933:
1049:. They emit low-pitched, two- to four-second calls intermittently at three- to six-second intervals to signal the herd to move. To signal to the herd to change direction, leaders emit "gritty", "creaking gate" sounds. When moving to drinking places, some individuals make long "maaa" calls up to 20 times a minute. When being aggressive, they make explosive grunts that may last long or turn into a rumbling growl. Cows produce croaking calls when looking for their calves. Calves make a similar call of a higher pitch when in distress. When threatened by predators, they make drawn-out "waaaa" calls. Dominant individuals make calls to announce their presence and location. A version of the same call, but more intense, is emitted as a warning to an encroaching inferior. When grazing, they make various sounds, such as brief bellows, grunts, honks, and croaks.
1098:
121:
1112:
1077:
1158:
386:
977:
719:
405:
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distance between the ends of the horns can reach upwards of one metre (the record being 64.5 inches 164 cm). The horns form fully when the animal reaches the age of 5 or 6 years old, but the bosses do not become "hard" until it reaches the age of 8 to 9 years old. In cows, the horns are, on average, 10–20% smaller, and they do not have a boss. Forest-type buffalo horns are smaller than those of the savanna-type buffaloes from
Southern and East Africa, usually measuring less than 40 cm (16 in), and are almost never fused.
674:
1133:
208:
151:
1021:
956:. As with many diseases, these problems remain dormant within a population as long as the health of the animals is good. These diseases do, however, restrict the legal movements of the animals and fencing infected areas from unaffected areas is enforced. Some wardens and game managers have managed to protect and breed "disease-free" herds which become very valuable because they can be transported. Most well-known are
766:
183:
555:
1066:
That bonding ends when a new calf is born, and the mother then keeps her previous offspring at bay with horn jabs. Nevertheless, the yearling follows its mother for another year or so. Males leave their mothers when they are two years old and join the bachelor groups. Young calves, unusually for bovids, suckle from behind their mothers, pushing their heads between the mothers' legs.
882:. Lions kill and eat buffaloes regularly, and in some regions, the buffaloes are the lions' primary prey. It often takes several lions to bring down a single adult buffalo, and the entire pride may join in the hunt. However, several incidents have been reported in which lone adult male lions have successfully brought down adult buffaloes. On very rare occasions, buffaloes and
628:, at 250 to 450 kg (600 to 1,000 lb), are only half that size. Its head is carried low; its top is located below the backline. The front hooves of the buffalo are wider than the rear, which is associated with the need to support the weight of the front part of the body, which is heavier and more powerful than the back.
1002:, a herd sticks close together and makes it hard for the predators to pick off one member. Calves are gathered in the middle. A buffalo herd responds to the distress call of a threatened member and tries to rescue it. A calf's distress call gets the attention of not only the mother, but also the herd. Buffaloes engage in
1189:, with a decreasing population of 400,000 individuals. While some populations (subspecies) are decreasing, others will remain unchanged in the long term if large, healthy populations continue to persist in a substantial number of national parks, equivalent reserves and hunting zones in southern and eastern Africa."
1065:
period of 11.5 months. Newborn calves remain hidden in vegetation for the first few weeks while being nursed occasionally by the mother before joining the main herd. Older calves are held in the centre of the herd for safety. The maternal bond between mother and calf lasts longer than in most bovids.
1057:
Females reach sexual maturity at around five years of age while males are sexually matured at four to six. African buffaloes mate and give birth only during the rainy seasons. Birth peak takes place early in the season, while mating peaks later. A bull closely guards a cow that comes into heat, while
639:
of adult male
African buffalo (southern and eastern populations) is that the bases come very close together, forming a shield referred to as a "boss". From the base, the horns diverge downwards, then smoothly curve upwards and outwards and in some cases inwards and or backwards. In large bulls, the
1218:
Being a member of the big five game group, a term originally used to describe the five most dangerous animals to hunt, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy, with some hunters paying over $ 10,000 for the opportunity to hunt one. The larger bulls are targeted for their trophy value, although in
994:
African buffaloes engage in several types of group behavior. Females appear to exhibit a sort of "voting behavior". During resting time, the females stand up, shuffle around, and sit back down again. They sit in the direction they think they should move. After an hour of more shuffling, the females
1016:
Males have a linear dominance hierarchy based on age and size. Since a buffalo is safer when a herd is larger, dominant bulls may rely on subordinate bulls and sometimes tolerate their copulation. The young males keep their distance from the dominant bull, which is recognizable by the thickness of
781:
Intermediate between the first two subspecies. Its dimensions are relatively small, especially compared to other buffalo found in
Cameroon, which weigh half as much as the Cape subspecies (bulls weighing 600 kg (1,300 lb) are considered to be very large). Adults average in weight up to
631:
Savannah-type buffaloes have black or dark brown coats with age. Old bulls often have whitish circles around their eyes and on their face. Females tend to have more reddish coats. Forest-type buffaloes are 30–40% smaller, reddish brown in colour, with much more hair growth around the ears and with
1028:
Adult bulls spar in play, dominance interactions, or actual fights. A bull approaches another, lowing, with his horns down, and waits for the other bull to do the same thing. When sparring, the bulls twist their horns from side to side. If the sparring is for play, the bull may rub his opponent's
886:
will fight over territory; due to the rhino's strength and size advantage, the rhino typically wins and the buffalo can die from injuries sustained during the encounter. Rhinos live solitary lives, whereas buffalo (excluding solitary adult bulls) primarily live social lives and thus they do not
1032:
During the dry season, males split from the herd and form bachelor groups. Two types of bachelor herds occur: ones made of males aged four to seven years and those of males 12 years or older. During the wet season, the younger bulls rejoin a herd to mate with the females. They stay with them
615:
The
African buffalo is a very robust species. Its shoulder height can range from 1.0 to 1.7 m (3.3 to 5.6 ft) and its head-and-body length can range from 1.7 to 3.4 m (5.6 to 11.2 ft). The tail can range from 70 to 110 cm (28 to 43 in) long. Compared with other
752:, and two to three times lighter in mass than the nominate subspecies. The color is red, with darker patches on the head and shoulders, and in the ears, forming a brush. This subspecies is so different from the Cape buffalo that some researchers still consider it to be a separate species,
709:, the average adult weight of this race was estimated as 631 kg (1,391 lb). Buffaloes of this subspecies living in the south of the continent, notably tall in size and ferocity, are the so-called Cape buffalo. Color of this subspecies is the darkest, almost black.
1006:
when fighting off predators. They have been recorded killing lions and chasing lions up trees and keeping them there for two hours, after the lions have killed a member of their group. Lion cubs can get trampled and killed. In one videotaped instance, known as the
863:. This buffalo prefers a habitat with dense cover, such as reeds and thickets, but can also be found in open woodland. While not particularly demanding in regard to habitat, they require water daily, and so they depend on perennial sources of water. Like the
372:
624:, which is heavier and taller) and short but thickset legs, resulting in a relatively short standing height. Cape buffaloes weigh 425 to 870 kg (937 to 1,918 lb) (males weigh about 100 kg (220 lb) more than females). In comparison,
923:
are normally a threat only to newborn calves, though larger clans of hyenas have been recorded killing cows (mainly pregnant ones) and, on rare occasions, full-grown bulls. Large packs of wild dogs have been observed to hunt calves and sick adults.
899:; when they do this, the calves are most likely to be killed by the elephant attack as they are defenseless when facing an elephant alone, whereas adults will try to fight back and may survive (or succumb to injuries afterward). The average-sized
1231:, it is known as "the Black Death" or "the widowmaker", and is widely regarded as a very dangerous animal. African buffaloes are sometimes reported to kill more people in Africa than any other animal, although the same claim is also made of
1173:
The current status of the
African buffalo is dependent on the animal's value to both trophy hunters and tourists, paving the way for conservation efforts through anti-poaching patrols, village crop damage payouts, and
1069:
In the wild
African buffaloes have an average lifespan of 11 years but they've been recorded to reach 22 years of age. In captivity they can live for a maximum of 29.5 years though they only live 16 years on average.
1058:
keeping other bulls at bay. This is difficult, as cows are quite evasive and attract many males to the scene. By the time a cow is in full estrus, only the most dominant bull in the herd/subherd is there.
1259:
may still kill more people per annum than buffaloes. African buffaloes are notorious among big-game hunters as very dangerous animals, with wounded animals reported to ambush and attack pursuers.
1175:
1097:
486:
of East Africa. The adult
African buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature: they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head, referred to as a "boss".
1033:
throughout the season to protect the calves. Some older bulls cease to rejoin the herd, as they can no longer compete with the younger, more aggressive males. The old bachelors are called
932:
1255:
and have a higher rate of inflicting fatalities during attacks than the predators (the
African buffalo, in particular, killing humans in 49.5% of attacks on them), but hippos and even
643:
Unlike other large bovines, African buffalo have 52 chromosomes (for comparison, American bison and domestic cattle have 60). This means domestic cattle and bison are unable to create
867:, the buffalo can live on tall, coarse grasses. Herds of buffalo mow down grasses and make way for more selective grazers. When feeding, the buffalo makes use of its tongue and wide
2510:
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1111:
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and buffalo also do not normally interact, but if the buffalo provokes the hippo or makes it feel threatened, a fight can break out, but this is also rare. Adolescent bull
2161:
Turner, W. C.; Jolles, A. E.; Owen-Smith, N. (18 October 2005). "Alternating sexual segregation during the mating season by male
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)".
7186:
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It is similar to the Cape buffalo, but somewhat smaller, and its color is lighter. This subspecies is sometimes considered to be the same as the Sudan buffalo.
2047:
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face and body during the sparring session. Actual fights are violent but rare and brief. Calves may also spar in play, but adult females rarely spar at all.
7238:
1132:
1991:
Hayward, M. W. (December 2006). "Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo)".
1542:
1192:
In the most recent and available census data at continental scale, the total estimated numbers of the three savanna-type
African buffalo subspecies (
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http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/animal-behaviour/ecology-evolution-and-behaviour-wild-cattle-implications-conservation
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7428:
2608:
1425:
1948:
Trinkel, M. (11 December 2009). "Prey selection and prey preferences of spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".
120:
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1932:
1650:
1483:
1368:
1498:. In Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation (pp. 326-372). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
689:
Nominate subspecies and the largest one, with large males weighing up to 870 kg (1,920 lb). The average weight of bulls from
7423:
2478:
1208:
594:
1157:
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typically attacks only old solitary animals and young calves, though they can kill healthy adults. Exceptionally large, old male
572:
991:. The basic herds are surrounded by subherds of subordinate males, high-ranking males and females, and old or invalid animals.
871:
row to eat grass more quickly than most other African herbivores. Buffaloes do not stay on trampled or depleted areas for long.
1849:
385:
1873:
1800:"'Extremely rare sighting' of rhino's head-to-head battle with buffalo caught on camera | Animal Behaviour | Earth Touch News"
1243:, attacks, especially fatal ones, were much less frequent on humans than those by hippos, and especially, Nile crocodiles. In
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1684:
Hughes, Kristen; Fosgate, Geoffrey T.; Budke, Christine M.; Ward, Michael P.; Kerry, Ruth; Ingram, Ben (13 September 2017).
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is highly variable. The core of the herds is made up of related females, and their offspring, in an almost linear
607:
565:
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207:
447:
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3199:
3118:
2451:
Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans
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953:
944:
The African buffalo is susceptible to many diseases, including those shared with domestic cattle, such as
729:
625:
463:
349:
7113:
1512:
7370:
7303:
3898:
3127:
3011:
2594:
2069:
Wilson, D. S. (1997). "Altruism and Organism: Disentangling the Themes of Multilevel Selection Theory".
1045:
African buffaloes make various vocalizations. Many calls are lower-pitched versions of those emitted by
995:
travel in the direction they decide. This decision is communal and not based on hierarchy or dominance.
697:, eight bulls averaged similarly 751 kg (1,656 lb). In one survey, mature bulls and cows from
489:
The African buffalo is more closely related to other buffalo species than it is to other bovids such as
404:
312:
6643:
5673:
1494:
Cornélis, D., Melletti, M., Korte, L., Ryan, S. J., Mirabile, M., Prin, T., & Prins, H. H. (2014).
748:
is less than 120 cm and average weight is about 270 kg (600 lb), or about the size of a
7134:
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3283:
3190:
2781:
1324:
1120:
988:
984:
968:. Some disease-free buffaloes in South Africa have been sold to breeders for close to US$ 130,000.
945:
390:
172:
133:
1573:
501:. Its unpredictable temperament may be part of the reason that the African buffalo has never been
6983:
6974:
6268:
5393:
5119:
4596:
4587:
4306:
3740:
3208:
3020:
3002:
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2257:
2230:
2163:
2102:
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1993:
621:
510:
428:
202:
106:
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6250:
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5700:
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1207:
In the past, numbers of African buffaloes suffered their most severe collapse during the great
505:, which would also explain why the African buffalo has no domesticated descendants, unlike the
7408:
7290:
7121:
6616:
6607:
6295:
6223:
6151:
5982:
5964:
5817:
4767:
4162:
4153:
4005:
3907:
3686:
3653:
3596:
3466:
2993:
2854:
2539:
2398:
2357:
2351:
2180:
2094:
2010:
1965:
1928:
1762:
1729:
1646:
1479:
1374:
1364:
7295:
7010:
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6755:
6634:
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6259:
5931:
5922:
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5861:
5709:
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5595:
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4983:
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4400:
4390:
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3154:
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3136:
2918:
2909:
2845:
2772:
2763:
2222:
2188:
2172:
2078:
2018:
2002:
1973:
1957:
1903:
1719:
1709:
1599:
1319:
1212:
1161:
1009:
1003:
949:
916:
892:
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averaged 590 kg (1,300 lb) and 513 kg (1,131 lb) respectively. In both
526:
7316:
7217:
2560:
2482:
150:
7277:
6740:
6731:
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6670:
6451:
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4372:
3424:
3334:
3172:
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2827:
1588:"Variation of group size among African buffalo herds in a forest-savanna mosaic landscape"
1546:
1182:
1085:
1046:
1013:, a calf survived an attack by both lions and a crocodile after intervention of the herd.
451:
329:
187:
2248:
Main, M. B.; Coblentz, Bruce E. (1990). "Sexual Segregation among Ungulate: A Critique".
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4734:
4701:
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4171:
3981:
3856:
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2683:
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2325:
1724:
1685:
1247:, on the other hand, large herbivores were found to attack more people on average than
1020:
900:
636:
534:
490:
467:
1759:
The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates.
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2006:
1603:
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1310:
1301:
1228:
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538:
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498:
192:
62:
2516:
Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo – Social Inequality and Decision Making
2106:
1892:"Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park"
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3298:
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Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision Making
1528:
Environmental and maternal correlates of foetal sex ratios in the African buffalo (
1232:
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957:
888:
883:
864:
690:
644:
502:
141:
2429:
2234:
1778:
895:
may harass or kill Cape buffalo, either out of territorial aggression or while in
371:
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1714:
1451:
840:
The African buffalo is one of the most successful grazers in Africa. It lives in
7230:
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6580:
6328:
5490:
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5435:
5384:
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37:
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2507:
Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation
2385:
Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation
2176:
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1961:
1240:
1239:. These numbers may be somewhat overestimated; for example, in the country of
849:
829:
mountainous areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda.
435:
398:
82:
47:
7058:
2184:
2014:
1969:
1908:
1891:
7147:
6887:
6808:
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2702:
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1977:
1378:
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1062:
999:
904:
856:
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horns that curve back and slightly up. Calves of both types have red coats.
394:
219:
87:
31:
6854:
2098:
1733:
1662:
2192:
2022:
7342:
7282:
7052:
6796:
6424:
6096:
5808:
5646:
5586:
5251:
4950:
4482:
4427:
4315:
4144:
3620:
3611:
3587:
3475:
3349:
3099:
2975:
2671:
2649:
2637:
1256:
1145:
1124:
875:
841:
706:
506:
289:
239:
137:
110:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1215:, caused mortalities as high as 95% among livestock and wild ungulates.
7362:
7165:
7001:
6836:
6697:
6556:
5946:
5733:
5724:
5637:
5523:
5514:
5486:
5242:
5146:
5110:
5025:
5021:
4992:
4917:
4605:
4478:
4439:
4023:
3940:
3846:
3109:
3059:
2754:
2571:
2261:
2090:
1574:
Body size and measurement of species diversity in large grazing mammals
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908:
868:
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617:
579: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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s ("mud covered"), and are considered the most dangerous to humans.
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2739:
2730:
2522:
1850:"VIDEO: Why the elephant killed the buffalo - an expert's opinion"
1363:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 695–696.
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931:
896:
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702:
606:
403:
384:
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Dunham, K. M., Ghiurghi, A., Cumbi, R., & Urbano, F. (2010).
1360:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6015:
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5233:
5215:
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4725:
4129:
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3812:
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2538:. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores
2208:"Range and habitat Selection of African Buffalo in South Africa"
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879:
620:, it has a long but stocky body (the body length can exceed the
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Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals.
756:. Hybrids between the Cape and forest buffalo are not uncommon.
541:
animals, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy in hunting.
6625:
5224:
5170:
4102:
3484:
2399:"Research review: the status and distribution of Cape buffalo
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1293:
878:
and are capable of defending themselves against (and killing)
548:
514:
1761:
Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pp. 195–200
1641:
pp. 585–588. In: Wilson, D. E., Mittermeier, R. A., (Hrsg.).
1925:
The Spotted Hyena: A study of predation and social behaviour
379:
Range of the commonly accepted forms of the African buffalo
1880:. Masters of Science Thesis, The University of East Africa.
1525:
Visscher, D. R., Van Aarde, R. J., & Whyte, I. (2004).
2479:"African Animals Hunting facts and tips – Buffalo Hunting"
2573:"Buffalo, the name of two species of the true oxen"
2227:
10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[764:RAHSOA]2.0.CO;2
2206:
Ryan, S. J.; Knetchtel, Christiane U.; Wayne, M. (2006).
1513:
Variation and incipient speciation in the African buffalo
466:) is the smallest subspecies, common in forest areas of
1686:"Modeling the spatial distribution of African buffalo (
1561:
Grazers species-packing in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
521:. Natural predators of adult African buffaloes include
2295:
2293:
2518:(Chapman & Hall Wildlife Ecology & Behaviour)
1824:"Buffalo escapes pride of 15 lions and then 3 hippos"
907:
may become semi-habitual predators of buffaloes. The
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6939:
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6807:
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2691:
2682:
2561:
No attribution required Free African buffalo Images
497:, with its closest living relative being the Asian
2037:
1419:
1417:
744:The smallest of the subspecies; the height at the
1219:some areas, buffaloes are still hunted for meat.
960:'s efforts to source uninfected animals from the
2118:
2116:
1496:African buffalo Syncerus caffer (Sparrman, 1779)
1478:. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984),
1061:Cows first calve at five years of age, after a
2462:Treves, A., & Naughton-Treves, L. (1999).
2156:
2154:
2152:
1619:Age determination of the West African buffalo
1516:. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 37, 121-144.
1325:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21251A50195031.en
874:Other than humans, African buffaloes have few
826:Not universally recognized by all authorities.
2602:
2468:. Journal of Human Evolution, 36(3), 275-282.
2276:"Buffalo - Godfather of the African bushveld"
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1628:. African Journal of Ecology, 26(3), 221-227.
1576:. African Journal of Ecology, 40(3), 267-275.
1563:. African Journal of Ecology, 45(4), 527-534.
8:
1927:. University of Chicago Press. p. 335.
1690:) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa"
859:, and the forests of the major mountains of
7414:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
2126:. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
1300:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019).
7030:
6945:
6936:
6922:
6813:
6804:
6790:
6702:
6419:
6410:
6396:
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2688:
2679:
2665:
2609:
2595:
2587:
2407:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
1559:Bonyongo, M. C., & Harris, S. (2007).
370:
181:
149:
119:
20:
2039:"Why is this buffalo worth £8.5 million?"
1907:
1723:
1713:
1639:Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants).
1323:
1164:poses with a Cape buffalo he shot in 1953
936:African buffalo skull decomposing in the
887:usually recognize each other as threats.
759:Forest areas of Central and West Africa.
595:Learn how and when to remove this message
408:A pair of African buffalo resting inside
2481:. safariBwana newsletter. Archived from
2426:"Africa on the Matrix: The Cape Buffalo"
654:
2505:Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014.
2383:Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014.
1506:
1504:
1476:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals
1289:
1072:
1637:C. P. Groves, D. M. Leslie Jr. (2011)
1550:. Journal of Zoology, 264(2), 111-116.
1428:. Ultimateungulate.com. Archived from
7399:IUCN Red List near threatened species
2534:Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983.
1398:) Fact Sheet: Taxonomy & History"
438:that are recognized as being valid.
7:
2332:from the original on 27 October 2010
2328:. British Broadcasting Corporation.
1450:Estes, Richard; et al. (2020).
693:was 753 kg (1,660 lb). In
577:adding citations to reliable sources
2302:"Syncerus caffer (African buffalo)"
2286:from the original on 6 August 2021.
1426:"Syncerus caffer – African buffalo"
1311:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
1181:The African buffalo is listed as
1178:payback programs to local areas.
2036:Laing, Aislinn (24 April 2016).
2007:10.1111/J.1469-7998.2006.00183.X
1604:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00430.x
1209:rinderpest epidemic of the 1890s
1131:
1110:
1096:
1075:
764:
717:
672:
635:A characteristic feature of the
553:
450:, and the largest one, found in
206:
2961:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2050:from the original on 2022-01-12
1625:and the constancy of tooth wear
564:needs additional citations for
513:which are the ancestors of the
3750:Central American red brocket (
2509:(Cambridge University Press).
2215:Journal of Wildlife Management
1204:) are at 513,000 individuals.
1:
7434:Taxa named by Anders Sparrman
7429:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa
2536:Walker's Mammals of the World
2397:Winterbach, H. E. K. (1998).
1424:Huffman, Brent (2010-05-24).
647:offspring with cape buffalo.
4457:Large subfamily listed below
4445:Large subfamily listed below
4433:Large subfamily listed below
2531:. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
2387:. Cambridge University Press
1715:10.1371/journal.pone.0182903
1394:"LibGuides: Forest Buffalo (
1142:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
1105:At Kazinga Channel in Uganda
2952:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2943:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1874:The Lake Rudolf Crocodile (
1781:. Canadian Museum of Nature
1623:Syncerus caffer brachyceros
611:Skull of an African buffalo
164:Réserve Africaine de Sigean
7450:
2524:The ultimate ungulate page
2122:Sinclair, A. R. E. (1977)
1890:Pienaar, U. D. V. (1969).
1103:Two-week-old calf suckling
782:400 kg (880 lb).
712:Southern and East Africa.
389:Male African buffalo with
7424:Mammals described in 1779
6935:
6921:
6888:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6879:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6803:
6789:
6443:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6409:
6395:
5499:
5478:
5034:
5013:
4491:
4470:
3948:
3932:
3732:Amazonian brown brocket (
3094:
3078:
3065:Large family listed below
3053:Large family listed below
3030:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2678:
2664:
2626:
2356:. Springer. p. 118.
2250:Wildlife Society Bulletin
2177:10.1017/S095283690500748X
1962:10.1007/S11284-009-0669-3
1848:bennostand (2015-10-06).
1665:Syncerus caffer matthewsi
1024:Bulls in position to spar
378:
369:
342:
337:
318:
311:
203:Scientific classification
201:
179:
170:
157:
148:
127:
118:
23:
5129:Domestic water buffalo (
3494:Central Asian red deer (
3119:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1909:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753
1804:Earth Touch News Network
1534:) and savanna elephant (
1153:Relationship with humans
626:African forest buffaloes
448:nominotypical subspecies
397:relationship and partly
6007:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5794:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3899:Yucatan brown brocket (
3128:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3012:Philippine mouse-deer (
2579:The American Cyclopædia
2453:. Oryx, 44(2), 185-193.
2071:The American Naturalist
1229:"big five" African game
980:An African buffalo herd
938:Serengeti National Park
695:Serengeti National Park
6717:White-lipped peccary (
6653:Philippine warty pig (
6278:Yellow-backed duiker (
6242:Black-fronted duiker (
6215:White-bellied duiker (
5836:Przewalski's gazelle (
5059:Four-horned antelope (
3857:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3416:Visayan spotted deer (
3275:European fallow deer (
3218:Northern red muntjac (
3164:Southern red muntjac (
2566:African buffalo images
2401:Syncerus caffer caffer
1872:Graham, A. D. (1968).
1357:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1211:, which, coupled with
1165:
1025:
981:
954:foot-and-mouth disease
941:
680:Syncerus caffer caffer
612:
478:is in West Africa and
440:Syncerus caffer caffer
413:
401:
7371:Paleobiology Database
7304:Paleobiology Database
6897:Wild Bactrian camel (
6599:Bornean bearded pig (
6590:Palawan bearded pig (
6179:White-legged duiker (
5605:Red-fronted gazelle (
3284:Persian fallow deer (
3200:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2873:Himalayan musk deer (
2782:Reticulated giraffe (
2350:Prins, H.H.T (1996).
1645:Lynx Edicions, 2009.
1586:Korte, L. M. (2008).
1572:Oindo, B. O. (2002).
1396:Syncerus caffer nanus
1318:: e.T21251A50195031.
1160:
1082:Two-week-old red calf
1023:
979:
935:
793:S. c. aequinoctialis
610:
407:
388:
6984:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6644:Oliver's warty pig (
6269:Red-flanked duiker (
5674:Erlanger's gazelle (
5394:Harnessed bushbuck (
5120:Wild water buffalo (
4597:East Caucasian tur (
4588:West Caucasian tur (
3741:Little red brocket (
3209:Truong Son muntjac (
3021:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3003:Greater mouse-deer (
2882:Siberian musk deer (
2529:UltimateUngulate.com
2306:Animal Diversity Web
1923:Kruuk, Hans (1979).
1878:Laurenti) Population
1876:Crocodylus niloticus
1351:"Order Artiodactyla"
1202:S. c. aequinoctialis
1138:Female with red calf
962:Kruger National Park
699:Kruger National Park
573:improve this article
480:S. c. aequinoctialis
359:S. c. aequinoctialis
7419:Herbivorous mammals
6617:Celebes warty pig (
6608:Visayan warty pig (
6224:Red forest duiker (
5956:Günther's dik-dik (
5818:Mongolian gazelle (
5623:Heuglin's gazelle (
5614:Thomson's gazelle (
4768:Long-tailed goral (
4163:Mountain reedbuck (
4154:Southern reedbuck (
4006:East African oryx (
3908:White-tailed deer (
3687:Small red brocket (
3654:South Andean deer (
3597:Siberian roe deer (
3588:European roe deer (
3425:Philippine sambar (
3392:Père David's deer (
2994:Lesser mouse-deer (
2855:Kashmir musk deer (
2556:Video:Battle Kruger
2403:in southern Africa"
2124:The African Buffalo
1950:Ecological Research
1706:2017PLoSO..1282903H
1121:Chobe National Park
989:dominance hierarchy
946:bovine tuberculosis
429:sub-Saharan African
391:red-billed oxpecker
173:Conservation status
134:Chobe National Park
6765:Collared peccary (
6635:Flores warty pig (
6476:Giant forest hog (
6338:Maxwell's duiker (
6260:Ruwenzori duiker (
6206:Jentink's duiker (
6115:Sharpe's grysbok (
5871:Tibetan antelope (
5776:Bright's gazelle (
5710:Goitered gazelle (
5683:Mountain gazelle (
5656:Cuvier's gazelle (
5596:Mongalla gazelle (
4984:Pyrenean chamois (
4410:Tibetan antelope (
4364:Black wildebeest (
3191:Reeves's muntjac (
3155:Sumatran muntjac (
3146:Gongshan muntjac (
2919:Water chevrotain (
2846:Alpine musk deer (
2773:Southern giraffe (
2764:Northern giraffe (
2521:Huffman, B. 2006.
2164:Journal of Zoology
1994:Journal of Zoology
1667:(Virunga Buffalo)"
1616:Brown, W. (1988).
1592:Journal of Zoology
1545:2017-08-09 at the
1536:Loxodonta africana
1510:Grubb, P. (1972).
1402:ielc.libguides.com
1166:
1026:
982:
942:
622:wild water buffalo
613:
511:wild water buffalo
414:
402:
107:Middle Pleistocene
7386:
7385:
7291:Open Tree of Life
7036:Taxon identifiers
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7018:
6996:
6995:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6741:Chacoan peccary (
6692:
6691:
6680:Javan warty pig (
6671:Timor warty pig (
6478:H. meinertzhageni
6452:Togian babirusa (
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6347:Walter's duiker (
6287:Abbott's duiker (
6251:Ogilby's duiker (
6197:Harvey's duiker (
6161:Brooke's duiker (
6127:
6126:
5907:
5906:
5848:
5847:
5785:Peter's gazelle (
5767:Grant's gazelle (
5701:Speke's gazelle (
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5351:
5321:
5320:
5309:African buffalo (
5140:B. depressicornis
5095:
5094:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4777:Himalayan goral (
4599:C. cylindricornis
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4422:
4421:
4385:
4384:
4373:Blue wildebeest (
4307:Common tsessebe (
4258:
4257:
4221:
4220:
4184:
4183:
4096:K. ellipsiprymnus
4069:
4068:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3868:P. mephistophiles
3824:P. mephistophiles
3515:
3514:
3211:M. truongsonensis
3173:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3042:
3041:
2985:Java mouse-deer (
2894:
2893:
2864:Black musk deer (
2837:Dwarf musk deer (
2828:Anhui musk deer (
2803:
2802:
2766:G. camelopardalis
2715:
2714:
2544:978-0-8018-2525-5
2424:Stumpf, Bruce G.
2363:978-0-412-72520-3
2326:"African Buffalo"
2282:. 5 August 2020.
2280:Africa Geographic
2046:. The Telegraph.
1934:978-0-226-45508-2
1757:Estes, R. (1991)
1651:978-84-96553-77-4
1484:978-0-671-42805-1
1370:978-0-8018-8221-0
1198:S. c. brachyceros
893:African elephants
833:
832:
772:S. c. brachyceros
605:
604:
597:
527:African wild dogs
476:S. c. brachyceros
434:. There are five
410:Ngorongoro Crater
383:
382:
355:S. c. brachyceros
196:
113:
7441:
7404:Bovids of Africa
7379:
7378:
7366:
7365:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7325:
7324:
7312:
7311:
7299:
7298:
7286:
7285:
7273:
7272:
7260:
7259:
7247:
7246:
7234:
7233:
7221:
7220:
7208:
7207:
7195:
7194:
7182:
7181:
7169:
7168:
7156:
7155:
7143:
7142:
7130:
7129:
7117:
7116:
7104:
7103:
7091:
7090:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7031:
6946:
6937:
6923:
6814:
6805:
6791:
6703:
6509:Common warthog (
6500:Desert warthog (
6420:
6411:
6397:
6296:Weyns's duiker (
6170:Peters' duiker (
6152:Aders's duiker (
6138:
6025:Royal antelope (
5983:Salt's dik-dik (
5974:Silver dik-dik (
5965:Kirk's dik-dik (
5918:
5895:Saiga antelope (
5857:
5796:N. soemmerringii
5665:Dorcas gazelle (
5510:
5501:
5494:
5480:
5367:Mountain nyala (
5350:
5349:
5341:
5332:
5287:P. nghetinhensis
5189:European bison (
5180:American bison (
5106:
5045:
5036:
5029:
5015:
4891:Domestic sheep (
4735:Himalayan tahr (
4702:Mainland serow (
4684:Japanese serow (
4493:
4486:
4472:
4396:
4269:
4232:
4195:
4172:Bohor reedbuck (
4080:
4059:A. nasomaculatus
3982:Sable antelope (
3959:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3696:Merida brocket (
3526:
3467:Thorold's deer (
3319:A. calamianensis
3202:M. rooseveltorum
3148:M. gongshanensis
3105:
3096:
3089:
3080:
2905:
2814:
2793:G. tippelskirchi
2726:
2689:
2680:
2666:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2421:
2415:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:Getaway Magazine
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1755:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1474:Boitani, Luigi,
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1297:
1213:pleuro-pneumonia
1162:Ernest Hemingway
1135:
1114:
1100:
1079:
1010:Battle at Kruger
1004:mobbing behavior
950:corridor disease
917:African wild dog
817:mountain buffalo
805:Central Africa.
768:
721:
676:
655:
600:
593:
589:
586:
580:
557:
549:
537:. As one of the
374:
324:
211:
210:
190:
185:
184:
158:Forest buffalo (
153:
123:
105:
104:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
7449:
7448:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7374:
7369:
7361:
7356:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7328:
7320:
7315:
7307:
7302:
7294:
7289:
7281:
7278:Observation.org
7276:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7250:
7242:
7237:
7229:
7224:
7216:
7211:
7203:
7198:
7190:
7185:
7177:
7172:
7164:
7159:
7151:
7146:
7138:
7133:
7125:
7120:
7112:
7107:
7101:syncerus-caffer
7099:
7094:
7086:
7081:
7074:Syncerus caffer
7072:
7071:
7066:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7044:Syncerus caffer
7038:
7028:
7015:
6992:
6968:
6931:
6905:
6863:
6799:
6773:
6749:
6725:
6688:
6655:S. philippensis
6592:S. ahoenobarbus
6574:
6566:Red river hog (
6541:
6517:
6484:
6460:
6434:Buru babirusa (
6405:
6379:
6371:Common duiker (
6355:
6313:
6123:
6081:
6057:
6033:
5991:
5940:
5903:
5879:
5844:
5829:P. picticaudata
5802:
5742:
5718:
5712:G. subgutturosa
5631:
5580:
5556:
5532:
5495:
5484:
5462:
5429:
5421:Cape bushbuck (
5414:T. strepsiceros
5343:
5342:
5340:
5317:
5293:
5269:
5164:
5156:Mountain anoa (
5091:
5085:B. tragocamelus
5067:
5061:T. quadricornis
5030:
5019:
5001:
4968:
4944:
4900:Bighorn sheep (
4866:
4842:
4818:
4810:Mountain goat (
4794:
4786:Chinese goral (
4743:
4719:
4704:C. sumatraensis
4668:
4651:Siberian ibex (
4615:Domestic goat (
4563:
4539:
4515:
4507:Barbary sheep (
4487:
4476:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4418:
4381:
4348:
4324:
4291:
4254:
4217:
4180:
4138:
4065:
4041:
4015:Scimitar oryx (
3990:
3973:Roan antelope (
3944:
3938:
3916:
3874:
3866:Northern pudu (
3840:
3832:Southern pudu (
3822:Northern pudu (
3806:
3782:
3758:
3723:Pygmy brocket (
3705:Dwarf brocket (
3662:
3629:
3605:
3572:
3548:
3511:
3451:
3400:
3376:
3343:
3317:Calamian deer (
3292:
3286:D. mesopotamica
3259:
3235:
3229:M. vuquangensis
3227:Giant muntjac (
3137:Fea's muntjac (
3090:
3084:
3066:
3054:
3038:
2969:
2927:
2890:
2848:M. chrysogaster
2799:
2791:Masai giraffe (
2748:
2711:
2674:
2660:
2622:
2615:
2570:
2552:
2502:
2500:Further reading
2497:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2300:Ng, Christoph.
2299:
2298:
2291:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1756:
1741:
1700:(9): e0182903.
1688:Syncerus caffer
1683:
1682:
1678:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1636:
1632:
1615:
1611:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1547:Wayback Machine
1532:Syncerus caffer
1524:
1520:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1371:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1304:Syncerus caffer
1299:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1265:
1225:
1183:Near threatened
1171:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1086:Kazinga Channel
1083:
1080:
1055:
1047:domestic cattle
1043:
998:When chased by
974:
972:Social behavior
930:
838:
821:Virunga buffalo
653:
601:
590:
584:
581:
570:
558:
547:
535:Nile crocodiles
452:Southern Africa
423:Syncerus caffer
418:African buffalo
361:
357:
353:
347:
333:
326:
322:Syncerus caffer
320:
307:
205:
197:
188:Near Threatened
186:
182:
175:
114:
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
24:African buffalo
17:
12:
11:
5:
7447:
7445:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7367:
7354:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7313:
7300:
7287:
7274:
7261:
7248:
7235:
7222:
7209:
7196:
7183:
7170:
7157:
7144:
7131:
7118:
7105:
7092:
7079:
7064:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7006:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:C. liberiensis
6980:
6978:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6960:Hippopotamus (
6956:
6954:
6943:
6941:Hippopotamidae
6933:
6932:
6926:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6894:
6890:C. dromedarius
6885:
6875:
6873:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6852:
6843:
6834:
6824:
6822:
6811:
6801:
6800:
6794:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6711:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6677:
6673:S. timoriensis
6668:
6659:
6650:
6641:
6632:
6626:Domestic pig (
6623:
6614:
6605:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6506:
6502:P. aethiopicus
6496:
6494:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6472:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6454:B. togeanensis
6449:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6417:
6407:
6406:
6400:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6305:Zebra duiker (
6302:
6293:
6284:
6280:C. silvicultor
6275:
6266:
6257:
6248:
6239:
6233:Black duiker (
6230:
6221:
6217:C. leucogaster
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6112:
6106:Cape grysbok (
6103:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6049:Klipspringer (
6045:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5980:
5976:M. piacentinii
5971:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5891:
5889:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:P. przewalskii
5833:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5791:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5758:Dama gazelle (
5754:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5707:
5698:
5692:Rhim gazelle (
5689:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5653:
5643:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5550:A. marsupialis
5544:
5542:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5483:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5454:Common eland (
5451:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5418:
5412:Greater kudu (
5409:
5400:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5225:Domestic yak (
5222:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5153:
5149:B. mindorensis
5144:
5138:Lowland anoa (
5135:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5042:
5032:
5031:
5018:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4858:Nilgiri tahr (
4854:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4711:Taiwan serow (
4708:
4699:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4642:Iberian ibex (
4639:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4531:Arabian tahr (
4527:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4165:R. fulvorufula
4160:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4033:Arabian oryx (
4030:
4021:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:O. virginianus
3905:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:O. bezoarticus
3770:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3716:M. gouazoubira
3714:Gray brocket (
3711:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3469:C. albirostris
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:E. cephalophus
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3182:Leaf muntjac (
3179:
3175:M. puhoatensis
3170:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:T. williamsoni
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:M. moschiferus
2879:
2875:M. leucogaster
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2839:M. berezovskii
2834:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2684:Antilocapridae
2676:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2656:Laurasiatheria
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2550:External links
2548:
2547:
2546:
2532:
2519:
2513:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2470:
2455:
2442:
2416:
2389:
2376:
2362:
2342:
2317:
2289:
2267:
2256:(2): 204–210.
2240:
2221:(3): 764–776.
2198:
2148:
2128:
2112:
2083:10.1086/286053
2061:
2028:
2001:(4): 606–614.
1983:
1956:(2): 413–417.
1940:
1933:
1915:
1882:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1791:
1779:"Cape Buffalo"
1770:
1739:
1676:
1654:
1630:
1609:
1598:(3): 229–236.
1578:
1565:
1552:
1518:
1500:
1487:
1467:
1452:"Cape buffalo"
1442:
1413:
1384:
1369:
1338:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1233:hippopotamuses
1224:
1221:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1081:
1074:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1039:
973:
970:
929:
926:
901:Nile crocodile
889:Hippopotamuses
837:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
813:S. c. mathewsi
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
790:
787:
786:
783:
779:
769:
761:
760:
757:
742:
730:forest buffalo
722:
714:
713:
710:
687:
677:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
652:
649:
603:
602:
561:
559:
552:
546:
543:
531:spotted hyenas
491:American bison
468:Central Africa
464:forest buffalo
381:
380:
376:
375:
367:
366:
363:S. c. mathewsi
340:
339:
335:
334:
327:
316:
315:
309:
308:
304:S. caffer
301:
299:
295:
294:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
199:
198:
180:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
155:
154:
146:
145:
128:Cape buffalo (
125:
124:
116:
115:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
35:
26:
16:Bovine species
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7446:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6902:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6881:C. bactrianus
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6788:
6770:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6682:S. verrucosus
6678:
6676:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6628:S. domesticus
6624:
6622:
6620:
6619:S. celebensis
6615:
6613:
6611:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6548:Potamochoerus
6544:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6445:B. celebensis
6441:
6439:
6437:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6329:Blue duiker (
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6244:C. nigrifrons
6240:
6238:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6226:C. natalensis
6222:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6172:C. callipygus
6168:
6166:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6099:R. campestris
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6051:O. oreotragus
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5694:G. leptoceros
5690:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5598:E. albonotata
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5574:A. cervicapra
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5477:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5445:Giant eland (
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5423:T. sylvaticus
5419:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5385:Lesser kudu (
5383:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5200:B. domesticus
5198:Bali cattle (
5196:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4902:O. canadensis
4898:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4849:Nilgiritragus
4845:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4812:O. americanus
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4737:H. jemlahicus
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4633:Nubian ibex (
4631:
4629:
4627:
4624:Alpine ibex (
4622:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Pantholopinae
4388:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4342:A. buselaphus
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4246:Grey rhebok (
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Aepycerotinae
4187:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4121:Nile lechwe (
4119:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Hippotraginae
3951:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3800:B. dichotomus
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3774:Pampas deer (
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3734:M. nemorivaga
3730:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3678:Red brocket (
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3647:H. antisensis
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3487:C. canadensis
3483:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3436:R. timorensis
3432:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3394:E. davidianus
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3361:R. duvaucelii
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3326:Bawean deer (
3324:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3251:Tufted deer (
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:M. putaoensis
3180:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3130:M. crinifrons
3126:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3023:T. versicolor
3019:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2830:M. anhuiensis
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2784:G. reticulata
2780:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:
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2738:
2737:
2735:
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2727:
2724:
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2708:
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2700:
2698:
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2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
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2639:
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2600:
2598:
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2569:
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2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2485:on 2013-07-08
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2432:on 2002-12-20
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2380:
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2327:
2321:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:: S122–S134.
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2044:The Telegraph
2040:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
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1699:
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1691:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1652:
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1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1432:on 2012-03-19
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1392:Jirik, Kate.
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1041:Vocalizations
1040:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
990:
986:
978:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
934:
927:
925:
922:
921:spotted hyena
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
852:, as well as
851:
847:
843:
835:
828:
825:
822:
818:
814:
811:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
788:
784:
780:
777:
776:Sudan buffalo
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
739:Congo buffalo
736:
735:dwarf buffalo
732:
731:
726:
723:
720:
716:
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:Distribution
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
650:
648:
646:
641:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
609:
599:
596:
588:
578:
574:
568:
567:
562:This section
560:
556:
551:
550:
544:
542:
540:
539:Big Five game
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:water buffalo
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:water buffalo
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
424:
419:
412:in Tanzania.
411:
406:
400:
396:
392:
387:
377:
373:
368:
365:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
323:
317:
314:
313:Binomial name
310:
306:
305:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
200:
194:
189:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
117:
112:
108:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
7333:
7043:
6985:
6973:
6962:H. amphibius
6961:
6951:Hippopotamus
6949:
6929:Whippomorpha
6898:
6889:
6880:
6868:
6856:
6847:
6838:
6829:
6817:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6681:
6672:
6663:
6654:
6645:
6636:
6627:
6618:
6610:S. cebifrons
6609:
6600:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6558:
6546:
6534:
6522:
6511:P. africanus
6510:
6501:
6491:Phacochoerus
6489:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6444:
6436:B. babyrussa
6435:
6423:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6340:P. maxwellii
6339:
6331:P. monticola
6330:
6318:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6271:C. rufilatus
6270:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6189:
6188:Bay duiker (
6181:C. crusalbum
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6141:
6133:Cephalophini
6116:
6108:R. melanotis
6107:
6098:
6086:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6018:N. moschatus
6017:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5958:M. guentheri
5957:
5945:
5934:D. megalotis
5933:
5921:
5896:
5884:
5873:P. hodgsonii
5872:
5860:
5837:
5828:
5820:P. gutturosa
5819:
5807:
5795:
5786:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5676:G. erlangeri
5675:
5666:
5657:
5649:G. bennettii
5648:
5636:
5624:
5616:E. thomsonii
5615:
5607:E. rufifrons
5606:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5455:
5447:T. derbianus
5446:
5434:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5395:
5386:
5378:T. eurycerus
5377:
5368:
5359:
5335:
5327:Tragelaphini
5310:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5253:
5245:B. javanicus
5244:
5235:
5227:B. grunniens
5226:
5217:
5209:B. frontalis
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5109:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5048:
4995:R. rupicapra
4994:
4986:R. pyrenaica
4985:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4937:
4928:
4927:Snow sheep (
4919:
4910:
4909:Dall sheep (
4901:
4892:
4883:
4871:
4860:N. hylocrius
4859:
4847:
4836:O. moschatus
4835:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4660:Walia ibex (
4652:
4644:C. pyrenaica
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4608:C. falconeri
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4568:
4557:B. taxicolor
4556:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4412:P. hodgsonii
4411:
4399:
4374:
4365:
4355:Connochaetes
4353:
4341:
4340:Hartebeest (
4329:
4317:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4264:Alcelaphinae
4248:P. capreolus
4247:
4235:
4210:
4198:
4173:
4164:
4156:R. arundinum
4155:
4143:
4131:
4123:K. megaceros
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4083:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3974:
3962:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3858:
3845:
3833:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3798:Marsh deer (
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3680:M. americana
3679:
3667:
3655:
3646:
3636:Hippocamelus
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3590:C. capreolus
3589:
3577:
3565:
3564:Water deer (
3553:
3541:
3529:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3435:
3427:R. mariannus
3426:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3368:Eld's deer (
3360:
3359:Barasingha (
3348:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3220:M. vaginalis
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3121:M. atherodes
3120:
3108:
3031:
3022:
3014:T. nigricans
3013:
3004:
2995:
2987:T. javanicus
2986:
2974:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2932:
2921:H. aquaticus
2920:
2908:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2817:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2753:
2742:O. johnstoni
2741:
2729:
2705:A. americana
2704:
2692:
2654:Superorder:
2648:Infraclass:
2619:Artiodactyla
2577:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2473:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2419:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2352:
2345:
2334:. Retrieved
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2279:
2270:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2168:
2162:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1924:
1918:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1868:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1830:. 2023-03-31
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1773:
1758:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1495:
1490:
1475:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1395:
1387:
1359:
1355:Wilson, D.E.
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1309:
1303:
1226:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1194:S. c. caffer
1193:
1191:
1180:
1172:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1053:Reproduction
1044:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1008:
997:
993:
983:
966:South Africa
958:Lindsay Hunt
943:
884:white rhinos
873:
865:plains zebra
839:
820:
816:
812:
797:Nile buffalo
796:
792:
785:West Africa
775:
771:
753:
738:
734:
728:
724:
691:South Africa
684:Cape buffalo
683:
679:
642:
634:
630:
618:large bovids
614:
591:
582:
571:Please help
566:verification
563:
515:domestic yak
503:domesticated
493:or domestic
488:
479:
475:
459:
444:Cape buffalo
443:
439:
422:
421:
417:
415:
362:
358:
354:
348:
345:S. c. caffer
344:
343:
321:
319:
303:
302:
290:
260:Artiodactyla
159:
142:Cattle egret
130:S. c. caffer
129:
18:
7174:iNaturalist
7068:Wikispecies
6839:L. guanicoe
6698:Tayassuidae
6662:Wild boar (
6601:S. barbatus
6559:P. larvatus
6535:P. salvania
6533:Pygmy hog (
6467:Hylochoerus
6320:Philantomba
6208:C. jentinki
6190:C. dorsalis
6143:Cephalophus
6027:N. pygmaeus
5985:M. saltiana
5923:Dorcatragus
5897:S. tatarica
5787:N. petersii
5725:Litocranius
5625:E. tilonura
5572:Blackbuck (
5548:Springbok (
5491:Antilopinae
5489:(subfamily
5436:Taurotragus
5403:Sitatunga (
5396:T. scriptus
5387:T. imberbis
5344:(including
5337:Tragelaphus
5158:B. quarlesi
5040:Boselaphini
5024:(subfamily
4929:O. nivicola
4770:N. caudatus
4759:Red goral (
4750:Naemorhedus
4713:C. swinhoei
4693:Red serow (
4675:Capricornis
4653:C. sibirica
4590:C. caucasia
4581:C. aegagrus
4579:Wild goat (
4533:A. jayakari
4522:Arabitragus
4481:(subfamily
4452:Antilopinae
4375:C. taurinus
4318:D. pygargus
4211:A. melampus
4132:K. vardonii
4094:Waterbuck (
4035:O. leucoryx
3964:Hippotragus
3892:O. hemionus
3890:Mule deer (
3789:Blastocerus
3698:M. bricenii
3656:H. bisulcus
3623:R. tarandus
3599:C. pygargus
3521:Capreolinae
3503:Sika deer (
3445:R. unicolor
3434:Rusa deer (
3337:A. porcinus
3157:M. montanus
2954:M. kathygre
2703:Pronghorn (
2694:Antilocapra
2413:(3): 82–88.
2171:(03): 291.
2143:youtube.com
1331:19 November
1227:One of the
1017:his horns.
850:floodplains
725:S. c. nanus
664:Description
545:Description
472:West Africa
460:S. c. nanus
456:East Africa
427:is a large
393:, partly a
350:S. c. nanus
338:Subspecies
276:Subfamily:
160:S. c. nanus
30:0.7–0
7393:Categories
7349:Q109646857
7334:Bos caffer
6975:Choeropsis
6857:L. vicugna
6743:C. wagneri
6646:S. oliveri
6637:S. heureni
6373:S. grimmia
6362:Sylvicapra
6349:P. walteri
6262:C. rubidis
6253:C. ogilbyi
6199:C. harveyi
6163:C. brookei
6117:R. sharpei
6097:Steenbok (
6088:Raphicerus
6040:Oreotragus
5913:Neotragini
5862:Pantholops
5778:N. notatus
5736:L. walleri
5685:G. gazella
5658:G. cuvieri
5647:Chinkara (
5539:Antidorcas
5526:A. clarkei
5515:Ammodorcas
5505:Antilopini
5405:T. spekeii
5369:T. buxtoni
5360:T. angasii
5252:Wild yak (
5236:B. indicus
5191:B. bonasus
5131:B. bubalis
5074:Boselaphus
5050:Tetracerus
4920:O. gmelini
4788:N. griseus
4761:N. baileyi
4726:Hemitragus
4695:C. rubidus
4686:C. crispus
4635:C. nubiana
4498:Ammotragus
4401:Pantholops
4331:Alcelaphus
4316:Bontebok (
4309:D. lunatus
4298:Damaliscus
4285:B. hunteri
4174:R. redunca
4075:Reduncinae
4026:O. gazella
3975:H. equinus
3901:O. pandora
3881:Odocoileus
3765:Ozotoceros
3621:Reindeer (
3566:H. inermis
3555:Hydropotes
3478:C. elaphus
3476:Red deer (
3418:R. alfredi
3335:Hog deer (
3193:M. reevesi
3166:M. muntjak
2996:T. kanchil
2963:M. meminna
2910:Hyemoschus
2900:Tragulidae
2857:M. cupreus
2775:G. giraffa
2721:Giraffidae
2672:Ruminantia
2489:2010-10-23
2436:2010-10-23
2336:2010-10-23
2311:2022-12-15
1978:Q105300095
1859:2023-05-01
1834:2023-04-30
1809:2023-04-30
1785:2010-10-23
1767:0520080858
1663:"BioLib -
1461:2023-02-16
1456:Britannica
1436:2010-10-23
1407:2023-04-30
1285:References
1241:Mozambique
1237:crocodiles
940:, Tanzania
905:crocodiles
857:grasslands
661:Subspecies
651:Subspecies
585:March 2014
482:is in the
436:subspecies
6927:Suborder
6837:Guanaco (
6809:Camelidae
6795:Suborder
6767:D. tajacu
6756:Dicotyles
6732:Catagonus
6719:T. pecari
6664:S. scrofa
6568:P. porcus
6557:Bushpig (
6425:Babyrousa
6401:Suborder
6298:C. weynsi
6289:C. spadix
6154:C. adersi
6075:O. ourebi
6009:N. batesi
5998:Neotragus
5967:M. kirkii
5769:N. granti
5734:Gerenuk (
5703:G. spekei
5667:G. dorcas
5524:Dibatag (
5311:S. caffer
5276:Pseudoryx
5263:B. taurus
5243:Banteng (
5218:B. gaurus
5147:Tamaraw (
4993:Chamois (
4975:Rupicapra
4962:P. nayaur
4938:O. vignei
4918:Mouflon (
4617:C. hircus
4606:Markhor (
4509:A. lervia
4274:Beatragus
4200:Aepyceros
4024:Gemsbok (
4017:O. dammah
3859:P. carlae
3752:M. temama
3743:M. rufina
3707:M. chunyi
3689:M. bororo
3579:Capreolus
3505:C. nippon
3496:C. hanglu
3383:Elaphurus
3328:A. kuhlii
3242:Elaphodus
3110:Muntiacus
2945:M. indica
2934:Moschiola
2866:M. fuscus
2809:Moschidae
2670:Suborder
2630:Kingdom:
2193:Q56338562
2185:1469-7998
2023:Q55951239
2015:1469-7998
1970:0912-3814
1854:Lowvelder
1671:biolib.cz
1347:Grubb, P.
1257:elephants
1063:gestation
1035:dagga boy
1000:predators
985:Herd size
876:predators
754:S. nanus
474:, while
446:, is the
399:parasitic
395:symbiotic
298:Species:
226:Kingdom:
220:Eukaryota
166:, France
7409:Syncerus
7343:Wikidata
7257:14200707
7192:10587518
7088:Syncerus
7053:Wikidata
6899:C. ferus
6855:Vicuña (
6848:L. pacos
6846:Alpaca (
6830:L. glama
6797:Tylopoda
6307:C. zebra
6235:C. niger
5809:Procapra
5587:Eudorcas
5563:Antilope
5300:Syncerus
5261:Cattle (
5254:B. mutus
5182:B. bison
5122:B. arnee
5083:Nilgai (
4960:Bharal (
4951:Pseudois
4911:O. dalli
4893:O. aries
4884:O. ammon
4882:Argali (
4834:Muskox (
4801:Oreamnos
4779:N. goral
4662:C. walie
4546:Budorcas
4483:Caprinae
4428:Caprinae
4283:Hirola (
4227:Peleinae
4209:Impala (
4114:K. leche
4112:Lechwe (
4008:O. beisa
3984:H. niger
3645:Taruca (
3612:Rangifer
3542:A. alces
3443:Sambar (
3370:R. eldii
3350:Rucervus
3308:Chital (
3100:Cervinae
3087:Cervidae
3048:Cervidae
2976:Tragulus
2650:Eutheria
2644:Mammalia
2638:Chordata
2636:Phylum:
2632:Animalia
2330:Archived
2284:Archived
2189:Wikidata
2107:23390199
2099:18811309
2048:Archived
2019:Wikidata
1974:Wikidata
1734:28902858
1694:PLOS ONE
1543:Archived
1379:62265494
1349:(2005).
1263:See also
1253:leopards
1176:CAMPFIRE
1146:Tanzania
1125:Botswana
928:Diseases
842:savannas
707:Botswana
507:wild yak
484:savannas
330:Sparrman
291:Syncerus
266:Family:
250:Mammalia
240:Chordata
236:Phylum:
230:Animalia
216:Domain:
193:IUCN 3.1
144:atop it
138:Botswana
111:Holocene
7363:8965549
7231:1006274
7166:2441034
7059:Q160042
7011:Cetacea
7002:Cetacea
6870:Camelus
6828:Llama (
6708:Tayassu
6524:Porcula
6073:Oribi (
6064:Ourebia
5947:Madoqua
5932:Beira (
5853:Saigini
5760:N. dama
5638:Gazella
5487:Bovidae
5485:Family
5456:T. oryx
5376:Bongo (
5358:Nyala (
5285:Saola (
5207:Gayal (
5111:Bubalus
5026:Bovinae
5022:Bovidae
5020:Family
4936:Urial (
4626:C. ibex
4555:Takin (
4479:Bovidae
4477:Family
4440:Bovinae
4366:C. gnou
4145:Redunca
4057:Addax (
3941:Bovidae
3939:Family
3847:Pudella
3834:P. pudu
3725:M. nana
3540:Moose (
3310:A. axis
3277:D. dama
3139:M. feae
3085:Family
3060:Bovidae
3005:T. napu
2819:Moschus
2755:Giraffa
2740:Okapi (
2642:Class:
2621:species
2617:Extant
2582:. 1879.
2369:31 July
2262:3782137
2138:YouTube
2091:2463504
2054:25 June
1725:5597095
1702:Bibcode
1223:Attacks
1185:by the
913:leopard
909:cheetah
869:incisor
836:Ecology
746:withers
332:, 1779)
286:Genus:
280:Bovinae
270:Bovidae
256:Order:
246:Class:
191: (
140:with a
99:↓
7376:374466
7309:149719
7296:644255
7244:caffer
7205:183847
7153:SYKRCA
7140:328707
7114:344446
7096:ARKive
6415:Suidae
6016:Suni (
5749:Nanger
5234:Zebu (
5216:Gaur (
5101:Bovini
4825:Ovibos
4130:Puku (
4105:K. kob
3669:Mazama
3458:Cervus
2731:Okapia
2542:
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2235:356110
2233:
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1976:
1968:
1931:
1896:Koedoe
1765:
1732:
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1482:
1377:
1367:
1245:Uganda
1169:Status
1090:Uganda
952:, and
861:Africa
854:mopane
846:swamps
645:hybrid
533:, and
495:cattle
442:, the
432:bovine
7322:17227
7283:79414
7218:21251
7187:IRMNG
7179:42405
7127:7B7J7
6403:Suina
5886:Saiga
5827:Goa (
5346:kudus
4570:Capra
4237:Pelea
4103:Kob (
4085:Kobus
4048:Addax
3531:Alces
3485:Elk (
2258:JSTOR
2231:S2CID
2211:(PDF)
2103:S2CID
2087:JSTOR
1353:. In
1249:lions
897:musth
880:lions
815:(the
795:(the
774:(the
750:zebra
727:(the
703:Kenya
682:(the
658:Image
637:horns
523:lions
462:(the
162:) at
132:) at
7358:GBIF
7270:9970
7265:NCBI
7239:MNHN
7213:IUCN
7200:ITIS
7161:GBIF
7148:EPPO
7109:BOLD
7009:see
6819:Lama
4873:Ovis
3997:Oryx
3813:Pudu
3407:Rusa
3299:Axis
3266:Dama
2540:ISBN
2371:2013
2358:ISBN
2181:ISSN
2095:PMID
2056:2019
2011:ISSN
1966:ISSN
1929:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1730:PMID
1647:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1375:OCLC
1365:ISBN
1333:2021
1316:2019
1279:Zebu
1274:Gaur
1269:Anoa
1235:and
1200:and
1187:IUCN
1117:Calf
919:and
848:and
705:and
517:and
509:and
470:and
454:and
416:The
38:PreꞒ
7317:TSA
7252:MSW
7226:MDD
7135:EoL
7122:CoL
7083:ADW
6581:Sus
5171:Bos
2223:doi
2173:doi
2169:267
2079:doi
2075:150
2003:doi
1999:270
1958:doi
1904:doi
1720:PMC
1710:doi
1600:doi
1596:275
1320:doi
1251:or
1144:in
1140:At
1123:in
1119:At
1088:in
1084:At
964:in
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575:by
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