Africana womanism - Knowledge

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history is unique. We are the inheritors of African-American women's history, and as such we shall not redefine ourselves nor that history to meet some politically correct image of a popular culture movement, which demands the right to speak for and redefine the morals and mores of all racial, cultural and ethnic groups. Nor shall we allow the history to be "shanghied" to legitimatize the "global political agenda" of others. We reject the status of victim. Indeed, we are victors, Sisters in Charge of our own destiny. We are Africana culture-keepers: Our primary obligation is to the progress of our cultural way of life through the stability of family and the commitment to community. The practice of cultural womanism is not limited to Africana women. Italian, Japanese, Hispanic, East Indian, Arab, Jewish women, etc., all utilize this approach to decision-making, and know the value of maintaining indigenous cultural autonomy. The rite of passing generation-to-generation knowledge free from outside manipulation, coercion or intimidation insures traditional integrity, which fosters a climate of cultural security. Traditional cultures should not be obligated to bow to redefinitions foisted upon them by elitist entities that gain their authority via the drive of well-organized "media hype."

327:. Hudson-Weems says that Black men's and Black women's bond helps to maintain the race. Black woman are physically and mentally strong. This principle of Strength is often the one that is attacked by non-Africana oppressors because their goal is to force submission upon the powerful group that is Africana women. Hudson-Weems says that Black men's and Black women's bond helps to maintain the race. Therefore, the principle of male compatibility is based upon mutually beneficial relationships between a well-respected African woman and a supportive, like-minded, man. 3700: 161:

Alice Walker's womanism confronts both the privilege of the white woman as well as the divide between men and women in search of the growth African American people. Alice Walker believes that womanism has been around since the time of slavery. Walker claims that, "This ability to hold on, even in very simple ways, is work Black women have done for a very long time.". Walker is saying that women of color have known the struggles of holding on to their strengths and allowing for the progression of others before them.

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dignity, as well as their ambition. Lastly, there are In Concert With Men and Genuine Sisterhood. In concert with men is the African woman's push to develop strong relationships with like minded men in the struggle for overarching Black liberation and the eventually Black women's liberation. The concept of Genuine Sisterhood, which is one of the eighteen characteristics of Africana Womanism, is integral for the survival of women in a male-dominated society, and for Black people in a white-dominated society.

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family first, which would be wholeness, without neglecting the career of the women or as he states it here authenticity. Role flexibility and adaptability are also important parts of family-centeredness because of their roots in the history of Black women. The Role Flexibility principle acknowledges and discusses the fact that the Black woman has never been a subjugate. African women are active in the workforce, take part in leadership opportunities presented, and do not need to be domestic.

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Black variants. Self-naming is the period of recognizing the need for an Africana movement with its own name. The second principle defined, Self-Definition, begins to describe realities that African women face, through a Pan-African lens. The Pan-African movement attempts to create a sense of brotherhood among all people of African descent, regardless of whether or not they live on the continent of Africa. Self-definition explores gender inequalities and stereotypes in the modern patriarchy.

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principles a bit further, respect refers to reverence an African woman has for herself, absent of the colonized standards. Determining one's worth, while ignoring politics, is crucial to becoming a confident African woman. The pillar of Recognition refers to the acknowledgement of humanity, capability, and power of Black women. Recognition plays a large role in keeping communal peace and ensuring the Black women's effectiveness in the struggle for equality.

521:, Ba's attack on polygamous society that subjugates women, and her interests in the rights of Africana women are reflected in her novel. According to Hudson-Weems "the novel does not justify categorizing it as a feminist novel, which the author dedicates the book 'To all women and men of good will,' thereby demonstrating her natural inclination to include men as a very important part of women's lives" (Hudson-Weems, pp. 93–94); 311:. Lastly, for struggling with Black men against oppression and Black female sisterhood, Africana womanist see that there is a fight against oppression that is being fought by Black men and see themselves fighting on the same team as Black men. Sisterhood in Africana womanism has to be genuine and is genuine through the fact that Black women go through the same experience of oppression and can therefore empathize with one another. 260:, Mary E. Modupe Kolawole, and others. African womanism may be viewed as fundamental to the continuing development of Afrocentric theory. Africana womanism brings to the forefront the role of African mothers as leaders in the struggle to regain, reconstruct, and create a cultural integrity that espouses the ancient Maatic principles of reciprocity, balance, harmony, justice, truth, righteousness, order, and so forth. (p. 535) 5487: 3677: 3667: 2843: 270:

should demand and prioritize themselves in their inclusion of equal career opportunities and employment for their male counterparts, fair treatment for themselves and their children. Alice Walker's womanism differentiates itself from Clenora Hudson-Weems' Africana Womanism because it entails being more inclusive to all women of color. Whereas, Clenora Hudson-Weems seems to take more of a stance on "

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Flexibility, Adaptability, In Concert With Men, and Genuine Sisterhood. The principle of family-centeredness focuses on the entire black family unit. The interest in the success of the black community as a whole maintains a sense of wholeness. Any important outcomes are shared as overarching closeness of the Black community is enforced by the women in society.

2853: 204:, "Although some Africana women may support the very ideas on which feminism rests, however, many of them reject the term 'feminism' because of what they perceive as its association with white women's cause. They see feminism as operating exclusively within the terms white and American and perceive its opposite as being Black and American." 236:', one in which she battles with the dominant alienating forces in her life as a struggling Africana woman, questioning the accepted idea of womanhood. Without question she is the flip side of the coin, the co-partner in the struggle for her people, one who, unlike the white woman, has received no special privileges in American society. 319:

workplace. The foundation of female relationships is violated by the habitual behavior in that women treat each other with disrespect and cruelty. Sisterhood in Africana womanism has to be genuine and is genuine through the fact that Black women go through the same experience of oppression and can therefore empathize with one another.

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Wholeness also stresses the required self-esteem that emanates from within an African woman who must be strong for not only herself, but for her family and community as a whole. Completeness, going hand in hand with wholeness, is defined as the unbroken unity that an African woman is responsible for upholding inside the home and out.

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Hudson-Weems (2000) states that the rejection of white organizations is something that Africana women take part in. Africana women focus on things that help with the elimination of oppression, which is considered to be the most important thing in order for the Africana community to survive. Alongside

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The final principle is Spirituality, which stresses the importance of the reverence for traditional African spiritual systems. These spiritual systems call for a collection of the principles including Ancestral Reverence, Oneness with oneself, and with nature as well. Africana womanist are also very

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As described by Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison, "In wielding the power that is deservedly yours, don't permit it to enslave your sisters". Morrison's insights refer to the frequency that women tear each other down, as she continues to describe that this behavior is especially common in the

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see the man as her primary enemy as does the white feminist, who is carrying out an age-old battle with her white male counterpart for subjugating her as his property. Africana men have never had the same institutionalized power to oppress Africana women as white men have had to oppress white women."

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Drawing on the tenets of Africana womanism, Clenora Hudson-Weems extends the theoretical framework to literary analysis. Such an analysis of Africana literature emphasizes the family, complementarity between men and women, and commitment to the survival and liberation of the community as a whole. In

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Africana Womanism in essence says: We love men. We like being women. We love children. We like being mothers. We value life. We have faith in God and the Bible. We want families and harmonious relationships. We are not at war with our men seeking money, power and influence through confrontation. Our

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The Nurturer and Motherer are both described a call for all community members to play an active role in the rearing of the community and propaganda of the race through care. It is an African woman's duty to not only care and nourish her family, but to provide the care and nourishment for her race as

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and values and on Afrocentric theories: Some of the traditional values forefront the role of African mothers as leaders in the struggle to regain, reconstruct, and create a cultural integrity that espouses the ancient Maatic principles of reciprocity, balance, harmony, justice, truth, righteousness,

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Africana men can embrace an Africana womanist approach. According to Tolagbe Ogunlege (1998), "Referring to a man as a male-womanist is not an anomaly or rarity, and bestowing gender-specific title on individuals of the opposite sex has been practiced by Africana peoples for millennia. For example,

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Self-naming and self-definition are the first two couple of characteristics of Africana womanism. The term "nommo" is given to the idea of self-naming, which is important because in order for one to exist it has to be given a correct name. There is an increasing need for self-naming, self-defining,

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Africana Womanism Society lists 18 characteristics 18 key components that form Africana womanism. The characteristics are the following: Self-Naming, Self-Definition, Family-Centeredness, Wholeness, Role Flexibility, Adaptability, Authenticity, Black Female Sisterhood, Struggling with males against

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Clenora Hudson-Weems, who coined the term Africana Womanism, claims that the term itself is not mean to be Black feminism or Walker's womanism that some women of color have considered themselves to be. Clenora Hudson-Weems' Africana Womanism is to stand as the reminder for Africana Women that they

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Africana womanism is a term I coined and defined in 1987 after nearly two years of publicly debating the importance of self-naming for Africana women. Why the term 'Africana womanism'? Upon concluding that the term 'Black womanism' was not quite the terminology to include the total meaning desired

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Further, many African men and women do not accept the ideology of feminism. According to Hudson-Weems, she states that "there is a general consensus in the Africana community that the feminist movement, by and large, is the white woman's movement for two reasons. First, the Africana woman does not

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in 1983. She defines womanism as being that of encompassing feminist approaches while being more inclusive towards African American women. Alice Walker felt as though the feminist movement, as understood then and now, to be exclusive towards women of color as it offered a privilege to white women.

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Due to these conditions, Black women were forced to undergo while under white domination, African women developed an extreme ability to be adaptable. Women were forced to sacrifice their own goods and desires for the sake of often, their safety. Black women were often forced to compromise their

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In history, Black women have experienced flexible gender roles meaning that Black women not only had experience working outside of home along with men but all within the home. For adaptability, Black women not only adapted to different work environments but also to the lack of luxuries that were

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The first five components all emphasize the commitment to family that is of major importance to Black women. There is a high interest in success of the group and collective outcomes that maintains a sense of wholeness. Nikol Alexander-Floyd (2006) states that there is this balance of putting the

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Each of the characteristics listed above have specific meanings that collectively establish a basis for Africana womanism. The first principle Self-Naming discusses the importance of self-identifying as an African woman in society. The Africana identification is distinguishable from feminism and

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Quote: "The second theme, alliances, is achieved through political alignment with Black men and 'genuine sisterhood' with Black women. While the mainstream feminist sees men as independent from and opposed to their cause for equality, the Africana womanist sees herself fighting 'in concert with

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The commitment to immediate and extended family is of crucial importance to African women, as it shapes the third principle outlined by Clenora Hudson-Weems. The principle of wholeness describes the importance of self-sufficiency that an African woman must have in order to upkeep her household.

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The second groupings of characteristics are family-centeredness, wholeness, authenticity, role flexibility, adaptability, struggling with Black men against oppression, and Black female sisterhood. The second grouping of characteristics includes Family-Centeredness, Wholeness, Authenticity, Role

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Respect and recognition go together that is necessary for a healthy respect for Africana womanists, and it helps them relate to others. Respect and recognition also contribute to the self-love and admiration and to the respect for elders or older members in the Black community. To dissect both

582:. Hudson-Weems explains that the character Zora Banks is self-naming and self-defining, family-centered and compatible, flexible with her roles and ambitions, demanding of respect and strong, reverent of elders and authentic, and last but not least, nurturing and mothering (pp. 133–134). 334:

The principles that outline the caring nature of the Africana womanist are defined below. Respect for Elders, is an extension of the historical African tradition of ancestral reverence. Ancestral reverence is the habitual act of caring for elders, and eventual ancestors, within a community or

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The third and last clustering of characteristics are strength, male compatibility, respect, recognition, respect for elders, ambition, mothering, nurturing, and spirituality. Historically, Black women were always had psychological and physical strengthen especially with what happened with

422:, an exceptional woman who has made significant contributions to the educational, socioeconomic, and/or spiritual growth and development of her family and community is referred to as a man-woman or obinrin bi okunrin." Ogunlege further explains that among the 371:

Some problems of Africana women, according to Hudson-Weems, include "physical brutality, sexual harassment, and female subjugation in general perpetrated both within and outside the race" and has to be solved in Africana communities collectively.

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males' against Black oppression. The Africana womanist also shares an important 'bond' with Black women in genuine sisterhood. Black women share the same experience of oppression and can empathize with each other's lot in life."

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a whole. By fostering and guiding fellow women, the Africana Movement is advanced. The initiative taken to further the public's appreciation and education about the Africana Movement exemplifies the principle of Ambition.

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Hudson-Weems sought to create an ideology specific to African women and women of African descent. Hudson-Weems believes that the creation of the ideology separates African women's accomplishments from African male scholars,

682: 3513: 224:, identifies the ethnicity of the woman being considered, and this reference to her ethnicity, establishing her cultural identity, relates directly to her ancestry and land base—Africa. The second part of the term 3872: 2563: 442:, discourse on the place and agenda of Africana women in the women's movement reflects the text's influence. In only six years, this work is in the second printing of its third revised edition. 197:" Feminism and gender issues are separate entities that are not reliant upon each other, and therefore, Africana women are able to address gender issues without partaking in feminist activity. 1234:

Tolagbe Ogunlege (1998), "Dr. Martin Robison Delany, 19th-Century Africana Womanists: Reflections on His Avant-Garde Politics Concerning Gender, Colorism, and Nation Building", p. 630, in the

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It has been adopted by faculty in several higher education institutions in as far away places as Africa, Brazil, Japan, and the Caribbean Islands. Adoption at national universities includes

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the rejection of white organizations, Africana womanism puts priority on the human dignity of Africana women, children, and men. It focuses on race as the main importance for Africana women.

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Africana womanist literature also consists of Africana family dynamics, Africana women and men—their interrelationship, and experiences within their communities, and religion. For instance:

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and self-identity for Black people and self-defining helps to discover one's identity through their own point of view of their world that goes against that of the dominant culture.

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for this concept, I decided that 'Africana womanism,' a natural evolution in naming, was the ideal terminology for two basic reasons. The first part of the coinage,

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The Africana womanist concept was adopted by many faculty in higher education. According to Daphne W. Ntiri (2001), Associate Professor of Social Science,

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Africana womanism contrasts a racist and sexist feminist/womanist ideology, and many Africana women (and men) have come to embrace it. Hudson-Weems (1998),

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Pauline, the narrator, advocates a solution to the deteriorating relationship between the Africana man and woman (Hudson-Weems, p. 105);

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Alexander-Floyd, Nikol G.; Simien, Evelyn M. (2006). "Revisiting "What's in a Name?": Exploring the Contours of Africana Womanist Thought".

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Alexander-Floyd, Nikol G.; Simien, Evelyn M. (2006). "Revisiting "What's in a Name?": Exploring the Contours of Africana Womanist Thought".

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oppression, Male Compatibility, Recognition, Ambition, Nurturing, Strengthen, Respect, Respect for Elders, Mothering, and Spirituality.

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Africana womanist ideology contributes to Afrocentric discourse. Africana womanism fundamental foundation is built on traditional

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The Africana womanist concept was best exemplified in Brenda Verner's (1994) article "The Power and Glory of Africana Womanism":

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society. Once the elders become ancestors, they will be responsible for providing wisdom and guidance which is highly vauled.

124:. Africana womanism pays more attention to and focuses more on the realities and the injustices in society in regard to race. 5316: 4994: 4955: 4891: 4752: 1527: 466: 4228: 3929: 5389: 5379: 5321: 4896: 3867: 3857: 3647: 3476: 3405: 2421: 2384: 2284: 2215: 2201: 1945: 1879: 5521: 5429: 5354: 5209: 4560: 4510: 4503: 4068: 3892: 3862: 3461: 3446: 2882: 2314: 1507: 500: 462: 5419: 5364: 5359: 5256: 5241: 5231: 4854: 4453: 3591: 2705: 2660: 2588: 2235: 1849: 3919: 3125: 2856: 1479: 1461:"Theorizing difference within black feminist thought: The dilemma of sexism in black communities", Austin, Algernon. 5500: 4979: 4871: 3400: 2735: 2639: 2599: 2274: 1874: 1859: 1642: 143:, including being self-naming, self-defining, family-centered, flexible, and desiring positive male companionship. 5169: 4802: 4468: 3456: 3421: 2846: 2486: 2339: 2334: 1520: 2113: 1563: 5541: 5436: 5374: 5369: 5271: 5067: 5004: 4565: 4366: 4322: 4295: 4142: 4053: 3612: 3361: 3266: 3190: 3030: 2389: 1824: 1307: 850: 527: 458: 446: 920: 5531: 5276: 5236: 4989: 4945: 4938: 4777: 4278: 3670: 3642: 3637: 3627: 3481: 3441: 3175: 3070: 3016: 2875: 2822: 2614: 2269: 1940: 556: 1718: 1708: 572:, the author develops the roles of the male and the female in this collective struggle" (p. 119); and 5384: 5084: 4999: 4849: 4712: 4690: 4680: 4655: 4645: 4206: 4075: 4031: 3974: 3812: 3730: 3451: 3090: 2939: 2740: 2535: 2294: 1770: 1696: 643: 474: 435: 426:

of Senegal, a man who governs according to ancient customs is referred to as the "Mother of the Country".

392: 49: 1782: 940:"Africana Womanism and African Feminism: A Philosophical, Literary, and Cosmological Dialectic on Family" 5454: 5174: 5134: 5124: 5079: 4928: 4881: 4839: 4498: 4458: 4169: 4132: 3692: 3356: 2792: 2717: 2624: 2540: 2525: 2479: 2474: 2349: 1989: 1916: 1911: 1625: 1572: 964: 875: 201: 1419:"The Tripartite Plight of African-American Women as Reflected in the Novels of Hurston and Walker," in 274:" or Africana Women taking responsibilities for themselves as well as their children and Africana men. 5536: 5296: 5251: 5221: 5204: 5194: 5042: 4962: 4950: 4886: 4859: 4741: 4660: 4640: 4590: 4443: 4159: 4107: 3796: 3779: 3769: 3538: 3491: 3221: 3145: 3110: 2750: 2530: 2329: 2079: 233: 97: 5114: 5104: 5074: 5062: 5057: 4967: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4635: 4570: 4550: 4483: 4426: 4356: 4191: 4164: 4137: 4021: 3964: 3839: 3791: 3774: 3754: 3581: 3555: 3276: 2919: 2508: 2499: 2464: 2240: 2014: 1869: 1674: 1657: 1447:"Common bonds from Africa to the U.S.: Africana womanist literary analysis, Betty Taylor Thompson. 660: 650: 586: 241: 5301: 5291: 5281: 5266: 5261: 5246: 5199: 5179: 5154: 5119: 5109: 5089: 4903: 4829: 4782: 4731: 4595: 4421: 4258: 4179: 3607: 3586: 3311: 3261: 3236: 3226: 3211: 3165: 3150: 2782: 2665: 2431: 2394: 2354: 2289: 2004: 1122: 1084: 1009: 1001: 637: 619: 495: 478: 4757: 3822: 3231: 1637: 5526: 5490: 5347: 5226: 5189: 5184: 5164: 5159: 5129: 5094: 5047: 5037: 4908: 4834: 4824: 4817: 4807: 4707: 4700: 4675: 4665: 4650: 4515: 4488: 4307: 4273: 4253: 4238: 4112: 4102: 4038: 4004: 3989: 3723: 3544: 3075: 3060: 3003: 2944: 2924: 2745: 2685: 2545: 2411: 2279: 2170: 1926: 1901: 1412:"Cultural and Agenda Conflicts in Academia: Critical Issues for Africana Women's Studies," in 1353: 1338: 1278: 1149:

Hudson-Weems, Clenora (2000). "African Womanism: An Overview". In Aldridge, Delores P. (ed.).

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spiritual and believe in a higher power and their mothering and nurturing is tradition.

100:, intended as an ideology applicable to all women of African descent. It is grounded in 5447: 5286: 4736: 4585: 4395: 4346: 4196: 4080: 3652: 3617: 3366: 3326: 3316: 3185: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3095: 3055: 2964: 2898: 2812: 2797: 2309: 2299: 2257: 2225: 2220: 2160: 2064: 2009: 1999: 1960: 1802: 1797: 1686: 1595: 1489: 1381:, Delores Aldridge and Carlene Young, Editors, Lexington Books, 2000, pp. 205–217. 1324:

Hudson-Weems, Clenora. "Africana Womanism: The Flip Side of a Coin". Vol. 25, Issue 3,

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Africana Womanism & Race & Gender in the Presidential Candidacy of Barack Obama

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and focuses on the experiences, struggles, needs, and desires of Africana women of the

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https://web.archive.org/web/20060901064009/http://www.is.wayne.edu/dntiri/welcome.htm

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Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition

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A concept that has been shaped by the work of women such as Clenora Hudson-Weems,

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Ntiri, Daphne W. (2001). "Reassessing Africana womanism: Continuity and change".

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I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence

3687: 997: 189:). Hudson-Weems argues that "Africana womanism is not an addendum to feminism, 4772: 4530: 3306: 3216: 2755: 2426: 2366: 2084: 1691: 1405:"Africana Womanism and the Critical Need for Africana Theory and Thought," in 627: 508: 169:

Clenora Hudson-Weems, Professor of English, University of Missouri, author of

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Hudson-Weems, Clenora (2001). "Africana Womanism: The Flip Side of a Coin".

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No one will show up for Black women like Black women show up for themselves

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Brenda Verner (1994, June), "The Power and Glory of Africana Womanism",

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The Ditchdigger's Daughters: A Black Family's Astonishing Success Story

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

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State of the Race, Creating Our 21st Century: Where Do We Go From Here

3010: 2969: 2101: 2019: 1977: 1652: 1444:, Thousand Oaks: March 2002. Vol. 32, Issue 4; p. 464 (16 pages) 357: 353: 1426:"Africana Womanism, Black Feminism, African Feminism, Womanism," in 1391:"Africana Womanism, Black Feminism, African Feminism, Womanism," in 1296: 1165: 1512: 2494: 2118: 438:: "Since Clenora Hudson-Weems broke new ground with her 1993 book 375:

While many think of Africana womanism as being similar to that of

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Dove, Nah (May 1998). "African Womanism: An Afrocentric Theory".

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What Makes Walker's Womanism So Different From Africana Womanism?

1250:"Africana Womanism in the Black Panther Party: A Personal Story" 3719: 2871: 1516: 1458:, Pullman: Fall 2001. Vol. 25, Issue 3; p. 153 (10 pages) 139:

The Africana Womanism Society lists 18 characteristics of the

29: 1496: 1428:

Black Studies: From the Pyramids to Pan Africanism and Beyond

507:

Also, a protagonist of family-centeredness (pp. 81–82);

264: 1398:"Self-Naming and Self-Defining: An Agenda for Survival," in 3715: 1451:

Pullman: Fall 2001. Vol. 25, Issue 3: p. 177 (8 pages)

1379:

Out of the Revolution: The Development of Africana Studies

1308:"'I Have to Know Who I Am': An Africana Womanist Analysis" 1151:

Out of the Revolution: The Development of Africana Studies

391:, there are clear distinctions in agenda for the forms of 173:, coined the concept Africana womanism in the late 1980s ( 3487:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

1465:

New Orleans: July 31, 1999. Vol. 6, Issue 3; p. 52.

880:"What's in a Name? Womanism, Black Feminism, and Beyond" 851:"I Have to Know Who I Am: An Africana Womanist Analysis" 542:. Hudson-Weems asserts that "From Morrison first novel, 1501: 1301:

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 16

1433:"Africana Womanism: Entering the New Millennium," in 598:: A Journey of Strength from Wife to Widow to Heroine 3829:

Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

3502:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

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Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

185:, and appears to be preferred by the movement over 938: 766: 1370:"Africana Womanism: The Flip Side of a Coin," in 937:Asantewaa, Reed, Pamela Yaa (22 September 2001). 215:, explains the development of Africana Womanism: 1430:, William Nelson Jr., Editor, McGraw Hill, 2001. 1423:Vol. 20, No. 2, December 1989, pp. 192–207. 1416:, Vol. 13, No. 4, Winter 1989, pp. 185–189. 1100: 1098: 1409:, Vol. 21, No. 2, Summer 1997, pp. 79–84. 3731: 2883: 1528: 8: 1321:. Bedford Publishers, 1994, pp. 37–102. 1238:, 28(5), pp. 628–649, and Diop, 1978, p. 35. 969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 609:: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X 360:, and sexism is seen to derive from racism, 27:Ideology focused on women of African descent 914:"Womanism and the Fiction of Jhumpa Lahiri" 5343: 4494:African-American women's suffrage movement 3954: 3759: 3738: 3724: 3716: 3390: 3035: 2909: 2890: 2876: 2868: 2584: 1568: 1554: 1535: 1521: 1513: 1225:, p. 8. Accessed December 2008, ProQuest. 59:. Please do not remove this message until 3472:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 663:, using the theory of Africana Womanism. 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 4439:Discrimination against transgender women 3432:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 1352:. Bedford Publishers. pp. 198–206. 1031:. Bedford Publishers. pp. 198–206. 849:Waddell Gilliam, Doris (29 March 2013). 525:, a prominent African-Caribbean writer, 440:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 171:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 55:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3191:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 1350:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 1319:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 1029:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 769:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 671: 647:In addition to Regina Jennings (2001), 213:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 962: 451:California State University-Long Beach 193:, African feminism, or Alice Walker's 96:is a term coined in the late 1980s by 4788:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 4054:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 1377:"Africana Womanism: An Overview," in 1314:29 March 2013. Accessed October 2018. 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1107:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 1069:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 633:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 7: 3467:International African Service Bureau 2852: 1414:The Western Journal of Black Studies 1407:The Western Journal of Black Studies 1372:The Western Journal of Black Studies 1153:. 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Archived from 566:, and finally to her fifth novel, 177:is the feminine form of the Latin 25: 3497:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 1335:In Search Of Our Mothers' Gardens 1290:Africana Womanist Literary Theory 1164:Blackmon, Janice (16 June 2008). 821:In Search Of Our Mothers' Gardens 799:In Search Of Our Mothers' Gardens 492:Africana Womanist Literary Theory 5495: 5486: 5485: 5473: 5033:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4449:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 3698: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3666: 3665: 2851: 2842: 2841: 1724:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1456:Western Journal of Black Studies 1449:Western Journal of Black Studies 1326:Western Journal of Black Studies 1205:Western Journal of Black Studies 711:Western Journal of Black Studies 657:Western Journal of Black Studies 34: 3623:All-African Peoples' Conference 1502:National Council of Negro Women 1400:Sisterhood, Feminisms and Power 1393:Sisterhood, Feminisms and Power 1292:. Trenton: Africa World Press. 307:experienced by white women and 112:. It distinguishes itself from 1348:Hudson-Weems, Clenora (2019). 1248:Jennings, Regina (Fall 2001). 1027:Hudson-Weems, Clenora (2019). 899:10.1080/00064246.1996.11430765 773:. Bedford Publishing. p. 765:Hudson-Weems, Clenora (1998). 481:to name a few" (p. 163). 467:San Francisco State University 356:is seen to be a priority over 232:'s powerful impromptu speech ' 1: 3648:United States of Latin Africa 3477:Organisation of African Unity 3406:African Leadership University 5395:Suffragists and suffragettes 3462:First Pan-African Conference 501:Their Eyes Were Watching God 463:Northern Illinois University 61:conditions to do so are met 5563: 3401:African Leadership Academy 2736:African diaspora religions 1860:Indigenous Black Canadians 1497:http://www.mwmsistahs.org/ 1477:"Dr. Clenora Hudson-Weems" 998:10.1177/002193479802800501 347:Other focuses and concerns 5467: 4469:Female genital mutilation 3873:Majority-Muslim countries 3693:Pan-Africanism portal 3661: 3457:Economic Freedom Fighters 3447:Convention People's Party 3422:African Unification Front 2837: 2711:African Hebrew Israelites 2487:Afro-Asians in South Asia 1288:Hudson-Weems, C. (2004). 1273:Hudson-Weems, C. (2008). 1223:Chicago Tribune Newspaper 649:Africana Womanism in The 147:Where Womanism stems from 5442:Women's studies journals 5400:Women's rights activists 3949:Movements and ideologies 3613:African-American leftism 3362:Henry Sylvester Williams 3126:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 1753:Turks and Caicos Islands 1463:Race, Gender & Class 1442:Journal of Black Studies 1421:Journal of Black Studies 1306:Waddell Gilliam, Doris. 1236:Journal of Black Studies 986:Journal of Black Studies 733:African Womanism Society 528:Praisesong for the Widow 459:Indiana State University 447:Clark Atlanta University 4985:International relations 3671:Pan-Africanism category 3643:United States of Africa 3638:Union of African States 3628:East African Federation 3577:Ethnic groups of Africa 3482:Pan African Association 3071:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 3017:United States of Africa 1317:Hudson-Weems, Clenora. 611:; Sonsyrea Tate (1997) 278:Eighteen key components 5547:Multicultural feminism 5415:Conservative feminisms 4713:Women in the workforce 4681:Violence against women 4656:Sexual objectification 4616:Opposition to feminism 3813:Bicycling and feminism 3452:East African Community 3091:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 2940:Anti-Western sentiment 2741:Anti-African sentiment 1490:Millions More Movement 1333:Walker, Alice (1983). 878:(Winter–Summer 1996). 876:Collins, Patricia Hill 819:Walker, Alice (1983). 797:Walker, Alice (1983). 644:Martin Luther King Jr. 485:Examples in literature 475:University of Missouri 436:Wayne State University 410: 262: 238: 5455:Women in peacekeeping 4995:Revisionist mythology 4432:Children's literature 3357:Frances Cress Welsing 2793:Civil rights movement 2681:Afro-Caribbean people 1990:Chestnut Ridge people 1912:African-American Jews 1714:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1495:Million Woman March, 1119:10.1353/fro.2006.0011 1081:10.1353/fro.2006.0011 405: 254: 245:order, and so forth. 217: 202:Patricia Hill Collins 4897:Pathways perspective 4742:Gender mainstreaming 4661:Substantive equality 4641:Reproductive justice 4591:Matriarchal religion 4444:Diversity (politics) 3539:Black Star of Africa 3492:Pan-African Congress 3442:Conseil de l'Entente 3222:Edward Wilmot Blyden 3146:Abdias do Nascimento 3111:Toussaint Louverture 2751:Atlantic slave trade 2439:United Arab Emirates 98:Clenora Hudson-Weems 5522:Africana philosophy 5480:Feminism portal 5360:Ecofeminist authors 5210:Trinidad and Tobago 5150:Republic of Ireland 5010:Composition studies 4691:Women's empowerment 4646:Sex workers' rights 4571:Feminist capitalism 4551:Internalized sexism 4484:Feminism in culture 4362:Kurdish (Jineology) 3592:Conflicts in Africa 3582:Languages of Africa 3556:Pan-African colours 3277:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 2920:African nationalism 2640:Sierra Leone Creole 2491:India and Pakistan 1736:Trinidad and Tobago 1586:Antigua and Barbuda 1295:Blackmon, Janiece. 661:Oakland, California 655:, published in the 651:Black Panther Party 587:Russell J. Rickford 242:Africana philosophy 48:of this article is 4855:Literary criticism 4732:Complementarianism 4454:Effects on society 4422:Complementarianism 4229:Women's liberation 3608:African philosophy 3587:Religion in Africa 3312:Zephania Mothopeng 3262:Amy Ashwood Garvey 3237:John Henrik Clarke 3227:Stokely Carmichael 3212:Molefi Kete Asante 3166:John Nyathi Pokela 3151:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2783:Black Lives Matter 2390:Ethiopian Israelis 2040:African immigrants 2015:Louisiana Redbones 1951:Chickasaw freedmen 1880:African immigrants 1648:Dominican Republic 1482:2021-05-18 at the 1475:Hudson-Weems, C., 687:Tri-state Defender 653:: A Personal Story 638:Coretta Scott King 620:Yvonne S. Thornton 613:Growing Up in the 496:Zora Neale Hurston 479:University of Utah 5509: 5508: 5463: 5462: 4872:Political ecology 4778:Écriture féminine 4676:Triple oppression 4666:Toxic masculinity 4651:Sexual harassment 4511:Feminist stripper 4489:Feminist movement 4403: 4402: 4341:Ethnic and racial 3942: 3941: 3713: 3712: 3705:Africa portal 3545:Le Marron Inconnu 3527: 3526: 3380: 3379: 3176:Ahmed Sékou Touré 3025: 3024: 2945:Black nationalism 2925:African socialism 2865: 2864: 2833: 2832: 2746:Anti-Black racism 2686:British Jamaicans 2676:African Americans 2661:African Americans 2615:Americo-Liberians 2600:African Americans 2572: 2571: 2395:Sudanese refugees 2196: 2195: 1966:Seminole freedmen 1946:Cherokee freedmen 1927:Black Southerners 1902:African Americans 1850:African Americans 887:The Black Scholar 579:Disappearing Acts 471:Temple University 393:women empowerment 141:Africana womanist 93:Africana womanism 89: 88: 81: 18:Africana Womanism 16:(Redirected from 5554: 5499: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5344: 5327:History of women 4803:Political theory 4703: 4696:Women-only space 4581:Likeability trap 4546:Invisible labour 4464:Female education 3955: 3950: 3910:African-American 3840:Women's suffrage 3831: 3818:Feminist history 3760: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3561:Pan-African flag 3391: 3337:Randall Robinson 3272:Leonard Jeffries 3252:W. 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Authorhouse, 1270: 1265: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1066: 1065: 1046: 1039: 1026: 1025: 1021: 983: 982: 978: 961: 936: 935: 931: 923: 916: 911: 910: 906: 882: 874: 873: 869: 859: 857: 848: 847: 838: 831: 818: 817: 813: 796: 792: 785: 764: 763: 740: 727: 726: 722: 708: 707: 698: 681: 680: 673: 669: 622:, M.D. (1995), 615:Nation of Islam 602:Ilyasah Shabazz 557:Song of Solomon 487: 455:Florida A&M 432: 415: 401: 364:, and economic 349: 280: 267: 230:Sojourner Truth 167: 149: 102:African culture 85: 74: 68: 65: 54: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5532:Black feminism 5529: 5524: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5483: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5448:SCUM Manifesto 5444: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5317:United Kingdom 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4990:Existentialism 4987: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4946:Existentialism 4943: 4942: 4941: 4939:Justice ethics 4931: 4926: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4737:Gender studies 4734: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4708:Women's rights 4705: 4702:Women's health 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4586:Male privilege 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4555:International 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3888:United Kingdom 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3673: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3653:Year of Africa 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3618:Africanization 3615: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3367:Amos N. Wilson 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3327:Runoko Rashidi 3324: 3319: 3317:George Padmore 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3186:Robert Sobukwe 3183: 3181:Haile Selassie 3178: 3173: 3171:Thomas Sankara 3168: 3163: 3161:Julius Nyerere 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3096:Kenneth Kaunda 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3076:Anténor Firmin 3073: 3068: 3063: 3061:Amílcar Cabral 3058: 3056:Nnamdi Azikiwe 3053: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2965:Uhuru Movement 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2899:Pan-Africanism 2897: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2849: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2813:Pan-Africanism 2810: 2805: 2800: 2798:Creole peoples 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2514:Black Dutchmen 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2330:United Kingdom 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1961:Creek freedmen 1958: 1953: 1948: 1934: 1932:Black Hispanic 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1898:United States 1896: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1803:Miskito people 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1611:Cayman Islands 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1566: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1506:Ntiri, D. W., 1504: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1471: 1470:External links 1468: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1346: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1304: 1286: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1254:Public.wsu.edu 1240: 1227: 1214: 1192: 1156: 1134: 1094: 1044: 1037: 1019: 992:(5): 515–539. 976: 929: 926:on 2010-07-30. 912:Kasun, Genna. 904: 867: 836: 829: 811: 790: 783: 738: 720: 696: 693:on 2011-07-17. 670: 668: 665: 574:Terry McMillan 545:The Bluest Eye 523:Paule Marshall 486: 483: 431: 428: 414: 411: 400: 397: 377:Black feminism 348: 345: 279: 276: 266: 263: 191:Black feminism 166: 163: 148: 145: 134:Black feminism 87: 86: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5559: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5494: 5492: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322:United States 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5170:Latin America 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Technoscience 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850:Art criticism 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Men's studies 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:Transmisogyny 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Purplewashing 4629: 4627: 4626:Protofeminism 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Honor killing 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:Transnational 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Individualist 4074: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975:Anti-abortion 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900:United States 3898: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3551:Lion of Judah 3549: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427:African Union 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3386:Organizations 3383: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347:Burning Spear 3345: 3343: 3342:Walter Rodney 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322:Motsoko Pheko 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3302:Archie Mafeje 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3287:Alice Kinloch 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3156:Kwame Nkrumah 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141:Robert Mugabe 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121:Samora Machel 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3106:Jomo Kenyatta 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3086:Marcus Garvey 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2858: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636:Sierra Leone 2635: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579:Afro-American 2575: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2507: 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4459:Equality 4408:Concepts 4323:Orthodox 4286:Neopagan 4274:Womanist 4254:Buddhist 4222:Africana 4217:Womanism 4113:Maternal 4103:Lipstick 4069:Activism 4039:Equality 4005:Cultural 3990:Carceral 3925:Virginia 3905:Timeline 3848:Timeline 3785:timeline 3770:Timeline 3747:Feminism 3570:Dynamics 3051:Idi Amin 2979:Concepts 2913:Variants 2906:Ideology 2847:Category 2697:Asia and 2666:Haitians 2621:Nigeria 2611:Liberia 2581:diaspora 2557:Atlantic 2531:Malaysia 2432:Africans 2350:Scotland 2295:Portugal 2216:Abkhazia 2176:Saramaka 2151:Suriname 2141:Paraguay 2129:Saramaka 2097:Colombia 2075:Kalungas 2005:Garifuna 1941:Freedmen 1892:Mascogos 1825:Cimarrón 1798:Honduras 1776:Garifuna 1746:Merikins 1729:Garifuna 1643:Dominica 1601:Barbados 1581:Anguilla 1559:Americas 1480:Archived 640:(1969), 604:(2002), 563:Tar Baby 515:writer, 389:feminism 385:womanism 362:classism 250:Nah Dove 248:Lastly, 226:womanism 222:Africana 195:womanism 175:Africana 157:womanism 130:feminism 122:womanism 114:feminism 50:disputed 5437:Parties 5312:Ukraine 5307:Vietnam 5217:Lebanon 5115:Germany 5105:Finland 5100:Denmark 5075:Albania 5063:Senegal 5058:Nigeria 4973:Therapy 4956:Science 4867:Biology 4384:Mizrahi 4352:Chicana 4313:Islamic 4249:Atheist 4185:Marxist 4155:Radical 4091:Liberal 4086:Lesbian 4064:Hip hop 4044:Eugenic 3985:Atheist 3958:General 3930:Wyoming 3763:General 3755:History 3633:Kwanzaa 3601:Related 3532:Symbols 3519:ZANU–PF 2857:Commons 2818:Slavery 2808:Maroons 2727:Related 2699:Oceania 2657:France 2546:Kaffirs 2458:Oceania 2325:Ukraine 2300:Romania 2270:Ireland 2253:Germany 2236:Finland 2231:Denmark 2226:Belgium 2221:Austria 2183:Uruguay 2161:Matawai 2109:Ecuador 2080:Macombo 2065:Bolivia 2053:America 1875:Ontario 1838:America 1764:America 1762:Central 1687:Jamaica 1675:Marabou 1665:Grenada 1638:Curaçao 1606:Bermuda 1596:Bahamas 1374:(2001). 1006:2784792 630:(1976) 589:(2003) 569:Beloved 540:Beloved 325:slavery 187:African 5451:(1967) 5375:Muslim 5370:Jewish 5348:People 5302:Turkey 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5287:Syria 5227:Nepal 5190:Haiti 5185:Chile 5165:Japan 5160:Italy 5130:India 5095:China 5048:Ghana 5038:Egypt 4596:Media 4396:White 4347:Black 4308:Hindu 4279:Asian 4202:Trans 4197:State 4128:Post- 4081:Labor 4010:Cyber 3893:Wales 3863:Japan 2771:Tikar 2766:Kongo 2718:Japan 2605:Tabom 2526:Japan 2495:Siddi 2470:China 2444:Yemen 2422:Syria 2355:Wales 2310:Spain 2275:Italy 2246:Paris 2119:Aluku 2092:Chile 2051:South 2010:Igbos 1836:North 1697:Igbos 1670:Haiti 1621:Arará 1591:Aruba 1123:S2CID 1085:S2CID 1010:S2CID 1002:JSTOR 951:(3). 924:(PDF) 917:(PDF) 893:(1). 883:(PDF) 667:Notes 548:, to 116:, or 5145:Iraq 5140:Iran 5053:Mali 4559:and 4372:Sámi 4330:Sikh 4118:Neo- 3920:Utah 2761:Igbo 2630:Saro 2454:Asia 2407:Oman 2380:Iraq 2375:Iran 2146:Peru 1616:Cuba 1354:ISBN 1339:ISBN 1279:ISBN 1211:(3). 1187:2020 1033:ISBN 971:link 953:ISSN 862:2018 825:ISBN 803:ISBN 779:ISBN 551:Sula 104:and 43:The 4845:Art 4269:New 4123:New 4049:Fat 4027:Eco 4015:HCI 2456:and 1176:hdl 1115:doi 1077:doi 994:doi 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