208:
25:
190:
106:
427:) split off from the main organization to participate in Mauritania's political transition. The main branch of FLAM has not returned to the country, awaiting settlement of outstanding issues which would, in its view, allow it to play a meaningful part in the political process. The government of
387:; Moors in Senegal fled the opposite way. FLAM received and organized the Mauritanian refugees in Senegal, which bolstered the strength of the movement. With Senegalese backing, the movement intensified its
423:
stated that the coming elected government would handle the question of resettlement of the refugees once in power. In anticipation of the promised changes, a reformist wing of the FLAM (
495:
510:
379:
in the racially mixed border areas, as well as a collapse in bilateral relations and intermittent military skirmishing between the two countries. In these so-called "
54:
505:
308:
490:
291:) as tensions had increased between the two ethnicities following severe political repression, instability and a controversial land reform enacted under
525:
299:
515:
380:
500:
361:
340:. It remained committed to destroying the "Beidane System", accusing Mauritania's Moorish-dominated governments of instituting a form of "
520:
76:
328:, with its main areas of strength in the southern areas of the country (bordering Senegal and Mali), and especially among the
364:
530:
357:
295:
174:
395:
valley. Violence would not dissipate until 1991–92. Most of the refugees subsequently returned, but over 20,000 Black
428:
37:
468:
47:
41:
33:
396:
302:. The group endorsed, but did not initiate, a violent overthrow of the regime, and was quickly outlawed. In
58:
420:
412:
472:
288:
119:
458:
408:
383:", thousands of Black Mauritanians (mostly of the Helpulaar minority) were forced across the
376:
317:
242:
388:
484:
392:
384:
272:
268:
250:
329:
312:, which detailed Government discrimination, and demanded the overthrow of the "
399:, and the events made a lasting mark on the Mauritanian-Senegalese relations.
325:
276:
213:
159:
431:, elected in 2007, began preparations to receive the remaining refugees with
345:
341:
105:
372:
321:
313:
195:
163:
432:
337:
333:
265:
261:
148:
143:
416:
368:
303:
292:
167:
18:
224:
463:
324:
elite). Acting as an underground and illegal movement in
444:
Lance Kinne, "The
Benefits of Exile: The Case of FLAM",
332:population, FLAM's leadership was headquartered in
219:
201:
183:
173:
155:
139:
129:
115:
91:
448:, Vol. 39, No. 4. (Dec., 2001), pp. 597–621.
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
496:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa
371:, when a border dispute with southern neighbor
247:Forces de Libération Africaines de Mauritanie
98:Forces de Libération Africaines de Mauritanie
8:
309:Manifesto of the oppressed black Mauritanian
253:
435:assistance during the summer of that year.
391:with continuous cross-border raids in the
88:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
397:Mauritanian refugees remained in Senegal
348:operations in the south of the country.
344:", and engaged in sporadic, small-scale
287:FLAM was founded in 1983 (co-founded by
511:National liberation movements in Africa
239:African Liberation Forces of Mauritania
92:African Liberation Forces of Mauritania
16:Paramilitary organization in Mauritania
464:FLAM Official English-language US site
446:The Journal of Modern African Studies
7:
179:Black African Mauritanian liberation
506:Anti-racist organizations in Africa
14:
491:1983 establishments in Mauritania
320:-appellation for the Arabophone
206:
188:
104:
23:
516:Political parties in Mauritania
356:Tensions between the group and
459:FLAM Official Site (in French)
1:
367:increased to a peak in April
526:Mauritania–Senegal relations
296:Mohamed Khouna Ould Heidalla
501:Anti-black racism in Africa
365:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
275:natives and inhabitants of
547:
521:Rebel groups in Mauritania
429:Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi
403:After the 2005 transition
103:
97:
96:
135:November 1983 – May 1992
32:This article includes a
316:System" (Beidane is an
61:more precise citations.
254:
246:
124:(November 1983 – 1989)
413:Ely Ould Mohamed Vall
531:Racism in Mauritania
473:Windows Media Player
289:Ibrahima Moctar Sarr
120:Ibrahima Moctar Sarr
419:, the transitional
306:, it published the
300:military government
156:Active regions
375:led to widespread
131:Dates of operation
34:list of references
271:organization for
235:
234:
87:
86:
79:
538:
259:
231:
228:
226:
212:
210:
209:
194:
192:
191:
132:
125:
110:Flag of the FLAM
108:
99:
89:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
537:
536:
535:
481:
480:
455:
441:
439:Further reading
425:FLAM-Renovation
405:
377:ethnic violence
354:
318:Arabic language
285:
223:
207:
205:
189:
187:
147:
130:
123:
122:
111:
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
544:
542:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
461:
454:
453:External links
451:
450:
449:
440:
437:
407:Following the
404:
401:
389:armed struggle
353:
350:
284:
281:
233:
232:
221:
217:
216:
203:
199:
198:
185:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
157:
153:
152:
141:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
117:
113:
112:
109:
101:
100:
94:
93:
85:
84:
42:external links
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
543:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
486:
474:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
447:
443:
442:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
393:Senegal river
390:
386:
385:Senegal River
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
360:'s successor
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
222:
218:
215:
204:
200:
197:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:(European HQ)
150:
145:
142:
138:
134:
128:
121:
118:
114:
107:
102:
95:
90:
81:
78:
70:
67:February 2013
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
445:
424:
406:
355:
307:
286:
269:paramilitary
255:
238:
236:
140:Headquarters
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
409:coup d'Ă©tat
381:1989 events
352:1989 events
251:abbreviated
59:introducing
485:Categories
469:FLAM Radio
415:in August
326:Mauritania
283:Foundation
277:Mauritania
214:Mauritania
160:Mauritania
475:required)
362:President
346:guerrilla
342:apartheid
330:Helpulaar
202:Opponents
146:(main HQ)
411:of Col.
358:Heidalla
260:) is an
227:.flamnet
175:Ideology
373:Senegal
322:Moorish
314:Beidane
262:illegal
220:Website
196:Senegal
164:Senegal
116:Leaders
55:improve
266:exiled
243:French
211:
193:
184:Allies
433:UNHCR
421:junta
338:Paris
334:Dakar
273:Black
229:.info
149:Paris
144:Dakar
40:, or
417:2005
369:1989
336:and
304:1986
293:Col.
264:and
256:FLAM
237:The
168:Mali
298:'s
225:www
487::
279:.
249:;
245::
166:,
162:,
44:,
36:,
471:(
241:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
