African bush elephant - Knowledge (XXG)

1181: 788:. They develop six molars in each jaw quadrant that erupt at different ages and differ in size. The first molars grow to a size of 2 cm (0.79 in) wide by 4 cm (1.6 in) long, are worn by the age of one year and lost by the age of about 2.5 years. The second molars start protruding at the age of about six months, and grow to a size of 4 cm (1.6 in) wide by 7 cm (2.8 in) long and are lost by the age of 6–7 years. The third molars protrude at the age of about one year, grow to a size of 5.2 cm (2.0 in) wide by 14 cm (5.5 in) long, and are lost by the age of 8–10 years. The fourth molars show by the age of 6–7 years, grow to a size of 6.8 cm (2.7 in) wide by 17.5 cm (6.9 in) long and are lost by the age of 22–23 years. The 1292: 1651: 1230: 1309: 1275: 1005: 334: 760:(5.7–7.6 short tons)) while mature fully grown females are smaller at about 2.60 m (8 ft 6 in) tall at the shoulder and 3.0 t (3.3 short tons) in weight on average (with 90% of fully grown females ranging between 2.47–2.73 m (8 ft 1 in – 8 ft 11 in) and 2.6–3.5 t (2.9–3.9 short tons)). The maximum recorded shoulder height of an adult bull is 3.96 m (13.0 ft), with this individual having an estimated weight of 10.4 t (11.5 short tons). Elephants attain their maximum stature when they complete the fusion of long-bone 683: 797: 1054:), with the proportions varying wildly depending on the habitat and time of year, ranging from almost exclusively grazing to near-total browsing. African bush elephants consumption of woody plants, particularly their habit of uprooting trees, has the ability to alter the local environment, transforming woodlands into grasslands. African bush elephants also at times consume fruit and serve as seed dispersers. Adults can consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of food per day. To supplement their diet with 1099: 691: 200: 702: 130: 949: 158: 931: 1102: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1106: 1735: 1104: 1721:

interaction. Elsewhere, bulls were only allowed to smell each other. Bulls and cows were allowed to interact for specific purposes such as breeding. In that event, cows were more often moved to the bull than the bull to the cow. Cows are more often kept in captivity because they are easier and less expensive to house.

1411:, lions attacked and fed on juvenile and subadult elephants during the drought when smaller prey species were scarce. Between 1993 and 1996, lions successfully attacked 74 elephants; 26 were older than nine, and one was a bull of over 15 years. Most were killed at night, and hunts occurred more often during 1456:

During the 20th century, the African bush elephant population was decimated. Poaching of the elephant has dated back to the years 1970 and 1980, which were considered the largest killings in history. The species is placed in harm's way due to the limited conservation areas provided in Africa. In most

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The birth of a calf was observed in Tsavo East National Park in October 1990. A group of 80 elephants including eight bulls had gathered in the morning in a 150 m (490 ft) radius around the birth site. A small group of calves and cows stood near the pregnant cow, rumbling and flapping their

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fluid, which flows down their cheeks. They begin to dribble urine, initially as discrete drops and later in a regular stream. These manifestations of musth last from a few days to months, depending on the age and condition of the bull. When a bull has been urinating for a long time, the proximal part

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that is usually worn off when the elephant is five years old. Tusks of bulls grow faster than tusks of cows. Mean weight of tusks at the age of 60 years is 109 kg (240 lb) in bulls and 17.7 kg (39 lb) in cows. The longest known tusk of an African bush elephant measured 3.51 m

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produced by the cyanobacteria caused calves and adult elephants to wander around confused, emaciated and in distress. The elephants collapsed when the toxin impaired their motor functions and their legs became paralysed. Poaching, intentional poisoning, and anthrax were excluded as potential causes.

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African bush elephants mate during the rainy season. Bulls in musth cover long distances in search of cows and associate with large family units. They listen for the cows' loud, very low frequency calls and attract cows by calling and by leaving trails of strong-smelling urine. Cows search for bulls

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The African bush elephant is the largest and heaviest land animal. On average, mature fully grown males are about 3.20 m (10.5 ft) tall at the shoulder and weigh 6.0 t (6.6 short tons) (with 90% of fully grown males being between 3.04–3.36 m (10.0–11.0 ft) and 5.2–6.9 t

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In addition to elephants being poached, their carcasses may be poisoned by the poachers to avoid detection by vultures, which help rangers detect poaching activity by circling dead animals. This poses a threat to those vultures or birds that scavenge the carcasses. On 20 June 2019, the carcasses of

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numbered 3,900 individuals in 2005. Within five years, more than 3,200 elephants were killed. The park did not have sufficient guards to combat poaching, and their weapons were outdated. Well-organized networks facilitated smuggling the ivory through Sudan. Poaching also increased in Kenya in those

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for about 4.8 years. Calves exclusively suckle their mother's milk during the first three months. Thereafter, they start feeding independently and slowly increase the time spent feeding until they are two years old. During the first three years, male calves spend more time suckling and grow faster

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have fragmented the land, giving poachers easy access to the African bush elephant. As human development grows, the human population faces the trouble of contact with the elephants more frequently, due to the species need for food and water. Farmers residing in nearby areas come into conflict with

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increases during musth. Bulls begin to experience musth by the age of 24 years. Periods of musth are short and sporadic in young bulls up to 35 years old, lasting a few days to weeks. Older bulls are in musth for 2–5 months every year. Musth occurs mainly during and following the rainy season when

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Growls are audible rumbles and happen during greetings. When in pain or fear, an elephant makes an open-mouthed growl known as a bellow while a drawn-out growl is a moan. Growling can escalate into a roaring when the elephant is issuing a threat. Trumpeting is made by blowing through the trunk and

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Africa bush elephants use their trunks for tactile communication. When greeting, a lower ranking individual will insert the tip of its trunk into its superior's mouth. Elephants will also stretch out their trunk toward an approaching individual they intend to greet. Mother elephants reassure their

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Elephant vocals are variations of rumbles, trumpets, squeals, and screams. Rumbles are mainly produced for long-distance communication and cover a broad range of frequencies which are mostly below what a human can hear. Infrasonic rumbles can travel vast distances and are important for attracting

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or matching their internal temperature with the environment. Instead, African bush elephants have curved skin that generates bending cracks, which support thermoregulation by water retention. These bending cracks also contribute to an evaporative cooling process which causes elephants to maintain

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Young bulls gradually separate from the family unit when they are between 10 and 19 years old. They range alone for some time or form all-male groups. A 2020 study highlighted the importance of old bulls for the navigation and survival of herds and raised concerns over the removal of old bulls as

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of the fifth molars are visible by the age of 10–11 years. They grow to a size of 8.5 cm (3.3 in) wide by 22 cm (8.7 in) long and are worn by the age of 45–48 years. The dental alveoli of the last molars are visible by the age of 26–28 years. They grow to a size of 9.4 cm

413:, with bulls reaching an average shoulder height of 3.04–3.36 metres (10.0–11.0 ft) and a body mass of 5.2–6.9 tonnes (11,500–15,200 lb), with the largest recorded specimen having a shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft) and an estimated body mass of 10.4 tonnes (22,900 lb). 713:

The African bush elephant has grey skin with scanty hairs. Its large ears cover the whole shoulder, and can grow as large as 2 m × 1.5 m (6 ft 7 in × 4 ft 11 in). Its large ears help to reduce body heat; flapping them creates air currents and exposes large

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It is a social mammal, travelling in herds composed of cows and their offspring. Adult bulls usually live alone or in small bachelor groups. It is a herbivore, feeding on grasses, creepers, herbs, leaves, and bark. The menstrual cycle lasts three to four months, and females are pregnant for 22

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In 2016, the global population was estimated at 415,428 ± 20,111 individuals distributed in a total area of 20,731,202 km (8,004,362 sq mi), of which 30% is protected. Approximately 42% of the total population lives in nine southern African countries comprising 293,447 ± 16,682

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The social behavior of elephants in captivity mimics that of those in the wild. Cows are kept with other cows, in groups, while bulls tend to be separated from their mothers at a young age and are kept apart. According to Schulte, in the 1990s, in North America, a few facilities allowed bull

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and 532 tusks of African bush elephants that originated in Southern Africa, centered in Zambia and neighboring countries. Between 2005 and 2006, a total of 23.461 t (23.090 long tons; 25.861 short tons) ivory plus 91 unweighed tusks of African bush elephants were confiscated in 12 major

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opportunities than those who are not. A cow may move away from bulls that attempt to test her estrous condition. If pursued by several bulls, she will run away. Once she chooses a mating partner, she will stay away from other bulls, which are threatened and chased away by the favoured bull.

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nights than during bright moon nights. In the same park, lions killed eight elephants in October 2005 that were aged between 1 and 11 years, two of them older than 8 years. Successful hunts took place after dark when prides exceeded 27 lions and herds were smaller than 5 elephants.

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families that grew up without the guidance of dominant bulls. When six adult bulls were introduced into the park, the young bulls did not attack rhinos anymore, indicating older bulls suppress the musth and aggressiveness of younger bulls. Similar incidents were recorded in

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In 1986, the African Elephant Database was initiated to collate and update information on the distribution and status of elephant populations in Africa. The database includes results from aerial surveys, dung counts, interviews with local people, and data on poaching.

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Vast areas in Sub-Saharan Africa were transformed for agricultural use and the building of infrastructure. This disturbance leaves the elephants without a stable habitat and limits their ability to roam freely. Large corporations associated with

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females are in estrus. Bulls in musth often chase each other and are aggressive towards other bulls in musth. When old and high-ranking bulls in musth threaten and chase young musth bulls, either the latter leave the group or their musth ceases.

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Ortega, Joaquín; Corpa, Juan M.; Orden, José A.; Blanco, Jorge; Carbonell, María D.; Gerique, Amalia C.; Latimer, Erin; Hayward, Gary S.; Roemmelt, Andreas; Kraemer, Thomas; Romey, Aurore; Kassimi, Labib B.; Casares, Miguel (15 July 2015).

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Miller, M.A.; Buss, P.; Roos, E.O.; Hausler, G.; Dippenaar, A.; Mitchell, E.; van Schalkwyk, L.; Robbe-Austerman, S.; Waters, W.R.; Sikar-Gang, A.; Lyashchenko, K.P.; Parsons, S.D.C.; Warren, R. & van Helden, P. (2019).

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young with touches, embraces, and rubbings with the foot while slapping disciplines them. During courtship, a couple will caress and intertwine with their trunks while playing and fighting individuals wrestle with them.

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foremost in November at the end of the dry season. Anthrax spores spread through the intestinal tracts of vultures, jackals and hyaenas that feed on the carcasses. Anthrax killed over 100 elephants in Botswana in 2019.

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and fragmentation following conversion of natural habitat for livestock farming, plantations of non-timber crops, and building of urban and industrial areas. As a result, the human-elephant conflict has increased.

742: 6242: 1404:. Adult elephants often chase off predators, especially lions, by mobbing behavior. Juveniles are usually well defended by protective adults though serious drought makes them vulnerable to lion predation. 5028:

Campbell-Staton, S. C.; Arnold, B. J.; Gonçalves, D.; Granli, P.; Poole, J.; Long, R. A. & Pringle, R. M. (2021). "Ivory poaching and the rapid evolution of tusklessness in African elephants".

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of tusk samples showed that they originated from African bush elephants killed in Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Kenya, and Uganda. Most of the ivory was smuggled through East African countries.

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the African bush elephants rummaging through their crops. In many cases, they kill the elephants as soon as they disturb a village or forage upon its crops. Deaths caused by browsing on

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In Ethiopia, the African bush elephant has historically been recorded up to an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). By the late 1970s, the population had declined to a herd in the

5271: 4944: 2401:. Vol. V. Natural History of the Pachydermes, Or, Thick-skinned Quadrupeds. Edinburgh, London, Dublin: W.H. Lizars, Samuel Highley, W. Curry, jun. & Company. pp. 124–132. 997:, groups are bigger in the rainy season and areas with open vegetation. Aerial surveys in the late 1960s to early 1970s revealed an average group size of 6.3 individuals in Uganda's 3156:

Martins, António F.; Bennett, Nigel C.; Clavel, Sylvie; Groenewald, Herman; Hensman, Sean; Hoby, Stefan; Joris, Antoine; Manger, Paul R.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2 October 2018).

1361:. Where hunting pressure on adult elephants was high in the 1970s, cows gave birth once in 2.9 to 3.8 years. Cows in Amboseli National Park gave birth once in 5 years on average. 4913: 6562: 1261:

and 58 white rhinoceros between 1991 and 2001. After the introduction of ten bulls, each up to 45 years old, the number of rhinos killed by elephants decreased considerably.

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programmes have been initiated in several range countries, which contributed to reducing human-elephant conflict and increasing local people's tolerance towards elephants.

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starts when bulls are about 15 years old. However, males have not begun sexual cycles, not experiencing their first musth period until they are 25 or 30 years of age. Cows

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and ear canals. She remained standing while giving birth. The newborn calf struggled to its feet within 30 minutes and walked 20 minutes later. The mother expelled the

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Intensive poaching leads to strong selection on tusk attributes; African elephants in areas with heavy poaching often have smaller tusks and a higher frequency of

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Between 2003 and 2015, the illegal killing of 14,606 African bush elephants was reported by rangers across 29 range countries. Chad is a major transit country for

6395: 5302: 658:, around 500,000 years ago. Genetic analysis suggests a major population expansion between 500,000 and 100,000 years ago. Records become more common during the 3996:

Poole, J. H.; Moss, C. J. (1989). "Elephant mate searching: group dynamics and vocal and olfactory communication". In Jewell, P. A.; Maloiy, G. M. O. (eds.).

5936: 1291: 738: 1708:, after the global population was found to have decreased by more than 50% over 3 generations. About 70% of its range is located outside protected areas. 1001:

and 28.8 individuals in Chambura Game Reserve. In both sites, elephants aggregated during the wet season, whereas groups were smaller in the dry season.

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Raubenheimer, E. J.; Bosman, M. C.; Vorster, R. & Noffke, C. E. (1998). "Histogenesis of the chequered pattern of ivory of the African elephant (

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Captive-born calves weigh between 100 and 120 kg (220 and 260 lb) at birth and gain about 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) weight per day. Cows

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between 1992 and 1997. This unusual behavior was attributed to their young age and inadequate socialisation; they were 17–25-year-old orphans from

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blood vessels on the inner sides to increase heat loss during hot weather. The African bush elephant's ears are pointed and triangular shaped. Its

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Lee, P. C.; Sayialel, S.; Lindsay, W. K.; Moss, C. J. (2012). "African elephant age determination from teeth: validation from known individuals".

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Bokhout, B., & Nabuurs, M. (2005). Vasectomy of older bulls to manage elephant overpopulation in Africa: a proposal. Pachyderm, 39, 97-103.

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When the international ivory trade reopened in 2006, the demand and price for ivory increased in Asia. The African bush elephant population in

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Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016).

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who at times also leads the kinship group. Groups cooperate in locating food and water, in self-defense, and in caring for offspring (termed

3792: 1971: 1650: 5506: 1070:. Elephants drink 180–230 litres (50–60 US gal) of water daily, and seem to prefer sites where water and soil contain sodium. In 3221:

Codron, Jacqueline; Codron, Daryl; Lee-Thorp, Julia A.; Sponheimer, Matt; Kirkman, Kevin; Duffy, Kevin J.; Sealy, Judith (January 2011).

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signals excitement, distress, or aggression. Juvenile elephants squeal in distress while screaming is made by adults for intimidation.

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Moss, C. J.; Poole, J. H. (1983). "Relationships and social structure of African elephants". In Hinde, R. A.; Berman, C. M. (eds.).

2427: 2296:"Middle and Late Pleistocene mammal fossils of Arabia and surrounding regions: Implications for biogeography and hominin dispersals" 566: 3785:"Role of delinquent young 'orphan' male elephants in high mortality of white rhinoceros in Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa" 2858:"Catalogue of the Mammals of Ethiopia. 6. Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Lagomorpha, Tubulidentata, Sirenia, and Cetacea" 1308: 5087: 6356: 5912: 5861: 421: 162: 4451: 4209:

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013).

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cavity, which are completely formed soon after birth. Tushes reach a length of 5 cm (2.0 in). They are composed of

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countries and inhabits forests, grasslands and woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. Since 2021, it has been listed as

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Lindeque, P. M. & Turnbull, P. C. (1994). "Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".

3037:"Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants ( 3415:

Weir, J. S. (1972). "Spatial distribution of Elephants in an African National Park in relation to environmental sodium".

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Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo; Sanders, William J.; Plavcan, J. Michael; Cerling, Thure E.; Brown, Francis H. (September 2020).

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Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010).

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Sinclair, A. R. E.; Mduma, S. & Brashares, J. S. (2003). "Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system".

1775: 1674: 3262:"Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna" 3260:

Valeix, Marion; Fritz, Hervé; Sabatier, Rodolphe; Murindagomo, Felix; Cumming, David; Duncan, Patrick (February 2011).

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Stewart, Mathew; Louys, Julien; Price, Gilbert J.; Drake, Nick A.; Groucutt, Huw S.; Petraglia, Michael D. (May 2019).

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The core of elephant society is the family unit, which mostly comprises several adult cows, their daughters, and their

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in 1907 who assumed that ear size is a distinguishing character for a race. These specimens were shot in South Africa,

6572: 6369: 6216: 5887: 4543:. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 60. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. 1396:

Adult elephants are considered invulnerable to predation. Calves, usually under two years, are sometimes preyed on by

1126:– is emitted by adult female members of a family group that have united after having been separated for several hours. 311: 6465: 5294: 3353:

Ruggiero, R. G.; Fay, J. M. (1994). "Utilization of termitarium soils by elephants and its ecological implications".

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Mole, Michael A.; Rodrigues DÁraujo, Shaun; van Aarde, Rudi J.; Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea (1 September 2018).

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Shoshani, J. (1996). "Skeletal and other basic anatomical features of elephants". In Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. (eds.).

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of ivory and increased prices for ivory on the local black market. About 10,370 tusks were confiscated in Singapore,

1148:– a soft rumble emitted by the matriarch to signal to the other herd members that it is time to move to another spot. 1827: 1559:

found dead in northern Botswana were suspected to have died after eating the poisoned carcasses of three elephants.

5877: 5762: 1998:"Noninvasive Stress and Reproductive Measures of Social and Ecological Pressures in Free-Ranging African Elephants" 1464:

of ivory in West Africa. This trend was curtailed by raising penalties for poaching and improving law enforcement.

974: 199: 31: 5218:"Fatal Tuberculosis in a Free-Ranging African Elephant and One Health Implications of Human Pathogens in Wildlife" 682: 6400: 5962: 1799:

The populations of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe are listed in Appendix II for specific purposes.

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in musth, listen for their calls, and follow their urine trails. Bulls in musth are more successful at obtaining

1245: 977:, coined the term 'kinship group' for two or more family units that have close ties. The family unit is led by a 1496:, 41 bulls were illegally killed between 2008 and 2012, equivalent to 31% of the reserve's elephant population. 1381:

than female calves. After this period, cows reject male calves more frequently from nursing than female calves.

2169:"Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants" 1593: 1566:

tuskless females, whereas congenital tusklessness is rarely if ever observed in males. A study in Mozambique's

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Weir, J. S. (1969). "Chemical properties and occurrence on Kalahari sand of salt licks created by elephants".

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Slotow, R.; van Dyk, G.; Poole, J.; Page, B.; Klocke, A. (2000). "Older bull elephants control young males".

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The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates

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Jachmann, H. (1988). "Estimating age in African elephants: a revision of Laws' molar evaluation technique".

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The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates

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Leuthold, W. (1976). "Group size in elephants of Tsavo National Park and possible factors influencing it".

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Jachmann, H.; Berry, P. S. M. & Imae, H. (1995). "Tusklessness in African elephants: a future trend".

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cases, the killings of the African bush elephant have occurred near the outskirts of the protected areas.

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that genetically diverged at least 1.9 million years ago. They are therefore considered distinct species.

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Both sexes have tusks, which erupt when they are 1–3 years old and grow throughout life. Tusks grow from

6434: 6221: 5892: 5787: 5622: 4000:. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 61. London: Clarendon Press. pp. 111–125. 1908: 1488: 970: 294: 2741:

Raubenheimer, E. J.; Van Heerden, W. F. P.; Van Niekerk, P. J.; De Vos, V. & Turner, M. J. (1995).

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for the first time at the age of 11 years. They are in estrus for 2–6 days. In captivity, cows have an

3816:"Killing of black and white rhinoceroses by African elephants in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa" 623:

between the two species, however, might have occurred after the split. Some authors have suggested tha

6265: 5955: 5499: 5337: 5037: 5002: 4824: 4765: 4706: 4577: 4396: 4251: 4183: 4140: 4039: 3741: 3546: 3424: 3362: 3223:"Landscape-scale feeding patterns of African elephant inferred from carbon isotope analysis of feces" 3169: 3052: 2994: 2947: 2912: 2715: 2621: 2307: 2116:

Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A. S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007).

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It was first hypothesized that African bush elephants sustain the intense savanna heat by performing

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Wittemyer, G.; Northrup, J. M.; Blanc, J.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Omondi, P.; Burnham, K. P. (2014).

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Laws, R. M. & Parker, I. S. C. (1968). "Recent studies on elephant populations in East Africa".

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Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemeyer, G.; Maisels, F. & Taylor, R.D. (2021) .

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McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J. & Moss, C. (2011).

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and the distal end of the sheath show a greenish coloration, termed the 'green penis syndrome' by

690: 6547: 5612: 5568: 5363: 5061: 4813:"Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa's major poaching hotspots" 4564:

Wasser, S. K.; Mailand, C.; Booth, R.; Mutayoba, B.; Kisamo, E.; Clark, B.; Stephens, M. (2007).

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bacteria caused the death of an otherwise healthy bush elephant after capture and translocation.

1584: 1281: 1154:– distinctive, low-frequency pulsated rumble emitted by musth males (nicknamed the "motorcycle"). 842: 655: 644: 592: 578: 548: 410: 370: 194: 6439: 3784: 2052: 6348: 6322: 1066:. Salt licks visited by elephants in the Kalahari contain high concentrations of water-soluble 6421: 6229: 6083: 5782: 5747: 5739: 5684: 5457: 5355: 5249: 5171: 5144: 5053: 4850: 4811:

Wasser, S. K.; Brown, L.; Mailand, C.; Mondol, S.; Clark, W.; Laurie, C.; Weir, B. S. (2015).

4793: 4734: 4605: 4544: 4514: 4326: 4267: 3978: 3757: 3630: 3562: 3515: 3505: 3476: 3333: 3332:(Revised and expanded ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp. 223–233. 3242: 3203: 3185: 3130: 3122: 3080: 2838: 2769: 2423: 2422:(Revised and expanded ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp. 223–233. 2394: 2367: 2274: 2241: 2200: 2149: 2025: 1851: 1841: 1823: 1770: 1712:

individuals; Africa's largest population lives in Botswana with 131,626 ± 12,508 individuals.

1670: 1536: 608: 5515: 793:(3.7 in) wide by 31 cm (12 in) long and are well worn by the age of 65 years. 6426: 6100: 5428: 5345: 5239: 5229: 5134: 5045: 5010: 4840: 4832: 4783: 4773: 4724: 4714: 4636: 4595: 4585: 4486: 4435: 4404: 4361: 4316: 4306: 4259: 4222: 4191: 4148: 4101: 4074: 4047: 3968: 3960: 3917: 3749: 3691: 3657: 3620: 3554: 3432: 3397: 3370: 3304: 3273: 3234: 3193: 3177: 3114: 3070: 3060: 3002: 2955: 2920: 2865: 2830: 2761: 2723: 2688: 2629: 2548: 2509: 2456: 2359: 2315: 2266: 2231: 2190: 2180: 2139: 2129: 2083: 2017: 1953: 1903: 1765: 1662: 1524: 1366: 1258: 1241: 890: 659: 540: 453: 402: 271: 6460: 4030:

McKnight, B. L. (1992). "Birth of an African elephant in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya".

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Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants".

1835: 1467:

In June 2002, a container packed with more than 6.5 t (6.4 long tons; 7.2 short tons)

1160:– a low-frequency, modulated chorus produced by several cows in response to a musth rumble. 6408: 6065: 6056: 5812: 5807: 5689: 5674: 5669: 5652: 5484: 4344:

Loveridge, Andrew J.; et al. (2006). "Influence of drought on predation of elephant (

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Kerr, M. A. (1978). "Reproduction of elephant in the Mana Pools National Park, Rhodesia".

2656: 2021: 1885: 1655: 1385: 1324: 829: 805: 715: 4092:

Smith, N. S.; Buss, I. O. (1973). "Reproductive ecology of the female African elephant".

2220:"New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial-Dental Morphology" 5521: 5341: 5041: 5006: 4828: 4769: 4710: 4581: 4400: 4255: 4187: 4144: 4065:

Lang, E. M. (1967). "The birth of an African elephant Loxodonta africana at Basle Zoo".

4043: 3745: 3550: 3428: 3366: 3173: 3056: 2998: 2951: 2916: 2719: 2625: 2311: 2013: 1997: 17: 6047: 5947: 5709: 5694: 5664: 5451: 5244: 5217: 5014: 4845: 4812: 4788: 4753: 4729: 4694: 4600: 4565: 4541:

African Elephant Status Report 2016 : an update from the African Elephant Database

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Poole, J. H. (1987). "Rutting behavior in African elephants: the phenomenon of musth".

3498: 3472: 3401: 3374: 3198: 3157: 3075: 3036: 3006: 2924: 2727: 2692: 2633: 2195: 2168: 2144: 2117: 2087: 1780: 1755: 1740: 1630: 1548: 1332: 1197: 1009: 789: 773: 604: 589: 506: 4227: 4210: 2834: 2347: 701: 333: 129: 6536: 6343: 5847: 5802: 5752: 5714: 5516:

Clips from the BBC archive, news stories and sound files of the African Bush Elephant

5416: 5065: 4566:"Using DNA to track the origin of the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 trade ban" 4475:"The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa" 4423: 4408: 4365: 4195: 4128: 3695: 3467:

The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates

3222: 3142: 2765: 2568: 2379: 2327: 1894: 1831: 1697: 1634: 1476: 1401: 1365:

ears. One cow seemed to assist her. While she was in labour, fluid streamed from her

982: 813: 664: 494: 425: 167: 80: 6247: 5367: 5268:"Mysterious mass elephant die-off in Botswana was caused by cyanobacteria poisoning" 4447: 4279: 4160: 3908:

Moss, C. J. (1983). "Oestrous behaviour and female choice in the African elephant".

3703: 3035:

Allen, C. R. B.; Brent, L. J. N.; Motsentwa, T.; Weiss, M. N.; Croft, D. P. (2020).

2260: 2037: 1441:

and affects the survival chances of a population. Access of poachers to unregulated

1142:– made in response to the contact call; starts out loud, but softens toward the end. 6234: 5842: 5817: 5381: 3574: 2890:

On the ecology and behaviour of the African elephant: the elephants of Lake Manyara

2870: 2857: 2514: 2489: 2461: 1967: 1669:

since 1989. In 1997, populations of Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe were placed on

1617: 1556: 1500: 1442: 1425: 1222: 1214: 1063: 1027: 948: 886: 817: 616: 596: 552: 498: 261: 3769: 1384:

The maximum lifespan of the African bush elephant is between 70 and 75 years. Its

1357:

lasts 22 months. The interval between births was estimated at 3.9 to 4.7 years in

6492: 5189: 4719: 3327: 3277: 2417: 2319: 2185: 2134: 1437:

Poachers target foremost elephant bulls for their tusks, which leads to a skewed

6452: 6387: 6361: 6304: 6188: 5979: 4906:"More than 500 endangered vultures die after eating poisoned elephant carcasses" 4641: 4625:"Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)" 4624: 3308: 1685: 1532: 1512: 1412: 1210: 1075: 1034: 966: 930: 648: 600: 585: 544: 251: 55: 3882:"Reproduction in female African elephant in the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia" 3181: 3158:"Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin" 3065: 2649:

Elephants and Their Habitats: The Ecology of Elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda

2363: 2224:

The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology

1667:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

1574:

led to the increasing birth of tuskless females when the population recovered.

654:

Another possible early record is from the Kanjera site in Kenya, dating to the

6016: 5350: 5325: 3465: 3238: 3118: 1730: 1638: 1563: 1446: 1133: 986: 909: 764:, occurring in males around the age of 40 and females around 25 years of age. 100: 65: 5234: 5139: 5114: 3519: 3246: 3189: 3126: 2804:

The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives

2371: 2029: 1217:. Males in musth become more aggressive. They guard and mate with females in 1050:. It is a mixed feeder, consuming both grasses, as well as woody vegetation ( 6278: 5923: 5049: 4836: 4778: 4590: 3921: 3661: 3102: 1855: 1504: 1472: 1461: 1450: 1438: 1377: 1354: 1047: 978: 894: 809: 761: 727: 620: 211: 105: 6179: 5359: 5295:"Nerve agent fear as hundreds of elephants perish mysteriously in Botswana" 5253: 5148: 5057: 4854: 4797: 4738: 4609: 4330: 4311: 4271: 3982: 3964: 3945:"Ovulation, Pregnancy, Placentation and Husbandry in the African Elephant ( 3761: 3207: 3134: 3084: 2245: 2204: 2153: 1958: 5175: 4424:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana" 3634: 3625: 3604: 3566: 2842: 2773: 1633:

region after drinking from desiccating waterholes that were infested with

782: 779: 6486: 6413: 6173: 6026: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5591: 4491: 4474: 4439: 3845:"Reproduction in the male African elephant in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia" 1520: 1516: 1370: 1315: 1298: 1079: 862: 858: 854: 825: 723: 510: 502: 433: 406: 231: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 6257: 4869:"Over 500 Rare Vultures Die After Eating Poisoned Elephants in Botswana" 4263: 3605:"Musth and urinary testosterone concentrations in the African elephant ( 6514: 6506: 6296: 6038: 5704: 5525: 4152: 4113: 3929: 3677:"Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants" 3500:

The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation

3444: 3293:"Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal" 2560: 1704:. Since 2021, the African bush elephant has individually been assessed 1700:

assessed the African elephant (then considered as a single species) as

1609: 1328: 1249: 1059: 1055: 898: 866: 110: 85: 4754:"Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants" 4129:"Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves" 6309: 6203: 5992: 5792: 5757: 5530: 3753: 3558: 2652: 2236: 2219: 1588: 1508: 1347: 1336: 1221:, who stay closer to bulls in musth than to non-musth bulls. Urinary 1218: 1067: 1017:"currently occur in both legal trophy hunting and illegal poaching". 878: 874: 870: 846: 821: 747: 705:

Size comparison of the skeleton of famous African bush elephant bull

643:

is sparse. The earliest possible records of the species are from the

417: 241: 221: 6150: 5190:"Botswana: Lab tests to solve mystery of hundreds of dead elephants" 4105: 3436: 2981:

Eltringham, S. K. (1977). "The numbers and distribution of elephant

2967: 2552: 2057:

Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin

1629:

From April to June 2020, over 400 bush elephants died in Botswana's

1373:

about 100 minutes after birth and covered it with soil immediately.

1136:

sounds made by an individual that has been separated from the group.

889:. It moves between a variety of habitats, including subtropical and 709:, around 3.2 metres tall and 6 tonnes in weight, compared to a human 686:

Average size of adults with the largest recorded individual included

6283: 5490: 2270: 2103:

Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species

6447: 5797: 5617: 5386:"Both African elephant species are now endangered, one critically" 4695:"Comparative Demography of an At-Risk African Elephant Population" 3603:

Poole, J. H.; Kasman, L. H.; Ramsay, E. C.; Lasley, B. L. (1984).

3533:

Poole, J. H.; Moss, C. J. (1981). "Musth in the African elephant,

2985:

in the Rwenzori National Park and Chambura Game Reserve, Uganda".

2743:"Morphology of the deciduous tusk (tush) of the African elephant ( 1734: 1649: 1468: 1339: 1228: 1206: 1201: 1185: 1179: 1097: 1003: 850: 795: 732: 706: 700: 689: 681: 570: 437: 184: 178: 5433:

10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<447::aid-zoo12>3.0.co;2-#

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1688:

is an effective method to drive elephants away from settlements.

1172:– calls of excitement made by a cow's family after she has mated. 5538:"African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park" 4968:"Botswana: Over 500 vultures found dead after massive poisoning" 4878: 1996:

Foley, C. A. H.; Papageorge, S.; Wasser, S. K. (3 August 2001).

1684:

Researchers discovered that playing back the recorded sounds of

1484: 1397: 1008:

A bull elephant stretching up to break off a tree branch in the

902: 882: 719: 718:

slopes forward. Its back is shaped markedly concave. Its sturdy

6270: 6154: 5951: 5564: 5080:"Facts About African Elephants – The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore" 5531:

People Not Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform

4909: 2488:

Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P.; Shoshani, J. (2000).

901:, and agricultural land from sea level to mountain slopes. In 694:

Skeleton of a female African bush elephant on display at the

5560: 5417:"Social structure and helping behavior in captive elephants" 4937:"Poachers' Poison Kills 530 Endangered Vultures in Botswana" 2675:

Laws, R. M. (1966). "Age criteria for the African elephant:

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Competition between bulls overrides their choice sometimes.

905:

and Namibia, it also inhabits desert and semi-desert areas.

3103:"Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat" 2647:

Laws, R. M.; Parker, I. S. C.; Johnstone, R. C. B. (1975).

555:

area in Kenya, Somaliland, and western Sudan, respectively.

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4509:

Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H. & Ehrlich, P. R. (2015).

1616:

It is thought that wild bush elephants can contract fatal

3998:

The Biology of Large African Mammals in Their Environment

2445:"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks" 1119:

several different infrasonic calls have been identified:

1032:

their body temperature regardless of air temperature via

5326:"African elephants run from the sound of disturbed bees" 5324:

King, L. E.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Vollrath, F. (2007).

30:"Loxodonta africana" redirects here. For the album, see 4513:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3590:

Musth and male-male competition in the African elephant

2883: 2881: 2265:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 257–261. 1939:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 973:, who observed African bush elephants for 4.5 years in 746:

A herd of African bush elephants eating in the wild in

2076:"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant" 833:(11.5 ft) and weighed 117 kg (258 lb). 603:

of African bush and forest elephants, Asian elephant,

3291:

Campos-Arceiz, Ahimsa; Blake, Steve (November 2011).

1424:

The African bush elephant is threatened primarily by

647:

around Omo in Ethiopia, which are dated to the Early

4295:"Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" 3022:

Primate Social Relationships: An Integrated Approach

2856:

Yalden, D. W.; Largen, M. J. & Kock, D. (1986).

1596:, an invasive alien plant, have also been reported. 1111:

Low frequency rumble visualised with acoustic camera

444:

months, the longest gestation period of any mammal.

6476: 6163: 6098: 6036: 6025: 5905: 5870: 5860: 5835: 5775: 5738: 5731: 5635: 5605: 5598: 2806:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–20. 2608:

Hanks, J. (1972). "Growth of the African elephant (

2053:"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten" 1909:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en

3497: 3464: 2262:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 1661:Both African elephant species have been listed on 4379:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions ( 3875: 3873: 3871: 3592:(PhD thesis). Cambridge: University of Cambridge. 2490:"Living African elephants belong to two species: 497:in 1900. The first was a specimen from the upper 5164:The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 1608:indicate that African bush elephants die due to 611:revealed that the African bush elephant and the 5507:images and movies of the African Bush Elephant 5453:Elephant Don: The Politics of a Pachyderm Posse 4758:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4570:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3953:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 2527: 2525: 2105:. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication. 2080:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1673:, as were populations of South Africa in 2000. 1058:, they congregate at mineral-rich water holes, 662:, following the extinction of the last African 5127:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1620:from humans. Infection of the vital organs by 462:were described by naturalists and curators of 5963: 5576: 3814:Slotow, R.; Balfour, D.; Howison, O. (2001). 3504:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 145. 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1342:enlarge during the second half of pregnancy. 8: 5270:. sciencealert.com. AFP. 22 September 2020. 4534: 4532: 4530: 2591:Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 989:varies seasonally and between locations. In 6563:Species endangered by habitat fragmentation 5937:List of elephants in mythology and religion 4504: 4502: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3471:. University of California Press. pp. 2892:(PhD thesis). Oxford: University of Oxford. 2670: 2668: 2666: 912:valley and one close to the Kenyan border. 722:are curved out and point forward. Its long 6151: 6033: 5970: 5956: 5948: 5867: 5832: 5772: 5735: 5726: 5632: 5602: 5583: 5569: 5561: 3886:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 3849:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 1523:, Kenya and Uganda between 2007 and 2013. 1196:Bulls in musth experience swelling of the 332: 156: 128: 41: 6593:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 5349: 5243: 5233: 5138: 4844: 4787: 4777: 4728: 4718: 4640: 4599: 4589: 4490: 4387:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". 4320: 4310: 4226: 3972: 3624: 3326:Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea". 3197: 3074: 3064: 2869: 2513: 2460: 2416:Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea". 2235: 2194: 2184: 2143: 2133: 1957: 1907: 466:from various parts of Africa, including: 4422:Power, R. J.; Compion, R. X. S. (2009). 3458: 3456: 3454: 458:In the 19th and 20th centuries, several 5107: 5105: 1812: 1792: 1166:– made by an oestrous cow after mating. 800:Molar of an adult African bush elephant 588:analysis revealed that the African and 5274:from the original on 23 September 2020 4473:Lemieux, A. M.; Clarke, R. V. (2009). 3024:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 315–325. 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1818: 1816: 577:Today, these names are all considered 4658:"The current elephant poaching trend" 3096: 3094: 2532:Laursen, L. & Bekoff, M. (1978). 2469:from the original on 20 February 2020 2341: 2339: 2337: 2022:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041134.x 1240:Young bulls in musth killed about 50 828:. Their tips bear a conical layer of 651:, around 2.44-2.27 million years ago. 505:, and the second a specimen from the 7: 6520:55DEB564-42A0-4810-9BA8-620B1F3410BE 4974:from the original on 26 January 2021 4885:from the original on 8 November 2020 1480:consignments being shipped to Asia. 1078:, elephants were observed to ingest 841:The African bush elephant occurs in 808:known as tushes that develop in the 432:, and in parts of its range also by 5487:– An in-depth resource on elephants 4454:from the original on 31 August 2018 4133:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3107:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 2259:Sanders, William J. (7 July 2023). 1977:from the original on 24 August 2016 1895:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 954:Young bulls in a bachelor group in 341:Range of the African bush elephant 5119:infection in an African elephant ( 5015:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1995.tb00800.x 4916:from the original on 3 August 2021 4479:The British Journal of Criminology 4352:) in an African wooded savannah". 4094:The Journal of Wildlife Management 4079:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1967.tb00359.x 4052:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00481.x 3402:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb02148.x 3375:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00573.x 3007:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1977.tb00375.x 2925:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x 2728:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb01127.x 2693:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00878.x 2634:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1972.tb00870.x 2088:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x 1570:revealed that poaching during the 1453:in some elephant range countries. 409:species. It is the largest living 25: 4674:from the original on 11 July 2019 4228:10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 3496:Sukumar, R. (11 September 2003). 1654:African bush elephants mating in 567:Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala 6543:IUCN Red List endangered species 5913:Cultural depictions of elephants 5305:from the original on 2 July 2020 5196:from the original on 3 July 2020 4409:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x 4366:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00181.x 4196:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01286.x 4127:Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). 3783:Slotow, R.; van Dyk, G. (2001). 2783:from the original on 23 May 2022 1733: 1307: 1290: 1273: 1257:, where young bulls killed five 947: 929: 824:and coated with a thin layer of 776:of the African bush elephant is 730:ends with two finger-like tips. 454:African elephant § Taxonomy 405:species and one of three extant 198: 5478:Elephant Information Repository 5456:. 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Archived from 3309:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014 2862:Monitore Zoologico Italiano 6609: 6578:Endangered biota of Africa 6086:Elephas maximus sumatranus 6059:Elephas maximus borneensis 5450:Caitlin O'Connell (2015). 4995:African Journal of Ecology 4389:African Journal of Ecology 4176:African Journal of Ecology 4067:International Zoo Yearbook 4032:African Journal of Ecology 3880:Williamson, B. R. 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A. (2000). 5050:10.1126/science.abe7389 4837:10.1126/science.aaa2457 4779:10.1073/pnas.1403984111 4591:10.1073/pnas.0609714104 3922:10.1163/156853983X00354 3662:10.1163/156853986X00171 3266:Biological Conservation 2494:(Blumenbach, 1797) and 2218:Todd, Nancy E. (2010). 1937:Larramendi, A. (2016). 1568:Gorongosa National Park 613:African forest elephant 464:natural history museums 401:, is one of two extant 352: Possibly resident 5648:North African elephant 5514:BBC Wildlife Finder – 4312:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168 3965:10.1098/rstb.2006.1831 1959:10.4202/app.00136.2014 1834:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 1658: 1475:. It contained 42,120 1255:Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park 1237: 1188: 1117:Amboseli National Park 1112: 1021:Temperature regulation 1013: 999:Rwenzori National Park 938:Amboseli National Park 801: 751: 710: 698: 687: 671:Palaeoloxodon jolensis 639:The fossil record for 559:North African elephant 448:Taxonomy and evolution 358: Possibly extinct 6435:Paleobiology Database 6075:Sri Lankan elephant ( 5924:Elephant Encyclopedia 5643:African bush elephant 5623:Seismic communication 5536:Handwerk, B. (2006). 5483:18 March 2009 at the 4904:Hurworth, E. (2019). 4623:Poilecot, P. (2010). 3675:Poole, J. H. (1989). 3626:10.1530/jrf.0.0700255 3588:Poole, J. H. (1982). 3162:Nature Communications 2677:Loxodonta a. africana 2443:Shoshani, J. (1978). 2074:Lydekker, R. (1907). 2051:Matschie, P. (1900). 1653: 1553:lappet-faced vultures 1545:white-headed vultures 1541:white-backed vultures 1489:Zakouma National Park 1335:lasting 14–15 weeks. 1314:Calf of six weeks in 1232: 1183: 1110: 1007: 971:Iain Douglas-Hamilton 799: 745: 704: 693: 685: 397:), also known as the 389:African bush elephant 45:African bush elephant 5509:(Loxodonta africana) 5500:Encyclopedia of Life 5117:Citrobacter freundii 4966:Ngounou, B. (2019). 4440:10.3377/004.044.0104 2393:Jardine, W. (1836). 2002:Conservation Biology 1623:Citrobacter freundii 1606:Etosha National Park 1572:Mozambican Civil War 1359:Hwange National Park 1235:Kruger National Park 1074:and on the shore of 1072:Kruger National Park 956:Hwange National Park 916:Behavior and ecology 593:genetically diverged 460:zoological specimens 139:Mikumi National Park 6568:Herbivorous mammals 6105:(African elephants) 6084:Sumatran elephant ( 5680:Sri Lankan elephant 5548:on 1 September 2006 5542:National Geographic 5390:National Geographic 5342:2007CBio...17.R832K 5042:2021Sci...374..483C 5007:1995AfJEc..33..230J 4874:Agence France-Press 4829:2015Sci...349...84W 4770:2014PNAS..11113117W 4764:(36): 13117–13121. 4711:2013PLoSO...853726W 4582:2007PNAS..104.4228W 4401:2006AfJEc..44..279J 4348:) calves by lions ( 4305:(1722): 3270–3276. 4264:10.1038/nature01934 4256:2003Natur.425..288S 4215:Nature Conservation 4188:2012AfJEc..50....9L 4145:1986BEcoS..18..353L 4044:1992AfJEc..30...87M 4013:Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 3832:on 25 October 2007. 3746:2000Natur.408..425S 3551:1981Natur.292..830P 3429:1972Oikos..23....1W 3367:1994AfJEc..32..222R 3174:2018NatCo...9.3865M 3057:2020NatSR..1013996A 2999:1977AfJEc..15...19E 2952:1976JAnEc..45..425L 2917:1973AfJEc..11..401D 2720:1988AfJEc..26...51J 2626:1972AfJEc..10..251H 2312:2019QuInt.515...12S 2014:2001ConBi..15.1134F 1828:"Order Proboscidea" 1535:and 537 endangered 1471:was confiscated in 1409:Chobe National Park 1164:Postcopulatory call 936:Elephant family in 696:Museum of Osteology 633:Loxodonta atlantica 430:habitat destruction 148:Conservation status 6573:Endangered animals 6248:loxodonta-africana 6209:loxodonta-africana 6195:Loxodonta africana 6165:Loxodonta africana 5495:(Blumenbach 1797)" 5493:Loxodonta africana 5293:Brown, W. (2020). 5121:Loxodonta africana 4935:Solly, M. (2019). 4492:10.1093/bjc/azp030 4385:Loxodonta africana 4354:Journal of Zoology 4346:Loxodonta africana 4153:10.1007/BF00299666 3947:Loxodonta africana 3943:Allen, W. (2006). 3843:Hanks, J. (1973). 3607:Loxodonta africana 3535:Loxodonta africana 3463:Estes, R. (1991). 3390:Journal of Zoology 3324:Loxodonta africana 3045:Scientific Reports 3039:Loxodonta africana 2983:Loxodonta africana 2819:Loxodonta africana 2745:Loxodonta africana 2610:Loxodonta africana 2536:Loxodonta africana 2496:Loxodonta cyclotis 2492:Loxodonta africana 2414:Loxodonta africana 1888:Loxodonta africana 1761:Elephant cognition 1659: 1585:commercial logging 1537:Old World vultures 1445:is facilitated by 1282:Addo Elephant Park 1238: 1189: 1170:Mating pandemonium 1113: 1014: 843:sub-Saharan Africa 802: 752: 711: 699: 688: 656:Middle Pleistocene 645:Shungura Formation 563:L. a. pharaohensis 549:Aberdare Mountains 411:terrestrial animal 394:Loxodonta africana 304:Loxodonta africana 51:Pleistocene–Recent 33:Loxodonta Africana 6530: 6529: 6478:Elephas africanus 6422:Open Tree of Life 6157:Taxon identifiers 6148: 6147: 6133: 6132: 6066:Indian elephant ( 6057:Borneo elephant ( 5982:species by family 5945: 5944: 5901: 5900: 5856: 5855: 5831: 5830: 5783:Ballista elephant 5771: 5770: 5748:Elephant crushing 5727: 5725: 5724: 5685:Sumatran elephant 5631: 5630: 5384:(25 March 2021). 5336:(19): R832–R833. 5036:(6566): 483–487. 4576:(10): 4228–4233. 4550:978-2-8317-1813-2 4250:(6955): 288–290. 3959:(1469): 821–834. 3740:(6811): 425–426. 3511:978-0-19-510778-4 3482:978-0-520-08085-0 2578:on 30 April 2013. 2545:Mammalian Species 2498:(Matschie, 1900)" 2280:978-1-315-11891-8 1847:978-0-8018-8221-0 1771:Largest organisms 1671:CITES Appendix II 1386:generation length 1280:Mating ritual in 1146:"Let's go" rumble 1108: 891:temperate forests 812:and consist of a 743: 609:American mastodon 385: 384: 379:Elephas africanus 188: 171: 27:Species of mammal 16:(Redirected from 6600: 6523: 6522: 6510: 6509: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6469: 6468: 6456: 6455: 6443: 6442: 6430: 6429: 6417: 6416: 6404: 6403: 6391: 6390: 6388:NHMSYS0000376837 6378: 6377: 6365: 6364: 6352: 6351: 6339: 6338: 6326: 6325: 6313: 6312: 6300: 6299: 6287: 6286: 6274: 6273: 6261: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6238: 6237: 6225: 6224: 6212: 6211: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6152: 6048:Asian elephant ( 6034: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5949: 5868: 5833: 5773: 5736: 5633: 5603: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5544:. Archived from 5467: 5437: 5436: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5396:on 25 March 2021 5392:. Archived from 5378: 5372: 5371: 5353: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5237: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5086:. Archived from 5076: 5070: 5069: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4781: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4732: 4722: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4593: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4525: 4524: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4383:) on elephants ( 4376: 4370: 4369: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4314: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3916:(3/4): 167–196. 3905: 3894: 3893: 3877: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3754:10.1038/35044191 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3706:. Archived from 3684:Animal Behaviour 3681: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3656:(3–4): 283–316. 3645: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3559:10.1038/292830a0 3530: 3524: 3523: 3503: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3470: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3201: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3068: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2911:(3–4): 401–403. 2900: 2894: 2893: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2751: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2672: 2661: 2660: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2571:. Archived from 2542: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2464: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2343: 2332: 2331: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2237:10.1002/ar.21010 2215: 2209: 2208: 2198: 2188: 2179:(12): e1000564. 2164: 2158: 2157: 2147: 2137: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2008:(4): 1134–1142. 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1961: 1943: 1934: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1881: 1860: 1859: 1820: 1800: 1797: 1766:Knysna elephants 1743: 1738: 1737: 1604:Observations at 1525:Genetic analysis 1311: 1294: 1277: 1242:white rhinoceros 1109: 951: 933: 787: 785: 784: 781: 744: 660:Late Pleistocene 541:Richard Lydekker 403:African elephant 363: 357: 351: 345: 336: 306: 286:L. africana 203: 202: 182: 165: 160: 159: 132: 122: 52: 48:Temporal range: 42: 21: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6472: 6464: 6459: 6451: 6446: 6438: 6433: 6425: 6420: 6412: 6409:Observation.org 6407: 6399: 6394: 6386: 6381: 6373: 6368: 6360: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6295: 6290: 6282: 6277: 6269: 6264: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6220: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6129: 6104: 6094: 6050:Elephas maximus 6029: 6021: 5983: 5976: 5946: 5941: 5897: 5852: 5827: 5813:Temple elephant 5767: 5721: 5690:Syrian elephant 5675:Indian elephant 5670:Borneo elephant 5653:Desert elephant 5627: 5594: 5589: 5551: 5549: 5535: 5522:elephant genome 5485:Wayback Machine 5474: 5464: 5449: 5446: 5444:Further reading 5441: 5440: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5330:Current Biology 5323: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5027: 5026: 5022: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4823:(6243): 84–87. 4810: 4809: 4805: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667:(45): 154–157. 4660: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4635:(303): 93–102. 4622: 4621: 4617: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4538: 4537: 4528: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4428:African Zoology 4421: 4420: 4416: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4106:10.2307/3800318 4091: 4090: 4086: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3879: 3878: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3690:(37): 140–152. 3679: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3545:(5826): 830–1. 3532: 3531: 3527: 3512: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3462: 3461: 3452: 3437:10.2307/3543921 3414: 3413: 3409: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3297:Acta Oecologica 3290: 3289: 3285: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3018: 3014: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2829:(12): 969–977. 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2674: 2673: 2664: 2657:Clarendon Press 2646: 2645: 2641: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2553:10.2307/3503889 2540: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2345: 2344: 2335: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2050: 2049: 2045: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1883: 1882: 1863: 1848: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1694: 1656:Tierpark Berlin 1648: 1602: 1580: 1578:Habitat changes 1549:hooded vultures 1449:and periods of 1435: 1422: 1394: 1325:Spermatogenesis 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1267: 1198:temporal glands 1194: 1124:Greeting rumble 1098: 1088: 1044: 1023: 963: 962: 961: 960: 959: 952: 943: 942: 941: 934: 923: 921:Social behavior 918: 845:which includes 839: 806:deciduous teeth 778: 777: 770: 757: 733: 716:occipital plane 680: 456: 450: 365: 361: 359: 355: 353: 349: 347: 343: 315: 308: 302: 289: 197: 189: 172: 161: 157: 150: 123: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 50: 49: 46: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6511: 6498: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6457: 6444: 6431: 6418: 6405: 6392: 6379: 6366: 6353: 6340: 6327: 6314: 6301: 6288: 6275: 6262: 6252: 6239: 6226: 6213: 6200: 6185: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6044: 6042: 6031: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5823:White elephant 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5710:Dwarf elephant 5707: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5695:Javan elephant 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5665:Asian elephant 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5533: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5503: 5488: 5473: 5472:External links 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463:978-0226106113 5462: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5427:(5): 447–459. 5407: 5373: 5316: 5285: 5259: 5207: 5181: 5154: 5133:(5): 632–636. 5101: 5071: 5020: 5001:(3): 230–235. 4985: 4958: 4927: 4896: 4860: 4803: 4744: 4685: 4648: 4615: 4556: 4549: 4526: 4520:978-1421417189 4519: 4498: 4485:(4): 451–471. 4465: 4414: 4395:(2): 279–281. 4371: 4360:(3): 523–530. 4336: 4285: 4234: 4201: 4166: 4139:(5): 353–361. 4119: 4100:(4): 524–534. 4084: 4073:(1): 154–157. 4057: 4022: 4003: 3988: 3935: 3895: 3867: 3858: 3835: 3806: 3775: 3724: 3713:on 1 June 2019 3667: 3640: 3619:(1): 255–260. 3595: 3580: 3525: 3510: 3488: 3481: 3450: 3407: 3396:(3): 293–310. 3380: 3361:(3): 222–232. 3345: 3338: 3314: 3303:(6): 542–553. 3283: 3272:(2): 902–912. 3252: 3213: 3148: 3113:(5): 889–897. 3090: 3027: 3012: 2973: 2946:(2): 425–439. 2930: 2895: 2877: 2848: 2809: 2794: 2760:(6): 571–576. 2733: 2698: 2662: 2639: 2620:(4): 251–272. 2600: 2581: 2521: 2480: 2435: 2428: 2404: 2385: 2358:(3): 483–495. 2333: 2286: 2279: 2271:10.1201/b20016 2251: 2210: 2159: 2108: 2093: 2066: 2043: 1988: 1952:(3): 537–574. 1922: 1861: 1846: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1781:Pygmy elephant 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1756:Dwarf elephant 1753: 1745: 1744: 1741:Mammals portal 1729: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1693: 1690: 1647: 1644: 1631:Okavango Delta 1601: 1598: 1579: 1576: 1539:including 468 1434: 1431: 1421: 1418: 1407:In Botswana's 1402:spotted hyenas 1393: 1390: 1333:oestrous cycle 1313: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1193: 1190: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1140:Contact answer 1137: 1127: 1087: 1084: 1043: 1040: 1022: 1019: 1010:Okavango Delta 953: 946: 945: 944: 935: 928: 927: 926: 925: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 838: 835: 790:dental alveoli 774:dental formula 769: 766: 756: 753: 679: 676: 605:woolly mammoth 590:Asian elephant 575: 574: 556: 514: 449: 446: 383: 382: 374: 373: 367: 366: 360: 354: 348: 346: Resident 342: 338: 337: 329: 328: 322: 321: 317: 316: 309: 298: 297: 291: 290: 283: 281: 277: 276: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 191: 190: 177: 174: 173: 155: 152: 151: 146: 143: 142: 134: 133: 125: 124: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 53: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6605: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6143: 6142: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5981: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5848:Howdah pistol 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Elephant goad 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5740:Domestication 5737: 5734: 5730: 5716: 5715:Pygmy mammoth 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382:Nuwer, Rachel 5377: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5304: 5300: 5299:The Telegraph 5296: 5289: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5208: 5195: 5192:. BBC. 2020. 5191: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5090:on 4 May 2018 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4928: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705:(1): e53726. 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 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2225: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1796: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:IUCN Red List 1696:In 2008, the 1691: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635:cyanobacteria 1632: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1557:Cape vultures 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:confiscations 1497: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:black markets 1440: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1388:is 25 years. 1387: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1310: 1300: 1293: 1283: 1276: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158:Female chorus 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1096: 1092: 1086:Communication 1085: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:mineral licks 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983:allomothering 980: 976: 972: 968: 957: 950: 939: 932: 920: 915: 913: 911: 906: 904: 900: 897:, woodlands, 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 836: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 798: 794: 791: 775: 767: 765: 763: 754: 749: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 708: 703: 697: 692: 684: 677: 675: 673: 672: 667: 666: 665:Palaeoloxodon 661: 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 634: 630:evolved from 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591: 587: 582: 580: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557: 554: 550: 547:in Zimbabwe, 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Paul Matschie 492: 491:knochenhaueri 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 468: 467: 465: 461: 455: 447: 445: 441: 439: 436:for meat and 435: 431: 427: 426:IUCN Red List 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395: 390: 381: 380: 375: 372: 368: 339: 335: 330: 327: 323: 318: 313: 307: 305: 299: 296: 295:Binomial name 292: 288: 287: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 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Retrieved 1899: 1893: 1887: 1836: 1832:Wilson, D.E. 1824:Shoshani, J. 1795: 1719: 1716:In captivity 1710: 1695: 1686:African bees 1683: 1679: 1660: 1646:Conservation 1628: 1621: 1618:tuberculosis 1615: 1603: 1581: 1564:congenitally 1561: 1533:tawny eagles 1529: 1498: 1482: 1477:hanko stamps 1466: 1459: 1455: 1436: 1426:habitat loss 1423: 1406: 1395: 1383: 1375: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1323: 1265:Reproduction 1239: 1233:drinking in 1223:testosterone 1215:Cynthia Moss 1195: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1152:Musth rumble 1151: 1145: 1139: 1130:Contact call 1129: 1123: 1114: 1093: 1089: 1062:mounds, and 1045: 1033: 1028:heterothermy 1026: 1024: 1015: 964: 907: 887:South Africa 840: 803: 771: 758: 712: 669: 663: 652: 640: 638: 631: 627: 624: 617:sister group 599:analysis of 597:Phylogenetic 583: 576: 562: 553:Lake Turkana 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 501:in northern 499:Atbara River 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 457: 442: 415: 398: 393: 392: 388: 386: 378: 377: 325: 303: 301: 285: 284: 272: 262:Elephantidae 137:A female in 39: 32: 6305:iNaturalist 6189:Wikispecies 6123:L. cyclotis 6114:L. africana 6030:(Elephants) 6015:Superorder 6009:Infraclass 5980:Proboscidea 5871:By locality 5864:and history 5552:1 September 5421:Zoo Biology 5094:13 November 4970:. Afrik21. 4941:Smithsonian 4182:(1): 9–20. 4019:(29): 1–11. 3892:(2): 89–93. 3855:(2): 31–39. 3423:(1): 1–13. 3168:(1): 3865. 2687:(1): 1–37. 2547:(92): 1–8. 2128:(8): e207. 1639:Neurotoxins 1594:rubber vine 1513:Philippines 1413:waning moon 1211:Joyce Poole 1134:unmodulated 1076:Lake Kariba 1048:herbivorous 1035:homeothermy 967:prepubertal 816:, root and 678:Description 649:Pleistocene 641:L. africana 628:L. africana 601:nuclear DNA 586:mitogenomic 545:Mashonaland 537:rothschildi 320:Subspecies 252:Proboscidea 141:, Tanzania 6537:Categories 6017:Afrotheria 5788:Executions 2597:: 319–359. 2508:(4): 1–4. 2063:: 189–197. 1915:15 January 1807:References 1706:Endangered 1702:vulnerable 1663:Appendix I 1492:years. 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