:
2642:voiced velar fricative
2556:
2438:
1248:
1237:
961:
586:Eastern African French
385:A private pharmacy in
25:Black people in France
7209:Poitevin–Saintongeais
6182:A star (*) indicates
6077:Poitevin-Saintongeais
6008:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
4588:10.3406/lfr.1978.4853
4201:"Accueil-Francoscope"
4058:"Accueil-Francoscope"
3902:São Tomé and Príncipe
3842:Republic of the Congo
3665:may be pronounced as
3297:
3145:Il parti Yamoussoukro
3083:La go a momo mon pia.
2906:Maquis (World War II)
2780:copyright attribution
2605:les en-haut d'en-haut
2416:
2173:Sao Tome and Principe
1223:
959:
299:copyright attribution
7018:St. Marys Bay French
6542:Neapolitan–Calabrese
3679:Je veux de la banane
3570:compliquer quelqu'un
3500:("way") and Lingala
3299:Boulevard du 30 Juin
1028:Phonological history
95:improve this article
7370:Galician–Portuguese
6396:Central Marchigiano
5635:Bourbonnais Creoles
4996:, 1994. (in French)
4979:Coulibaly, Bakary.
3782:Languages of Africa
2689:may also vary, and
2611:les môgôs puissants
2435:Metropolitan France
2427:Soyez les bienvenus
1033:Oaths of Strasbourg
583:Indian Ocean French
572:West African French
7784:Catalan Ribagorçan
7631:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
6903:Judaeo-Piedmontese
6813:Bustocco–Legnanese
6608:Northern Calabrian
4988:2024-03-18 at the
4960:2024-03-24 at the
4472:. 14 August 2017.
4300:2016-01-20 at the
3556:quatre-vingt-et-un
3303:
3138:tu veux du poisson
3055:français de Moussa
2869:French orthography
2832:français de Moussa
2788:interlanguage link
2592:c'est mon bramôgo.
2586:c'est mon môgô sûr
2527:Sub-Saharan Africa
2439:
2417:Alcohol seller in
1238:
962:
307:interlanguage link
8129:
8128:
8105:extinct languages
8027:
8026:
7704:
7703:
7663:Navarro-Aragonese
7548:Peruvian Ribereño
7473:Judaeo-Portuguese
7388:Galician–Asturian
7291:
7290:
7282:Old Gallo-Romance
7236:Wisconsin Walloon
6653:
6652:
6626:Dalmatian Romance
6234:Romance languages
6200:
6199:
6177:extinct languages
6133:Francoprovencalic
6128:
6127:
6111:Wisconsin Walloon
5538:
5537:
5497:
5496:
5339:
4615:Collection IDERIC
3858:Equatorial Guinea
3675:Je veux du banane
3657:is pronounced as
3576:Elle me complique
3548:ça ne dérange pas
3541:ça ne dérange pas
3523:Il a deux bureaux
3485:moyen tê vraiment
2886:Mandinka language
2820:
2819:
2732:
2728:
2687:⟨l⟩
2683:⟨l⟩
2679:⟨t⟩
2675:⟨d⟩
2648:⟨غ⟩
2625:⟨r⟩
2533:, Côte d'Ivoire;
2510:Le petit français
2506:le petit français
2373:Mascarene Islands
2339:North-west Africa
2299:
2298:
1785:Equatorial Guinea
1379:Total population
1249:français africain
1221:
1212:
1211:
954:
953:
775:Equatorial Guinea
580:Djiboutian French
372:français africain
360:
359:
352:
339:
338:
251:
247:
218:
217:
197:length guidelines
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
8159:
7650:Judaeo-Aragonese
7639:Andalusi Romance
7492:Amazonic Spanish
7329:Western Asturian
7312:
7251:Franco-Provençal
6922:
6818:Comasco–Lecchese
6676:Emilian–Romagnol
6664:
6464:Regional Italian
6454:Italo-Australian
6381:
6303:Megleno-Romanian
6227:
6220:
6213:
6204:
6146:Franco-Provençal
6142:/Faetar-Cigliàje
6031:Louisiana French
6026:Louisiana Creole
5839:Saint-Barthélemy
5607:Antillean Creole
5603:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5542:
5489:Saint-Barthélemy
5364:
5337:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5163:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5114:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4977:
4971:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4911:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4745:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4713:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4576:Langue française
4571:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4532:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4447:. Archived from
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4388:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4304:by Katja Ploog,
4291:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4234:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3968:
3961:
3949:
3798:
3777:French Polynesia
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3352:
3248:Burkinabe French
3205:(police force),
3194:(particularly),
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3049:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2923:
2915:
2902:maquis shrubland
2899:
2884:either from the
2879:
2799:
2793:
2767:
2766:|topic=
2764:, and specifying
2749:Google Translate
2730:
2726:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2626:
2613:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2445:French known as
2279:
2278:
2277:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1373:
1222:
1204:
1197:
1190:
971:
964:
947:
938:
923:
903:
901:
900:
890:
888:
887:
877:
875:
874:
864:
862:
861:
851:
849:
848:
838:
836:
835:
825:
823:
822:
812:
810:
809:
799:
797:
796:
786:
784:
783:
773:
771:
770:
760:
758:
757:
747:
745:
744:
734:
732:
731:
721:
719:
718:
708:
706:
705:
695:
693:
692:
682:
680:
679:
669:
667:
666:
656:
654:
653:
643:
641:
640:
598:
421:
383:
374:
362:
355:
348:
318:
312:
286:
285:|topic=
283:, and specifying
268:Google Translate
249:
245:
228:
227:
220:
213:
210:
204:
195:Please read the
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
110:"African French"
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8147:French dialects
8132:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8092:
8076:
8054:Pannonian Latin
8040:African Romance
8023:
7976:
7907:
7900:
7838:Judeo-Provençal
7711:
7700:
7677:
7626:
7536:Chilean Chilote
7478:
7364:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7287:
7275:Moselle Romance
7242:
7091:Missouri French
7052:Franco-Ontarian
6927:
6916:
6909:
6649:
6614:
6591:Southern Latian
6494:
6459:Maltese Italian
6391:Central Italian
6375:
6368:
6363:Common Romanian
6279:
6263:Italo-Dalmatian
6241:
6231:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6163:
6124:
6042:Moselle Romance
6002:Karipúna Creole
5929:
5858:
5770:Franco-Ontarian
5672:
5629:
5592:
5587:Canadian French
5575:
5569:
5539:
5534:
5518:
5493:
5472:
5424:
5353:
5302:
5266:
5243:
5241:Standard French
5234:
5229:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5161:
5155:
5150:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:Wayback Machine
4978:
4974:
4962:Wayback Machine
4953:
4949:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4840:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4817:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4791:
4789:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4673:Lund University
4670:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4518:
4509:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4302:Wayback Machine
4289:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4131:"Archived copy"
4129:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3988:"Archived copy"
3986:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3600:
3598:Characteristics
3584:une tracasserie
3562:quatre-vingt-un
3517:avoir un bureau
3323:is shared with
3292:
3290:Kinshasa French
3250:
3219:
3217:Beninese French
3172:
3170:Algerian French
3162:and vice versa)
3134:tu veux poisson
3118:
3116:Characteristics
3058:
2954:(dollar, buck).
2850:creole language
2836:Ivoire Dimanche
2816:
2815:
2814:
2797:
2791:
2733:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2647:
2624:
2620:
2519:
2461:Gabriel Manessy
2408:Standard French
2324:second language
2304:
2275:
2273:
2248:
2246:
2221:
2219:
2194:
2192:
2166:
2164:
2138:
2136:
2111:
2109:
2083:
2081:
2055:
2053:
2028:
2026:
2001:
1999:
1974:
1972:
1947:
1945:
1919:
1917:
1891:
1889:
1863:
1861:
1834:
1832:
1806:
1804:
1778:
1776:
1749:
1747:
1721:
1719:
1694:
1692:
1667:
1665:
1640:
1638:
1613:
1611:
1586:
1584:
1559:
1557:
1532:
1530:
1504:
1502:
1476:
1474:
1449:
1447:
1422:
1420:
1395:
1393:
1364:
1269:second language
1257:French language
1214:
1208:
1176:Help:IPA/French
1111:
1110:
1098:
986:French language
950:
936:
919:
909:
898:
896:
885:
883:
872:
870:
859:
857:
846:
844:
833:
831:
820:
818:
807:
805:
794:
792:
781:
779:
768:
766:
755:
753:
742:
740:
729:
727:
716:
714:
703:
701:
690:
688:
677:
675:
664:
662:
651:
649:
638:
636:
633:
632:
625:
618:Official status
610:
607:French alphabet
599:
594:
562:
527:
520:
469:Gallo-Rhaetian?
457:Western Romance
437:Latino-Faliscan
422:
419:Language family
417:
408:
407:Native speakers
393:
356:
345:
344:
343:
335:
334:
333:
316:
310:
252:
229:
225:
214:
208:
205:
194:
191:may be too long
186:This article's
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
21:Arabs in France
17:
12:
11:
5:
8165:
8163:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8134:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8116:
8107:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8090:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7993:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7912:
7910:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7805:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7770:Judaeo-Catalan
7766:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7737:
7729:
7716:
7714:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7692:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7659:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7642:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7525:Latin American
7521:
7516:
7504:
7502:Judaeo-Spanish
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7429:
7424:
7417:
7405:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7320:
7318:
7309:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7153:
7148:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
6997:
6992:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6919:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6895:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6815:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6771:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6672:
6670:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6645:Judaeo-Italian
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6513:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6387:
6385:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6305:
6300:
6298:Istro-Romanian
6295:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6246:Major branches
6243:
6242:
6238:classification
6232:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6180:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6143:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5996:Haitian Creole
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5966:Burundi Pidgin
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
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5530:Français signé
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5359:North American
5355:
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5341:
5333:
5328:
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5182:
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5169:
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5154:
5153:External links
5151:
5149:
5148:
5099:
5078:(3): 240–248.
5055:
5023:
4998:
4972:
4947:
4901:
4849:
4824:
4798:
4784:. 2012-07-30.
4769:
4735:
4699:
4671:Marita Jabet,
4663:
4660:on 2008-02-27.
4635:
4601:
4563:
4516:
4502:. 2015-09-11.
4487:
4461:
4436:
4411:
4374:
4332:
4322:Øyvind, Dahl.
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3737:Maghreb French
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
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3686:
3683:
3670:
3669:
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3594:
3580:
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3527:
3513:
3481:
3463:
3443:
3423:
3420:Belgian French
3399:
3378:
3370:
3329:Belgian French
3291:
3288:
3269:Bobo-Dioulasso
3249:
3246:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3199:
3171:
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3114:
3094:
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2909:
2893:
2860:dictionary of
2818:
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2805:
2794:
2772:
2769:
2757:adding a topic
2752:
2741:
2734:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:Abidjan French
2695:
2630:alveolar trill
2619:
2616:
2518:
2515:
2495:Dakar, Senegal
2467:Code-switching
2431:archaic phrase
2404:
2403:
2400:Horn of Africa
2392:
2365:
2350:Comoro Islands
2346:
2343:Maghreb French
2327:
2312:Central Africa
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
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2290:
2287:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2266:
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2257:
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2209:
2206:
2203:
2189:
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2176:
2160:
2159:
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2133:
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2077:
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2070:
2067:
2064:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1743:
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1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
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1689:
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1679:
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1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1554:
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1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
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1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1363:
1360:
1291:Gulf of Guinea
1287:Central Africa
1241:African French
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
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914:Language codes
911:
910:
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868:
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829:
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686:
673:
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630:
629:
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626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
612:French Braille
600:
596:Writing system
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
576:Maghreb French
573:
568:
564:
563:
561:
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
554:
530:
528:
525:
522:
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519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
504:
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
494:
492:African French
425:
423:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
384:
376:
375:
367:
366:
365:African French
358:
357:
342:
337:
336:
332:
331:
324:
313:
291:
288:
276:adding a topic
271:
260:
253:
234:
233:
232:
230:
223:
216:
215:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8164:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8089:
8088:Proto-Romance
8086:
8085:
8083:
8081:Reconstructed
8079:
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8068:
8066:
8063:
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8058:
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8047:British Latin
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8030:
8018:
8015:
8013:
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8005:
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8000:
7999:
7997:
7994:
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7990:
7986:
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7983:
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7971:
7968:
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7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
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7909:
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7888:
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7885:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7872:
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7866:Vivaro-Alpine
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7715:
7713:
7707:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7671:
7670:Old Navarrese
7667:
7666:
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7658:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7646:
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7609:
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7537:
7534:
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7528:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7520:
7519:Equatoguinean
7517:
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7512:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
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7444:
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7418:
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7411:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7300:
7294:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Frainc-Comtou
6971:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6912:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Judeo-Italian
6767:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6564:Castelmezzano
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6469:Swiss Italian
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6350:Transylvanian
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6309:Daco-Romanian
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:Italo-Western
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6063:
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6056:
6055:
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6049:
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6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5981:Frainc-Comtou
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5877:
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5874:
5870:
5869:
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5861:
5855:
5852:
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5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5808:Middle French
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
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5758:
5754:
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5720:
5716:
5713:
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5708:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5697:St. Marys Bay
5695:
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5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
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5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Langues d'oïl
5595:
5588:
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5582:
5578:
5573:
5566:
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5430:United States
5427:
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5334:
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5309:
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5299:
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5269:
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5260:
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5219:
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5194:
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4969:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4926:(S2): 13–19.
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4868:(in French).
4867:
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4856:
4854:
4850:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
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4810:(in French).
4809:
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4782:Rising Voices
4779:
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4710:
4703:
4700:
4685:
4682:(in French).
4678:
4674:
4667:
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4656:
4649:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4624:
4620:
4617:(in French).
4616:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4582:(1): 91–105.
4581:
4578:(in French).
4577:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4549:
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4531:
4529:
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4451:on 2022-10-23
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4306:CNRS Editions
4303:
4299:
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4266:Quartz Africa
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4034:
4028:
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4014:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3980:
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3966:
3963:Countries in
3960:
3957:
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3925:
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3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
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3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:Guinea-Bissau
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:Côte d'Ivoire
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
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3760:
3758:
3755:
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3732:Belgian Congo
3730:
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3699:Africa portal
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3498:
3492:
3486:
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3460:
3454:
3448:
3447:un zibolateur
3444:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3403:casser le bic
3400:
3396:
3390:
3389:un ambianceur
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3356:
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3333:
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3326:
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3321:
3320:lingua franca
3316:
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3308:
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3296:
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3007:
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2999:
2994:
2989:
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2968:
2967:un restaurant
2962:
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2846:lingua franca
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2825:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2795:
2789:
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2762:main category
2759:
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2716:You can help
2712:
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2692:
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2618:Pronunciation
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2190:
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2124:
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2100:
2097:
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2092:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:Guinea-Bissau
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
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1677:
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1674:Côte d'Ivoire
1663:
1659:
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1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
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1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:upper classes
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
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1288:
1283:
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1276:
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1266:
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1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
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1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
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1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:passé composé
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
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1069:
1067:
1064:
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1056:
1053:
1049:
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1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Langues d'oïl
993:
992:
991:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
970:
966:
965:
958:
946:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
922:
917:
912:
906:
895:
893:
882:
880:
869:
867:
856:
854:
843:
841:
830:
828:
817:
815:
804:
802:
791:
789:
778:
776:
765:
763:
752:
750:
739:
737:
736:Côte d'Ivoire
726:
724:
713:
711:
700:
698:
687:
685:
674:
672:
661:
659:
648:
646:
635:
627:
621:
616:
613:
608:
604:
601:
597:
591:
585:
582:
579:
577:
574:
571:
570:
569:
553:
552:Middle French
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:Proto-Romance
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
533:
529:
523:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
468:
467:
466:
465:Gallo-Romance
463:
462:
461:Gallo-Iberian
460:
459:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:Italo-Western
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:Indo-European
424:
420:
414:
410:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
382:
377:
373:
368:
363:
354:
351:
340:
329:
325:
322:
314:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
282:
281:main category
278:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
255:
254:
248:
246:(August 2019)
242:
240:
235:You can help
231:
222:
221:
212:
202:
198:
192:
190:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
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133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
8109:
8100:
8052:
8045:
8038:
7987:
7889:
7882:
7844:Languedocien
7836:
7829:Judeo-Gascon
7827:
7768:
7719:
7689:Barranquenho
7668:
7661:
7637:
7619:
7561:
7523:
7506:
7497:Extremaduran
7471:
7445:
7431:
7419:
7407:
7400:
7357:
7316:Asturleonese
7280:
7273:
7231:West Walloon
7219:Saintongeais
7167:
7143:
7139:Anglo-Norman
7097:
7030:Newfoundland
6990:Jersey Legal
6982:
6890:
6855:Southwestern
6838:Vallassinese
6727:Gallo-Picene
6668:Gallo-Italic
6630:
6546:
6541:
6480:
6446:
6361:
6307:
6172:
6117:
6098:
6087:Saintongeais
6064:
6052:
6040:
6006:
5971:Camfranglais
5917:
5910:
5883:
5873:Anglo-Norman
5871:
5834:Newfoundland
5819:Metropolitan
5806:
5796:Jersey Legal
5794:
5785:Houma French
5703:
5625:Saint Lucian
5580:Areal groups
5574:and dialects
5410:Newfoundland
5331:Jersey Legal
5261:
5248:
5140:. Retrieved
5120:
5116:
5102:
5075:
5071:
5047:. Retrieved
5026:
5015:. Retrieved
5001:
4981:
4975:
4965:
4950:
4923:
4919:
4893:. Retrieved
4869:
4865:
4841:. Retrieved
4827:
4816:. Retrieved
4801:
4790:. Retrieved
4781:
4772:
4761:. Retrieved
4727:. Retrieved
4715:
4702:
4691:. Retrieved
4666:
4655:the original
4627:. Retrieved
4621:(1): 71–90.
4618:
4614:
4604:
4579:
4575:
4555:. Retrieved
4508:. Retrieved
4499:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4464:
4453:. Retrieved
4449:the original
4439:
4428:. Retrieved
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4390:
4377:
4366:. Retrieved
4349:
4345:
4335:
4317:
4293:
4285:
4274:. Retrieved
4265:
4255:
4244:. Retrieved
4220:
4209:. Retrieved
4195:
4184:. Retrieved
4170:
4145:. Retrieved
4125:
4115:
4104:. Retrieved
4066:. Retrieved
4052:
4041:. Retrieved
4027:
4002:. Retrieved
3982:
3964:
3959:
3810:Burkina Faso
3796:
3747:Francophonie
3742:Françafrique
3722:Camfranglais
3678:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3334:
3318:
3304:
3277:
3257:
3256:and was the
3254:Burkina Faso
3251:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3173:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3147:rather than
3144:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3108:rather than
3105:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3077:
3034:
3010:Burkina Faso
2987:
2983:
2957:
2942:("coin") or
2866:
2861:
2858:crowdsourced
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2784:edit summary
2775:
2755:
2725:
2717:
2666:
2634:uvular trill
2621:
2597:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2545:, Togo; and
2522:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2465:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2426:
2405:
2305:
2163:
2080:
1916:
1860:
1831:
1775:
1761:106,156,692
1746:
1501:
1456:Burkina Faso
1365:
1357:
1326:
1323:Antananarivo
1284:
1280:Francophonie
1272:
1240:
1239:
1105:passé simple
1043:Anglo-Norman
1010:Francophonie
537:Vulgar Latin
491:
346:
303:edit summary
294:
274:
244:
236:
206:
189:lead section
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
8065:Campidanese
7891:Old Catalan
7884:Old Occitan
7621:Old Spanish
7555:Rioplatense
7359:Old Leonese
7187:Cotentinais
7151:Guernésiais
7074:Frenchville
7067:New England
6946:Bourbonnais
6898:Piedmontese
6892:Old Lombard
6784:Bergamasque
6708:Sammarinese
6179:or dialects
6066:Petit nègre
5956:Bourbonnais
5901:Guernésiais
5896:Cotentinais
5775:Frenchville
5737:New England
5668:Seychellois
5468:New England
5443:Frenchville
5196:(in French)
5188:(in French)
5180:(in French)
5162:(in French)
5123:: 101–116.
4352:: 193–215.
4290:(in French)
3643:as ba-nde )
3636:as actère )
3590:tracasserie
3512:("really").
3427:merci mingi
3338:code switch
3265:Ouagadougou
3244:- finger).
3158:instead of
2973:une cantine
2913:un bra-môgô
2727:(July 2024)
2547:Ouagadougou
2541:, Senegal;
2448:Petit nègre
2316:West Africa
2286:12,046,656
2205:17,653,669
2149:13,600,466
2122:26,083,660
2095:33,089,463
2069:13,456,845
2066:37,772,757
1985:21,473,776
1958:29,178,075
1902:13,865,692
1875:32,395,454
1735:72,110,821
1732:95,240,782
1678:27,742,301
1597:17,413,574
1546:11,490,652
1543:27,911,544
1487:12,624,845
1460:22,102,838
1433:12,784,728
1409:14,903,789
1406:45,350,141
1299:Ivory Coast
1232:, speaking
1224:A man from
1171:Aspirated h
1119:Orthography
1089:conjugation
526:Early forms
391:Ivory Coast
151:August 2020
8136:Categories
8112:indicates
8070:Logudorese
7603:Philippine
7569:Andalusian
7563:Peninsular
7453:Estremenho
7409:Portuguese
7336:Cantabrian
7169:Law French
7161:Sercquiais
6995:Meridional
6956:Champenois
6951:Burgundian
6762:Tabarchino
6752:Monégasque
6691:Parmigiano
6548:Neapolitan
6521:Manduriano
6488:Florentine
6355:Wallachian
6325:Bukovinian
6054:Old French
5976:Champenois
5961:Burgundian
5925:Sercquiais
5919:Old Norman
5912:Law French
5854:Vietnamese
5814:Meridional
5648:Chagossian
5321:Meridional
5293:Vietnamese
5142:2023-02-21
5129:2060963904
5049:2020-11-24
5017:2024-03-18
4895:2023-02-21
4885:1017876369
4878:A383852945
4843:2015-08-10
4818:2007-08-01
4792:2012-09-02
4763:2013-09-30
4729:2021-09-15
4693:2007-05-29
4629:2023-02-21
4557:2020-11-24
4510:2020-09-30
4455:2023-05-28
4430:2023-04-12
4368:2024-03-18
4276:2020-09-30
4246:2020-11-24
4211:2023-04-15
4186:2023-04-15
4147:2023-04-15
4106:2024-02-05
4068:2023-04-15
4043:2023-04-15
4004:2023-04-15
3975:References
3930:Mozambique
3910:Seychelles
3882:Mauritania
3874:Madagascar
3822:Cape Verde
3565:in Europe.
3532:article 15
3467:un tétanos
3442:("a lot").
3332:language.
3176:Mostaganem
2926:Portuguese
2691:intonation
2638:guttural R
2385:Seychelles
2362:Madagascar
2289:6,321,391
2262:3,554,266
2259:8,680,832
2228:Seychelles
2208:4,640,365
2125:3,362,988
2090:Mozambique
2039:1,274,720
2012:4,901,979
2008:Mauritania
1988:3,702,660
1961:7,729,277
1954:Madagascar
1931:2,063,361
1905:3,776,660
1846:2,558,493
1820:1,865,225
1817:2,331,532
1790:1,496,673
1764:3,204,706
1705:1,016,098
1681:9,324,605
1654:3,518,464
1651:5,797,801
1600:2,249,023
1573:1,435,061
1570:5,016,678
1511:Cabo Verde
1490:1,073,506
1463:5,403,610
1436:4,306,099
1376:Countries
1345:Mauritania
1315:Libreville
1138:Circumflex
1094:morphology
892:Seychelles
814:Madagascar
547:Old French
121:newspapers
50:improve it
8120:varieties
8103:indicate
8060:Sardinian
8017:Triestine
7965:Sursilvan
7876:Mentonasc
7854:Provençal
7803:Auvergnat
7789:Valencian
7745:Mallorcan
7735:Algherese
7710:Occitano-
7657:Navarrese
7645:Aragonese
7581:Castilian
7484:Castilian
7460:Uruguayan
7433:Brazilian
7396:Minderico
7390:/Eonavian
7353:Mirandese
7267:Valdôtain
7253:/Arpitan
7194:Orléanais
7145:Auregnais
7129:Mayennais
7079:Louisiana
6961:Ardennais
6941:Berrichon
6747:Intemelio
6703:Forlivese
6686:Bolognese
6632:Dalmatian
6596:Tarantino
6559:Benevento
6516:Salentino
6476:Sassarese
6440:Gallurese
6423:Romanesco
6376:Dalmatian
6340:Moldavian
6335:Maramureș
6293:Aromanian
6190:varieties
6175:indicate
6157:Valdôtain
6148:/Arpitan
6119:Zarphatic
6060:Orléanais
5946:Berrichon
5885:Auregnais
5760:Cambodian
5742:Québécois
5663:Rodriguan
5653:Mauritian
5620:Grenadian
5615:Dominican
5477:Caribbean
5448:Louisiana
5278:Cambodian
5094:199175583
4942:249701668
4872:: 79–88.
3886:Mauritius
3616:couwisine
3382:anti-nuit
3355:neologism
3342:registers
3236:second),
2993:chicotter
2979:un copain
2961:une fille
2921:chicotter
2897:un maquis
2802:talk page
2754:Consider
2722:in French
2600:metaphors
2537:, Benin;
2451:("little
2377:Mauritius
2335:Maghrebis
2302:Varieties
2035:Mauritius
1253:varieties
1152:Phonology
921:ISO 639-3
532:Old Latin
321:talk page
273:Consider
241:in French
209:July 2023
199:and help
56:talk page
7996:Venetian
7970:Vallader
7960:Surmiran
7933:Cadorino
7916:Friulian
7849:Limousin
7818:Béarnese
7780:Western
7762:Northern
7750:Menorcan
7740:Balearic
7731:Eastern
7727:dialects
7586:Castrapo
7543:Peruvian
7514:dialects
7447:European
7415:dialects
7402:Portugis
7383:Galician
7324:Asturian
7262:Savoyard
7214:Poitevin
7182:Cauchois
7156:Jèrriais
7003:Canadian
6882:Varesino
6877:Ticinese
6865:Novarese
6860:Cremunés
6850:Ossolano
6845:Milanese
6833:Lecchese
6801:Brianzöö
6732:Ligurian
6698:Romagnol
6579:Arianese
6574:Irpinian
6569:Cilentan
6533:Pantesco
6528:Sicilian
6499:Southern
6435:Corsican
6411:Macerata
6406:Fabriano
6345:Oltenian
6315:dialects
6275:Southern
6152:Savoyard
6082:Poitevin
5991:Guianese
5906:Jèrriais
5891:Cauchois
5844:Standard
5824:Missouri
5765:Francien
5715:Kinshasa
5458:Missouri
5368:Canadian
5308:European
5298:Lebanese
5257:Maghrebi
5133:Archived
5125:ProQuest
5072:XLinguae
5040:Archived
5011:Archived
4986:Archived
4958:Archived
4889:Archived
4881:ProQuest
4837:Archived
4812:Archived
4786:Archived
4757:Archived
4720:Archived
4684:Archived
4623:Archived
4596:41557837
4548:Archived
4504:Archived
4474:Archived
4424:Archived
4404:12 April
4395:Archived
4362:Archived
4298:Archived
4270:Archived
4237:Archived
4205:Archived
4180:Archived
4156:cite web
4138:Archived
4097:Archived
4062:Archived
4037:Archived
4013:cite web
3995:Archived
3850:Djibouti
3838:DR Congo
3818:Cameroon
3685:See also
3509:vraiment
3491:moyen tê
3453:kozibola
3395:ambiance
3366:cadavéré
3350:cadavéré
3307:Kinshasa
3234:second -
3230:seconder
3209:(cinema)
3203:gendarme
3038:register
3028:and the
2988:l'argent
2888:or from
2882:loanword
2778:provide
2471:DR Congo
2396:Djibouti
2178:227,679
2152:792,815
2042:926,053
2015:655,948
1934:317,351
1878:273,795
1849:511,699
1793:432,705
1728:DR Congo
1708:508,049
1701:Djibouti
1627:237,140
1624:907,411
1539:Cameroon
1516:567,676
1311:Cameroon
1128:Alphabet
1075:personal
1071:Pronouns
1000:Dialects
978:a series
976:Part of
762:DR Congo
749:Djibouti
671:Cameroon
567:Dialects
297:provide
8101:Italics
8002:Chipilo
7945:Romansh
7908:Romance
7906:Rhaeto-
7871:Gardiol
7823:Landese
7813:Aranese
7798:Occitan
7757:Central
7721:Catalan
7712:Romance
7613:Creoles
7608:Saharan
7596:Murcian
7574:Llanito
7531:Chilean
7508:Spanish
7465:Creoles
7439:Mineiro
7421:African
7346:Riberan
7341:Leonese
7306:Iberian
7299:Romance
7226:Walloon
7199:Paydret
7177:Augeron
7117:Vosgien
7112:Gaumais
7107:Lorrain
7099:Creoles
7062:Muskrat
7008:Acadian
6936:Angevin
6926:Langues
6917:Romance
6823:Comasco
6796:Western
6789:Cremish
6779:Eastern
6774:Lombard
6742:Genoese
6737:Brigasc
6681:Emilian
6659:Western
6638:Istriot
6601:Vastese
6586:Molisan
6448:Italian
6384:Central
6330:Crișana
6285:Eastern
6268:Western
6253:Eastern
6173:Italics
6106:Walloon
6100:Tây Bồi
6014:Lorrain
5941:Angevin
5879:Augeron
5829:Muskrat
5802:Laotian
5780:Haitian
5727:Belgian
5710:Abidjan
5704:African
5687:Acadian
5658:Réunion
5643:Agalega
5502:Related
5484:Haitian
5463:Muskrat
5420:Ontario
5398:Acadian
5326:Belgian
5288:Laotian
5262:African
5249:African
4866:Thélème
4228:(OIF).
3965:italics
3946:Mayotte
3942:Réunion
3936:Algeria
3918:Tunisia
3906:Senegal
3890:Morocco
3834:Comoros
3814:Burundi
3804:(OIF):
3667:partsi)
3612:cuisine
3478:tetanus
3476:means "
3473:tétanos
3360:cadavre
3325:Lingala
3273:Banfora
3259:de jure
3238:doigter
3196:voiture
3192:surtout
2998:Senegal
2951:piastre
2890:English
2824:Abidjan
2800:to the
2782:in the
2724:.
2652:in the
2640:.' The
2554:French.
2535:Cotonou
2531:Abidjan
2491:Swahili
2487:Lingala
2483:Kikongo
2475:Senegal
2398:in the
2381:Réunion
2371:in the
2369:Creoles
2358:Mayotte
2354:Comoros
2331:Berbers
2292:52.47%
2282:Tunisia
2265:40.94%
2238:53.00%
2235:52,699
2232:99,433
2211:26.29%
2201:Senegal
2184:20.20%
2181:45,984
2128:12.89%
2098:98,822
2072:35.63%
2062:Morocco
2045:72.65%
2018:13.38%
1991:17.24%
1964:26.49%
1937:15.38%
1908:27.24%
1852:20.00%
1796:28.91%
1684:33.61%
1657:60.69%
1630:26.13%
1620:Comoros
1603:12.92%
1576:28.61%
1549:41.17%
1522:10.83%
1519:61,461
1483:Burundi
1466:24.45%
1439:33.68%
1412:32.86%
1402:Algeria
1370:(OIF).
1341:Morocco
1337:Tunisia
1333:Algeria
1329:classes
1307:Yaoundé
1295:Abidjan
1255:of the
1166:Liaison
1161:Elision
1143:Braille
1133:Reforms
1061:Adverbs
1052:Grammar
1019:History
1005:Creoles
879:Senegal
853:Réunion
827:Mayotte
710:Comoros
658:Burundi
473:Arpitan
447:Romance
387:Abidjan
319:to the
301:in the
243:.
135:scholar
8032:Others
8012:Talian
8007:Fiuman
7981:Others
7921:Fornes
7859:Niçard
7808:Gascon
7776:Patuet
7682:Others
7591:Castúo
7297:Ibero-
7257:Faetar
7204:Picard
7134:Norman
7122:Welche
7045:Magoua
7035:Quebec
7025:Brayon
6984:French
6966:Rémois
6915:Gallo-
6870:Pavese
6828:Laghée
6806:Canzés
6757:Royasc
6619:Others
6554:Barese
6482:Tuscan
6428:Sabino
6401:Ancona
6374:Italo-
6140:Faetar
6072:Picard
6048:Nouchi
6036:Michif
6019:Welche
5934:Others
5864:Norman
5790:Indian
5753:Magoua
5722:Aostan
5678:French
5523:Signed
5514:Michif
5393:Brayon
5386:Magoua
5376:Quebec
5349:Aostan
5316:French
5283:Indian
5127:
5092:
4940:
4883:
4876:
4594:
4480:19 May
4312:, 2002
3916:, and
3898:Rwanda
3866:Guinea
3634:acteur
3623:bureau
3459:-ateur
3374:makasi
3271:, and
3223:Fongbe
3207:cinéma
3180:Arabic
3078:Nouchi
3016:, the
2984:battre
2945:pierre
2933:le pia
2877:une go
2862:Nouchi
2854:Nouchi
2841:Nouchi
2654:Arabic
2589:" or "
2571:" or "
2489:, and
2479:Ciluba
2443:creole
2383:) and
2360:) and
2280:
2253:
2226:
2199:
2171:
2155:5.83%
2145:Rwanda
2143:
2116:
2101:0.30%
2088:
2060:
2033:
2006:
1979:
1952:
1924:
1898:Guinea
1896:
1881:0.85%
1868:
1841:Gambia
1839:
1811:
1783:
1767:3.02%
1754:
1726:
1699:
1672:
1645:
1618:
1591:
1564:
1537:
1509:
1493:8.50%
1481:
1454:
1427:
1400:
1343:, and
1321:, and
1303:Douala
1261:Africa
1245:French
1230:Guinea
980:on the
937:fr-002
902:
889:
876:
866:Rwanda
863:
850:
837:
824:
811:
801:Guinea
798:
785:
772:
759:
746:
733:
720:
707:
694:
681:
668:
655:
642:
487:French
432:Italic
401:Africa
398:Region
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
7955:Putèr
7950:Jauer
7938:Nones
7928:Ladin
7427:Asian
7084:Houma
7057:Métis
7040:Joual
7013:Chiac
6978:Gallo
6928:d'oïl
6320:Banat
5986:Gallo
5951:Bolze
5849:Swiss
5748:Joual
5732:Métis
5692:Chiac
5453:Métis
5438:Houma
5415:Métis
5403:Chiac
5381:Joual
5344:Swiss
5271:Asian
5136:(PDF)
5113:(PDF)
5090:S2CID
5043:(PDF)
5036:(PDF)
4938:S2CID
4753:(PDF)
4723:(PDF)
4712:(PDF)
4687:(PDF)
4680:(PDF)
4658:(PDF)
4651:(PDF)
4592:JSTOR
4551:(PDF)
4544:(PDF)
4398:(PDF)
4391:ODSEF
4387:(PDF)
4327:(PDF)
4310:Paris
4240:(PDF)
4233:(PDF)
4141:(PDF)
4134:(PDF)
4100:(PDF)
4093:(PDF)
3998:(PDF)
3991:(PDF)
3924:Ghana
3894:Niger
3862:Gabon
3854:Egypt
3806:Benin
3788:Notes
3663:parti
3648:bande
3641:bande
3497:moyen
3439:mingi
3433:merci
3311:Paris
3284:Mooré
3242:doigt
3198:(car)
3022:Benin
3006:Niger
2939:pièce
2745:DeepL
2656:word
2539:Dakar
2499:Wolof
2453:negro
2352:(the
2341:(see
2320:first
2295:2022
2268:2022
2241:2022
2214:2022
2187:2022
2158:2022
2131:2022
2118:Niger
2104:2022
2075:2022
2048:2022
2021:2022
1994:2022
1967:2022
1940:2022
1911:2022
1884:2022
1870:Ghana
1855:2022
1826:2023
1813:Gabon
1799:2022
1770:2022
1756:Egypt
1741:2022
1714:2022
1687:2022
1660:2022
1647:Congo
1633:2022
1606:2022
1579:2022
1552:2022
1525:2022
1496:2022
1469:2022
1442:2022
1429:Benin
1415:2022
1388:Year
1319:Gabon
1313:, in
1265:first
1234:Pular
1082:Verbs
840:Niger
788:Gabon
723:Congo
645:Benin
603:Latin
442:Latin
264:DeepL
142:JSTOR
128:books
8110:Bold
7695:Caló
7378:Fala
7304:West
6094:Tayo
5336:Law
4874:Gale
4482:2023
4406:2023
4162:link
4019:link
3944:and
3914:Togo
3878:Mali
3830:Chad
3659:dzix
3627:biro
3089:Momo
3026:Togo
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